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id="toc-Vasco_da_Gama_lands_in_India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vasco_da_Gama_lands_in_India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Vasco da Gama lands in India</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vasco_da_Gama_lands_in_India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pedro_Álvares_Cabral" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pedro_Álvares_Cabral"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Pedro Álvares Cabral</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pedro_Álvares_Cabral-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-João_da_Nova" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#João_da_Nova"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>João da Nova</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-João_da_Nova-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vasco_da_Gama" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vasco_da_Gama"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Vasco da Gama</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vasco_da_Gama-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Afonso_de_Albuquerque" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Afonso_de_Albuquerque"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Afonso de Albuquerque</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Afonso_de_Albuquerque-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lopo_Soares_de_Albergaria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lopo_Soares_de_Albergaria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Lopo Soares de Albergaria</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lopo_Soares_de_Albergaria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foundation_(1505–1515)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foundation_(1505–1515)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Foundation (1505–1515)</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Foundation_(1505–1515)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Foundation (1505–1515) subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Foundation_(1505–1515)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Francisco_de_Almeida" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Francisco_de_Almeida"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Francisco de Almeida</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Francisco_de_Almeida-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Afonso_de_Albuquerque_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Afonso_de_Albuquerque_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Afonso de Albuquerque</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Afonso_de_Albuquerque_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-16th_to_17th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#16th_to_17th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>16th to 17th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-16th_to_17th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-17th_to_20th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#17th_to_20th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>17th to 20th century</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-17th_to_20th_century-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle 17th to 20th century subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-17th_to_20th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-17th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#17th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>17th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-17th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-18th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#18th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>18th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-18th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-19th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#19th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>19th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-19th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_World_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_World_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Second World War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_World_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1945_to_1961" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1945_to_1961"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>1945 to 1961</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1945_to_1961-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-annexation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-annexation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Post-annexation</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Post-annexation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Post-annexation subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Post-annexation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Status_of_the_new_territories" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Status_of_the_new_territories"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Status of the new territories</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Status_of_the_new_territories-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citizenship" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citizenship"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Citizenship</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citizenship-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indo-Portuguese_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indo-Portuguese_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Indo-Portuguese relations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indo-Portuguese_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Administration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Administration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Administration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Trade_and_economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trade_and_economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Trade and economy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trade_and_economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Society_and_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Society_and_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Society and culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Society_and_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Postal_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Postal_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Postal history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Postal_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Gallery subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Currency" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Currency"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Currency</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Currency-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Architecture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Portuguese India</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 46 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-46" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">46 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%BA%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="الهند البرتغالية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الهند البرتغالية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/India_portuguesa" title="India portuguesa – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="India portuguesa" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuqaliya_Hindistan%C4%B1" title="Portuqaliya Hindistanı – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Portuqaliya Hindistanı" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9C_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A4" title="পর্তুগিজ ভারত – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="পর্তুগিজ ভারত" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%86%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Партугальская Індыя – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Партугальская Індыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Португалска Индия – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Португалска Индия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Dndia_portuguesa" title="Índia portuguesa – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Índia portuguesa" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugalsk%C3%A1_Indie" title="Portugalská Indie – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Portugalská Indie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugisisk_Indien" title="Portugisisk Indien – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Portugisisk Indien" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugiesisch-Indien" title="Portugiesisch-Indien – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Portugiesisch-Indien" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/India_portuguesa" title="India portuguesa – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="India portuguesa" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugala_Barato" title="Portugala Barato – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Portugala Barato" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugaldar_India" title="Portugaldar India – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Portugaldar India" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AF_%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%BA%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C" title="هند پرتغالی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="هند پرتغالی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inde_portugaise" title="Inde portugaise – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Inde portugaise" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estado_da_India" title="Estado da India – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Estado da India" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9C_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4" title="पोर्तुगेज भारत – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="पोर्तुगेज भारत" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8F%AC%EB%A5%B4%ED%88%AC%EA%B0%88%EB%A0%B9_%EC%9D%B8%EB%8F%84" title="포르투갈령 인도 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="포르투갈령 인도" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4" title="पुर्तगाली भारत – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="पुर्तगाली भारत" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/India_Portugis" title="India Portugis – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="India Portugis" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/India_portoghese" title="India portoghese – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="India portoghese" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%95%D7%93%D7%95_%D7%94%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%98%D7%95%D7%92%D7%96%D7%99%D7%AA" title="הודו הפורטוגזית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הודו הפורטוגזית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8B%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%87%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF" title="പോർച്ചുഗീസ് ഇന്ത്യ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പോർച്ചുഗീസ് ഇന്ത്യ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80" title="पोर्तुगीजांच्या भारतीय वसाहती – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="पोर्तुगीजांच्या भारतीय वसाहती" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugees-India" title="Portugees-India – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Portugees-India" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9D%E3%83%AB%E3%83%88%E3%82%AC%E3%83%AB%E9%A0%98%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89" title="ポルトガル領インド – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ポルトガル領インド" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugisisk_India" title="Portugisisk India – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Portugisisk India" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%AA%DA%AF%DB%8C%D8%B2%DB%8C_%DB%81%D9%86%D8%AF" title="پرتگیزی ہند – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="پرتگیزی ہند" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%AA%DA%AB%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A_%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AF" title="پرتګالي هند – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="پرتګالي هند" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indie_Portugalskie" title="Indie Portugalskie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Indie Portugalskie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estado_Portugu%C3%AAs_da_%C3%8Dndia" title="Estado Português da Índia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Estado Português da Índia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Португальская Индия – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Португальская Индия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/India_Portugeze" title="India Portugeze – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="India Portugeze" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugalsk%C3%A1_India" title="Portugalská India – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Portugalská India" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Португалска Индија – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Португалска Индија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugalin_Intia" title="Portugalin Intia – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Portugalin Intia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugisiska_Indien" title="Portugisiska Indien – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Portugisiska Indien" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%AF_%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE" title="போர்த்துகேய இந்தியா – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="போர்த்துகேய இந்தியா" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%9A%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%97%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%AD%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%A6%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%B6%E0%B0%82" title="పోర్చుగీస్ భారతదేశం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="పోర్చుగీస్ భారతదేశం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B8%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%AA" title="อินเดียของโปรตุเกส – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="อินเดียของโปรตุเกส" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portekiz_Hindistan%C4%B1" title="Portekiz Hindistanı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Portekiz Hindistanı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%86%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Португальська Індія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Португальська Індія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%AA%DA%AF%DB%8C%D8%B2%DB%8C_%DB%81%D9%86%D8%AF" title="پرتگیزی ہند – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="پرتگیزی ہند" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%BA%A4n_%C4%90%E1%BB%99_thu%E1%BB%99c_B%E1%BB%93_%C4%90%C3%A0o_Nha" title="Ấn Độ thuộc Bồ Đào Nha – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Ấn Độ thuộc Bồ Đào Nha" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link 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title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Portuguese_India&params=2_11_20_N_102_23_4_E_type:country"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">2°11′20″N</span> <span class="longitude">102°23′4″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">2.18889°N 102.38444°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">2.18889; 102.38444</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">State of the Portuguese Empire (1505–1961)</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output 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spelling</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> You can assist by <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Portuguese_India" title="Special:EditPage/Portuguese India">editing it</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043282317">.mw-parser-output .ib-country{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country td,.mw-parser-output .ib-country th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country 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.ib-country-names{padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-name-style{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">State of India</div><div class="ib-country-names"><span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt">Estado da Índia</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a>)</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">1505–1961</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="noresize" style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding-left:5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Portugal.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Portuguese India"><img alt="Flag of Portuguese India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/125px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/188px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/250px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Portugal" title="Flag of Portugal">Flag<br />(1910–1961)</a></div> </div> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Portuguese_India_(1935%E2%80%931961,_lesser).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms (1951–1961) of Portuguese India"><img alt="Coat of arms (1951–1961) of Portuguese India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Coat_of_arms_of_Portuguese_India_%281935%E2%80%931961%2C_lesser%29.svg/85px-Coat_of_arms_of_Portuguese_India_%281935%E2%80%931961%2C_lesser%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Coat_of_arms_of_Portuguese_India_%281935%E2%80%931961%2C_lesser%29.svg/128px-Coat_of_arms_of_Portuguese_India_%281935%E2%80%931961%2C_lesser%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Coat_of_arms_of_Portuguese_India_%281935%E2%80%931961%2C_lesser%29.svg/170px-Coat_of_arms_of_Portuguese_India_%281935%E2%80%931961%2C_lesser%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="669" data-file-height="788" /></a></span></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Armorial_of_Portuguese_colonies" class="mw-redirect" title="Armorial of Portuguese colonies"> Coat of arms<br />(1951–1961)</a></div> </div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data anthem"><b>Anthem:</b> <i><a href="/wiki/Hymno_Patri%C3%B3tico" title="Hymno Patriótico">Hymno Patriótico</a></i> (1808–1826)<br />"Patriotic Anthem"<br /><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="80" data-mwtitle="Hymno_Patriotico.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b9/Hymno_Patriotico.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b9/Hymno_Patriotico.ogg/Hymno_Patriotico.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AHymno_Patriotico.ogg&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AHymno_Patriotico.ogg&lang=mwl&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="mwl" label="Mirandés ‪(mwl)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AHymno_Patriotico.ogg&lang=pt&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="pt" label="português ‪(pt)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio></span></span></div><br /><i><a href="/wiki/Hino_da_Carta" title="Hino da Carta">Hino da Carta</a></i> (1826–1911)<br />"Hymn of the Charter"<br /><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_1" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="172" data-mwtitle="Hino_da_Carta.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/61/Hino_da_Carta.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/61/Hino_da_Carta.ogg/Hino_da_Carta.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AHino_da_Carta.ogg&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AHino_da_Carta.ogg&lang=es&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="es" label="español ‪(es)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AHino_da_Carta.ogg&lang=fy&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="fy" label="Frysk ‪(fy)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AHino_da_Carta.ogg&lang=mwl&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="mwl" label="Mirandés ‪(mwl)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AHino_da_Carta.ogg&lang=pt&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="pt" label="português ‪(pt)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio></span></span></div><br /><i><a href="/wiki/A_Portuguesa" title="A Portuguesa">A Portuguesa</a></i> (1911–1961)<br />"The Portuguese"<br /><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_2" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="79" data-mwtitle="Hino_Nacional_da_Republica_Portuguesa.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1a/Hino_Nacional_da_Republica_Portuguesa.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/1a/Hino_Nacional_da_Republica_Portuguesa.ogg/Hino_Nacional_da_Republica_Portuguesa.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AHino_Nacional_da_Republica_Portuguesa.ogg&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AHino_Nacional_da_Republica_Portuguesa.ogg&lang=es&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="es" label="español ‪(es)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AHino_Nacional_da_Republica_Portuguesa.ogg&lang=eu&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="eu" label="euskara ‪(eu)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AHino_Nacional_da_Republica_Portuguesa.ogg&lang=fr&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="fr" label="français ‪(fr)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AHino_Nacional_da_Republica_Portuguesa.ogg&lang=ms&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ms" label="Bahasa Melayu ‪(ms)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AHino_Nacional_da_Republica_Portuguesa.ogg&lang=mwl&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="mwl" label="Mirandés ‪(mwl)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AHino_Nacional_da_Republica_Portuguesa.ogg&lang=pt&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="pt" label="português ‪(pt)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AHino_Nacional_da_Republica_Portuguesa.ogg&lang=vi&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="vi" label="Tiếng Việt ‪(vi)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_Portuguese_India.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Map_of_Portuguese_India.png/250px-Map_of_Portuguese_India.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Map_of_Portuguese_India.png/375px-Map_of_Portuguese_India.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Map_of_Portuguese_India.png/500px-Map_of_Portuguese_India.png 2x" data-file-width="1709" data-file-height="1404" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Status</th><td class="infobox-data">State of Portugal (1505–1946)<br />Overseas province of Portugal (1946–1961)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cochin" class="mw-redirect" title="Cochin">Cochin</a> (1505–1530)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Goa" title="Old Goa">Goa</a> (1530–1843)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panaji" title="Panaji">Pangim</a> (1843–1961)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official language</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Common languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Portuguese" title="European Portuguese">European Portuguese</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Portuguese_creoles" title="Indo-Portuguese creoles">Indo-Portuguese creoles</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Konkani_language" title="Konkani language">Konkani</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kannada" title="Kannada">Kannada</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_language" title="Gujarati language">Gujarati</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Marathi_language" title="Marathi language">Marathi</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Malayalam" title="Malayalam">Malayalam</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><b>Official</b>:<br /><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Roman Catholicism</a><br /><b>Major</b>:<br /><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a><br /><b>Minor</b>:<br /><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Monarch and Head of State</th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1505–1521 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Manuel_I_of_Portugal" title="Manuel I of Portugal">Manuel I of Portugal</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1958–1961 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Am%C3%A9rico_Tom%C3%A1s" title="Américo Tomás">Américo Tomás</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Governor</th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1505–1509 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Francisco_de_Almeida" title="Francisco de Almeida">Francisco de Almeida</a> (first)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1958–1961 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Ant%C3%B3nio_Vassalo_e_Silva" title="Manuel António Vassalo e Silva">Manuel António Vassalo e Silva</a> (last)</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Historical era</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">Imperialism</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Establishment </div></th><td class="infobox-data">15 August 1505</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Goa" title="Annexation of Goa">Indian Annexation</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">19 December 1961</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area</th></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">4,305 km<sup>2</sup> (1,662 sq mi)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Indian_rupia" title="Portuguese Indian rupia">Portuguese Indian rupia</a> (INPR)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Indian_escudo" title="Portuguese Indian escudo">Portuguese Indian escudo</a> (INPES)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table style="width:95%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center; border:0; padding-bottom:0"><div id="before-after"></div> <b>Preceded by</b></td> <td style="text-align:center;border:0; padding-bottom:0;"><b>Succeeded by</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:0;"> <table style="width:100%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Bijapur_Sultanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Bijapur Sultanate">Bijapur Sultanate</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Gujarat_Sultanate" title="Gujarat Sultanate">Gujarat Sultanate</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Ahmednagar_Sultanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahmednagar Sultanate">Ahmednagar Sultanate</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Malacca_Sultanate" title="Malacca Sultanate">Malacca Sultanate</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Ormus" title="Ormus">Hormuz</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Sundem" title="Sundem">Sundem</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Maratha_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Maratha Empire">Maratha Empire</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Thanjavur_Nayak_kingdom" title="Thanjavur Nayak kingdom">Thanjavur Nayak kingdom</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;border:0;"> <table style="width:92%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Goa,_Daman_and_Diu" title="Goa, Daman and Diu">Goa, Daman and Diu</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Free_Dadra_and_Nagar_Haveli" title="Free Dadra and Nagar Haveli">Free Dadra and Nagar Haveli</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Coromandel" title="Dutch Coromandel">Dutch Coromandel</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Malabar" title="Dutch Malabar">Dutch Malabar</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Presidencies_and_provinces_of_British_India" title="Presidencies and provinces of British India">British India</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Today part of</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maldives" title="Maldives">Maldives</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>State of India</b> (Portuguese: <i lang="pt">Estado da Índia</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="pt-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Portuguese" title="Help:IPA/Portuguese">[ɨʃˈtaðu<span class="wrap"> </span>ðɐ<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈĩdiɐ]</a></span>), also known as the <b>Portuguese State of India</b> (Portuguese: <i lang="pt">Estado Português da Índia</i>, <b>EPI</b>) or <b>Portuguese India</b><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (Portuguese: <i lang="pt">Índia Portuguesa</i>), was a <a href="/wiki/List_of_states_of_the_Portuguese_Empire" title="List of states of the Portuguese Empire">state of the Portuguese Empire</a> founded six years after <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_discovery_of_the_sea_route_to_India" title="Portuguese discovery of the sea route to India">the discovery of the sea route</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a> by <a href="/wiki/Vasco_da_Gama" title="Vasco da Gama">Vasco da Gama</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Commoner" title="Commoner">subject</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Portugal" title="Kingdom of Portugal">Kingdom of Portugal</a>. The capital of Portuguese India served as the governing centre of a string of <a href="/wiki/Fortification#Forts" title="Fortification">military forts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Seaport" class="mw-redirect" title="Seaport">maritime ports</a> scattered along the coasts of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a>. </p><p>The first viceroy <a href="/wiki/Francisco_de_Almeida" title="Francisco de Almeida">Francisco de Almeida</a> established his base of operations at <a href="/wiki/Fort_Manuel" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort Manuel">Fort Manuel</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Malabar_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Malabar region">Malabar region</a>, after the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Cochin" title="Kingdom of Cochin">Kingdom of Cochin</a> negotiated to become a <a href="/wiki/Protectorate" title="Protectorate">protectorate</a> of Portugal in 1505. With the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_conquest_of_Goa" title="Portuguese conquest of Goa">Portuguese conquest of Goa</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Bijapur_Sultanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Bijapur Sultanate">Bijapur Sultanate</a> in 1510, <a href="/wiki/Goa" title="Goa">Goa</a> became the major <a href="/wiki/Anchorage_(maritime)" title="Anchorage (maritime)">anchorage</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Armadas" class="mw-redirect" title="Portuguese Armadas">Armadas</a> arriving in India. The capital of the viceroyalty was transferred from Cochin to Goa in 1530.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 1535, <a href="/wiki/Mumbai_(Bombay)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mumbai (Bombay)">Mumbai (Bombay)</a> was a <a href="/wiki/Bombay_Harbour" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombay Harbour">harbour</a> of Portuguese India, known as <i><a href="/wiki/Bom_Bahia" class="mw-redirect" title="Bom Bahia">Bom Bahia</a></i>, until it was handed over, through the <a href="/wiki/Marriage_Treaty" title="Marriage Treaty">dowry</a> of <a href="/wiki/Catherine_de_Braganza" class="mw-redirect" title="Catherine de Braganza">Catherine de Braganza</a> to <a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_England" title="Charles II of England">Charles II of England</a> in 1661. The expression "State of India" began regularly appearing in documents in the mid-16th century.<sup id="cite_ref-auto3_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto3-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Until the 18th century, the viceroy in Goa had authority over all Portuguese possessions in and around the Indian Ocean, from <a href="/wiki/Southern_Africa" title="Southern Africa">Southern Africa</a> to <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a>. In 1752, <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Mozambique" title="Portuguese Mozambique">Mozambique</a> got its own separate government; from 1844 on, <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Goa" class="mw-redirect" title="Portuguese Goa">Portuguese Goa</a> stopped administering <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Macao" class="mw-redirect" title="Portuguese Macao">Macao</a>, <a href="/wiki/Solor" title="Solor">Solor</a> and <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Timor" title="Portuguese Timor">Timor</a>. Despite this, the viceroy at Goa only controlled limited portions of the <a href="/wiki/East_Indies" title="East Indies">Portuguese settlements in the east</a>; some settlements remained informal private affairs, without a captain or <i>câmara</i> (municipal council). By the end of the 18th century, most of these unofficial colonies were abandoned by Portugal, due to heavy competition from European and Indian rivals.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In later years, Portugal's authority was confined to holdings in the <a href="/wiki/Canara" class="mw-redirect" title="Canara">Canara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cambay" class="mw-redirect" title="Cambay">Cambay</a> and <a href="/wiki/Konkan" title="Konkan">Konkan</a> regions along the <a href="/wiki/Coastal_India" title="Coastal India">west coast of India</a>. At the time of the dissolution of the <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British Raj</a> in 1947, Portuguese India comprised three <a href="/wiki/Administrative_division" title="Administrative division">administrative divisions</a>, sometimes referred to collectively as <i>Goa</i>: <a href="/wiki/Goa" title="Goa">Goa</a> which included <a href="/wiki/Anjediva" class="mw-redirect" title="Anjediva">Anjediva</a> and <a href="/wiki/Damaon" class="mw-redirect" title="Damaon">Damaon</a>, which included the <a href="/wiki/Enclave_and_exclave" title="Enclave and exclave">exclaves</a> of <a href="/wiki/Dadra_and_Nagar_Haveli" class="mw-redirect" title="Dadra and Nagar Haveli">Dadra and Nagar Haveli</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dio_district" class="mw-redirect" title="Dio district">Dio districts</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Salazar_regime" class="mw-redirect" title="Salazar regime">Salazar regime</a> of Portugal <a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Dadra_and_Nagar_Haveli" title="Annexation of Dadra and Nagar Haveli">lost de facto control of Dadra and Nagar Haveli</a> in 1954. Finally, the rest of the overseas territory was lost in December 1961 with the Indian <a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Goa" title="Annexation of Goa">Annexation of Goa</a> under <a href="/wiki/PM_Nehru" class="mw-redirect" title="PM Nehru">PM Nehru</a>. Portugal only recognised Indian control after the <a href="/wiki/Carnation_Revolution" title="Carnation Revolution">Carnation Revolution</a> and the fall of the <a href="/wiki/Estado_Novo_(Portugal)" title="Estado Novo (Portugal)">Estado Novo regime</a> in a treaty signed on 31 December 1974.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Context">Context</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_India&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Context"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/Colonial_India" title="Colonial India">Colonial India</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:India,_by_British_Information_Services,_1944.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Colonial India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/India%2C_by_British_Information_Services%2C_1944.jpg/250px-India%2C_by_British_Information_Services%2C_1944.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="368" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/India%2C_by_British_Information_Services%2C_1944.jpg/375px-India%2C_by_British_Information_Services%2C_1944.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/India%2C_by_British_Information_Services%2C_1944.jpg/500px-India%2C_by_British_Information_Services%2C_1944.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6118" data-file-height="9000" /></a></span><div class="sidebar-caption">Map of colonial <i>India</i>, distributed by the British Information Services (1942)</div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="border-top:1px #aaa solid; border-bottom:1px #aaa solid;"> <table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:85%;text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Austrian_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Austrian India">Austrian India</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:left;"> 1778–1785</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:85%;text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Swedish_East_India_Company" title="Swedish East India Company">Swedish India</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:left;"> 1731–1813</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:85%;text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Dutch_India" title="Dutch India">Dutch India</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:left;"> 1605–1825</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:85%;text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Danish_India" title="Danish India">Danish India</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:left;"> 1620–1869</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:85%;text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/French_India" title="French India">French India</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:left;"> 1668–1954</td></tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Portuguese India</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;"><span class="nobold">(1505–1961)</span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="border-top:1px #aaa solid; border-bottom:1px #aaa solid;"> <table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:85%;text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Casa_da_%C3%8Dndia" title="Casa da Índia">Casa da Índia</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:left;"> 1434–1833</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:85%;text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_East_India_Company" title="Portuguese East India Company">Portuguese East India Company</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:left;"> 1628–1633</td></tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Presidencies_and_provinces_of_British_India" title="Presidencies and provinces of British India">British India</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;"><span class="nobold">(1600–1947)</span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="border-top:1px #aaa solid; border-bottom:1px #aaa solid;"> <table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:85%;text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">EIC in India</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:left;"> 1600–1757</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:85%;text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Company_rule_in_India" title="Company rule in India">Company rule in India</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:left;"> 1757–1858</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:85%;text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/British_rule_in_Portuguese_India" title="British rule in Portuguese India">British rule in Portuguese India</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:left;"> 1797–1813</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:85%;text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British Raj in India</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:left;"> 1858–1947</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:85%;text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/British_rule_in_Burma" title="British rule in Burma">British rule in Burma</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:left;"> 1824–1948</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:85%;text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Princely_state" title="Princely state">Princely states</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:left;"> 1721–1949</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:85%;text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">Partition of India</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:left;"> 1947</td></tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Colonial_India" title="Template:Colonial India"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Colonial_India" title="Template talk:Colonial India"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Colonial_India" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Colonial India"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vasco_da_Gama_lands_in_India">Vasco da Gama lands in India</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_India&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Vasco da Gama lands in India"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first Portuguese encounter with the subcontinent was on 20 May 1498, when <a href="/wiki/Vasco_da_Gama" title="Vasco da Gama">Vasco da Gama</a> reached <a href="/wiki/Kozhikode" title="Kozhikode">Calicut</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Malabar_Coast" title="Malabar Coast">Malabar Coast</a>. Anchored off the coast of Calicut, the Portuguese invited native fishermen on board and bought some Indian items. One Portuguese accompanied the fishermen to the port and met with a Tunisian Muslim. On the advice of this man, Gama sent a couple of his men to <a href="/wiki/Ponnani" title="Ponnani">Ponnani</a> to meet with the ruler of Calicut, the <a href="/wiki/Zamorin_of_Calicut" class="mw-redirect" title="Zamorin of Calicut">Zamorin</a>. Over the objections of Arab merchants, Gama managed to secure a <a href="/wiki/Letter_of_concession" class="mw-redirect" title="Letter of concession">letter of concession</a> for trading rights from the Zamorin, but the Portuguese were unable to pay the prescribed customs duties and price of his goods in gold.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Later Calicut officials temporarily detained Gama's Portuguese agents as security for payment. This annoyed Gama, who carried off a few natives and sixteen fishermen with him by force.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nevertheless, Gama's expedition was successful beyond all reasonable expectations, bringing in cargo worth sixty times the cost of the expedition. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pedro_Álvares_Cabral"><span id="Pedro_.C3.81lvares_Cabral"></span>Pedro Álvares Cabral</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_India&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Pedro Álvares Cabral"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/2nd_Portuguese_India_Armada_(Cabral,_1500)" title="2nd Portuguese India Armada (Cabral, 1500)">2nd Portuguese India Armada (Cabral, 1500)</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Pedro_%C3%81lvares_Cabral" title="Pedro Álvares Cabral">Pedro Álvares Cabral</a> sailed to India, marking the arrival of Europeans to Brazil on the way, to trade for <a href="/wiki/Black_pepper" title="Black pepper">black pepper</a> and other spices, negotiating and establishing a <a href="/wiki/Factory_(trading_post)" title="Factory (trading post)">factory</a> at <a href="/wiki/Kozhikode" title="Kozhikode">Kozhikode</a>, where he arrived on 13 September 1500. Matters worsened when the Portuguese factory at Kozhikode was ambushed by the locals, resulting in the deaths of more than fifty Portuguese.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cabral was outraged by the attack on the factory and seized ten Arab merchant ships anchored in the harbor, killing about six hundred of their crew, confiscating their cargo and promptly burning the ships. Cabral also ordered his ships to bombard Calicut for an entire day in retaliation for the violation of the agreement. Additionally, Cabral succeeded in making advantageous treaties with local rulers in <a href="/wiki/Kochi_(India)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kochi (India)">Cochin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kannur" title="Kannur">Cannanore</a>. Cabral started the return voyage on 16 January 1501 and arrived in Portugal with only 4 of the 13 ships on 23 June 1501. </p><p>In 1502, the Portuguese built a trading post in <a href="/wiki/Pulicat" title="Pulicat">Pulicat</a> because its location at the mouth of a lagoon made it a great natural harbor.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="João_da_Nova"><span id="Jo.C3.A3o_da_Nova"></span>João da Nova</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_India&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: João da Nova"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/3rd_Portuguese_India_Armada_(Nova,_1501)" title="3rd Portuguese India Armada (Nova, 1501)">3rd Portuguese India Armada (Nova, 1501)</a></div> <p>The third Portuguese expedition to reach India sailed under the command of <a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_da_Nova" title="João da Nova">João da Nova</a> and was composed of four ships, tasked mainly with acquiring spices and returning to Europe. While en route, the fleet discovered the islands of <a href="/wiki/Ascension_Island#History" title="Ascension Island">Ascension</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_Saint_Helena#Discovery_and_early_years,_1502–1658" title="History of Saint Helena">Saint Helena</a> in the South Atlantic, and despite it having been planned as a purely commercial expedition, the fleet clashed with vessels of the Zamorin of Calicut off the Malabar Coast at the <a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Cannanore" title="First Battle of Cannanore">First Battle of Cannanore</a>, the first significant naval battle of Portuguese India. </p><p>The fleet may also have called at Ceylon. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vasco_da_Gama">Vasco da Gama</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_India&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Vasco da Gama"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/4th_Portuguese_India_Armada_(Gama,_1502)" title="4th Portuguese India Armada (Gama, 1502)">4th Portuguese India Armada (Gama, 1502)</a></div> <p>Vasco da Gama sailed to India for the <a href="/wiki/4th_Portuguese_India_Armada_(Gama,_1502)" title="4th Portuguese India Armada (Gama, 1502)">second time</a> with 15 ships and 800 men, arriving at Calicut on 30 October 1502. Gama this time made a call to expel all Muslims from <a href="/wiki/Kozhikode" title="Kozhikode">Calicut</a> which was turned down. The ruler showed willingness to sign a treaty, but Gama bombarded the city and captured several rice vessels after he was informed that the Zamorin was messaging neighbouring rulers to join him in resisting the Portuguese at the same time.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While in India, Gama also attacked Onor, reduced Baticala to tributary status, established a trade treaty and trading post at <a href="/wiki/Kannur" title="Kannur">Cananore</a>, and clashed with a fleet belonging to the Zamorin at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Calicut_(1503)" title="Battle of Calicut (1503)">Battle of Calicut of 1503</a>. He returned to Portugal in September 1503. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Afonso_de_Albuquerque">Afonso de Albuquerque</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_India&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Afonso de Albuquerque"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/5th_Portuguese_India_Armada_(Albuquerque,_1503)" title="5th Portuguese India Armada (Albuquerque, 1503)">5th Portuguese India Armada (Albuquerque, 1503)</a></div> <p>The expedition of 1503 was the first time <a href="/wiki/Afonso_de_Albuquerque" title="Afonso de Albuquerque">Afonso de Albuquerque</a> sailed to India, as its commander. Its activities were limited to erecting a fort on the territory of the allied kingdom of Cochin, signing a peace with Zamorin that would prove brief, and opening a new trading post at <a href="/wiki/Kollam" title="Kollam">Kollam</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lopo_Soares_de_Albergaria">Lopo Soares de Albergaria</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_India&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Lopo Soares de Albergaria"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/6th_Portuguese_India_Armada_(Albergaria,_1504)" title="6th Portuguese India Armada (Albergaria, 1504)">6th Portuguese India Armada (Albergaria, 1504)</a></div> <p>The sixth Portuguese expedition to India was commanded by <a href="/wiki/Lopo_Soares_de_Albergaria" title="Lopo Soares de Albergaria">Lopo Soares de Albergaria</a>, who bombarded Calicut, relieved <a href="/wiki/Duarte_Pacheco_Pereira" title="Duarte Pacheco Pereira">Duarte Pacheco Pereira</a> and the Portuguese garrison at Cochin defending the territory from a large attack by the Zamorin at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cochin" title="Battle of Cochin">Battle of Cochin</a>, sacked <a href="/wiki/Kodungallur" title="Kodungallur">Cranganore</a>, struck an allegiance with the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Tanur" title="Kingdom of Tanur">king of Tanur</a> which removed him from the suzerainty of the Zamorin, and finally captured a large Egyptian trade fleet at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pandarane" title="Battle of Pandarane">Battle of Pandarane</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Foundation_(1505–1515)"><span id="Foundation_.281505.E2.80.931515.29"></span>Foundation (1505–1515)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_India&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Foundation (1505–1515)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Francisco_de_Almeida">Francisco de Almeida</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_India&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Francisco de Almeida"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/7th_Portuguese_India_Armada_(Almeida,_1505)" title="7th Portuguese India Armada (Almeida, 1505)">7th Portuguese India Armada (Almeida, 1505)</a></div> <p>On 25 March 1505, <a href="/wiki/Francisco_de_Almeida" title="Francisco de Almeida">Francisco de Almeida</a> was appointed <i>Viceroy of India</i>, on the condition that he would set up four forts on the southwestern Indian coast: <a href="/wiki/Anjediva" class="mw-redirect" title="Anjediva">Anjediva</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cannanore" class="mw-redirect" title="Cannanore">Cannanore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cochin" class="mw-redirect" title="Cochin">Cochin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Quilon" class="mw-redirect" title="Quilon">Quilon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Logan_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Logan-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Francisco de Almeida left Portugal with a fleet of 22 vessels with 1,500 men.<sup id="cite_ref-Logan_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Logan-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cannanore_Lendas_da_%C3%8Dndia.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Cannanore_Lendas_da_%C3%8Dndia.png/220px-Cannanore_Lendas_da_%C3%8Dndia.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Cannanore_Lendas_da_%C3%8Dndia.png/330px-Cannanore_Lendas_da_%C3%8Dndia.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Cannanore_Lendas_da_%C3%8Dndia.png/440px-Cannanore_Lendas_da_%C3%8Dndia.png 2x" data-file-width="1424" data-file-height="936" /></a><figcaption>The Portuguese fortress of Cannanore in the allied <a href="/wiki/Kolathunadu" title="Kolathunadu">Kingdom of Cannanore</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>On 13 September, Francisco de Almeida reached Anjadip Island, where he started the construction of <a href="/wiki/Fort_Anjediva" title="Fort Anjediva">Fort Anjediva</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Logan_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Logan-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 23 October, with the permission of the friendly ruler of Kōlattir, he started building <a href="/wiki/Fort_St_Angelo_of_Cannanore" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort St Angelo of Cannanore">Fort St Angelo of Cannanore</a>, leaving Lourenço de Brito in charge with 150 men and two ships.<sup id="cite_ref-Logan_15-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Logan-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_Portuguese_Cochin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Map_of_Portuguese_Cochin.jpg/220px-Map_of_Portuguese_Cochin.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Map_of_Portuguese_Cochin.jpg/330px-Map_of_Portuguese_Cochin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Map_of_Portuguese_Cochin.jpg/440px-Map_of_Portuguese_Cochin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1180" data-file-height="793" /></a><figcaption>Portuguese Fortress of Cochin, in the allied <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Cochin" title="Kingdom of Cochin">Kingdom of Cochin</a></figcaption></figure> <p>On 31 October 1505, Francisco de Almeida reached <a href="/wiki/Cochin" class="mw-redirect" title="Cochin">Cochin</a> with only 8 vessels left.<sup id="cite_ref-Logan_15-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Logan-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There, he learned that the Portuguese traders at Quilon had been killed. He decided to send his son <a href="/wiki/Louren%C3%A7o_de_Almeida" title="Lourenço de Almeida">Lourenço de Almeida</a> with 6 ships, who destroyed 27 <a href="/wiki/Calicut" class="mw-redirect" title="Calicut">Calicut</a> vessels in the harbour of Quilon.<sup id="cite_ref-Logan_15-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Logan-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Almeida took up residence in Cochin and strengthened <a href="/wiki/Fort_Manuel" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort Manuel">Fort Manuel</a>. </p><p>The Zamorin prepared a fleet of 200 ships to oppose the Portuguese, but in March 1506, <a href="/wiki/Louren%C3%A7o_de_Almeida" title="Lourenço de Almeida">Lourenço de Almeida</a> (son of Francisco) was victorious in a sea battle at the entrance to the harbour, in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cannanore_(1506)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Cannanore (1506)">Battle of Cannanore (1506)</a>, an important setback for the fleet of the Zamorin. Lourenço de Almeida explored the coastal waters southwards to <a href="/wiki/Colombo" title="Colombo">Colombo</a>, in what is now <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a>. In Cannanore, a new ruler, hostile to the Portuguese and friendly with the Zamorin, attacked the Portuguese garrison, leading to the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Cannanore_(1507)" title="Siege of Cannanore (1507)">Siege of Cannanore</a>. </p><p>In 1507 Almeida's mission was strengthened by the arrival of <a href="/wiki/Trist%C3%A3o_da_Cunha" title="Tristão da Cunha">Tristão da Cunha</a>'s squadron. Afonso de Albuquerque's squadron had split from that of Cunha off East Africa and was independently conquering territories in the <a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf" title="Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a> to the west. </p><p>In March 1508, a Portuguese squadron under the command of Lourenço de Almeida was attacked by a combined <a href="/wiki/Mamluk_Sultanate_(Cairo)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo)">Mameluk Egyptian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gujarat_Sultanate" title="Gujarat Sultanate">Gujarat Sultanate</a> fleet at <a href="/wiki/Chaul" title="Chaul">Chaul</a> and Dabul respectively, led by admirals <a href="/wiki/Mirocem" class="mw-redirect" title="Mirocem">Mirocem</a> and <a href="/wiki/Meliqueaz" class="mw-redirect" title="Meliqueaz">Meliqueaz</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chaul_(1508)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Chaul (1508)">Battle of Chaul</a>. Lourenço de Almeida died after a fierce fight in this battle. Mamluk-Indian resistance was decisively defeated at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Diu_(1509)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Diu (1509)">Battle of Diu</a> in 1509. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Afonso_de_Albuquerque_2">Afonso de Albuquerque</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_India&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Afonso de Albuquerque"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Retrato_de_Afonso_de_Albuquerque_(ap%C3%B3s_1545)_-_Autor_desconhecido.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Retrato_de_Afonso_de_Albuquerque_%28ap%C3%B3s_1545%29_-_Autor_desconhecido.png/220px-Retrato_de_Afonso_de_Albuquerque_%28ap%C3%B3s_1545%29_-_Autor_desconhecido.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="405" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Retrato_de_Afonso_de_Albuquerque_%28ap%C3%B3s_1545%29_-_Autor_desconhecido.png/330px-Retrato_de_Afonso_de_Albuquerque_%28ap%C3%B3s_1545%29_-_Autor_desconhecido.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Retrato_de_Afonso_de_Albuquerque_%28ap%C3%B3s_1545%29_-_Autor_desconhecido.png/440px-Retrato_de_Afonso_de_Albuquerque_%28ap%C3%B3s_1545%29_-_Autor_desconhecido.png 2x" data-file-width="543" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>Afonso de Albuquerque, second Portuguese governor of India</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1509, Afonso de Albuquerque was appointed the second <a href="/wiki/List_of_colonial_heads_of_Portuguese_India" class="mw-redirect" title="List of colonial heads of Portuguese India">governor</a> of Portuguese possessions in the East. After acquiring their first <a href="/wiki/Protectorate" title="Protectorate">protectorate</a> in <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Cochin" class="mw-redirect" title="Portuguese Cochin">Portuguese Cochin</a>, a new fleet under <a href="/wiki/Marshal_of_Portugal" title="Marshal of Portugal">Marshal</a> Fernão Coutinho arrived with specific instructions to destroy the power of <a href="/wiki/Zamorin_of_Calicut" class="mw-redirect" title="Zamorin of Calicut">Zamorin of Calicut</a>. Zamorin's palace was captured and destroyed, and the city was set on fire. Zamorin's forces rallied, killing Coutinho and wounding Albuquerque. Albuquerque withdrew with his forces, and after Zamorin was assassinated in 1513, he entered into agreement with his successor to protect Portuguese interests in Malabar, and a fort was built on Calicut. </p><p>In 1510, Afonso de Albuquerque <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_conquest_of_Goa" title="Portuguese conquest of Goa">captured Goa</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Bijapur_Sultanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Bijapur Sultanate">Bijapur Sultanate</a> sultan with the aid of the Hindu privateer <a href="/wiki/Timoja" class="mw-redirect" title="Timoja">Timoja</a>, leading to the establishment of a permanent settlement in the city of <i><a href="/wiki/Velha_Goa" class="mw-redirect" title="Velha Goa">Velha Goa</a></i> (Old Goa in English). <a href="/wiki/Goa_(island)" class="mw-redirect" title="Goa (island)">Goa (island)</a> bore the seat of the <a href="/wiki/Viceroy_of_Portuguese_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Viceroy of Portuguese India">viceroy</a>, who governed all the possessions in Asia. </p><p>Albuquerque added to the State of India the cities of Malacca in 1511 and <a href="/wiki/Ormus" title="Ormus">Ormus</a> in 1515. He encouraged the settlement of his soldiers and their marriage to native women. In the mid-16th century, there were about 2000 <i>casados</i> ("married men") in Goa.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Goa included a large body of native non-Portuguese inhabitants for the Portuguese crown to rule. To better achieve this, Albuquerque resorted to medieval Iberian procedures: people of different religious communities were allowed to live by their laws under representatives of their respective communities.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Exception was made to the practice of <a href="/wiki/Sati_(practice)" title="Sati (practice)">sati</a>, which was abolished. Certain taxes due to the Adil Shah of Bijapur were also abolished.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Native women were legally allowed property rights for the first time.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At Goa, Albuquerque instituted an orphan's fund and opened a hospital, the <i>Hospital Real de Goa</i>, modelled after the grand <a href="/wiki/Hospital_Real_de_Todos_os_Santos" class="mw-redirect" title="Hospital Real de Todos os Santos">Hospital Real de Todos os Santos</a> in Lisbon.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also at Goa were built smaller hospitals run by the city's charity, the <a href="/wiki/Santa_Casa_da_Miseric%C3%B3rdia" title="Santa Casa da Misericórdia"><i>Misericórdia</i></a>, dedicated to serving the poor and the natives. </p><p>Albuquerque's policies proved immensely popular amongst his soldiers as well as the local population, especially his characteristically strict observance of justice.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When Albuquerque died in sight of Goa in 1515, even the Hindu natives of Goa mourned his passing alongside the Portuguese.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His tomb at the <i>Nossa Senhora da Serra</i> hermitage was converted to a shrine by the local Hindus, who would leave flowers there in his dedication and direct prayers to him, seeking aid in matters of justice, until his remains were returned to Portugal in 1566.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Portuguese had also shipped <i><a href="/wiki/%C3%93rf%C3%A3s_do_Rei" class="mw-redirect" title="Órfãs do Rei">Órfãs do Rei</a></i> to their colonies in the <a href="/wiki/Indian_peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian peninsula">Indian peninsula</a>, the most important of which were the eastern <a href="/wiki/Metropole" title="Metropole">metropole</a> of Goa and the largest <a href="/wiki/Province" title="Province">province</a> in Bombay-Bassein. <i>Órfãs do Rei</i> (literally "Orphans of the King") were orphaned Portuguese girls patronised by the King, and sent to overseas colonies to form <a href="/wiki/Marital_alliance" class="mw-redirect" title="Marital alliance">marital alliances</a> with either Portuguese settlers or natives of high status. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="16th_to_17th_century">16th to 17th century</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_India&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: 16th to 17th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Portuguese_conflicts_(1538%E2%80%931559)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman–Portuguese conflicts (1538–1559)">Ottoman–Portuguese conflicts (1538–1559)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Portuguese_conflicts_(1586%E2%80%931589)" title="Ottoman–Portuguese conflicts (1586–1589)">Ottoman–Portuguese conflicts (1586–1589)</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_Goa" title="History of Goa">History of Goa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gujarati%E2%80%93Portuguese_conflicts" title="Gujarati–Portuguese conflicts">Gujarati–Portuguese conflicts</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Adil_Shahi%E2%80%93Portuguese_conflicts" title="Adil Shahi–Portuguese conflicts">Adil Shahi–Portuguese conflicts</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AMH-6577-KB_Bird%27s_eye_view_of_the_city_of_Goa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/AMH-6577-KB_Bird%27s_eye_view_of_the_city_of_Goa.jpg/220px-AMH-6577-KB_Bird%27s_eye_view_of_the_city_of_Goa.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/AMH-6577-KB_Bird%27s_eye_view_of_the_city_of_Goa.jpg/330px-AMH-6577-KB_Bird%27s_eye_view_of_the_city_of_Goa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/AMH-6577-KB_Bird%27s_eye_view_of_the_city_of_Goa.jpg/440px-AMH-6577-KB_Bird%27s_eye_view_of_the_city_of_Goa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="1681" /></a><figcaption>Portuguese Goa in 1600</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1520, the Portuguese extended their dominion over the town of <a href="/wiki/Rachol" title="Rachol">Rachol</a>, when <a href="/wiki/Krishnadevaraya" title="Krishnadevaraya">Krishnadevaraya</a> captured the <a href="/wiki/Rachol_Fort" title="Rachol Fort">Rachol Fort</a> and delivered it to the Portuguese, in exchange for a mutual <a href="/wiki/Defence_pact" class="mw-redirect" title="Defence pact">defence pact</a> against the <a href="/wiki/Deccan_Sultanates" class="mw-redirect" title="Deccan Sultanates">Deccan Sultanates</a>. </p><p>In 1526, <a href="/wiki/John_III_of_Portugal" title="John III of Portugal">John III of Portugal</a> granted the city of Goa and its town hall the same legal status as <a href="/wiki/Lisbon" title="Lisbon">Lisbon</a>, in a <a href="/wiki/Foral" title="Foral">foral</a> in which the general laws and privileges of the city, its town hall, and the local Hindu community were detailed – especially important since at the time the native laws of Goa were still not written, instead being handled by councils of elders or religious judges and passed down orally.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There were Portuguese settlements in and around the <a href="/wiki/Coromandel_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Coromandel region">Coromandel region</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Luz_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Luz Church">Luz Church</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Mylapore" title="Mylapore">Mylapore</a> neighbourhood of <a href="/wiki/Madras_(Chennai)" class="mw-redirect" title="Madras (Chennai)">Madras (Chennai)</a> was the first church that the Portuguese built in the area in 1516; the <i>São Tomé</i> or <i><a href="/wiki/San_Thome" class="mw-redirect" title="San Thome">San Thome</a></i> shrine was rebuilt by them in 1522. They also built the first structures at the <a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_Our_Lady_of_the_Mount,_Bandra" title="Basilica of Our Lady of the Mount, Bandra">Basilica of Our Lady of the Mount, Bandra</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Velankanni_shrine" class="mw-redirect" title="Our Lady of Velankanni shrine">Our Lady of Velankanni shrine</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_Our_Lady_of_Miracles" class="mw-redirect" title="Cathedral of Our Lady of Miracles">Cathedral of Our Lady of Miracles</a>, which are among the important Christian pilgrimage sites of South Asia. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Portuguese_possessions_in_the_Province_of_North.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Portuguese_possessions_in_the_Province_of_North.jpg/220px-Portuguese_possessions_in_the_Province_of_North.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="351" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Portuguese_possessions_in_the_Province_of_North.jpg/330px-Portuguese_possessions_in_the_Province_of_North.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Portuguese_possessions_in_the_Province_of_North.jpg/440px-Portuguese_possessions_in_the_Province_of_North.jpg 2x" data-file-width="738" data-file-height="1178" /></a><figcaption>Portuguese territory of <a href="/wiki/Fort_Vasai" title="Fort Vasai">Bassein</a> fortress in Gujarat</figcaption></figure> <p>Several colonies were also acquired from the <a href="/wiki/Sultan_of_Guzerat" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultan of Guzerat">Sultan of Guzerat</a> in the north <a href="/wiki/Konkan_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Konkan region">Konkan region</a>: <a href="/wiki/Daman,_India" title="Daman, India">Daman</a> was sacked in 1531 and ceded in 1539; <a href="/wiki/Salsette" class="mw-redirect" title="Salsette">Salsette</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Seven_islands_of_Bombay" class="mw-redirect" title="Seven islands of Bombay">seven islands of Bombay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chaul" title="Chaul">Chaul</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bassein_(Vasai)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bassein (Vasai)">Bassein (Vasai)</a> in 1534; and <a href="/wiki/Diu,_India" title="Diu, India">Diu</a>, in 1535. These would jointly come to be known as the Northern Province of Portuguese India. It extended almost 100 km (62 mi) along the west coast from Daman to Chaul and in some places 30–50 km (19–31 mi) inland. The territory (<a href="/wiki/Province" title="Province">province</a>) of <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Bombay" class="mw-redirect" title="Portuguese Bombay">Portuguese Bombay</a> had its <a href="/wiki/City_centre" title="City centre">city centre</a> in and around the <a href="/wiki/Bassein_Fort" class="mw-redirect" title="Bassein Fort">Bassein Fort</a>; subject to the viceroy in the capital (<a href="/wiki/Metropole" title="Metropole">metropole</a>) of <i><a href="/wiki/Velha_Goa" class="mw-redirect" title="Velha Goa">Velha Goa</a></i> in south Konkan country, along with other colonies in the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Ceylon" title="Portuguese Ceylon">Portuguese Ceylon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Chittagong" class="mw-redirect" title="Portuguese Chittagong">Portuguese Chittagong</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> carried out the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Diu_(1538)" title="Siege of Diu (1538)">Siege of Diu</a> in 1538, with a strong fleet under the command of the Ottoman governor of Egypt Sulaiman Pasha for four months, with the aid of a large army provided by the Sultan of Guzerat; however they were ultimately forced to retreat with considerable losses. The successful defence of Dio by captain António da Silveira against overwhelming odds was a <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_annihilation" title="Battle of annihilation">battle of annihilation</a>, is one of the most celebrated exploits in Portuguese history, and frequently compared to the <a href="/wiki/Great_Siege_of_Malta" title="Great Siege of Malta">Great Siege of Malta</a>. On the occasion, the Portuguese captured the <a href="/wiki/Tiro_de_Diu" title="Tiro de Diu">Tiro de Diu</a>, a massive Guzerati bombard. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Asia_oceania_anonymous_c1550.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Asia_oceania_anonymous_c1550.jpg/220px-Asia_oceania_anonymous_c1550.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Asia_oceania_anonymous_c1550.jpg/330px-Asia_oceania_anonymous_c1550.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Asia_oceania_anonymous_c1550.jpg/440px-Asia_oceania_anonymous_c1550.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1113" data-file-height="579" /></a><figcaption>In the 16th and 17th centuries, the Portuguese Empire in the East, with its capital in Goa, was then often styled in Europe as the <b>"Rome of the East"</b>; it included possessions (subjected tracts of land with a certain degree of autonomy) in <a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South Asia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a> and <a href="/wiki/East_Africa" title="East Africa">East Africa</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>According to Portuguese records, there was a cholera epidemic in 1543, "It is said that deaths from the disposal of the disease were so numerous that the disposal of bodies was a formidable task"<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 16 May 1546, the Jesuit missionary <a href="/wiki/Francis_Xavier" title="Francis Xavier">Francis Xavier</a> requested the institution of the <a href="/wiki/Goa_Inquisition" title="Goa Inquisition">Goa Inquisition</a> for the "<a href="/wiki/Old_Christians" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Christians">Old Christians</a>" and "<a href="/wiki/New_Christians" class="mw-redirect" title="New Christians">New Christians</a>" in a letter to <a href="/wiki/John_III_of_Portugal" title="John III of Portugal">John III of Portugal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag needs to be fact-checked with the cited source(s). (October 2021)">verification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Non-Christians were officially oppressed, even before the Inquisition was set up.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Francis Xavier was instrumental in a mass conversion of 30,000 <a href="/wiki/Paravar" title="Paravar">Paravar</a> fishermen at <a href="/wiki/Cape_Comorin" class="mw-redirect" title="Cape Comorin">Cape Comorin</a>. In this year, the Portuguese fortress of Diu was <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Diu_(1546)" title="Siege of Diu (1546)">sieged a second time</a> by a Gujarati army led by the lord of Surat <a href="/wiki/Khoja_Zufar" title="Khoja Zufar">Khoja Zufar</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Portuguese_Fortress_of_Diu_in_the_mid-16th_century.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/The_Portuguese_Fortress_of_Diu_in_the_mid-16th_century.png/220px-The_Portuguese_Fortress_of_Diu_in_the_mid-16th_century.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/The_Portuguese_Fortress_of_Diu_in_the_mid-16th_century.png/330px-The_Portuguese_Fortress_of_Diu_in_the_mid-16th_century.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/The_Portuguese_Fortress_of_Diu_in_the_mid-16th_century.png/440px-The_Portuguese_Fortress_of_Diu_in_the_mid-16th_century.png 2x" data-file-width="2704" data-file-height="1682" /></a><figcaption>16th-century Portuguese sketch of Diu</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1556, the <a href="/wiki/Printing_press_in_Goa" class="mw-redirect" title="Printing press in Goa">printing press in Goa</a> was the first installed in India at <a href="/wiki/Saint_Paul%27s_College,_Goa" title="Saint Paul's College, Goa">Saint Paul's College, Goa</a>. Through publications made on the press, he opened a window on the knowledge and customs of Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Jesuits brought this European-style, metal <a href="/wiki/Movable_type" title="Movable type">movable type</a> technology to <a href="/wiki/Macao" class="mw-redirect" title="Macao">Macao</a> in China in 1588 and to Japan in 1590.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the start of the 17th century, the population of Goa and the surrounding areas was about 250,000.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Holding this strategic land against repeated attacks by the Indian states required constant infusions of men and material. Portugal's important victories, such as the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cochin_(1504)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Cochin (1504)">battle of Cochin</a> in 1504, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Diu" title="Battle of Diu">the defence of Diu in 1509</a>, the conquest of Goa in 1510, the defences of Diu in 1538 and 1546, and the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_League_of_the_Indies#The_Siege_of_Goa" title="War of the League of the Indies">defence of Goa in 1571</a> were accomplished with limited <a href="/wiki/Manpower" class="mw-redirect" title="Manpower">manpower</a>. In their largest deployments, the Portuguese could field perhaps 2,000 to 3,000 European and mestiço troops supported by a similar amount of local auxiliaries, while the larger Indian states could field tens of thousands each. Portuguese superiority in military technology (especially in ships and artillery), training (especially in the skill of their gunners), and tactics, combined with the disunity of the Indian states opposing them, allowed them to keep their position and consistently win their wars.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="17th_to_20th_century">17th to 20th century</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_India&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: 17th to 20th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Luso-Dutch_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Luso-Dutch War">Luso-Dutch War</a>, <a href="/wiki/War_of_Portuguese_Succession" class="mw-redirect" title="War of Portuguese Succession">War of Portuguese Succession</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Restoration_War" title="Portuguese Restoration War">Portuguese Restoration War</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_India&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2022</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fortaleza_de_bacaim.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Fortaleza_de_bacaim.jpg/220px-Fortaleza_de_bacaim.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Fortaleza_de_bacaim.jpg/330px-Fortaleza_de_bacaim.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Fortaleza_de_bacaim.jpg/440px-Fortaleza_de_bacaim.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6038" data-file-height="4166" /></a><figcaption>Portuguese fortress of Bassein, centre of the northern province.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="17th_century">17th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_India&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: 17th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Quilon" class="mw-redirect" title="Quilon">Quilon</a>; <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Cemetery,_Kollam" title="Portuguese Cemetery, Kollam">Portuguese Cemetery, Kollam</a>; <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Daman_(1638%E2%80%931639)" title="Siege of Daman (1638–1639)">Siege of Daman (1638–1639)</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Mughal%E2%80%93Portuguese_War_(1692%E2%80%931693)" title="Mughal–Portuguese War (1692–1693)">Mughal–Portuguese War (1692–1693)</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Seven_islands_of_Bombay" class="mw-redirect" title="Seven islands of Bombay">seven islands of Bombay</a> were presented to the <a href="/wiki/English_Crown" class="mw-redirect" title="English Crown">English Crown</a> in 1661, as part of the <a href="/wiki/Dowry_of_Catherine_Braganza" class="mw-redirect" title="Dowry of Catherine Braganza">dowry of Catherine Braganza</a> to <a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_England" title="Charles II of England">Charles II of England</a>, who in turn leased the area to the <a href="/wiki/English_East_India_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="English East India Company">English East India Company</a>. </p><p>In 1683, the <a href="/wiki/Maratha_invasion_of_Goa_(1683)" class="mw-redirect" title="Maratha invasion of Goa (1683)">Marathas attempted a siege against Portuguese settlements</a> in the Konkan region, but with no success. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B6%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B6%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%86_%E0%B4%A1%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%86_%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B7%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%BE.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B6%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B6%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%86_%E0%B4%A1%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%86_%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B7%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%BE.JPG/220px-%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B6%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B6%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%86_%E0%B4%A1%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%86_%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B7%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%BE.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B6%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B6%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%86_%E0%B4%A1%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%86_%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B7%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%BE.JPG/330px-%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B6%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B6%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%86_%E0%B4%A1%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%86_%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B7%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%BE.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B6%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B6%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%86_%E0%B4%A1%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%86_%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B7%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%BE.JPG/440px-%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B6%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B6%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%86_%E0%B4%A1%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%86_%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B7%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%BE.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>Remnants of <a href="/wiki/St_Thomas_Fort,_Tangasseri" class="mw-redirect" title="St Thomas Fort, Tangasseri">St Thomas Fort, Tangasseri</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Quilon" class="mw-redirect" title="Quilon">Quilon</a> area of the <a href="/wiki/Malabar_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Malabar region">Malabar region</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Kollam (<a href="/wiki/Quilon" class="mw-redirect" title="Quilon">Quilon</a>) was a prominent seaport and became a Portuguese settlement in 1519. They built a cemetery at <a href="/wiki/Tangasseri" title="Tangasseri">Tangasseri</a> in Quilon city. After the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_India_Company" title="Dutch East India Company">Dutch East India Company</a> invasion, the Dutch also buried their dead there. The pirates of Tangasseri inhabited the cemetery before Europeans arrived. Remnants of this cemetery still exist today, very close to <a href="/wiki/Tangasseri_Lighthouse" title="Tangasseri Lighthouse">Tangasseri Lighthouse</a> and <a href="/wiki/St_Thomas_Fort" title="St Thomas Fort">St Thomas Fort</a>, which are listed among the <a href="/wiki/Protected_monument" class="mw-redirect" title="Protected monument">protected monuments</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Archaeological_Survey_of_India" title="Archaeological Survey of India">Archaeological Survey of India</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="18th_century">18th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_India&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: 18th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Goa_Medical_College" title="Goa Medical College">Goa Medical College</a></div> <p>Most of the Northern Province, composed of <a href="/wiki/Thana_district" class="mw-redirect" title="Thana district">Taana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bassein_(Vasai)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bassein (Vasai)">Bassein (Vasai)</a> and Chaul near <a href="/wiki/British_Bombay" class="mw-redirect" title="British Bombay">British Bombay</a> was lost following another <a href="/wiki/Mahratta_Invasion_of_Bassein" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahratta Invasion of Bassein">Mahratta Invasion of Bassein</a> in 1739. <a href="/wiki/Goa,_Daman_and_Diu" title="Goa, Daman and Diu">Goa, Daman and Diu</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/Anjediva" class="mw-redirect" title="Anjediva">Anjediva</a>, were retained because a fleet of <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Armadas" class="mw-redirect" title="Portuguese Armadas">Portuguese Armadas</a> arrived from <a href="/wiki/Lisbon" title="Lisbon">Lisbon</a>, bearing a newly appointed viceroy. </p><p>In 1752, Mozambique was detached from the State of India and henceforth ruled by its own governor. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GoaConquistas.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/GoaConquistas.png/220px-GoaConquistas.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="277" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/GoaConquistas.png/330px-GoaConquistas.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/GoaConquistas.png/440px-GoaConquistas.png 2x" data-file-width="795" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>The <i>Conquistas</i> of Goa. Red: <i>Velhas Conquistas</i> (1510-1546). Cream: <i>Novas Conquistas</i> (1763-1788)</figcaption></figure> <p>In the aftermath of the battles and the losses, the Portuguese expanded the territory of Goa between 1763 and 1788, at the expense of the Dessais of <a href="/wiki/Kudal" title="Kudal">Kudal</a>, the Sondas, and the <a href="/wiki/Bhonsle" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhonsle">Bhonslas</a>/ <a href="/wiki/Maratha_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Maratha Empire">Mahrattas</a> of <a href="/wiki/Silvassa" title="Silvassa">Silvassa</a>, which became known as the <i><a href="/wiki/Novas_Conquistas" title="Novas Conquistas">Novas Conquistas</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By order of the <a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Pombal" class="mw-redirect" title="Marquis de Pombal">Marquis de Pombal</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Jesuits" title="Jesuits">Jesuits</a> were expelled from Portugal's territories in 1759.<sup id="cite_ref-R._Disney_p._325_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-R._Disney_p._325-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were replaced by the <a href="/wiki/Oratory_of_Saint_Philip_Neri" title="Oratory of Saint Philip Neri">Oratorians</a>, a native <a href="/wiki/Goan_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Goan Catholic">Goan Catholic</a> religious order founded by <a href="/wiki/Christian_Brahmin" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian Brahmin">Christian Brahmin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christian_Cxatria" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian Cxatria">Christian Kshatriya</a> converts; a college dedicated to the <a href="/wiki/Secular_education" title="Secular education">secular education</a> of the native elites was opened; and the <a href="/wiki/Goan_Inquisition" class="mw-redirect" title="Goan Inquisition">Goan Inquisition</a> was abolished.<sup id="cite_ref-R._Disney_p._325_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-R._Disney_p._325-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under the influence of Pombal, King José declared that native Christians were equal in standing with Europeans, while the Viceroy <a href="/w/index.php?title=Count_of_Ega&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Count of Ega (page does not exist)">Count of Ega</a> declared religious freedom and prohibited racial slander. For these reasons, "Pombal and his collaborators remain, to this day, much respected figures in Goa"<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1783, following an attack on the Portuguese ship Santana, the Marathas <a href="/w/index.php?title=Maratha_handover_of_Nagar_Haveli_(1783)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maratha handover of Nagar Haveli (1783) (page does not exist)">handed over control</a> of the territories of Dadrá and Nagar Áveli. The Portuguese then <a href="/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_purchase_of_Dadra_(1785)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Portuguese purchase of Dadra (1785) (page does not exist)">purchased Dadrá</a> in 1785. By 1818, the Portuguese were the undisputed rulers of Nagar Áveli after the <a href="/wiki/Third_Anglo-Maratha_War" title="Third Anglo-Maratha War">dissolution of the Maratha Confederacy</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_of_the_Pintos" title="Conspiracy of the Pintos">Conspiracy of the Pintos</a>, also known as the Pinto Revolt, was a rebellion against Portuguese rule in Goa in 1787.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The leaders of the plot were three prominent priests from the village of <a href="/wiki/Candolim" title="Candolim">Candolim</a> in the <i><a href="/wiki/Concelho" title="Concelho">concelho</a></i> of <a href="/wiki/Bardez" class="mw-redirect" title="Bardez">Bardez</a>. They belonged to the noble <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Brahmin" title="Roman Catholic Brahmin">Roman Catholic Brahmin</a> Pinto clan, hence the name of the rebellion.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was the first anti-colonial revolt in India and one of the first by Catholic subjects in all European colonies. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Pintos_April_1770.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Pintos_April_1770.jpg/220px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Pintos_April_1770.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="303" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Pintos_April_1770.jpg/330px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Pintos_April_1770.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Pintos_April_1770.jpg/440px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Pintos_April_1770.jpg 2x" data-file-width="723" data-file-height="996" /></a><figcaption>Coat of Arms of the Pintos, awarded by the King of Portugal in 1770</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="19th_century">19th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_India&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: 19th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Military_intelligence" title="Military intelligence">Military intelligence</a> about France's plan to occupy Goa caused the British Governor-general at Calcutta, the <a href="/wiki/Marquis_of_Wellesley" class="mw-redirect" title="Marquis of Wellesley">Marquis of Wellesley</a> to send troops. Goa was briefly a <a href="/wiki/British_rule_in_Portuguese_India" title="British rule in Portuguese India">British Protectorate</a> from 1799 to 1813.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Portuguese governor Francisco António da Veiga Cabral managed to retain control of civil institutions by formally appointing the British officer in charge of the occupation, Sir William Clarke, as commander of Portuguese troops in Goa under his authority.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:India_portugueza._Planta_da_cidade_de_Nova-Goa,_1888,_1-5_000_-_copiada..._pelo_desenhador_Jose_Francisco_da_Silva_-_btv1b84399246.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/India_portugueza._Planta_da_cidade_de_Nova-Goa%2C_1888%2C_1-5_000_-_copiada..._pelo_desenhador_Jose_Francisco_da_Silva_-_btv1b84399246.jpg/220px-India_portugueza._Planta_da_cidade_de_Nova-Goa%2C_1888%2C_1-5_000_-_copiada..._pelo_desenhador_Jose_Francisco_da_Silva_-_btv1b84399246.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/India_portugueza._Planta_da_cidade_de_Nova-Goa%2C_1888%2C_1-5_000_-_copiada..._pelo_desenhador_Jose_Francisco_da_Silva_-_btv1b84399246.jpg/330px-India_portugueza._Planta_da_cidade_de_Nova-Goa%2C_1888%2C_1-5_000_-_copiada..._pelo_desenhador_Jose_Francisco_da_Silva_-_btv1b84399246.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/India_portugueza._Planta_da_cidade_de_Nova-Goa%2C_1888%2C_1-5_000_-_copiada..._pelo_desenhador_Jose_Francisco_da_Silva_-_btv1b84399246.jpg/440px-India_portugueza._Planta_da_cidade_de_Nova-Goa%2C_1888%2C_1-5_000_-_copiada..._pelo_desenhador_Jose_Francisco_da_Silva_-_btv1b84399246.jpg 2x" data-file-width="10500" data-file-height="8247" /></a><figcaption>Pangim or New Goa in 1888.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1843, the capital was moved to <a href="/wiki/Panjim" class="mw-redirect" title="Panjim">Panjim</a> (<i>Nova Goa</i> or New Goa), when it officially became the administrative seat of the <i>Estado</i>, replacing the city of Velha Goa (Old Goa), although the viceroys had taken residence there already since 1 December 1759. In 1844, the Portuguese governor of India stopped administering the territories of Macão, Solór, and Timór. Only then was the territory of the State of India confined to the Indian subcontinent itself. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Second_World_War">Second World War</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_India&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Second World War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Portugal was neutral during the Second World War. As a result, at the outbreak of hostilities, Axis ships sought refuge in Goa rather than be sunk or captured by the British Royal Navy. Three German merchant ships, the <i>Ehrenfels</i>, the <i>Drachenfels</i> and the <i>Braunfels</i>, as well as an Italian ship, took refuge in the port of <a href="/wiki/Mormugao" title="Mormugao">Mormugao</a>. The <i>Ehrenfels</i> began transmitting Allied ship movements to the <a href="/wiki/U-boat" title="U-boat">U-boats</a> operating in the Indian Ocean, an action that was extremely damaging to Allied shipping. </p><p>The British <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a> was unable to take any official action against these ships because of Goa's stated neutrality. Instead the Indian mission of <a href="/wiki/Special_Operations_Executive" title="Special Operations Executive">Special Operations Executive</a> backed a covert raid using members from the <a href="/wiki/Calcutta_Light_Horse" title="Calcutta Light Horse">Calcutta Light Horse</a>, a part-time unit made up of civilians who were not eligible for normal war service. The Light Horse embarked on an ancient Calcutta riverboat, the <i>Phoebe</i>, and sailed around India to Goa, where they sank the <i>Ehrenfels</i>. The British then sent an unencrypted radio message announcing it was going to seize the territory. This bluff made the other Axis crews scuttle their ships fearing they could be seized by British forces. </p><p>The raid was described in the book <i>Boarding Party</i> by <a href="/wiki/James_Leasor" title="James Leasor">James Leasor</a>. Due to the potential political ramifications of the fact that Britain had violated Portuguese neutrality, the raid remained secret until the book was published in 1978.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1980 the story was made into the film, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Sea_Wolves" title="The Sea Wolves">The Sea Wolves</a></i>, starring <a href="/wiki/Gregory_Peck" title="Gregory Peck">Gregory Peck</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_Niven" title="David Niven">David Niven</a> and <a href="/wiki/Roger_Moore" title="Roger Moore">Roger Moore</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1945_to_1961">1945 to 1961</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_India&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: 1945 to 1961"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Portuguese_India_(1965_proposal).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Flag_of_Portuguese_India_%281965_proposal%29.svg/220px-Flag_of_Portuguese_India_%281965_proposal%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Flag_of_Portuguese_India_%281965_proposal%29.svg/330px-Flag_of_Portuguese_India_%281965_proposal%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Flag_of_Portuguese_India_%281965_proposal%29.svg/440px-Flag_of_Portuguese_India_%281965_proposal%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Proposed flag for Portuguese India</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Dadra_and_Nagar_Haveli" title="Annexation of Dadra and Nagar Haveli">Annexation of Dadra and Nagar Haveli</a> and <a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Goa" title="Annexation of Goa">Annexation of Goa</a></div> <p>On 24 July 1954 an organisation called "<a href="/w/index.php?title=The_United_Front_of_Goans&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The United Front of Goans (page does not exist)">The United Front of Goans</a>" took control of the enclave of <a href="/wiki/Dadra_and_Nagar_Haveli" class="mw-redirect" title="Dadra and Nagar Haveli">Dadra</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nagar_Haveli" title="Nagar Haveli">Nagar Haveli</a> was seized by <i>Azad Gomantak Dal</i> on 2 August 1954.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The International Court of Justice at The Hague delivered an <i><a href="/wiki/Impasse" title="Impasse">impasse</a></i> verdict, regarding access to Dadra and Nagar Haveli by Portugal.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From 1954, the <i><a href="/wiki/Satyagraha" title="Satyagraha">satyagrahis</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Peaceful_protest" class="mw-redirect" title="Peaceful protest">peaceful protesters</a>) against Portuguese rule, outside <a href="/wiki/Goa" title="Goa">Goa</a> were violently suppressed through brute force.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many internal revolts were quelled and leaders extrajudicially murdered or jailed. As a result, India broke off diplomatic relations with Portugal, closed its consulate-general in <a href="/wiki/Panjim" class="mw-redirect" title="Panjim">Panjim</a><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and demanded that Portugal must close its delegation in <a href="/wiki/New_Delhi" title="New Delhi">New Delhi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> India also imposed an economic embargo against the territories of Portuguese Goa.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Indian Government adopted a diplomatic "wait and watch" approach from 1955 to 1961 with numerous representations to the Portuguese <a href="/wiki/Salazar_dictatorship" class="mw-redirect" title="Salazar dictatorship">Salazar dictatorship</a>, and made attempts to highlight the issue of <a href="/wiki/Decolonisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Decolonisation">decolonisation</a> before the international community.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To facilitate the transport of people and goods to and from the Indian enclaves, the Salazar dictatorship established an airline, <a href="/wiki/Transportes_A%C3%A9reos_da_%C3%8Dndia_Portuguesa" title="Transportes Aéreos da Índia Portuguesa">Transportes Aéreos da Índia Portuguesa</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and airports at Goa, Daman and Diu. </p><p>In December 1961, <a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Goa" title="Annexation of Goa">India invaded</a> the remaining Portuguese possessions.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Portuguese forces had been given orders to either defeat the invaders or die.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The Governor of Portuguese India signed the Instrument of Surrender on 19 December 1961, thus ending 450 years of Portuguese rule in India.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Post-annexation">Post-annexation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_India&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Post-annexation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Distrito_de_Diu,_India_portuguesa.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Distrito_de_Diu%2C_India_portuguesa.png/220px-Distrito_de_Diu%2C_India_portuguesa.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Distrito_de_Diu%2C_India_portuguesa.png/330px-Distrito_de_Diu%2C_India_portuguesa.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Distrito_de_Diu%2C_India_portuguesa.png/440px-Distrito_de_Diu%2C_India_portuguesa.png 2x" data-file-width="1739" data-file-height="761" /></a><figcaption>District of Portuguese Diu</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Status_of_the_new_territories">Status of the new territories</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_India&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Status of the new territories"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Free_Dadra_and_Nagar_Haveli" title="Free Dadra and Nagar Haveli">Free Dadra and Nagar Haveli</a> existed as a <i>de facto</i> independent entity from its independence in 1954 until its merger with the Republic of India in 1961.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following the annexation of <a href="/wiki/Dadra_and_Nagar_Haveli" class="mw-redirect" title="Dadra and Nagar Haveli">Dadra and Nagar Haveli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Goa,_Daman_and_Diu" title="Goa, Daman and Diu">Goa, Daman and Diu</a> became new <a href="/wiki/Territories_of_the_Indian_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Territories of the Indian Union">territories of the Indian Union</a>. Maj Gen <a href="/wiki/K_P_Candeth" class="mw-redirect" title="K P Candeth">K P Candeth</a> was declared as military governor of Goa, Daman and Diu. Goa's first legislative elections were held in 1963. </p><p>In 1967 a <a href="/wiki/Goa_Opinion_Poll" class="mw-redirect" title="Goa Opinion Poll">referendum</a> was conducted after <a href="/wiki/Activist" class="mw-redirect" title="Activist">activists</a> led by <a href="/wiki/Jack_Sequeira" class="mw-redirect" title="Jack Sequeira">Jack Sequeira</a> proposed it, where voters would decide whether to merge Goa into the Marathi-majority state of <a href="/wiki/Maharashtra" title="Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a>, the pro-<a href="/wiki/Konkani_people" title="Konkani people">Konkani</a> faction eventually won after <a href="/wiki/Konkani_language_agitation" title="Konkani language agitation">protests</a> against the <a href="/wiki/Maharashtrawadi_Gomantak_Party" title="Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party">Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party</a>, led by <a href="/wiki/Dayanand_Bandodkar" title="Dayanand Bandodkar">Dayanand Bandodkar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However full statehood was not conferred immediately, and it was only on 30 May 1987 that Goa became the 25th state of the Indian Union, with Dadra and Nagar Haveli, <a href="/wiki/Daman,_India" title="Daman, India">Daman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Diu_district" title="Diu district">Diu districts</a> were partitioned, and continue to be administered as the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Daman,_Diu_and_Silvassa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Daman, Diu and Silvassa (page does not exist)">Daman, Diu and Silvassa</a> territory.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The most drastic changes in Portuguese India after 1961 were the introduction of democratic elections, as well as the replacement of Portuguese with English as the general language of government and education.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following many years of <a href="/wiki/Konkani_language_agitation" title="Konkani language agitation">Konkani language agitation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Konkani_language" title="Konkani language">Konkani</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari">Devanagari</a> script finally became the official language of the union territory of Goa, Daman and Diu in 1987.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Indians allowed certain Portuguese institutions to continue unchanged. Amongst these were the land ownership system of the <i><a href="/wiki/Comunidades_of_Goa" title="Comunidades of Goa">comunidades</a></i>, where land was held by the community of <a href="/wiki/Neighbourhood" title="Neighbourhood">neighbourhoods</a> was then leased out to individuals. Goans under the Indian Government left the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_Civil_Code_of_Goa_and_Daman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Portuguese Civil Code of Goa and Daman (page does not exist)">Portuguese Civil Code of Goa and Daman</a> unchanged, hence they remain as the only territories in India with a common civil code that does not depend on religion.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citizenship">Citizenship</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_India&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Citizenship"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Citizenship Act of 1955 granted the Government of India the authority to define citizenship in the Indian Union. In exercise of its powers, the government passed the <i>Goa, Daman and Diu (Citizenship) Order, 1962</i> on 28 March 1962 conferring Indian citizenship on all persons born on or before 20 December 1961 in Goa, Daman, and Diu.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indo-Portuguese_relations">Indo-Portuguese relations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_India&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Indo-Portuguese relations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Portuguese_Consulate_in_Panjim.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Portuguese_Consulate_in_Panjim.jpg/220px-Portuguese_Consulate_in_Panjim.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Portuguese_Consulate_in_Panjim.jpg/330px-Portuguese_Consulate_in_Panjim.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Portuguese_Consulate_in_Panjim.jpg/440px-Portuguese_Consulate_in_Panjim.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Consulate-general of Portugal in Pangim.</figcaption></figure> <p>Portugal's <a href="/wiki/Salazar_dictatorship" class="mw-redirect" title="Salazar dictatorship">Salazar dictatorship</a> did not recognise India's sovereignty over the annexed territories, and established a government-in-exile for the territories,<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which continued to be represented in the Portuguese National Assembly.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (November 2020)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> After 1974's <a href="/wiki/Carnation_Revolution" title="Carnation Revolution">Carnation Revolution</a>, the new Portuguese government recognised Indian sovereignty over Goa, Daman and Diu,<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the two states restored diplomatic relations. Portugal automatically gives citizens of the former Portuguese-India its citizenship<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and opened a consulate in Goa in 1994.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Administration">Administration</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_India&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Administration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Portuguese_India" title="List of governors of Portuguese India">List of governors of Portuguese India</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Panaji,_vecchio_quartiere_portoghese,_case_con_balconi_00.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Panaji%2C_vecchio_quartiere_portoghese%2C_case_con_balconi_00.jpg/220px-Panaji%2C_vecchio_quartiere_portoghese%2C_case_con_balconi_00.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Panaji%2C_vecchio_quartiere_portoghese%2C_case_con_balconi_00.jpg/330px-Panaji%2C_vecchio_quartiere_portoghese%2C_case_con_balconi_00.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Panaji%2C_vecchio_quartiere_portoghese%2C_case_con_balconi_00.jpg/440px-Panaji%2C_vecchio_quartiere_portoghese%2C_case_con_balconi_00.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="2952" /></a><figcaption>Former palace of the Governors-General (1759-1918).</figcaption></figure> <p>From the establishment of Portuguese India in 1505 until its disestablishment in 1961, an official with the title of governor or viceroy served as its highest authority, usually for a three-year term, initially with authority over all Crown territories east of the Cape of Good Hope. The latter title was attributed as a high honour while the monarchy lasted, however their duties were the same as governors.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were the highest military commanders as well as administrators, hence their authority fell on matters pertaining to the armed forces, diplomacy, trade, finance and personnel management.<sup id="cite_ref-Disney,_II,_2009,_p._161_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Disney,_II,_2009,_p._161-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Before they left Portugal, they were handed a written set of orders and objectives, called <i>regimento</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Disney,_II,_2009,_p._161_71-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Disney,_II,_2009,_p._161-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The viceroys often attempted to influence the nomination of political allies to key positions. However, the final say fell on the metropolis. Many were accompanied by their personal retinues, and these often included their sons to serve in important military positions, such was the case of the captain-major of the seas of India Dom Lourenço de Almeida, son the viceroy <a href="/wiki/Dom_Francisco_de_Almeida" class="mw-redirect" title="Dom Francisco de Almeida">Dom Francisco de Almeida</a>. After Goa was conquered, governors and viceroys lived in the <i>Palácio do Hidalcão</i>, the native Indian palace built by the city's former sovereign, the Adil Khan.<sup id="cite_ref-Disney,_II,_2009,_p._161_71-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Disney,_II,_2009,_p._161-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The most important administrative structure of the State was put in place in the 16th century; it included the high court (<i>relação</i>), the superintendency of finances (<i>vedoria da fazenda</i>) run by a Crown appointed <i>vedor</i>, financial accounts office (<i>casa dos contos</i>) and the military registry and supply office (<i>casa da matrícula</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-Disney,_II,_2009,_p._161_71-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Disney,_II,_2009,_p._161-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The extremely scattered nature of Portuguese holdings however, meant that the State was highly decentralized, with great power being held by individual fortress captains, their captain-generals or town halls, far away from Goa.<sup id="cite_ref-Disney,_volume_II,_2009,_p._160_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Disney,_volume_II,_2009,_p._160-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Like the governors and viceroys, fortress captains served for three years, however their terms could be renovated.<sup id="cite_ref-Disney,_volume_II,_2009,_p._160_72-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Disney,_volume_II,_2009,_p._160-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sancho de Vasconcelos, captain-major of Ambon served for 19 years.<sup id="cite_ref-Disney,_volume_II,_2009,_p._160_72-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Disney,_volume_II,_2009,_p._160-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the most important captaincies, financial authority rested with the <i>vedor</i> (superintendent), while judicial authority was vested in an <i>ouvidor</i> ("ombundsman"). </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1596_Coat_of_Arms_of_GOA.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/1596_Coat_of_Arms_of_GOA.jpg/220px-1596_Coat_of_Arms_of_GOA.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/1596_Coat_of_Arms_of_GOA.jpg/330px-1596_Coat_of_Arms_of_GOA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/05/1596_Coat_of_Arms_of_GOA.jpg 2x" data-file-width="336" data-file-height="337" /></a><figcaption>Coat of arms of Portuguese Goa in 1596</figcaption></figure> <p>The Church played an important role in the State. The Pope had granted the Kings of Portugal exclusive ecclesiastical rights to religious patronage (<i>Padroado</i>) in their overseas possessions. After 1513 Portuguese eastern holdings were part of the bishopric of Funchal seated in Madeira island. After 1557 Goa became the seat of an archbishop with subordinate bishops in Cochin and Malacca.<sup id="cite_ref-Disney,_II,_2009,_p._163_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Disney,_II,_2009,_p._163-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Further sees were later opened in Macau in 1576 and in Funai in 1588. Religious Orders of the <a href="/wiki/Augustinians" title="Augustinians">Augustinians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Franciscans" title="Franciscans">Franciscans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Order" title="Dominican Order">Dominicans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jesuits" title="Jesuits">Jesuits</a> established mission headquarters in Goa, giving the Catholic Church a very visible presence and influence in the capital of the State of India, for which it earned the nickname of "Rome of the East", a fact commented by many foreign travellers.<sup id="cite_ref-Disney,_II,_2009,_p._163_73-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Disney,_II,_2009,_p._163-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the most important settlements featured a <i>câmara</i> ("town hall"), with charters similar to equivalent cities in Portugal, and they played an important role in administration, as they were the only institution through which settlers could voice their opinions and make themselves heard.<sup id="cite_ref-Disney,_II,_2009,_p._164_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Disney,_II,_2009,_p._164-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were responsible for local governance, could collect some municipal taxes and acted as a court of first instance.<sup id="cite_ref-Disney,_II,_2009,_p._164_74-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Disney,_II,_2009,_p._164-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They sometimes provided loans to Viceroys, though cooperation was often difficult.<sup id="cite_ref-Disney,_II,_2009,_p._164_74-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Disney,_II,_2009,_p._164-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Portuguese merchants often established by their own initiative a <i>câmara</i> in their non-Crown settlements, the most important case of which was the <a href="/wiki/Leal_Senado" class="mw-redirect" title="Leal Senado">Leal Senado</a> in Macau. </p><p>Aside from the Portuguese themselves, the State often also ruled over non-Portuguese, non-Christian peoples, and in these cases often the traditional native structures were left in place. When Afonso de Albuquerque captured Goa, the Hindu inhabitants were left in possession of their lands; the pre-Portuguese system of land-ownership and administration of village communes codified and the rights of Brahmin or Khsatria ganvkars (shareholders) recognized, and tax collection was left to the Hindu <a href="/wiki/Timoja" class="mw-redirect" title="Timoja">Timoja</a> and after him the long-standing Krishna Rao.<sup id="cite_ref-Disney,_II,_2009,_p._164_74-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Disney,_II,_2009,_p._164-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Hormuz, Albuquerque left its native Muslim king as chief administrator under a protectorate.<sup id="cite_ref-Disney,_II,_2009,_p._164_74-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Disney,_II,_2009,_p._164-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the <a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Counter-Reformation</a> gained momentum in Europe, Brahmins were excluded from the Portuguese administration during the tenure of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dom_Constantino_de_Bragan%C3%A7a&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dom Constantino de Bragança (page does not exist)">Dom Constantino de Bragança</a>, which resulted in a wave of conversions.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Trade_and_economy">Trade and economy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_India&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Trade and economy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Nanban_trade" title="Nanban trade">Nanban trade</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cartaz" title="Cartaz">Cartaz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Factory_(trading_post)" title="Factory (trading post)">Factory (trading post)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Portugu%C3%AAs_(coin)" title="Português (coin)">Português (coin)</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rua_Direita_na_Cidade_de_Goa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Rua_Direita_na_Cidade_de_Goa.jpg/450px-Rua_Direita_na_Cidade_de_Goa.jpg" decoding="async" width="450" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Rua_Direita_na_Cidade_de_Goa.jpg/675px-Rua_Direita_na_Cidade_de_Goa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Rua_Direita_na_Cidade_de_Goa.jpg/900px-Rua_Direita_na_Cidade_de_Goa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5011" data-file-height="1961" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Joannes_van_Doetecum_the_Elder" title="Joannes van Doetecum the Elder">Joannes van Doetecum</a>'s 1596 engraving of "<a href="/wiki/Market_of_Goa_(Van_Doetecum)" class="mw-redirect" title="Market of Goa (Van Doetecum)">The Market of Goa</a>" for <a href="/wiki/Jan_Huygen_van_Linschoten" class="mw-redirect" title="Jan Huygen van Linschoten">Jan Huygen van Linschoten</a>'s <i>Itinerario</i>, depicting the main street of Portuguese Goa in the 1580s</figcaption></figure> <p>Trade had been one of the primary motivations behind the Portuguese expansion overseas, and one of the main objectives behind the foundation of the State of India was to take over the Europe-Asia trade, up to that point conducted mainly through the Red Sea and the Persian Gulf, redirecting it around Africa via the Cape Route. Trade was processed either by the Crown through royal agents (<i>feitores</i>) working from royal trade posts (<i>feitorias</i>) and maintained by the royal finances, or by independent merchants, either Portuguese or otherwise. </p><p>One of the main tasks of royal factors was to acquire spices to be shipped back to Europe. In 1503, the Portuguese unloaded at Lisbon 30,000 quintals of spices, more than what the Venetians introduced in the European market </p> <pre>through Alexandria in Egypt.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The overwhelming bulk of commodities imported to Europe by the Portuguese consisted of <a href="/wiki/Black_pepper" title="Black pepper">black pepper</a>, which after 1520 was declared an official Crown monopoly.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Portuguese acquired most of their pepper in Kerala or Kanara in India. For most of the century, the Portuguese secured an overwhelming share of the pepper imports into Europe, supplying 75 per cent or more of Europes pepper.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Crown declared a monopoly on their commodities, such as cloves, nutmeg, mace, cinnamon, ginger, silk, pearls and the export of gold and silver bullion from Portugal to Asia. </pre> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Attributed_to_Kano_Sanraku_-_Important_Cultural_Property_Namban_Screens_-_Google_Art_Project2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Attributed_to_Kano_Sanraku_-_Important_Cultural_Property_Namban_Screens_-_Google_Art_Project2.jpg/220px-Attributed_to_Kano_Sanraku_-_Important_Cultural_Property_Namban_Screens_-_Google_Art_Project2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Attributed_to_Kano_Sanraku_-_Important_Cultural_Property_Namban_Screens_-_Google_Art_Project2.jpg/330px-Attributed_to_Kano_Sanraku_-_Important_Cultural_Property_Namban_Screens_-_Google_Art_Project2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Attributed_to_Kano_Sanraku_-_Important_Cultural_Property_Namban_Screens_-_Google_Art_Project2.jpg/440px-Attributed_to_Kano_Sanraku_-_Important_Cultural_Property_Namban_Screens_-_Google_Art_Project2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7421" data-file-height="3600" /></a><figcaption>Portugal was the first European nation to <a href="/wiki/Japan_voyage" title="Japan voyage">establish trade routes with Japan</a>. A significant portion of the crew on Portuguese ships were <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_India" title="Catholic Church in India">Indian Christians</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The Portuguese Crown instituted a number of official <i>carreiras</i>, literally meaning "runs", connecting Goa to major Portuguese and non-Portuguese harbours around the Indian and Pacific oceans once a year. Initially conducted through Crown vessels, after 1560, the Crown began leasing them to private contractors, and by the late 16th century they were the norm.<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1580, the value of inter-Asian trade rights leases reached as high as two million cruzados - twice the value the Portuguese Crown earned from the Goa-Lisbon trade.<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_80-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1505-21_medio_Manuel_Goa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/1505-21_medio_Manuel_Goa.jpg/220px-1505-21_medio_Manuel_Goa.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/1505-21_medio_Manuel_Goa.jpg/330px-1505-21_medio_Manuel_Goa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/1505-21_medio_Manuel_Goa.jpg/440px-1505-21_medio_Manuel_Goa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="921" data-file-height="922" /></a><figcaption>Portuguese gold coin struck in Goa during the reign of King Manuel 1510-1521</figcaption></figure> <p>Portugal regulated and rerouted the Indian Ocean trade by imposing a system of safe-passes called <i><a href="/wiki/Cartaz" title="Cartaz">cartaz</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-auto5_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto5-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was imposed most effectively on the west coast of India.<sup id="cite_ref-auto5_81-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto5-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Portuguese Crown also collected high customs dues, most importantly at Goa, Hormuz, Malacca, Bassein and Diu, and in the 1580s it accounted for over 85% of the viceroys revenue.<sup id="cite_ref-auto5_81-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto5-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Independent Portuguese merchants got involved in the inter-Asian trade, and the backbone of informal Portuguese presence and trade in Asia was formed of <a href="/wiki/Eurasian" class="mw-redirect" title="Eurasian">Eurasian</a> merchants, descending from Portuguese soldiers or merchants married to local wives.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their main hub of activities was the capital of Goa, where the largest community of <i>casados</i> ("married men") was located at, about 2,000 families.<sup id="cite_ref-auto2_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto2-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The core element of their trade was Gujarati cotton textiles, but they also dealt in Kerala pepper, cinnammon from Sri Lanka, Kanara rice, diamonds from southern India and larins from Persia.<sup id="cite_ref-auto2_83-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto2-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1520 they had penetrated almost every commercially relevant region in Asia aside from Japan (which was reached in the 1540s). Macau was founded by independent Portuguese traders. The Crown regulated their trade into a number of convoys for safety against pirates, the most important of which were those which transported textiles from Gujarat to Goa and rice from Kanara to Goa.<sup id="cite_ref-auto2_83-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto2-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The second most important settlement of Portuguese merchants in India was Cochin, where 500 <i>casados</i> with their families resided.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Diu had a <i>casado</i> population of about 200.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Portuguese India Company was established in 1628, however with the Crown being its only major shareholder, it was liquidated five years later.<sup id="cite_ref-auto6_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto6-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By that point, Portugal's share of pepper trade had fallen behind those of the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_India_Company" title="Dutch East India Company">Dutch VOC</a> and the <a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">English EIC</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-auto6_86-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto6-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Portuguese trade was greatly reduced by <a href="/wiki/Dutch-Portuguese_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch-Portuguese War">the war with the Dutch VOC</a>, with whom a peace treaty was signed in 1663. Inter-Indian Portuguese convoys continued, mainly with Gujarat, <a href="/wiki/Parangipettai" title="Parangipettai">Porto Novo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Madras" class="mw-redirect" title="Madras">Madras</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Indian cottons became the bedrock of exports from Portuguese India, while tobacco grown in Portuguese Brazil became the most important commodity exported across Asia via Portuguese India till the 19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> New Portuguese East India Companies established in 1669 and 1685 failed, largely due to disagreements between the Crown and the merchants over the nature of the enterprise and lack of confidence from investors.<sup id="cite_ref-auto2_83-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto2-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the 18th century, tobacco, bullion, firearms, consumer goods such as Madeira wine and books represented the most important items traded in Portuguese India, while exports back to Europe included silks, spices, porcelain, precious stones, Indian cottons and high quality lacquered furniture, a good proportion being unloaded at Bahia in Brazil.<sup id="cite_ref-auto2_83-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto2-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Indian cottons were especially valuable in Mozambique, where an important community of Indians from Diu or Daman came to reside. Nevertheless, Goa effectively became a commercial satellite of <a href="/wiki/British_Bombay" class="mw-redirect" title="British Bombay">British Bombay</a>. Many Indo-Portuguese merchants became deeply involved and prominent in <a href="/wiki/French_India" title="French India">French Pondicherry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fort_Dansborg" title="Fort Dansborg">Danish Tranquebar</a> and especially British Madras, Calcutta and Bombay, Portuguese Jews being linked to the diamond trade in Madras.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Society_and_culture">Society and culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_India&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Society and culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%22Hoz_habitu,_qui_e_Lusitanis_nobilitate_aut_dignitate_clariores_in_India_..._obequitant%22_(26344165136).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/%22Hoz_habitu%2C_qui_e_Lusitanis_nobilitate_aut_dignitate_clariores_in_India_..._obequitant%22_%2826344165136%29.jpg/220px-%22Hoz_habitu%2C_qui_e_Lusitanis_nobilitate_aut_dignitate_clariores_in_India_..._obequitant%22_%2826344165136%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/%22Hoz_habitu%2C_qui_e_Lusitanis_nobilitate_aut_dignitate_clariores_in_India_..._obequitant%22_%2826344165136%29.jpg/330px-%22Hoz_habitu%2C_qui_e_Lusitanis_nobilitate_aut_dignitate_clariores_in_India_..._obequitant%22_%2826344165136%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/%22Hoz_habitu%2C_qui_e_Lusitanis_nobilitate_aut_dignitate_clariores_in_India_..._obequitant%22_%2826344165136%29.jpg/440px-%22Hoz_habitu%2C_qui_e_Lusitanis_nobilitate_aut_dignitate_clariores_in_India_..._obequitant%22_%2826344165136%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5100" data-file-height="4161" /></a><figcaption>A Portuguese nobleman riding on a horse and surrounded by attendants in India, from <a href="/wiki/Jan_Huygen_van_Linschoten" class="mw-redirect" title="Jan Huygen van Linschoten">Jan Huygen van Linschoten</a>'s "Itinerario" (Amsterdam, 1596)</figcaption></figure> <p>The State was largely urban, since its reason of being was to provide well-protected havens from which trade and communication could be conducted, controlled and dominated, hence only Goa, Daman, Bassein, Chaul and Colombo had any meaningful hinterland and rural populations.<sup id="cite_ref-auto3_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto3-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the massacre of the Portuguese in their <i>feitoria</i> in Calicut in 1500, practically every possession of the State was fortified, sometimes massively, and for this reason it resembled as much a network of maritime communications as an enormous perimeter of fortresses.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Portuguese India harboured a society that was officially Christian and European but influenced by the non-European setting into which it was inserted. At the top of the social pyramid were the European-born viceroys, officers, and clergymen, followed by the Portuguese <i>casados</i> and their Eurasian descendants, who could be wealthy merchants or hold important positions in the local <i>câmara</i>, and finally the native society. At their peak in 1600, the total number of Portuguese <i>casados</i> across the State probably numbered about 5,500.<sup id="cite_ref-auto4_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto4-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many <i>casados</i> followed a lifestyle that seemed to foreign visitors as remarkably relaxed and luxurious by European standards, some living in fine houses furnished in the Indian fashion with many servants, abundant and varied food that included a wide variety of fruits and poultry, consumed off <a href="/wiki/Ming_porcelain" class="mw-redirect" title="Ming porcelain">Ming porcelain</a>. Goan <i>casados</i> often dressed in shirts and white trousers while their wives usually wore saris.<sup id="cite_ref-auto4_91-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto4-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Portugees_in_een_draagstoel,_RP-P-1878-A-859.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Portugees_in_een_draagstoel%2C_RP-P-1878-A-859.jpg/220px-Portugees_in_een_draagstoel%2C_RP-P-1878-A-859.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Portugees_in_een_draagstoel%2C_RP-P-1878-A-859.jpg/330px-Portugees_in_een_draagstoel%2C_RP-P-1878-A-859.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Portugees_in_een_draagstoel%2C_RP-P-1878-A-859.jpg/440px-Portugees_in_een_draagstoel%2C_RP-P-1878-A-859.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5462" data-file-height="4302" /></a><figcaption>Portuguese riding a <a href="/wiki/Palanquin" class="mw-redirect" title="Palanquin">palanquin</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Alongside fortresses, ecclesiastical buildings dominated the skyline of most Portuguese settlements, particularly in Goa, giving the city a distinctly European and Catholic flavour and a high profile to the Church.<sup id="cite_ref-auto4_91-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto4-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> About 600 clergymen were concentrated in Goa out of perhaps 1800 east of the Cape of Good Hope in 1630.<sup id="cite_ref-auto4_91-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto4-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, the European and Christian Eurasian community in any Portuguese settlement of the State always constituted a minority, perhaps no more than 7% in the case of Goa, the rest being Hindus, Indian Christians, other Asians and Africans, free or slaves.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_90-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For these reasons, the State was culturally hybrid, distant as it was from Europe, with the façades and interiors of churches blending Portuguese and Asian iconographic traditions, while the domestic culture was likewise a compromise between East and West, with furniture, dress and food often more Asian than Portuguese.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Postal_history">Postal history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_India&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Postal history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Portuguese_India_1898_Mi_172_stamp_(Flagship_Sao_Gabriel).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Portuguese_India_1898_Mi_172_stamp_%28Flagship_Sao_Gabriel%29.jpg/220px-Portuguese_India_1898_Mi_172_stamp_%28Flagship_Sao_Gabriel%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="299" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Portuguese_India_1898_Mi_172_stamp_%28Flagship_Sao_Gabriel%29.jpg/330px-Portuguese_India_1898_Mi_172_stamp_%28Flagship_Sao_Gabriel%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Portuguese_India_1898_Mi_172_stamp_%28Flagship_Sao_Gabriel%29.jpg/440px-Portuguese_India_1898_Mi_172_stamp_%28Flagship_Sao_Gabriel%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="753" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>1898 Portuguese India 1 tanga stamp, depicting the flagship of Vasco da Gama, the <i>São Gabriel</i></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Portuguese_India" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Portuguese India">Postage stamps and postal history of Portuguese India</a></div> <p>Early <a href="/wiki/Postal_history" title="Postal history">postal history</a> of the colony is obscure, but regular mail is known to have been exchanged with <a href="/wiki/Lisbon" title="Lisbon">Lisbon</a> from 1825 onwards. Portugal had a postal convention with Great Britain, so much mail was probably routed through <a href="/wiki/Bombay" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombay">Bombay</a> and carried on British <a href="/wiki/Packet_(sea_transport)" class="mw-redirect" title="Packet (sea transport)">packets</a>. Portuguese <a href="/wiki/Postmark" title="Postmark">postmarks</a> are known from 1854 when a post office was opened in Goa. </p><p>The last regular issue for Portuguese India was on 25 June 1960, for the 500th anniversary of the death of Prince <a href="/wiki/Henry_the_Navigator" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry the Navigator">Henry the Navigator</a>. Stamps of India were first used on 29 December 1961, although the old stamps were accepted until 5 January 1962. Portugal continued to issue stamps for the lost colony but none were offered for sale in the colony's post offices, so they are not considered valid stamps. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Mixed_franking" title="Mixed franking">Dual franking</a> was tolerated from 22 December 1961 until 4 January 1962. Colonial (Portuguese) postmarks were tolerated until May 1962. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Portuguese_India_1898_Mi_173_stamp_(Archangel_Raphael_-Patron_of_the_fleet).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Portuguese_India_1898_Mi_173_stamp_%28Archangel_Raphael_-Patron_of_the_fleet%29.jpg/90px-Portuguese_India_1898_Mi_173_stamp_%28Archangel_Raphael_-Patron_of_the_fleet%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Portuguese_India_1898_Mi_173_stamp_%28Archangel_Raphael_-Patron_of_the_fleet%29.jpg/135px-Portuguese_India_1898_Mi_173_stamp_%28Archangel_Raphael_-Patron_of_the_fleet%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Portuguese_India_1898_Mi_173_stamp_%28Archangel_Raphael_-Patron_of_the_fleet%29.jpg/180px-Portuguese_India_1898_Mi_173_stamp_%28Archangel_Raphael_-Patron_of_the_fleet%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="770" data-file-height="1024" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Portuguese_India_1898_Mi_171_stamp_(Archangel_Gabriel_and_Ship).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Portuguese_India_1898_Mi_171_stamp_%28Archangel_Gabriel_and_Ship%29.jpg/89px-Portuguese_India_1898_Mi_171_stamp_%28Archangel_Gabriel_and_Ship%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="89" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Portuguese_India_1898_Mi_171_stamp_%28Archangel_Gabriel_and_Ship%29.jpg/134px-Portuguese_India_1898_Mi_171_stamp_%28Archangel_Gabriel_and_Ship%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Portuguese_India_1898_Mi_171_stamp_%28Archangel_Gabriel_and_Ship%29.jpg/178px-Portuguese_India_1898_Mi_171_stamp_%28Archangel_Gabriel_and_Ship%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="275" data-file-height="370" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Portuguese_India_1898_Mi_170_stamp_(Departure_at_Belem_07.07.1497).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Portuguese_India_1898_Mi_170_stamp_%28Departure_at_Belem_07.07.1497%29.jpg/120px-Portuguese_India_1898_Mi_170_stamp_%28Departure_at_Belem_07.07.1497%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="87" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Portuguese_India_1898_Mi_170_stamp_%28Departure_at_Belem_07.07.1497%29.jpg/180px-Portuguese_India_1898_Mi_170_stamp_%28Departure_at_Belem_07.07.1497%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Portuguese_India_1898_Mi_170_stamp_%28Departure_at_Belem_07.07.1497%29.jpg/240px-Portuguese_India_1898_Mi_170_stamp_%28Departure_at_Belem_07.07.1497%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="254" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Portugal_1898_Mi_145_stamp_(Vasco_da_Gama_-_Discoverer_of_the_seaway_to_India).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Portugal_1898_Mi_145_stamp_%28Vasco_da_Gama_-_Discoverer_of_the_seaway_to_India%29.jpg/120px-Portugal_1898_Mi_145_stamp_%28Vasco_da_Gama_-_Discoverer_of_the_seaway_to_India%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="86" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Portugal_1898_Mi_145_stamp_%28Vasco_da_Gama_-_Discoverer_of_the_seaway_to_India%29.jpg/180px-Portugal_1898_Mi_145_stamp_%28Vasco_da_Gama_-_Discoverer_of_the_seaway_to_India%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Portugal_1898_Mi_145_stamp_%28Vasco_da_Gama_-_Discoverer_of_the_seaway_to_India%29.jpg/240px-Portugal_1898_Mi_145_stamp_%28Vasco_da_Gama_-_Discoverer_of_the_seaway_to_India%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="549" data-file-height="393" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Portuguese_India_1898_Mi_168_stamp_(Fleet_of_Vasco_da_Gama_on_the_run).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Portuguese_India_1898_Mi_168_stamp_%28Fleet_of_Vasco_da_Gama_on_the_run%29.jpg/120px-Portuguese_India_1898_Mi_168_stamp_%28Fleet_of_Vasco_da_Gama_on_the_run%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Portuguese_India_1898_Mi_168_stamp_%28Fleet_of_Vasco_da_Gama_on_the_run%29.jpg/180px-Portuguese_India_1898_Mi_168_stamp_%28Fleet_of_Vasco_da_Gama_on_the_run%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Portuguese_India_1898_Mi_168_stamp_%28Fleet_of_Vasco_da_Gama_on_the_run%29.jpg/240px-Portuguese_India_1898_Mi_168_stamp_%28Fleet_of_Vasco_da_Gama_on_the_run%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="879" data-file-height="690" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Portuguese_India_1898_Mi_169_stamp_(Arrival_at_Calicut,_India).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Portuguese_India_1898_Mi_169_stamp_%28Arrival_at_Calicut%2C_India%29.jpg/120px-Portuguese_India_1898_Mi_169_stamp_%28Arrival_at_Calicut%2C_India%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Portuguese_India_1898_Mi_169_stamp_%28Arrival_at_Calicut%2C_India%29.jpg/180px-Portuguese_India_1898_Mi_169_stamp_%28Arrival_at_Calicut%2C_India%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Portuguese_India_1898_Mi_169_stamp_%28Arrival_at_Calicut%2C_India%29.jpg/240px-Portuguese_India_1898_Mi_169_stamp_%28Arrival_at_Calicut%2C_India%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="256" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Portuguese_India_1898_Mi_174_stamp_(Arrival_of_the_Fleet).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Portuguese_India_1898_Mi_174_stamp_%28Arrival_of_the_Fleet%29.jpg/120px-Portuguese_India_1898_Mi_174_stamp_%28Arrival_of_the_Fleet%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Portuguese_India_1898_Mi_174_stamp_%28Arrival_of_the_Fleet%29.jpg/180px-Portuguese_India_1898_Mi_174_stamp_%28Arrival_of_the_Fleet%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Portuguese_India_1898_Mi_174_stamp_%28Arrival_of_the_Fleet%29.jpg/240px-Portuguese_India_1898_Mi_174_stamp_%28Arrival_of_the_Fleet%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="340" data-file-height="263" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_India&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Portrait_of_a_Portuguese_gentleman_drinking_wine_(c._1600)_-_Indian,_Mughal_period.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Portrait_of_a_Portuguese_gentleman_drinking_wine_%28c._1600%29_-_Indian%2C_Mughal_period.png/220px-Portrait_of_a_Portuguese_gentleman_drinking_wine_%28c._1600%29_-_Indian%2C_Mughal_period.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="352" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Portrait_of_a_Portuguese_gentleman_drinking_wine_%28c._1600%29_-_Indian%2C_Mughal_period.png/330px-Portrait_of_a_Portuguese_gentleman_drinking_wine_%28c._1600%29_-_Indian%2C_Mughal_period.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Portrait_of_a_Portuguese_gentleman_drinking_wine_%28c._1600%29_-_Indian%2C_Mughal_period.png/440px-Portrait_of_a_Portuguese_gentleman_drinking_wine_%28c._1600%29_-_Indian%2C_Mughal_period.png 2x" data-file-width="680" data-file-height="1088" /></a><figcaption>Depiction of a Portuguese gentleman in the <a href="/wiki/Moghul_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Moghul Empire">Moghul Empire</a></figcaption></figure> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Codice_Casanatense_Portuguese_Nobleman_and_Christian_Indian.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Indo-Portuguese illustration of a Portuguese nobleman and Christian Indian women, from the Códice Casanatense."><img alt="Indo-Portuguese illustration of a Portuguese nobleman and Christian Indian women, from the Códice Casanatense." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Codice_Casanatense_Portuguese_Nobleman_and_Christian_Indian.jpg/120px-Codice_Casanatense_Portuguese_Nobleman_and_Christian_Indian.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Codice_Casanatense_Portuguese_Nobleman_and_Christian_Indian.jpg/180px-Codice_Casanatense_Portuguese_Nobleman_and_Christian_Indian.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Codice_Casanatense_Portuguese_Nobleman_and_Christian_Indian.jpg/240px-Codice_Casanatense_Portuguese_Nobleman_and_Christian_Indian.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1896" data-file-height="1342" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Indo-Portuguese illustration of a Portuguese nobleman and Christian Indian women, from the <a href="/wiki/C%C3%B3dice_Casanatense" title="Códice Casanatense">Códice Casanatense</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Codice_Casanatense_Shiva_Vishnu_Brahma.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="16th century Indo-Portuguese illustration of the main deities of Hinduism at the Códice Casanatense."><img alt="16th century Indo-Portuguese illustration of the main deities of Hinduism at the Códice Casanatense." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Codice_Casanatense_Shiva_Vishnu_Brahma.jpg/120px-Codice_Casanatense_Shiva_Vishnu_Brahma.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Codice_Casanatense_Shiva_Vishnu_Brahma.jpg/180px-Codice_Casanatense_Shiva_Vishnu_Brahma.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Codice_Casanatense_Shiva_Vishnu_Brahma.jpg/240px-Codice_Casanatense_Shiva_Vishnu_Brahma.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1873" data-file-height="1331" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">16th century Indo-Portuguese illustration of the main deities of Hinduism at the <a href="/wiki/C%C3%B3dice_Casanatense" title="Códice Casanatense">Códice Casanatense</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Codice_Casanatense_Hindu_Marriage_Center.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="16th century Indo-Portuguese illustration of a Hindu marriage at the Códice Casanatense."><img alt="16th century Indo-Portuguese illustration of a Hindu marriage at the Códice Casanatense." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Codice_Casanatense_Hindu_Marriage_Center.jpg/120px-Codice_Casanatense_Hindu_Marriage_Center.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="87" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Codice_Casanatense_Hindu_Marriage_Center.jpg/180px-Codice_Casanatense_Hindu_Marriage_Center.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Codice_Casanatense_Hindu_Marriage_Center.jpg/240px-Codice_Casanatense_Hindu_Marriage_Center.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1820" data-file-height="1319" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">16th century Indo-Portuguese illustration of a Hindu marriage at the <a href="/wiki/C%C3%B3dice_Casanatense" title="Códice Casanatense">Códice Casanatense</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Codice_Casanatense_Saint_Thomas_Christians.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="16th century Indo-Portuguese illustration of Saint Thomas Christians at the Códice Casanatense."><img alt="16th century Indo-Portuguese illustration of Saint Thomas Christians at the Códice Casanatense." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Codice_Casanatense_Saint_Thomas_Christians.jpg/120px-Codice_Casanatense_Saint_Thomas_Christians.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="87" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Codice_Casanatense_Saint_Thomas_Christians.jpg/180px-Codice_Casanatense_Saint_Thomas_Christians.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Codice_Casanatense_Saint_Thomas_Christians.jpg/240px-Codice_Casanatense_Saint_Thomas_Christians.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1872" data-file-height="1360" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">16th century Indo-Portuguese illustration of Saint Thomas Christians at the <a href="/wiki/C%C3%B3dice_Casanatense" title="Códice Casanatense">Códice Casanatense</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Codice_Casanatense_Farmers_from_the_Kanara_Coast.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="16th century Indo-Portuguese illustration of Kanarese peasants at the Códice Casanatense."><img alt="16th century Indo-Portuguese illustration of Kanarese peasants at the Códice Casanatense." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Codice_Casanatense_Farmers_from_the_Kanara_Coast.jpg/120px-Codice_Casanatense_Farmers_from_the_Kanara_Coast.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Codice_Casanatense_Farmers_from_the_Kanara_Coast.jpg/180px-Codice_Casanatense_Farmers_from_the_Kanara_Coast.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Codice_Casanatense_Farmers_from_the_Kanara_Coast.jpg/240px-Codice_Casanatense_Farmers_from_the_Kanara_Coast.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1552" data-file-height="1103" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">16th century Indo-Portuguese illustration of Kanarese peasants at the <a href="/wiki/C%C3%B3dice_Casanatense" title="Códice Casanatense">Códice Casanatense</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Arca-contador_Indo-Portugu%C3%AAs_sec_XVII_IMG_1225.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="18th century Indo-Portuguese cabinet"><img alt="18th century Indo-Portuguese cabinet" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Arca-contador_Indo-Portugu%C3%AAs_sec_XVII_IMG_1225.JPG/96px-Arca-contador_Indo-Portugu%C3%AAs_sec_XVII_IMG_1225.JPG" decoding="async" width="96" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Arca-contador_Indo-Portugu%C3%AAs_sec_XVII_IMG_1225.JPG/144px-Arca-contador_Indo-Portugu%C3%AAs_sec_XVII_IMG_1225.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Arca-contador_Indo-Portugu%C3%AAs_sec_XVII_IMG_1225.JPG/192px-Arca-contador_Indo-Portugu%C3%AAs_sec_XVII_IMG_1225.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1340" data-file-height="1674" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">18th century Indo-Portuguese cabinet</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lisbon,_Museum_Nacional_de_Arte_Antiga,_cabinet.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Indo-Portuguese cabinet"><img alt="Indo-Portuguese cabinet" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Lisbon%2C_Museum_Nacional_de_Arte_Antiga%2C_cabinet.JPG/93px-Lisbon%2C_Museum_Nacional_de_Arte_Antiga%2C_cabinet.JPG" decoding="async" width="93" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Lisbon%2C_Museum_Nacional_de_Arte_Antiga%2C_cabinet.JPG/139px-Lisbon%2C_Museum_Nacional_de_Arte_Antiga%2C_cabinet.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Lisbon%2C_Museum_Nacional_de_Arte_Antiga%2C_cabinet.JPG/186px-Lisbon%2C_Museum_Nacional_de_Arte_Antiga%2C_cabinet.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1772" data-file-height="2291" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Indo-Portuguese cabinet</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:India_portoghese,_scatola_da_scrittura,_gujarate_o_sinde,_1600-15_ca.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Indo-Portuguese writing cabinet"><img alt="Indo-Portuguese writing cabinet" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/India_portoghese%2C_scatola_da_scrittura%2C_gujarate_o_sinde%2C_1600-15_ca.jpg/100px-India_portoghese%2C_scatola_da_scrittura%2C_gujarate_o_sinde%2C_1600-15_ca.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/India_portoghese%2C_scatola_da_scrittura%2C_gujarate_o_sinde%2C_1600-15_ca.jpg/150px-India_portoghese%2C_scatola_da_scrittura%2C_gujarate_o_sinde%2C_1600-15_ca.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/India_portoghese%2C_scatola_da_scrittura%2C_gujarate_o_sinde%2C_1600-15_ca.jpg/200px-India_portoghese%2C_scatola_da_scrittura%2C_gujarate_o_sinde%2C_1600-15_ca.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1584" data-file-height="1896" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Indo-Portuguese writing cabinet</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lisbon,_museum_Nacional_de_Arte_Antiga,_Indo-Portuguese_art.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Indo-Portuguese furniture"><img alt="Indo-Portuguese furniture" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Lisbon%2C_museum_Nacional_de_Arte_Antiga%2C_Indo-Portuguese_art.JPG/120px-Lisbon%2C_museum_Nacional_de_Arte_Antiga%2C_Indo-Portuguese_art.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="66" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Lisbon%2C_museum_Nacional_de_Arte_Antiga%2C_Indo-Portuguese_art.JPG/180px-Lisbon%2C_museum_Nacional_de_Arte_Antiga%2C_Indo-Portuguese_art.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Lisbon%2C_museum_Nacional_de_Arte_Antiga%2C_Indo-Portuguese_art.JPG/240px-Lisbon%2C_museum_Nacional_de_Arte_Antiga%2C_Indo-Portuguese_art.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2657" data-file-height="1454" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Indo-Portuguese furniture</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pistola_Indo-Portuguesa_(2).JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Indo-Portuguese pistol"><img alt="Indo-Portuguese pistol" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Pistola_Indo-Portuguesa_%282%29.JPG/120px-Pistola_Indo-Portuguesa_%282%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Pistola_Indo-Portuguesa_%282%29.JPG/180px-Pistola_Indo-Portuguesa_%282%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Pistola_Indo-Portuguesa_%282%29.JPG/240px-Pistola_Indo-Portuguesa_%282%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Indo-Portuguese pistol</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Arte_indo-portoghese,_bambin_ges%C3%B9_e_il_buon_pastore,_avorio_policromato,_goa_xvii_secolo.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="17th century Indo-Portuguese Christian ivory."><img alt="17th century Indo-Portuguese Christian ivory." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Arte_indo-portoghese%2C_bambin_ges%C3%B9_e_il_buon_pastore%2C_avorio_policromato%2C_goa_xvii_secolo.jpg/52px-Arte_indo-portoghese%2C_bambin_ges%C3%B9_e_il_buon_pastore%2C_avorio_policromato%2C_goa_xvii_secolo.jpg" decoding="async" width="52" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Arte_indo-portoghese%2C_bambin_ges%C3%B9_e_il_buon_pastore%2C_avorio_policromato%2C_goa_xvii_secolo.jpg/79px-Arte_indo-portoghese%2C_bambin_ges%C3%B9_e_il_buon_pastore%2C_avorio_policromato%2C_goa_xvii_secolo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Arte_indo-portoghese%2C_bambin_ges%C3%B9_e_il_buon_pastore%2C_avorio_policromato%2C_goa_xvii_secolo.jpg/105px-Arte_indo-portoghese%2C_bambin_ges%C3%B9_e_il_buon_pastore%2C_avorio_policromato%2C_goa_xvii_secolo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1206" data-file-height="2748" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">17th century Indo-Portuguese Christian ivory.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Currency">Currency</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_India&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Currency"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table style="border: 1px #cccccc solid; border-collapse: collapse; background: #f9f9f9; float:right; clear:right; margin:0.3em 0 0.3em 1em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="width:246px;padding:2px;">½ <a href="/wiki/Tanga_(coin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanga (coin)">Tanga</a> (1903) </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0px; border: 1px #cccccc solid;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Portuguese_India,_0.5_tanga_1903,_Carlos_I.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Portuguese_India%2C_0.5_tanga_1903%2C_Carlos_I.jpg/250px-Portuguese_India%2C_0.5_tanga_1903%2C_Carlos_I.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Portuguese_India%2C_0.5_tanga_1903%2C_Carlos_I.jpg/375px-Portuguese_India%2C_0.5_tanga_1903%2C_Carlos_I.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Portuguese_India%2C_0.5_tanga_1903%2C_Carlos_I.jpg/500px-Portuguese_India%2C_0.5_tanga_1903%2C_Carlos_I.jpg 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="493" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr style="font-size: 85%; vertical-align: top;"> <td style="width:121px;padding:2px; border: 1px #cccccc solid; line-height: 1.5em;"><b>Obverse</b>: Lettering "CARLOS I REI DE PORTUGAL MCMIII", portrait of King <a href="/wiki/Carlos_I_of_Portugal" title="Carlos I of Portugal">Carlos I</a>. </td> <td style="width:121px;padding:2px 1px 2px 2px; border: 1px #cccccc solid; line-height: 1.5em;"><b>Reverse</b>: Lettering "INDIA PORTUGUEZA ½ TANGA", coat of arms of Portuguese India. </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="width:246px;font-size: 85%; padding:2px; line-height: 1.5em;">800,000 coins minted, bronze. Engraver Valancio Alves. </td></tr></tbody></table> <table style="border: 1px #cccccc solid; border-collapse: collapse; background: #f9f9f9; float:right; clear:right; margin:0.3em 0 0.3em 1em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="width:246px;padding:2px;">1 <a href="/wiki/Escudo" title="Escudo">Escudo</a> (1959) </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0px; border: 1px #cccccc solid;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:1_Escudo_(1959).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/1_Escudo_%281959%29.jpg/250px-1_Escudo_%281959%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/1_Escudo_%281959%29.jpg/375px-1_Escudo_%281959%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/1_Escudo_%281959%29.jpg/500px-1_Escudo_%281959%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1155" data-file-height="607" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr style="font-size: 85%; vertical-align: top;"> <td style="width:121px;padding:2px; border: 1px #cccccc solid; line-height: 1.5em;"><b>Obverse</b>: Lettering "ESTADO·DA·INDIA", face value with Coat of arms of Portuguese India in the center. </td> <td style="width:121px;padding:2px 1px 2px 2px; border: 1px #cccccc solid; line-height: 1.5em;"><b>Reverse</b>: Lettering "REPÚBLICA · PORTUGUESA", year and <a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Portugal" title="Coat of arms of Portugal">Coat of arms of Portugal</a> in the center. </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="width:246px;font-size: 85%; padding:2px; line-height: 1.5em;">6,000,000 coins minted. This coin was from State of India. </td></tr></tbody></table> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Portuguese_India_20_Bazaucos_reverse.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="20 Portuguese bazarucos from 1799, reverse."><img alt="20 Portuguese bazarucos from 1799, reverse." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Portuguese_India_20_Bazaucos_reverse.JPG/120px-Portuguese_India_20_Bazaucos_reverse.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="72" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Portuguese_India_20_Bazaucos_reverse.JPG/180px-Portuguese_India_20_Bazaucos_reverse.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Portuguese_India_20_Bazaucos_reverse.JPG/240px-Portuguese_India_20_Bazaucos_reverse.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="900" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">20 Portuguese bazarucos from 1799, reverse.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Portuguese_India_20_Bazarucos_obverse.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="20 Portuguese bazarucos from 1799, obverse."><img alt="20 Portuguese bazarucos from 1799, obverse." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Portuguese_India_20_Bazarucos_obverse.JPG/120px-Portuguese_India_20_Bazarucos_obverse.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="72" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Portuguese_India_20_Bazarucos_obverse.JPG/180px-Portuguese_India_20_Bazarucos_obverse.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Portuguese_India_20_Bazarucos_obverse.JPG/240px-Portuguese_India_20_Bazarucos_obverse.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2362" data-file-height="1417" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">20 Portuguese bazarucos from 1799, obverse.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:1866_portugal_INDIA.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="1866 1/8 tanga."><img alt="1866 1/8 tanga." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/1866_portugal_INDIA.jpg/120px-1866_portugal_INDIA.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/1866_portugal_INDIA.jpg/180px-1866_portugal_INDIA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/1866_portugal_INDIA.jpg/240px-1866_portugal_INDIA.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="900" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">1866 1/8 tanga.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:IPT001.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="1 Portuguese India rupia, 1882."><img alt="1 Portuguese India rupia, 1882." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/IPT001.JPG/120px-IPT001.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/IPT001.JPG/180px-IPT001.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/IPT001.JPG/240px-IPT001.JPG 2x" data-file-width="491" data-file-height="244" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">1 Portuguese India rupia, 1882.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Estado_da_india.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="1947 escudo coin."><img alt="1947 escudo coin." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Estado_da_india.jpg/120px-Estado_da_india.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Estado_da_india.jpg/180px-Estado_da_india.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Estado_da_india.jpg/240px-Estado_da_india.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2041" data-file-height="2041" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">1947 escudo coin.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:1959_100_escudos_India_portuguesa.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="1959 100 escudos."><img alt="1959 100 escudos." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/1959_100_escudos_India_portuguesa.JPG/120px-1959_100_escudos_India_portuguesa.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="65" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/1959_100_escudos_India_portuguesa.JPG/180px-1959_100_escudos_India_portuguesa.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/1959_100_escudos_India_portuguesa.JPG/240px-1959_100_escudos_India_portuguesa.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3188" data-file-height="1734" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">1959 100 escudos.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sesenta_cetavosIPT005.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="60 Portuguese India centavos, 1959."><img alt="60 Portuguese India centavos, 1959." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Sesenta_cetavosIPT005.JPG/120px-Sesenta_cetavosIPT005.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="59" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Sesenta_cetavosIPT005.JPG/180px-Sesenta_cetavosIPT005.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Sesenta_cetavosIPT005.JPG/240px-Sesenta_cetavosIPT005.JPG 2x" data-file-width="323" data-file-height="158" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">60 Portuguese India centavos, 1959.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Banknote1938b.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="1938 5 rupias banknote reverse."><img alt="1938 5 rupias banknote reverse." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Banknote1938b.jpg/120px-Banknote1938b.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="68" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Banknote1938b.jpg/180px-Banknote1938b.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Banknote1938b.jpg/240px-Banknote1938b.jpg 2x" data-file-width="479" data-file-height="273" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">1938 5 rupias banknote reverse.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Banknote1938a.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="1938 5 rupias banknote obverse."><img alt="1938 5 rupias banknote obverse." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Banknote1938a.jpg/120px-Banknote1938a.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="68" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Banknote1938a.jpg/180px-Banknote1938a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Banknote1938a.jpg/240px-Banknote1938a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="486" data-file-height="274" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">1938 5 rupias banknote obverse.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Architecture">Architecture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_India&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Architecture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:An_old_Portuguese_style_palatial_house.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Indo-Portuguese house"><img alt="Indo-Portuguese house" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/An_old_Portuguese_style_palatial_house.jpg/120px-An_old_Portuguese_style_palatial_house.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/An_old_Portuguese_style_palatial_house.jpg/180px-An_old_Portuguese_style_palatial_house.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/An_old_Portuguese_style_palatial_house.jpg/240px-An_old_Portuguese_style_palatial_house.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Indo-Portuguese house</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:India_Goa_Portuguese_Villa.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portuguese villa"><img alt="Portuguese villa" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/India_Goa_Portuguese_Villa.jpg/120px-India_Goa_Portuguese_Villa.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/India_Goa_Portuguese_Villa.jpg/180px-India_Goa_Portuguese_Villa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/India_Goa_Portuguese_Villa.jpg/240px-India_Goa_Portuguese_Villa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Portuguese villa</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Se%E2%80%99_Cathedral,_Goa.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Goa Cathedral"><img alt="Goa Cathedral" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Se%E2%80%99_Cathedral%2C_Goa.jpg/120px-Se%E2%80%99_Cathedral%2C_Goa.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Se%E2%80%99_Cathedral%2C_Goa.jpg/180px-Se%E2%80%99_Cathedral%2C_Goa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Se%E2%80%99_Cathedral%2C_Goa.jpg/240px-Se%E2%80%99_Cathedral%2C_Goa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Goa Cathedral</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kostel_Na%C5%A1%C3%AD_Pan%C3%AD_Neposkvrn%C4%9Bn%C3%A9ho_po%C4%8Det%C3%AD,_Panad%C5%BE%C3%AD.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The church of Our Lady of the Immaculate Conception in Panaji (Goa, India)."><img alt="The church of Our Lady of the Immaculate Conception in Panaji (Goa, India)." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Kostel_Na%C5%A1%C3%AD_Pan%C3%AD_Neposkvrn%C4%9Bn%C3%A9ho_po%C4%8Det%C3%AD%2C_Panad%C5%BE%C3%AD.jpg/120px-Kostel_Na%C5%A1%C3%AD_Pan%C3%AD_Neposkvrn%C4%9Bn%C3%A9ho_po%C4%8Det%C3%AD%2C_Panad%C5%BE%C3%AD.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Kostel_Na%C5%A1%C3%AD_Pan%C3%AD_Neposkvrn%C4%9Bn%C3%A9ho_po%C4%8Det%C3%AD%2C_Panad%C5%BE%C3%AD.jpg/180px-Kostel_Na%C5%A1%C3%AD_Pan%C3%AD_Neposkvrn%C4%9Bn%C3%A9ho_po%C4%8Det%C3%AD%2C_Panad%C5%BE%C3%AD.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Kostel_Na%C5%A1%C3%AD_Pan%C3%AD_Neposkvrn%C4%9Bn%C3%A9ho_po%C4%8Det%C3%AD%2C_Panad%C5%BE%C3%AD.jpg/240px-Kostel_Na%C5%A1%C3%AD_Pan%C3%AD_Neposkvrn%C4%9Bn%C3%A9ho_po%C4%8Det%C3%AD%2C_Panad%C5%BE%C3%AD.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The church of Our Lady of the Immaculate Conception in Panaji (Goa, India).</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Old_Goa,Church_of_Lady_of_Rosary.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Old Goa,Church of Lady of Rosary"><img alt="Old Goa,Church of Lady of Rosary" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Old_Goa%2CChurch_of_Lady_of_Rosary.jpg/120px-Old_Goa%2CChurch_of_Lady_of_Rosary.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Old_Goa%2CChurch_of_Lady_of_Rosary.jpg/180px-Old_Goa%2CChurch_of_Lady_of_Rosary.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Old_Goa%2CChurch_of_Lady_of_Rosary.jpg/240px-Old_Goa%2CChurch_of_Lady_of_Rosary.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4310" data-file-height="2868" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Old Goa,Church of Lady of Rosary</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Old_Goa_Church_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bom Jesus Basilica, Goa."><img alt="Bom Jesus Basilica, Goa." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Old_Goa_Church_01.jpg/120px-Old_Goa_Church_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Old_Goa_Church_01.jpg/180px-Old_Goa_Church_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Old_Goa_Church_01.jpg/240px-Old_Goa_Church_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Bom Jesus Basilica, Goa.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Panjim_Peoples%27,_Fontainhas_-_19th-20th_century_(4275536827).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="House in Goa."><img alt="House in Goa." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Panjim_Peoples%27%2C_Fontainhas_-_19th-20th_century_%284275536827%29.jpg/90px-Panjim_Peoples%27%2C_Fontainhas_-_19th-20th_century_%284275536827%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Panjim_Peoples%27%2C_Fontainhas_-_19th-20th_century_%284275536827%29.jpg/135px-Panjim_Peoples%27%2C_Fontainhas_-_19th-20th_century_%284275536827%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Panjim_Peoples%27%2C_Fontainhas_-_19th-20th_century_%284275536827%29.jpg/180px-Panjim_Peoples%27%2C_Fontainhas_-_19th-20th_century_%284275536827%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="4000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">House in Goa.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Opp._Mary_Immaculate_School,_Fontainhas_-_19th-20th_century_(4275484927).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="House in Goa."><img alt="House in Goa." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Opp._Mary_Immaculate_School%2C_Fontainhas_-_19th-20th_century_%284275484927%29.jpg/90px-Opp._Mary_Immaculate_School%2C_Fontainhas_-_19th-20th_century_%284275484927%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Opp._Mary_Immaculate_School%2C_Fontainhas_-_19th-20th_century_%284275484927%29.jpg/135px-Opp._Mary_Immaculate_School%2C_Fontainhas_-_19th-20th_century_%284275484927%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Opp._Mary_Immaculate_School%2C_Fontainhas_-_19th-20th_century_%284275484927%29.jpg/180px-Opp._Mary_Immaculate_School%2C_Fontainhas_-_19th-20th_century_%284275484927%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="4000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">House in Goa.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Diu_3_palace.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Governors palace in Diu."><img alt="Governors palace in Diu." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Diu_3_palace.jpg/120px-Diu_3_palace.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="71" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Diu_3_palace.jpg/180px-Diu_3_palace.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Diu_3_palace.jpg/240px-Diu_3_palace.jpg 2x" data-file-width="755" data-file-height="447" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Governors palace in Diu.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:StPaulsChurchDiu1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Church of São Paulo in Diu."><img alt="Church of São Paulo in Diu." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/StPaulsChurchDiu1.jpg/120px-StPaulsChurchDiu1.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/StPaulsChurchDiu1.jpg/180px-StPaulsChurchDiu1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/StPaulsChurchDiu1.jpg/240px-StPaulsChurchDiu1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4320" data-file-height="2880" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Church of São Paulo in Diu.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_India&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/South_Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29_without_national_boundaries.svg/150px-South_Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29_without_national_boundaries.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/South_Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29_without_national_boundaries.svg/225px-South_Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29_without_national_boundaries.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/South_Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29_without_national_boundaries.svg/300px-South_Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29_without_national_boundaries.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;text-align:left;padding-right:4em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_South_Asian_history" title="Outline of South Asian history">Outline</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;text-align:left;padding-right:4em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Stone_Age" title="South Asian Stone Age">Palaeolithic</a> <span class="nobold">(2,500,000–250,000 BC)</span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Madrasian_culture" title="Madrasian culture">Madrasian culture</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Soanian" title="Soanian">Soanian culture</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;text-align:left;padding-right:4em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Stone_Age" title="South Asian Stone Age">Neolithic</a> <span class="nobold">(10,800–3300 BC)</span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Bhirrana" title="Bhirrana">Bhirrana culture</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (7570–6200 BC)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Mehrgarh" title="Mehrgarh">Mehrgarh culture</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (7000–3300 BC)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Edakkal_Caves" class="mw-redirect" title="Edakkal Caves">Edakkal culture</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (5000–3000 BC)</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;text-align:left;padding-right:4em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Chalcolithic" title="Chalcolithic">Chalcolithic</a> <span class="nobold">(3500–1500 BC)</span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Anarta_tradition" title="Anarta tradition">Anarta tradition</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 3950</span>–1900 BC)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Ahar%E2%80%93Banas_culture" title="Ahar–Banas culture">Ahar-Banas culture</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (3000–1500 BC)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Pandu_culture" title="Pandu culture">Pandu culture</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1600–750 BC)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Malwa_culture" title="Malwa culture">Malwa culture</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1600–1300 BC)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Jorwe_culture" title="Jorwe culture">Jorwe culture</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1400–700 BC)</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;text-align:left;padding-right:4em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age_India" title="Bronze Age India">Bronze Age</a> <span class="nobold">(3300–1300 BC)</span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_Civilisation" title="Indus Valley Civilisation">Indus Valley Civilisation</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">(3300–1300 BC)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">  – <a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_Civilisation#Early_Harappan" title="Indus Valley Civilisation">Early Harappan culture</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">(3300–2600 BC)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">  – <a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_Civilisation#Mature_Harappan" title="Indus Valley Civilisation">Mature Harappan culture</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">(2600–1900 BC)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">  – <a href="/wiki/Cemetery_H_culture" title="Cemetery H culture">Late Harappan culture</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">(1900–1300 BC)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Vedic_period" title="Vedic period">Vedic Civilisation</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">(2000–500 BC)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">  – <a href="/wiki/Ochre_Coloured_Pottery_culture" title="Ochre Coloured Pottery culture">Ochre Coloured Pottery culture</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">(2000–1600 BC)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">  – <a href="/wiki/Gandhara_grave_culture" title="Gandhara grave culture">Swat culture</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">(1600–500 BC)</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;text-align:left;padding-right:4em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Iron_Age_in_India" title="Iron Age in India">Iron Age</a> <span class="nobold">(1500–200 BC)</span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Vedic_period" title="Vedic period">Vedic Civilisation</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">(1500–500 BC)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">  – <a href="/wiki/Janapada" title="Janapada">Janapadas</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1500–600 BC)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">  – <a href="/wiki/Black_and_red_ware" title="Black and red ware">Black and Red ware culture</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">(1300–1000 BC)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">  – <a href="/wiki/Painted_Grey_Ware_culture" title="Painted Grey Ware culture">Painted Grey Ware culture</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1200–600 BC)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">  – <a href="/wiki/Northern_Black_Polished_Ware" title="Northern Black Polished Ware">Northern Black Polished Ware</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (700–200 BC)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Pradyota_dynasty" title="Pradyota dynasty">Pradyota dynasty</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (799–684 BC)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Haryanka_dynasty" title="Haryanka dynasty">Haryanka dynasty</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (684–424 BC)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Three_Crowned_Kings" title="Three Crowned Kings">Three Crowned Kingdoms</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 600 BC</span> – AD 1600)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Mahajanapadas" title="Mahajanapadas">Maha Janapadas</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 600</span>–300 BC)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (550–330 BC)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> Ror Dynasty</td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (450 BC – AD 489)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Shaishunaga_dynasty" title="Shaishunaga dynasty">Shaishunaga dynasty</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (424–345 BC)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Nanda_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanda Empire">Nanda Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (380–321 BC)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Macedonian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Macedonian Empire">Macedonian Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (330–323 BC)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Maurya_Empire" title="Maurya Empire">Maurya Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (321–184 BC)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid India</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (312–303 BC)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Sangam_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Sangam period">Sangam period</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 300 BC</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 300 AD</span>)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Pandya_dynasty" title="Pandya dynasty">Pandya Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 300 BC</span> – AD 1345)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Chera_dynasty" title="Chera dynasty">Chera Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 300 BC</span> – AD 1102)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Chola_dynasty" title="Chola dynasty">Chola Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 300 BC</span> – AD 1279)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Pallava_dynasty" title="Pallava dynasty">Pallava Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 250 AD</span> – AD 800)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Mahameghavahana_dynasty" title="Mahameghavahana dynasty">Maha-Megha-Vahana Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 250 BC</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> AD 500</span>)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (247 BC – AD 224)</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;text-align:left;padding-right:4em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Middle_kingdoms_of_India" title="Middle kingdoms of India">Middle Kingdoms</a> <span class="nobold">(230 BC – AD 1206)</span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Satavahana_dynasty" title="Satavahana dynasty">Satavahana Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (230 BC – AD 220)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kuninda_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuninda Kingdom">Kuninda Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (200 BC – AD 300)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Mitra_dynasty_(Mathura)" title="Mitra dynasty (Mathura)">Mitra Dynasty</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 150</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 50 BC</span>)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Shunga_Empire" title="Shunga Empire">Shunga Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (185–73 BC)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Indo-Greek_Kingdom" title="Indo-Greek Kingdom">Indo-Greek Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (180 BC – AD 10)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kanva_dynasty" title="Kanva dynasty">Kanva Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (75–26 BC)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Indo-Scythians" title="Indo-Scythians">Indo-Scythian Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (50 BC – AD 400)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Indo-Parthian_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Parthian Kingdom">Indo-Parthian Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (AD 21 – <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 130</span>)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Western_Satraps" title="Western Satraps">Western Satrap Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (AD 35–405 )</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kushan_Empire" title="Kushan Empire">Kushan Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (AD 60–240)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Nagas_of_Padmavati" title="Nagas of Padmavati">Bharshiva Dynasty</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (170–350)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Nagas_of_Padmavati" title="Nagas of Padmavati">Nagas of Padmavati</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (210–340)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (224–651)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kushano-Sasanian_Kingdom" title="Kushano-Sasanian Kingdom">Indo-Sassanid Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (230–360)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Vakataka_dynasty" title="Vakataka dynasty">Vakataka Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 250</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 500</span>)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kalabhra_dynasty" title="Kalabhra dynasty">Kalabhras Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 250</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 600</span>)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Gupta_Empire" title="Gupta Empire">Gupta Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (280–550)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kadamba_dynasty" title="Kadamba dynasty">Kadamba Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (345–525)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Western_Ganga_dynasty" title="Western Ganga dynasty">Western Ganga Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (350–1000)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kamarupa" title="Kamarupa">Kamarupa Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (350–1100)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Vishnukundina_dynasty" title="Vishnukundina dynasty">Vishnukundina Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (420–624)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Maitraka_dynasty" title="Maitraka dynasty">Maitraka Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (475–767)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Huna_people" title="Huna people">Huna Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (475–576)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Rai_dynasty" title="Rai dynasty">Rai Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (489–632)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Hindu_Shahis" title="Hindu Shahis">Kabul Shahi Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 500</span> – 1026)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Chalukya_dynasty" title="Chalukya dynasty">Chalukya Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (543–753)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Maukhari_dynasty" title="Maukhari dynasty">Maukhari Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 550</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 700</span>)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Harsha" title="Harsha">Harsha Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (606–647)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Empire" title="Tibetan Empire">Tibetan Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (618–841)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Chalukyas" title="Eastern Chalukyas">Eastern Chalukya Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (624–1075)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Rashidun_Caliphate" title="Rashidun Caliphate">Rashidun Caliphate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (632–661)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Gurjara-Pratihara_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty">Gurjara-Pratihara Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (650–1036)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad Caliphate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (661–750)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Mallabhum_kingdom" title="Mallabhum kingdom">Mallabhum kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (694–1947)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Bhauma-Kara_dynasty" title="Bhauma-Kara dynasty">Bhauma-Kara Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (736–916)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Pala_Empire" title="Pala Empire">Pala Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (750–1174)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Rashtrakuta_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Rashtrakuta dynasty">Rashtrakuta Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (753–982)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Paramara_dynasty" title="Paramara dynasty">Paramara Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (800–1327)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Seuna_(Yadava)_dynasty" title="Seuna (Yadava) dynasty">Yadava Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (850–1334)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Somavamshi_dynasty" title="Somavamshi dynasty">Somavamshi Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (882–1110)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Chaulukya_dynasty" title="Chaulukya dynasty">Chaulukya Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (942–1244)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Western_Chalukya_Empire" title="Western Chalukya Empire">Western Chalukya Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (973–1189)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Lohara_dynasty" title="Lohara dynasty">Lohara Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1003–1320)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Hoysala_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Hoysala Empire">Hoysala Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1040–1347)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Sena_dynasty" title="Sena dynasty">Sena Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1070–1230)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Ganga_dynasty" title="Eastern Ganga dynasty">Eastern Ganga Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1078–1434)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kakatiya_dynasty" title="Kakatiya dynasty">Kakatiya Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1083–1323)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Zamorin" title="Zamorin">Zamorin Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1102–1766)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kalachuris_of_Tripuri" title="Kalachuris of Tripuri">Kalachuris of Tripuri</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (675–1210)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kalachuris_of_Kalyani" title="Kalachuris of Kalyani">Kalachuris of Kalyani</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1156–1184)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Chutia_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Chutia Kingdom">Chutiya Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1187–1673)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Deva_dynasty" title="Deva dynasty">Deva Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1200</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1300</span>)</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;text-align:left;padding-right:4em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Medieval_India" title="Medieval India">Late medieval period</a> <span class="nobold">(1206–1526)</span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Ghaznavids" title="Ghaznavids">Ghaznavid Dynasty</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (977–1186)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Ghurid_dynasty" title="Ghurid dynasty">Ghurid Dynasty</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1170–1206)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Delhi_Sultanate" title="Delhi Sultanate">Delhi Sultanate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1206–1526)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">  – <a href="/wiki/Mamluk_dynasty_(Delhi)" title="Mamluk dynasty (Delhi)">Mamluk Sultanate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1206–1290)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">  – <a href="/wiki/Khalji_dynasty" title="Khalji dynasty">Khalji Sultanate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1290–1320)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">  – <a href="/wiki/Tughlaq_dynasty" title="Tughlaq dynasty">Tughlaq Sultanate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1320–1414)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">  – <a href="/wiki/Sayyid_dynasty" title="Sayyid dynasty">Sayyid Sultanate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1414–1451)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">  – <a href="/wiki/Lodi_dynasty" title="Lodi dynasty">Lodi Sultanate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1451–1526)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Ahom_kingdom" title="Ahom kingdom">Ahom Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1228–1826)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Nayakas_of_Chitradurga" title="Nayakas of Chitradurga">Chitradurga Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1300–1779)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Reddi_Kingdom" title="Reddi Kingdom">Reddy Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1325–1448)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Vijayanagara_Empire" title="Vijayanagara Empire">Vijayanagara Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1336–1646)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Bengal_Sultanate" title="Bengal Sultanate">Bengal Sultanate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1352–1576)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Garhwal_Kingdom" title="Garhwal Kingdom">Garhwal Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1358–1803)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Mysore" title="Kingdom of Mysore">Mysore Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1399–1947)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Gajapati_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Gajapati Empire">Gajapati Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1434–1541)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Namgyal_dynasty_of_Ladakh" title="Namgyal dynasty of Ladakh">Ladakh Kingdom </a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1470–1842)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Deccan_sultanates" title="Deccan sultanates">Deccan sultanates</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1490–1596)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">  – <a href="/wiki/Ahmadnagar_Sultanate" title="Ahmadnagar Sultanate">Ahmadnagar Sultanate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1490–1636)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">  – <a href="/wiki/Berar_sultanate" title="Berar sultanate">Berar sultanate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1490–1574)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">  – <a href="/wiki/Bidar_Sultanate" title="Bidar Sultanate">Bidar Sultanate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1492–1619)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">  – <a href="/wiki/Bijapur_Sultanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Bijapur Sultanate">Bijapur Sultanate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1492–1686)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">  – <a href="/wiki/Golkonda_Sultanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Golkonda Sultanate">Golkonda Sultanate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1518–1687)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Nayakas_of_Keladi" title="Nayakas of Keladi">Keladi Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1499–1763)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Koch_dynasty" title="Koch dynasty">Koch Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1515–1947)</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;text-align:left;padding-right:4em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_period" title="Early modern period">Early modern period</a> <span class="nobold">(1526–1858)</span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1526–1858)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Sur_Empire" title="Sur Empire">Sur Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1540–1556)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Madurai_Nayak_dynasty" title="Madurai Nayak dynasty">Madurai Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1529–1736)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Thanjavur_Nayak_kingdom" title="Thanjavur Nayak kingdom">Thanjavur Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1532–1673)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Bhoi_dynasty" title="Bhoi dynasty">Bhoi dynasty</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1541–1804)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Bengal_Subah" title="Bengal Subah">Bengal Subah</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1576–1757)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Ramnad_estate" title="Ramnad estate">Marava Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1600–1750)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sikkim" title="Kingdom of Sikkim">Sikkim Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1642–1975)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Tondaiman" title="Tondaiman">Thondaiman Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1650–1948)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Maratha_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Maratha Empire">Maratha Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1674–1818)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Misl" class="mw-redirect" title="Misl">Sikh Confederacy</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1707–1799)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Travancore" title="Travancore">Travancore Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1729–1947)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Sikh_Empire" title="Sikh Empire">Sikh Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1799–1849)</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;text-align:left;padding-right:4em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Colonial_India" title="Colonial India">Colonial states</a> <span class="nobold">(1510–1961)</span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Portuguese India</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1510–1961)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Dutch_India" title="Dutch India">Dutch India</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1605–1825)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Danish_India" title="Danish India">Danish India</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1620–1869)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/French_India" title="French India">French India</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1759–1954)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Company_rule_in_India" title="Company rule in India">Company Raj</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1757–1858)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British Raj</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1858–1947)</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;text-align:left;padding-right:4em;;color: var(--color-base)">National histories</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Afghanistan" title="History of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bangladesh" title="History of Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bhutan" title="History of Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_India_(1947%E2%80%93present)" title="History of India (1947–present)">India</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Maldives" title="History of the Maldives">Maldives</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Nepal" title="History of Nepal">Nepal</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Pakistan" title="History of Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sri_Lanka" title="History of Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;text-align:left;padding-right:4em;;color: var(--color-base)">Regional histories</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Assam" title="History of Assam">Assam</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Balochistan" title="History of Balochistan">Balochistan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bengal" title="History of Bengal">Bengal</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bihar" title="History of Bihar">Bihar</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Gujarat" title="History of Gujarat">Gujarat</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Himachal_Pradesh" title="History of Himachal Pradesh">Himachal Pradesh</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kabul" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Kabul">Kabul</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Karnataka" title="History of Karnataka">Karnataka</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kashmir" title="History of Kashmir">Kashmir</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa" title="History of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa">Khyber Pakhtunkhwa</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Rajasthan" title="History of Rajasthan">Rajasthan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Maharashtra" title="History of Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Uttar_Pradesh" title="History of Uttar Pradesh">Uttar Pradesh</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Punjab" title="History of Punjab">Punjab</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Odisha" title="History of Odisha">Odisha</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sindh" title="History of Sindh">Sindh</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_South_India" title="History of South India">South India</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Tamil_Nadu" title="History of Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Tibet" title="History of Tibet">Tibet</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;text-align:left;padding-right:4em;;color: var(--color-base)">Specialised histories</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="History of agriculture in the Indian subcontinent">Agriculture</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_India" title="Architecture of India">Architecture</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Coinage_of_India" title="Coinage of India">Coinage</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_India#History" title="Demographics of India">Demographics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_monarchs" title="List of Indian monarchs">Dynasties</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_India" title="Economic history of India">Economy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_education_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="History of education in the Indian subcontinent">Education</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Indology" title="Indology">Indology</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Indian_influence_on_Southeast_Asia" title="History of Indian influence on Southeast Asia">Influence on Southeast Asia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_history_of_India" title="Linguistic history of India">Language</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_literature" title="Indian literature">Literature</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_maritime_history" title="Indian maritime history">Maritime</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_metallurgy_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="History of metallurgy in the Indian subcontinent">Metallurgy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_India" title="Military history of India">Military</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">Partition of India</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_studies" title="Pakistan studies">Pakistan studies</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_philosophy" title="Indian philosophy">Philosophy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_religions#History" title="Indian religions">Religion</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_science_and_technology_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" class="mw-redirect" title="History of science and technology in the Indian subcontinent">Science and technology</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Indian_history" title="Timeline of Indian history">Timeline</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_South_Asia" title="Template:History of South Asia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_South_Asia" title="Template talk:History of South Asia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_South_Asia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of South Asia"><abbr title="Edit this 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India)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Indian_rupia" title="Portuguese Indian rupia">Portuguese Indian rupia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Indian_escudo" title="Portuguese Indian escudo">Portuguese Indian escudo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goa_liberation_movement" title="Goa liberation movement">Goa liberation movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_code_of_Goa_and_Damaon" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil code of Goa and Damaon">Civil code of Goa and Damaon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuncolim_Revolt" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuncolim Revolt">Cuncolim Revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Bombay_and_Bassein" class="mw-redirect" title="Portuguese Bombay and Bassein">Portuguese Bombay and Bassein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Ceylon" title="Portuguese Ceylon">Portuguese Ceylon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Oman" title="Portuguese Oman">Portuguese Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_India" title="Colonial India">Colonial India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal%E2%80%93Portuguese_conflicts" title="Mughal–Portuguese conflicts">Mughal–Portuguese conflicts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Negapatam" title="Portuguese Negapatam">Portuguese Negapatam</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_India&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.heritageinstitute.com/zoroastrianism/parsi/konkan_thana.htm">"Parsi-Zoroastrian Settlement of the Konkan & Thana"</a>. <i>www.heritageinstitute.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.heritageinstitute.com&rft.atitle=Parsi-Zoroastrian+Settlement+of+the+Konkan+%26+Thana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.heritageinstitute.com%2Fzoroastrianism%2Fparsi%2Fkonkan_thana.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShokoohy2003" class="citation journal cs1">Shokoohy, Mehrdad (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25188328">"The Zoroastrian Fire Temple in the Ex-Portuguese Colony of Diu, India"</a>. <i>Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society</i>. <b>13</b> (1): 1–20. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25188328">25188328</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Royal+Asiatic+Society&rft.atitle=The+Zoroastrian+Fire+Temple+in+the+Ex-Portuguese+Colony+of+Diu%2C+India&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-20&rft.date=2003&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25188328%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Shokoohy&rft.aufirst=Mehrdad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25188328&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFischel1956" class="citation journal cs1">Fischel, Walter J. (1956). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1453185">"Leading Jews in the Service of Portuguese India"</a>. <i>The Jewish Quarterly Review</i>. <b>47</b> (1): 37–57. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1453185">10.2307/1453185</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1453185">1453185</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Jewish+Quarterly+Review&rft.atitle=Leading+Jews+in+the+Service+of+Portuguese+India&rft.volume=47&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=37-57&rft.date=1956&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1453185&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1453185%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Fischel&rft.aufirst=Walter+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1453185&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://perfectiopanacea.com/portuguese-style-houses-in-goa/">"Portuguese Style Houses in Goa - Perfectio Panacea"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 December</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Portuguese+Style+Houses+in+Goa+-+Perfectio+Panacea&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fperfectiopanacea.com%2Fportuguese-style-houses-in-goa%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">R.S. Whiteway, (1899) <i>Rise of Portuguese Power in India</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jM4NAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA224">p.224</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230714131530/https://books.google.com/books?id=jM4NAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA224">Archived</a> 14 July 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDe_Souza1990" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a href="/wiki/Teot%C3%B3nio_de_Souza" title="Teotónio de Souza">De Souza, Teotonio R.</a> (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dwYDPnEjTb4C&pg=PA214"><i>Goa Through the Ages</i></a>. Goa University Publications Series No. 6. Vol. 2: An Economic History. New Delhi: Concept Publishing Company. p. 214. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7022-259-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7022-259-0"><bdi>978-81-7022-259-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230714131523/https://books.google.com/books?id=dwYDPnEjTb4C&pg=PA214">Archived</a> from the original on 14 July 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Goa+Through+the+Ages&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.series=Goa+University+Publications+Series+No.+6&rft.pages=214&rft.pub=Concept+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-81-7022-259-0&rft.aulast=De+Souza&rft.aufirst=Teotonio+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdwYDPnEjTb4C%26pg%3DPA214&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto3-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto3_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto3_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Disney, 2009, p.145</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDisney2009" class="citation book cs1">Disney (13 April 2009). <i>A History of Portugal and the Portuguese Empire, Vol. 2</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-40908-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-40908-7"><bdi>978-0-521-40908-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Portugal+and+the+Portuguese+Empire%2C+Vol.+2&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2009-04-13&rft.isbn=978-0-521-40908-7&rft.au=Disney&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.commonlii.org/in/other/treaties/INTSer/1974/53.html">"Treaty Between the Government of India and the Government of the Republic of Portugal on Recognition of India's Sovereignty over Goa, Daman, Diu, Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Related Matters"</a>. <i>www.commonlii.org</i>. 1974. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131203000634/http://www.commonlii.org/in/other/treaties/INTSer/1974/53.html">Archived</a> from the original on 3 December 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.commonlii.org&rft.atitle=Treaty+Between+the+Government+of+India+and+the+Government+of+the+Republic+of+Portugal+on+Recognition+of+India%27s+Sovereignty+over+Goa%2C+Daman%2C+Diu%2C+Dadra+and+Nagar+Haveli+and+Related+Matters&rft.date=1974&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.commonlii.org%2Fin%2Fother%2Ftreaties%2FINTSer%2F1974%2F53.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNarayanan2006" class="citation book cs1">Narayanan, M. G. S. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NhNuAAAAMAAJ"><i>Calicut: The City of Truth Revisited</i></a>. Calicut University Publications. p. 198. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7748-104-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7748-104-4"><bdi>978-81-7748-104-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230714131529/https://books.google.com/books?id=NhNuAAAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 14 July 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Calicut%3A+The+City+of+Truth+Revisited&rft.pages=198&rft.pub=Calicut+University+Publications&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-81-7748-104-4&rft.aulast=Narayanan&rft.aufirst=M.+G.+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNhNuAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The incident is mentioned by <a href="/wiki/Lu%C3%ADs_de_Cam%C3%B5es" title="Luís de Camões">Camões</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/Os_Lus%C3%ADadas" title="Os Lusíadas">The Lusiads</a></i>, where it is stated that the Zamorin "showed no signs of treachery" and that "on the other hand, Gama's conduct in carrying off the five men he had entrapped on board his ships is indefensible".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChalmers1810" class="citation book cs1">Chalmers, Alexander (1810). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EuMSqgHF8TYC&pg=PA549"><i>English Translations: From Modern and Ancient Poems</i></a>. J. Johnson. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230714131349/https://books.google.com/books?id=EuMSqgHF8TYC&pg=PA549">Archived</a> from the original on 14 July 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=English+Translations%3A+From+Modern+and+Ancient+Poems&rft.pub=J.+Johnson&rft.date=1810&rft.aulast=Chalmers&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEuMSqgHF8TYC%26pg%3DPA549&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/img.livehistoryindia.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/Een_aantal_Oostindi_vaarders_voor_de_kust_Rijksmuseum_SK_A_3108.jpeg">"Pulicat & the Forgotten Indian Slave Trade"</a>. <i>Live History India</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230714131348/https://s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/img.livehistoryindia.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/Een_aantal_Oostindi_vaarders_voor_de_kust_Rijksmuseum_SK_A_3108.jpeg">Archived</a> from the original on 14 July 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Live+History+India&rft.atitle=Pulicat+%26+the+Forgotten+Indian+Slave+Trade&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fs3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com%2Fimg.livehistoryindia.com%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2019%2F07%2FEen_aantal_Oostindi_vaarders_voor_de_kust_Rijksmuseum_SK_A_3108.jpeg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSreedhara_Menon1967" class="citation book cs1">Sreedhara Menon, A. (1967). <i>A Survey of Kerala History</i>. Kottayam: D. C. Books. p. 152.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Survey+of+Kerala+History&rft.place=Kottayam&rft.pages=152&rft.pub=D.+C.+Books&rft.date=1967&rft.aulast=Sreedhara+Menon&rft.aufirst=A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Logan-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Logan_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Logan_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Logan_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Logan_15-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Logan_15-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Logan_15-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLogan2000" class="citation book cs1">Logan, William (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9mR2QXrVEJIC&pg=RA1-PA312"><i>Malabar Manual</i></a>. Asian Educational Services. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-206-0446-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-206-0446-9"><bdi>978-81-206-0446-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230714131350/https://books.google.com/books?id=9mR2QXrVEJIC&pg=RA1-PA312">Archived</a> from the original on 14 July 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 June</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Malabar+Manual&rft.pub=Asian+Educational+Services&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-81-206-0446-9&rft.aulast=Logan&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9mR2QXrVEJIC%26pg%3DRA1-PA312&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A. R. Disney: <i>A History of Portugal and the Portuguese Empire</i>, volume II, p. 147.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Luís Filipe Ferreira Reis Thomaz (1994): <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=71htAAAAMAAJ"><i>De Ceuta a Timor</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230714131904/https://books.google.com/books?id=71htAAAAMAAJ">Archived</a> 14 July 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> p.240</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Luís Filipe Ferreira Reis Thomaz (1994): <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=71htAAAAMAAJ"><i>De Ceuta a Timor</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230714131904/https://books.google.com/books?id=71htAAAAMAAJ">Archived</a> 14 July 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> p.248</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Roger Crowley (2015): <i>Conquerors: How Portugal Seized the Indian Ocean and Forged the First Global Empire</i> p. 288. Faber & Faber. London.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sanceau, 1936, p.235-236</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sanceau, 1936, p.235</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sanceau, 1936, p.298</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Crowley, 2015, p.356</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlbuquerqueBirch1875" class="citation web cs1">Albuquerque, Afonso de; Birch, Walter de Gray (21 September 1875). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/commentariesgre03bircgoog/page/n249">"The commentaries of the great Afonso Dalboquerque, second viceroy of India"</a>. London : Printed for the Hakluyt society – via Internet Archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+commentaries+of+the+great+Afonso+Dalboquerque%2C+second+viceroy+of+India&rft.pub=London+%3A+Printed+for+the+Hakluyt+society&rft.date=1875-09-21&rft.aulast=Albuquerque&rft.aufirst=Afonso+de&rft.au=Birch%2C+Walter+de+Gray&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcommentariesgre03bircgoog%2Fpage%2Fn249&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Luís Filipe Ferreira Reis Thomaz (1994): <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=71htAAAAMAAJ"><i>De Ceuta a Timor</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230714131904/https://books.google.com/books?id=71htAAAAMAAJ">Archived</a> 14 July 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> p. 249</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"A Population History of India: From the First Modern People to the Present Day"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCuoto2005" class="citation book cs1">Cuoto, Maria Aurora (2005). <i>Goa: A Daughter's Story</i>. Penguin Books. pp. 109–121, 128–131.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Goa%3A+A+Daughter%27s+Story&rft.pages=109-121%2C+128-131&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Cuoto&rft.aufirst=Maria+Aurora&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlenn" class="citation book cs1">Glenn, Ames. <i>Portugal and its Empire, 1250–1800 (Collected Essays in Memory of Glenn J. Ames</i>. 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(2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://journals.openedition.org/lerhistoria/8618">"Contesting Sacred Space in the Estado da India: Asserting Cultural Dominance over Religious Sites in Goa"</a>. <i>Ler História</i> (78): 111–134. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4000%2Flerhistoria.8618">10.4000/lerhistoria.8618</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0870-6182">0870-6182</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210826141433/https://journals.openedition.org/lerhistoria/8618">Archived</a> from the original on 26 August 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ler+Hist%C3%B3ria&rft.atitle=Contesting+Sacred+Space+in+the+Estado+da+India%3A+Asserting+Cultural+Dominance+over+Religious+Sites+in+Goa&rft.issue=78&rft.pages=111-134&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4000%2Flerhistoria.8618&rft.issn=0870-6182&rft.aulast=Walker&rft.aufirst=Timothy+D.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjournals.openedition.org%2Flerhistoria%2F8618&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarrett" class="citation web cs1">Barrett, Greg. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/1366156">"An exploration of the role of Portugal in the economic integration of Asia and Europe with a focus on the pepper market"</a>. <i>Academia</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220417195605/https://www.academia.edu/1366156">Archived</a> from the original on 17 April 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Academia&rft.atitle=An+exploration+of+the+role+of+Portugal+in+the+economic+integration+of+Asia+and+Europe+with+a+focus+on+the+pepper+market&rft.aulast=Barrett&rft.aufirst=Greg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F1366156&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200801155422/http://goamuseum.gov.in/collections.html?group=14">"Goa Museum – Government of Goa"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://goamuseum.gov.in/collections.html?group=14">the original</a> on 1 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Goa+Museum+%E2%80%93+Government+of+Goa&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgoamuseum.gov.in%2Fcollections.html%3Fgroup%3D14&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.goaprintingpress.gov.in/about-us">"Goa Printing Press"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170606033001/http://goaprintingpress.gov.in/about-us/">Archived</a> from the original on 6 June 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Goa+Printing+Press&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.goaprintingpress.gov.in%2Fabout-us&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A. J. R. Russell-Wood, <i>The Portuguese Empire, 1415-1808: A World on the Move</i>, p.204.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">M.N. Pearson. "The New Cambridge History of India: The Portuguese in India." 1988. Pages 92–93: "In 1524 there were 450 Portuguese householders in Goa city, and in 1540 about 1,800. The former figure refers to "pure" Portuguese, while the latter includes descendants of Portuguese and local women, in other words <i><a href="/wiki/Mesti%C3%A7o" title="Mestiço">mestiços</a></i>. There were also 3,600 soldiers in the town in 1540. In the 1540s, at the time of St Francis Xavier, the city population included 10,000 Indian Christians, 3,000-4,000 Portuguese, and many non-Christians, while outside the city the rest of Ilhas contained 50,000 inhabitants, 80 percent of them Hindu. Recent estimates put the city population at 60,000 in the 1580s, and about 75,000 at 1600, the latter figure including 1,500 Portuguese and <i>mestiços</i>, 20,000 Hindus, and the rest local Christians, Africans, and others. In the 1630s the total population of the Old Conquests — Ilhas, <a href="/wiki/Bardes" class="mw-redirect" title="Bardes">Bardes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Salcette" class="mw-redirect" title="Salcette">Salcette</a> — was perhaps a little more than a quarter of a million... Casualties in the endless skirmishes with Malabarese and others were often substantial. Cholera and malaria also took their toll; one estimate claims that from 1604 to 1634, 25,000 soldiers died in the Royal Hospital in Goa."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pearson, p. 56–59.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.colonialvoyage.com/asia-dutch-colonial-remains-16th-18th-centuries/">"Colonial Voyage – Tangasseri"</a>. Mathrubhumi. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160221011219/http://www.colonialvoyage.com/asia-dutch-colonial-remains-16th-18th-centuries/">Archived</a> from the original on 21 February 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 January</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Colonial+Voyage+%E2%80%93+Tangasseri&rft.pub=Mathrubhumi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.colonialvoyage.com%2Fasia-dutch-colonial-remains-16th-18th-centuries%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oocities.org/athens/Acropolis/9669/tangy.htm">"Tangasseri – OOCITIES"</a>. OOCITIES. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150109123824/http://www.oocities.org/athens/Acropolis/9669/tangy.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 9 January 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 January</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tangasseri+%E2%80%93+OOCITIES&rft.pub=OOCITIES&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oocities.org%2Fathens%2FAcropolis%2F9669%2Ftangy.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.asithrissurcircle.in/Monuments.html">"Archaeological site and remains"</a>. Archaeological Survey of India – Thrissur Circle. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130604234200/http://www.asithrissurcircle.in/Monuments.html">Archived</a> from the original on 4 June 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 January</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archaeological+site+and+remains&rft.pub=Archaeological+Survey+of+India+%E2%80%93+Thrissur+Circle&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.asithrissurcircle.in%2FMonuments.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131122170529/http://rotarytangasseri.org/history.html">"Tangasseri: A Brief History"</a>. <i>Rotary Club of Tangasseri</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rotarytangasseri.org/history.html">the original</a> on 22 November 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 January</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Rotary+Club+of+Tangasseri&rft.atitle=Tangasseri%3A+A+Brief+History&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frotarytangasseri.org%2Fhistory.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A. R. Disney: <i>A History of Portugal and the Portuguese Empire</i>, volume II, p. 321.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-R._Disney_p._325-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-R._Disney_p._325_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-R._Disney_p._325_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">A. R. Disney: <i>A History of Portugal and the Portuguese Empire</i>, volume II, p. 325.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A. R. Disney: <i>A History of Portugal and the Portuguese Empire</i>, volume II, p. 326.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://goemkarponn.com/cm-places-wreath-at-pintos-revolt-memorial/">"CM PLACES WREATH AT PINTO'S REVOLT MEMORIAL"</a>. <i>goemkarponn.com</i>. 13 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=goemkarponn.com&rft.atitle=CM+PLACES+WREATH+AT+PINTO%E2%80%99S+REVOLT+MEMORIAL&rft.date=2022-12-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgoemkarponn.com%2Fcm-places-wreath-at-pintos-revolt-memorial%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/pinto-revolt-murals-to-adorn-candolim-road/articleshow/56129402.cms">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Pinto Revolt' murals to adorn Candolim road"</a>. 23 December 2016 – via The Economic Times - The Times of India.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E2%80%98Pinto+Revolt%E2%80%99+murals+to+adorn+Candolim+road&rft.date=2016-12-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fcity%2Fgoa%2Fpinto-revolt-murals-to-adorn-candolim-road%2Farticleshow%2F56129402.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/58cf5e45-1d2d-457e-b3ae-cc533d9735e2">"Catalogue Description: 'The British Occupation of the Portuguese Settlements in India, Goa, Diu, Damaun,..."</a> <i>discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk</i>. The National Archives. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220710165547/https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/58cf5e45-1d2d-457e-b3ae-cc533d9735e2">Archived</a> from the original on 10 July 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk&rft.atitle=Catalogue+Description%3A+%27The+British+Occupation+of+the+Portuguese+Settlements+in+India%2C+Goa%2C+Diu%2C+Damaun%2C...&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdiscovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk%2Fdetails%2Fr%2F58cf5e45-1d2d-457e-b3ae-cc533d9735e2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Disney, II, 2009, p. 330.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeasor1978" class="citation book cs1">Leasor, J. (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200807210000/http://www.jamesleasor.com/boarding-party-filmed-and-republished-in-paperback-as-the-sea-wolves/"><i>Boarding Party</i></a>. London: Heinemann. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-434-41026-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-434-41026-8"><bdi>0-434-41026-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/4191743">4191743</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jamesleasor.com/boarding-party-filmed-and-republished-in-paperback-as-the-sea-wolves/">the original</a> on 7 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Boarding+Party&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Heinemann&rft.date=1978&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F4191743&rft.isbn=0-434-41026-8&rft.aulast=Leasor&rft.aufirst=J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jamesleasor.com%2Fboarding-party-filmed-and-republished-in-paperback-as-the-sea-wolves%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMascarenhas" class="citation web cs1">Mascarenhas, Lambert. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120214125132/http://www.goacom.com/culture/history/history4.html">"Goa's Freedom Movement"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.goacom.com/culture/history/history4.html">the original</a> on 14 February 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Goa%27s+Freedom+Movement&rft.aulast=Mascarenhas&rft.aufirst=Lambert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.goacom.com%2Fculture%2Fhistory%2Fhistory4.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111222171240/http://www.icj-cij.org/docket/files/32/4523.pdf">"CASE CONCERNING RIGHT OF PASSAGE OVER INDIAN TERRITORY (MERITS): Judgment of 12 April 1960"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 22 December 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icj-cij.org/docket/files/32/4523.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 22 December 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CASE+CONCERNING+RIGHT+OF+PASSAGE+OVER+INDIAN+TERRITORY+%28MERITS%29%3A+Judgment+of+12+April+1960&rft.date=2011-12-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.icj-cij.org%2Fdocket%2Ffiles%2F32%2F4523.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSingh1992" class="citation web cs1">Singh, Satyindra (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060706083838/http://indiannavy.nic.in/bptobw.pdf">"Blueprint to Bluewater, The Indian Navy, 1951–65"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.indiannavy.nic.in/bptobw.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 6 July 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Blueprint+to+Bluewater%2C+The+Indian+Navy%2C+1951%E2%80%9365&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Satyindra&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.indiannavy.nic.in%2Fbptobw.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAli1986" class="citation book cs1">Ali, B. Sheikh (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tCZuAAAAMAAJ&q=indian+consulate++"><i>Goa Wins Freedom: Reflections and Reminiscences</i></a>. Goa University. p. 154. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-85571-00-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-85571-00-3"><bdi>978-81-85571-00-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230714131904/https://books.google.com/books?id=tCZuAAAAMAAJ&q=indian+consulate++">Archived</a> from the original on 14 July 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Goa+Wins+Freedom%3A+Reflections+and+Reminiscences&rft.pages=154&rft.pub=Goa+University&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-81-85571-00-3&rft.aulast=Ali&rft.aufirst=B.+Sheikh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtCZuAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Dindian%2Bconsulate%2B%2B&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEsteves1966" class="citation book cs1">Esteves, Sarto (1966). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oNQLAAAAIAAJ&q=consul+general"><i>Goa and Its Future</i></a>. Manaktalas. p. 88. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220415224126/https://books.google.com/books?id=oNQLAAAAIAAJ&q=consul+general">Archived</a> from the original on 15 April 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Goa+and+Its+Future&rft.pages=88&rft.pub=Manaktalas&rft.date=1966&rft.aulast=Esteves&rft.aufirst=Sarto&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoNQLAAAAIAAJ%26q%3Dconsul%2Bgeneral&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrabhakar2003" class="citation book cs1">Prabhakar, Peter Wilson (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qYK0BhcgwaQC&q=indian%2520blockade%2520goa&pg=PA39"><i>Wars, Proxy-wars and Terrorism: Post Independent India</i></a>. New Delhi: Mittal Publications. p. 39. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7099-890-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7099-890-7"><bdi>978-81-7099-890-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230714131904/https://books.google.com/books?id=qYK0BhcgwaQC&q=indian%2520blockade%2520goa&pg=PA39">Archived</a> from the original on 14 July 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Goa University Publications Series No. 6. Vol. 2: An Economic History. New Delhi: Concept Publishing Company. p. 276. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7022-259-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7022-259-0"><bdi>978-81-7022-259-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230714131904/https://books.google.com/books?id=dwYDPnEjTb4C&q=indian%2520blockade%2520goa&pg=PA276">Archived</a> from the original on 14 July 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,843378,00.html">the original</a> on 15 December 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=But+Not+Gone&rft.date=1967-01-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F0%2C9171%2C843378%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoland-CreweLea2003" class="citation book cs1">Boland-Crewe, Tara; Lea, David (2 September 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=M2uPAgAAQBAJ&q=30%2520May%25201987%2520that%2520Goa%2520became%2520the%252025th%2520state%2520of%2520the%2520Indian%2520Union&pg=PA25"><i>The Territories and States of India</i></a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 June</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gangadhar+Yashwant+Bhandare+vs+Erasmo+Jesus+De+Sequiria&rft.pub=manupatra&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.manupatrainternational.in%2Fsupremecourt%2F1950-1979%2Fsc1975%2Fs750288.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Goa To Have An Exile Government". <i><a href="/wiki/The_Age" title="The Age">The Age</a></i>. 5 January 1962. p. 4.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Age&rft.atitle=Goa+To+Have+An+Exile+Government&rft.pages=4&rft.date=1962-01-05&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UMgTAAAAIAAJ&q=%2522continue+to+have+representation+in+the+Portuguese+National+Assembly%2522"><i>Asian Recorder</i></a>, vol. 8, 1962, p. 4490, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230714132359/https://books.google.com/books?id=UMgTAAAAIAAJ&q=%2522continue+to+have+representation+in+the+Portuguese+National+Assembly%2522">archived</a> from the original on 14 July 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 December</span> 2020</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Asian+Recorder&rft.pages=4490&rft.date=1962&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUMgTAAAAIAAJ%26q%3D%252522continue%2Bto%2Bhave%2Brepresentation%2Bin%2Bthe%2BPortuguese%2BNational%2BAssembly%252522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mea.gov.in/bilateral-documents.htm?dtl/5964/Treaty+on+Recognition+of+Indias+Sovereignty+over+Goa+Daman+and+Diu+Dadar+and+Nagar+Haveli+Amendment+14+Mar+1975">"Treaty on Recognition of India's Sovereignty over Goa, Daman and Diu, Dadar and Nagar Haveli Amendment, 14 Mar 1975"</a>. <i>mea.gov.in</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160509101742/http://mea.gov.in/bilateral-documents.htm?dtl/5964/Treaty+on+Recognition+of+Indias+Sovereignty+over+Goa+Daman+and+Diu+Dadar+and+Nagar+Haveli+Amendment+14+Mar+1975">Archived</a> from the original on 9 May 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 May</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=mea.gov.in&rft.atitle=Treaty+on+Recognition+of+India%27s+Sovereignty+over+Goa%2C+Daman+and+Diu%2C+Dadar+and+Nagar+Haveli+Amendment%2C+14+Mar+1975&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmea.gov.in%2Fbilateral-documents.htm%3Fdtl%2F5964%2FTreaty%2Bon%2BRecognition%2Bof%2BIndias%2BSovereignty%2Bover%2BGoa%2BDaman%2Band%2BDiu%2BDadar%2Band%2BNagar%2BHaveli%2BAmendment%2B14%2BMar%2B1975&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarbosa2014" class="citation news cs1">Barbosa, Alexandre Moniz (15 January 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/Portuguese-nationality-is-fundamental-right-by-law/articleshow/28808047.cms">"Portuguese Nationality is Fundamental Right by Law"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Times_of_India" title="The Times of India">The Times of India</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211128215119/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/Portuguese-nationality-is-fundamental-right-by-law/articleshow/28808047.cms">Archived</a> from the original on 28 November 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Portuguese+Nationality+is+Fundamental+Right+by+Law&rft.date=2014-01-15&rft.aulast=Barbosa&rft.aufirst=Alexandre+Moniz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fcity%2Fgoa%2FPortuguese-nationality-is-fundamental-right-by-law%2Farticleshow%2F28808047.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/portuguese-citizens-cannot-contest-polls-faleiro/article5472699.ece">"Portuguese Citizens Cannot Contest Polls: Faleiro"</a>. <i>The Hindu</i>. 18 December 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170112183347/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/portuguese-citizens-cannot-contest-polls-faleiro/article5472699.ece">Archived</a> from the original on 12 January 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Portuguese+Citizens+Cannot+Contest+Polls%3A+Faleiro&rft.date=2013-12-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Ftodays-paper%2Ftp-national%2Ftp-karnataka%2Fportuguese-citizens-cannot-contest-polls-faleiro%2Farticle5472699.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A. R. Disney: <i>A History of Portugal and the Portuguese Empire</i>, volume II, 2009, p. 159.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Disney,_II,_2009,_p._161-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Disney,_II,_2009,_p._161_71-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Disney,_II,_2009,_p._161_71-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Disney,_II,_2009,_p._161_71-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Disney,_II,_2009,_p._161_71-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Disney, II, 2009, p. 161.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Disney,_volume_II,_2009,_p._160-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Disney,_volume_II,_2009,_p._160_72-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Disney,_volume_II,_2009,_p._160_72-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Disney,_volume_II,_2009,_p._160_72-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Disney, volume II, 2009, p. 160.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Disney,_II,_2009,_p._163-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Disney,_II,_2009,_p._163_73-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Disney,_II,_2009,_p._163_73-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Disney, II, 2009, p. 163.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Disney,_II,_2009,_p._164-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Disney,_II,_2009,_p._164_74-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Disney,_II,_2009,_p._164_74-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Disney,_II,_2009,_p._164_74-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Disney,_II,_2009,_p._164_74-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Disney,_II,_2009,_p._164_74-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Disney, II, 2009, p. 164.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Disney, II, 2009, p. 165.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A. R. Disney: <i>A History of Portugal and the Portuguese Empire</i>, volume II, 2009, p. 150.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Disney, 2009, p.150</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Disney, 2009, p.152</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeupp2003" class="citation book cs1">Leupp, Gary P. (2003). <i>Interracial Intimacy in Japan</i>. <a href="/wiki/Continuum_International_Publishing_Group" title="Continuum International Publishing Group">Continuum International Publishing Group</a>. p. 35. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-6074-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-6074-5"><bdi>978-0-8264-6074-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Interracial+Intimacy+in+Japan&rft.pages=35&rft.pub=Continuum+International+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-8264-6074-5&rft.aulast=Leupp&rft.aufirst=Gary+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto1-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_80-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_80-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Disney, 2009, p.155</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto5-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto5_81-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto5_81-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto5_81-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Disney, 2009, p.156</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Disney, 2009, p.173</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto2-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto2_83-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto2_83-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto2_83-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto2_83-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto2_83-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Disney, 2009, p.175</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Disney, 2009, p.176</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Disney, 2009, p.177</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto6-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto6_86-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto6_86-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Disney, 2009, p.153</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Disney, 2009, p.310</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Disney, 2009, p.306</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Disney, 2009, p.312</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_90-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_90-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Disney, 2009, p.147</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto4-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto4_91-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto4_91-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto4_91-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto4_91-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Disney, 2009, p.148</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Disney, 2009, p.149</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_India&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about <br /> <b>Portuguese India</b> <hr /></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Portuguese+India&library=OLBP">Online books</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Portuguese+India">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Portuguese+India&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li>Andrada (undated). <i>The Life of Dom John de Castro: The Fourth Vice Roy of India</i>. Jacinto Freire de Andrada. Translated into English by Peter Wyche. (1664). Henry Herrington, New Exchange, London. Facsimile edition (1994) AES Reprint, New Delhi. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-206-0900-X" title="Special:BookSources/81-206-0900-X">81-206-0900-X</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._M._Panikkar" title="K. M. Panikkar">Panikkar, K. M.</a> (1953). Asia and Western dominance, 1498–1945, by K.M. Panikkar. London: G. Allen and Unwin.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._M._Panikkar" title="K. M. Panikkar">Panikkar, K. M.</a> 1929: Malabar and the Portuguese: being a history of the relations of the Portuguese with Malabar from 1500 to 1663</li> <li>Priolkar, A. K. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/GoaInquisitionAnantKakbaPriolkar">The Goa Inquisition</a> (Bombay, 1961).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeclercq2021" class="citation book cs1">Declercq, Nico F. (2021). "Chapter 41: Fortresses and settlements in Goa and Sri Lanka and the appearance of Iberian names". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/The_Desclergues_of_la_Villa_Ducal_de_Montblanc"><i>The Desclergues of la Villa Ducal de Montblanc</i></a>. Nico F. Declercq. pp. 691–696. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-831769-0-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-831769-0-1"><bdi>978-90-831769-0-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+41%3A+Fortresses+and+settlements+in+Goa+and+Sri+Lanka+and+the+appearance+of+Iberian+names&rft.btitle=The+Desclergues+of+la+Villa+Ducal+de+Montblanc&rft.pages=691-696&rft.pub=Nico+F.+Declercq&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-90-831769-0-1&rft.aulast=Declercq&rft.aufirst=Nico+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FThe_Desclergues_of_la_Villa_Ducal_de_Montblanc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+India" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_India&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Portuguese_India" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Portuguese India">Portuguese India</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.colonialvoyage.com/">ColonialVoyage.com</a> – History of the Portuguese and the Dutch in Ceylon, India, Malacca, Bengal, Formosa, Africa, Brazil.</li> <li>Biographical entries on Portuguese viceroys and governors of India (1550–1640) in Portuguese – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/28553333/Virtual_Encyclopedia_of_the_Portuguese_Expansion_Articles_2008_2017Virtual">Encyclopedia of the Portuguese Expansion</a> (PDF)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Portuguese_Empire" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks plainlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Portuguese_overseas_empire" title="Template:Portuguese overseas empire"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Portuguese_overseas_empire" title="Template talk:Portuguese overseas empire"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Portuguese_overseas_empire" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Portuguese overseas empire"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Portuguese_Empire" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portuguese Empire</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:transparent;text-align:left;"><div id="North_Africa" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">North Africa</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding-left:1.0em;text-align:left;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break col-break-3"> <p><span style="font-size:120%"><b>15th century</b></span> </p> <table style="line-height: 1.5em; border-spacing:0;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1415–1640</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Ceuta" title="Ceuta">Ceuta</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1458–1550</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Ksar_es-Seghir" title="Ksar es-Seghir">Alcácer Ceguer <span style="font-size:85%;">(El Qsar es Seghir)</span></a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1471–1550</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Asilah" title="Portuguese Asilah">Arzila <span style="font-size:85%;">(Asilah)</span></a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1471–1662</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Tangier" title="Portuguese Tangier">Tangier</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1485–1550</td><td> <a href="/wiki/El_Jadida" title="El Jadida">Mazagan <span style="font-size:85%;">(El Jadida)</span></a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1487–16th century</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Ouadane" title="Ouadane">Ouadane</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1488–1541</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Safi,_Morocco" title="Safi, Morocco">Safim <span style="font-size:85%;">(Safi)</span></a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1489</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Graciosa_fortress" title="Graciosa fortress">Graciosa</a></td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td class="col-break col-break-3"> <p><span style="font-size:120%"><b>16th century</b></span> </p> <table style="line-height: 1.5em; border-spacing:0;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1505–1541</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Agadir" title="Agadir">Santa Cruz do Cabo de Gué <span style="font-size:85%;">(Agadir)</span></a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1506–1525</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Essaouira" title="Essaouira">Mogador <span style="font-size:85%;">(Essaouira)</span></a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1506–1525</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Souira_Guedima" title="Souira Guedima">Aguz <span style="font-size:85%;">(Souira Guedima)</span></a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1506–1769</td><td> <a href="/wiki/El_Jadida" title="El Jadida">Mazagan <span style="font-size:85%;">(El Jadida)</span></a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1513–1541</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Azemmour" title="Azemmour">Azamor <span style="font-size:85%;">(Azemmour)</span></a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1515–1541</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Mehdya,_Morocco" title="Mehdya, Morocco">São João da Mamora <span style="font-size:85%;">(Mehdya)</span></a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1577–1589</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Asilah" title="Asilah">Arzila <span style="font-size:85%;">(Asilah)</span></a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>  </p> </td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Portugal_Imp%C3%A9rio_total.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Anachronous map of the Portuguese Empire (1415-1999)"><img alt="Anachronous map of the Portuguese Empire (1415-1999)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Portugal_Imp%C3%A9rio_total.png/300px-Portugal_Imp%C3%A9rio_total.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Portugal_Imp%C3%A9rio_total.png/450px-Portugal_Imp%C3%A9rio_total.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Portugal_Imp%C3%A9rio_total.png/600px-Portugal_Imp%C3%A9rio_total.png 2x" data-file-width="1425" data-file-height="625" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:transparent;text-align:left;"><div id="Sub-Saharan_Africa" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Sub-Saharan Africa</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding-left:1.0em;text-align:left;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break"> <p><span style="font-size:120%"><b>15th century</b></span> </p> <table style="line-height: 1.5em; border-spacing:0;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1455–1633</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Arguin" title="Arguin">Arguim</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1462–1975</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Cape_Verde" title="Portuguese Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1470–1975</td><td> <span style="position:relative; bottom:0.1em;"><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_Island" title="São Tomé Island">São Tomé</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></span></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1471–1975</td><td> <span style="position:relative; bottom:0.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="Príncipe">Príncipe</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></span></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1474–1778</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Annob%C3%B3n" title="Annobón">Annobón</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1478–1778</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Bioko" title="Bioko">Fernando Poo <span style="font-size:85%;">(Bioko)</span></a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1482–1637</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Elmina" title="Elmina">Elmina <span style="font-size:85%;">(São Jorge da Mina)</span></a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1482–1642</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Gold_Coast" title="Portuguese Gold Coast">Portuguese Gold Coast</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1498–1540</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Mascarene_Islands" title="Mascarene Islands">Mascarene Islands</a></td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td class="col-break"> <p><span style="font-size:120%"><b>16th century</b></span> </p> <table style="line-height: 1.5em; border-spacing:0;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1500–1630</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Malindi" title="Malindi">Malindi</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1501–1975</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Mozambique" title="Portuguese Mozambique">Portuguese Mozambique</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1502–1659</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena" title="Saint Helena">Saint Helena</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1503–1698</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Zanzibar" title="Zanzibar">Zanzibar</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1505–1512</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Kilwa_Kisiwani" title="Kilwa Kisiwani">Quíloa <span style="font-size:85%;">(Kilwa)</span></a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1506–1511</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Socotra" title="Socotra">Socotra</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1508–1547<sup><small>2</small></sup></td><td> <a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a><sup><small>3</small></sup></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1557–1578</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Accra" title="Accra">Accra</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1575–1975</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Angola" title="Portuguese Angola">Portuguese Angola</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1588–1974</td><td> <span style="position:relative; bottom:0.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Cacheu" title="Cacheu">Cacheu</a><sup><small>4</small></sup></span></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1593–1698</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Mombasa" title="Mombasa">Mombassa <span style="font-size:85%;">(Mombasa)</span></a></td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td class="col-break"> <p><span style="font-size:120%"><b>17th century</b></span> </p> <table style="line-height: 1.5em; border-spacing:0;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1645–1888</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Ziguinchor" title="Ziguinchor">Ziguinchor</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1680–1961</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Fort_of_S%C3%A3o_Jo%C3%A3o_Baptista_de_Ajud%C3%A1" title="Fort of São João Baptista de Ajudá">São João Baptista de Ajudá, Benin</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1687–1974</td><td> <span style="position:relative; bottom:0.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Bissau" title="Bissau">Bissau</a><sup><small>4</small></sup></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><span style="font-size:120%"><b>18th century</b></span> </p> <table style="line-height: 1.5em; border-spacing:0;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1728–1729</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Mombasa" title="Mombasa">Mombassa <span style="font-size:85%;">(Mombasa)</span></a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1753–1975</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="Portuguese São Tomé and Príncipe">Portuguese São Tomé and Príncipe</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><span style="font-size:120%"><b>19th century</b></span> </p> <table style="line-height: 1.5em; border-spacing:0;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1879–1974</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Guinea" title="Portuguese Guinea">Portuguese Guinea</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1885–1974</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Cabinda_Province" title="Cabinda Province">Portuguese Congo</a><sup><small>5</small></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>  </p> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="plainlist" style="padding:0.5em 0 0.75em 0.25em;font-size:90%;line-height:1.2em;"><ul><li><sup><small>1</small></sup> Part of <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="Portuguese São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a> from 1753.</li><li><sup><small>2</small></sup> Or 1600.</li><li><sup><small>3</small></sup> A factory (<a href="/wiki/Anosy" title="Anosy">Anosy Region</a>) and small temporary coastal bases.</li><li><sup><small>4</small></sup> Part of <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Guinea" title="Portuguese Guinea">Portuguese Guinea</a> from 1879.</li><li><sup><small>5</small></sup> Part of <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Angola" title="Portuguese Angola">Portuguese Angola</a> from the 1920s.</li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:transparent;text-align:left;"><div id="Middle_East_&#91;Persian_Gulf&#93;" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Middle East [Persian Gulf]</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding-left:1.0em;text-align:left;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break col-break-3"> <p><span style="font-size:120%"><b>16th century</b></span> </p> <table style="line-height: 1.5em; border-spacing:0;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1506–1615</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Bandar_Abbas" title="Bandar Abbas">Gamru <span style="font-size:85%;">(Bandar Abbas)</span></a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1507–1643</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Sohar" title="Sohar">Sohar</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1515–1622</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Ormus" title="Ormus">Hormuz <span style="font-size:85%;">(Ormus)</span></a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1515–1648</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Qurayyat,_Oman" title="Qurayyat, Oman">Quriyat</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1515–?</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Qalhat" title="Qalhat">Qalhat</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1515–1650</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Muscat" title="Muscat">Muscat</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1515?–?</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Barka,_Oman" title="Barka, Oman">Barka</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1515–1633?</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Ras_Al_Khaimah" title="Ras Al Khaimah">Julfar (Ras al-Khaimah)</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1521–1602</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Muharraq" title="Muharraq">Muharraq</a> • <a href="/wiki/Manama" title="Manama">Manama</a>)</span></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1521–1529?</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Qatif" title="Qatif">Qatif</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1521?–1551?</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Tarout_Island" title="Tarout Island">Tarut Island</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1550–1551</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Qatif" title="Qatif">Qatif</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1588–1648</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Muttrah" title="Muttrah">Matrah</a></td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td class="col-break col-break-3"> <p><span style="font-size:120%"><b>17th century</b></span> </p> <table style="line-height: 1.5em; border-spacing:0;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1620–?</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Khor_Fakkan" title="Khor Fakkan">Khor Fakkan</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1621?–?</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Seeb" title="Seeb">As Sib</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1621–1622</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Qeshm_Island" title="Qeshm Island">Qeshm</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1623–?</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Khasab" title="Khasab">Khasab</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1623–?</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Al_Badiyah" title="Al Badiyah">Libedia</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1624–?</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Kalba" title="Kalba">Kalba</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1624–?</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Madha" title="Madha">Madha</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1624–1648</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Dibba_Al-Hisn" title="Dibba Al-Hisn">Dibba Al-Hisn</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1624?–?</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Kong,_Iran" title="Kong, Iran">Bandar-e Kong</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>  </p> </td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:transparent;text-align:left;"><div id="South_Asia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">South Asia</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding-left:1.0em;text-align:left;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break col-break-3"> <p><span style="font-size:120%"><b>15th century</b></span> </p> <table style="line-height: 1.5em; border-spacing:0;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1498–1545</td><td> <div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Lakshadweep" title="Lakshadweep">Laccadive Islands<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(Lakshadweep)</span></a></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><span style="font-size:120%"><b>16th century</b></span> <br /><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Portuguese India</a> </p> <table style="line-height: 1.5em; border-spacing:0;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1500–1663</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Kochi" title="Kochi">Cochim <span style="font-size:85%;">(Kochi)</span></a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1501–1663</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Kannur" title="Kannur">Cannanore <span style="font-size:85%;">(Kannur)</span></a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> <div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"> • 1502–1658<br /><span style="padding-left:0.65em;"> </span>1659–1661</div></td><td> <div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Kollam" title="Kollam">Quilon<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(Coulão / Kollam)</span></a></div></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1502–1661</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Pallippuram,_Ernakulam" title="Pallippuram, Ernakulam">Pallipuram <span style="font-size:85%;">(Cochin de Cima)</span></a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1507–1657</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Negapatam" title="Portuguese Negapatam">Negapatam <span style="font-size:85%;">(Nagapatnam)</span></a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1510–1961</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Goa" title="Goa">Goa</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> <div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"> • 1512–1525<br /><span style="padding-left:0.65em;"> </span>1750</div></td><td> <div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Kozhikode" title="Kozhikode">Calicut<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(Kozhikode)</span></a></div></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1518–1619</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Pulicat" title="Pulicat">Portuguese Paliacate outpost <span style="font-size:85%;">(Pulicat)</span></a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1521–1740</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Chaul" title="Chaul">Chaul</a></td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td class="col-break col-break-3"> <table style="line-height: 1.5em; border-spacing:0;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  </td><td> (Portuguese India)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1523–1662</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Mylapore" title="Mylapore">Mylapore</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1528–1666</td><td> <div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_settlement_in_Chittagong" title="Portuguese settlement in Chittagong">Chittagong<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(Porto Grande De Bengala)</span></a></div></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1531–1571</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Chaul" title="Chaul">Chaul</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1531–1571</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Chaliyam" title="Chaliyam">Chalé</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1534–1601</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Salsette_Island" title="Salsette Island">Salsette Island</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1534–1661</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Mumbai" title="Mumbai">Bombay <span style="font-size:85%;">(Mumbai)</span></a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1535</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Ponnani" title="Ponnani">Ponnani</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1535–1739</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Vasai-Virar" title="Vasai-Virar">Baçaím <span style="font-size:85%;">(Vasai-Virar)</span></a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1536–1662</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Kodungallur" title="Kodungallur">Cranganore <span style="font-size:85%;">(Kodungallur)</span></a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1540–1612</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Surat" title="Surat">Surat</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1548–1658</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Thoothukudi" title="Thoothukudi">Tuticorin <span style="font-size:85%;">(Thoothukudi)</span></a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1559–1961</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Daman_and_Diu" title="Daman and Diu">Daman and Diu</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1568–1659</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Mangalore" title="Mangalore">Mangalore</a></td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td class="col-break col-break-3"> <table style="line-height: 1.5em; border-spacing:0;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  </td><td> (Portuguese India)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1579–1632</td><td><a href="/wiki/Hugli-Chuchura" title="Hugli-Chuchura">Hugli</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1598–1610</td><td><a href="/wiki/Machilipatnam" title="Machilipatnam">Masulipatnam <span style="font-size:85%;">(Machilipatnam)</span></a></td></tr></tbody></table> <table style="line-height: 1.5em; border-spacing:0;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1518–1521</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Maldives" title="Maldives">Maldives</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1518–1658</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Ceylon" title="Portuguese Ceylon">Portuguese Ceylon <span style="font-size:85%;">(Sri Lanka)</span></a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1558–1573</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Maldives" title="Maldives">Maldives</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><span style="font-size:120%"><b>17th century</b></span> <br />Portuguese India </p> <table style="line-height: 1.5em; border-spacing:0;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1687–1749</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Mylapore" title="Mylapore">Mylapore</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><span style="font-size:120%"><b>18th century</b></span> <br />Portuguese India </p> <table style="line-height: 1.5em; border-spacing:0;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1779–1954</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Dadra_and_Nagar_Haveli" class="mw-redirect" title="Dadra and Nagar Haveli">Dadra and Nagar Haveli</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>  </p> </td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:transparent;text-align:left;"><div id="East_Asia_and_Oceania" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">East Asia and Oceania</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding-left:1.0em;text-align:left;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break col-break-3"> <p><span style="font-size:120%"><b>16th century</b></span> </p> <table style="line-height: 1.5em; border-spacing:0;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1511–1641</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Malacca" title="Portuguese Malacca">Portuguese Malacca</a> [Malaysia]</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1512–1621</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Maluku_Islands" title="Maluku Islands">Maluku</a> [Indonesia]</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1522–1575</td><td> <span style="padding-left:0.5em;"> </span><a href="/wiki/Ternate" title="Ternate">Ternate</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1576–1605</td><td> <span style="padding-left:0.5em;"> </span><a href="/wiki/Ambon_Island" title="Ambon Island">Ambon</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1578–1650</td><td> <span style="padding-left:0.5em;"> </span><a href="/wiki/Tidore" title="Tidore">Tidore</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1512–1665</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Makassar" title="Makassar">Makassar</a> [Indonesia]</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1515–1859</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Larantuka" title="Kingdom of Larantuka">Larantuka</a> [Indonesia]</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1557–1999</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Macau" title="Portuguese Macau">Macau</a> [China]</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1580–1586</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Nagasaki" title="Portuguese Nagasaki">Nagasaki</a> [Japan]</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><span style="font-size:120%"><b>17th century</b></span> </p> <table style="line-height: 1.5em; border-spacing:0;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1642–1975</td><td> <span style="position:relative; bottom:0.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Timor" title="Portuguese Timor">Portuguese Timor</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/East_Timor" title="East Timor">East Timor</a>)</span><sup><small>1</small></sup></span></td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td class="col-break col-break-3"> <p><span style="font-size:120%"><b>19th century</b></span> <br /><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Macau" title="Portuguese Macau">Portuguese Macau</a> </p> <table style="line-height: 1.5em; border-spacing:0;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1864–1999</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Coloane" title="Coloane">Coloane</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1851–1999</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Taipa" title="Taipa">Taipa</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1890–1999</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Ilha_Verde" title="Ilha Verde">Ilha Verde</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><span style="font-size:120%"><b>20th century</b></span> <br />Portuguese Macau </p> <table style="line-height: 1.5em; border-spacing:0;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1938–1941</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Hengqin" title="Hengqin">Lapa and Montanha <span style="font-size:85%;">(Hengqin)</span></a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>  </p> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="plainlist" style="padding:0.5em 0 0.75em 0.25em;font-size:90%;line-height:1.2em;"><ul><li><sup><small>1</small></sup> 1975 is the year of East Timor's Declaration of Independence and subsequent <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_invasion_of_East_Timor" title="Indonesian invasion of East Timor">invasion by Indonesia</a>. In 2002, East Timor's independence was fully recognized.</li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:transparent;text-align:left;"><div id="North_America_and_North_Atlantic" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">North America and North Atlantic</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding-left:1.0em;text-align:left;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break"> <p><span style="font-size:120%"><b>15th century</b> [Atlantic islands]</span> </p> <table style="line-height: 1.5em; border-spacing:0;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1420</td><td> <i><b><a href="/wiki/Madeira" title="Madeira">Madeira</a></b></i></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1432</td><td> <i><b><a href="/wiki/Azores" title="Azores">Azores</a></b></i></td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td class="col-break"> <p><span style="font-size:120%"><b>16th century</b> [Canada]</span> </p> <table style="line-height: 1.5em; border-spacing:0;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1500–1579?</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_(island)" title="Newfoundland (island)">Terra Nova <span style="font-size:85%;">(Newfoundland)</span></a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1500–1579?</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Labrador" title="Labrador">Labrador</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1516–1579?</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia" title="Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a></td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td class="col-break"> <p>  </p> </td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:transparent;text-align:left;"><div id="South_America_and_Caribbean" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">South America and Caribbean</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding-left:1.0em;text-align:left;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break"> <p><span style="font-size:120%"><b>16th century</b></span> </p> <table style="line-height: 1.5em; border-spacing:0;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1500–1822</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Colonial_Brazil" title="Colonial Brazil">Brazil</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1534–1549</td><td> <span style="padding-left:0.5em;"> </span><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_Colonies_of_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="Captaincy Colonies of Brazil">Captaincy Colonies of Brazil</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1549–1572</td><td> <span style="padding-left:0.5em;"> </span><a href="/wiki/Governorate_General_of_Brazil" title="Governorate General of Brazil">Brazil</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1572–1578</td><td> <span style="padding-left:0.5em;"> </span><a href="/wiki/Governorate_General_of_Bahia" title="Governorate General of Bahia">Bahia</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1572–1578</td><td> <span style="padding-left:0.5em;"> </span><a href="/wiki/Governorate_General_of_Rio_de_Janeiro" title="Governorate General of Rio de Janeiro">Rio de Janeiro</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1578–1607</td><td> <span style="padding-left:0.5em;"> </span><a href="/wiki/Governorate_General_of_Brazil" title="Governorate General of Brazil">Brazil</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1621–1815</td><td> <span style="padding-left:0.5em;"> </span><a href="/wiki/State_of_Brazil" title="State of Brazil">Brazil</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1536–1620</td><td> <a href="/wiki/History_of_Barbados" title="History of Barbados">Barbados</a></td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td class="col-break"> <p><span style="font-size:120%"><b>17th century</b></span> </p> <table style="line-height: 1.5em; border-spacing:0;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1621–1751</td><td> <a href="/wiki/State_of_Maranh%C3%A3o_(colonial)" title="State of Maranhão (colonial)">Maranhão</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1680–1777</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Colonia_del_Sacramento" title="Colonia del Sacramento">Nova Colónia do Sacramento</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><span style="font-size:120%"><b>18th century</b></span> </p> <table style="line-height: 1.5em; border-spacing:0;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1751–1772</td><td> <a href="/wiki/State_of_Gr%C3%A3o-Par%C3%A1_and_Maranh%C3%A3o" title="State of Grão-Pará and Maranhão">Grão-Pará and Maranhão</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1772–1775</td><td> <a href="/wiki/State_of_Gr%C3%A3o-Par%C3%A1_and_Rio_Negro" title="State of Grão-Pará and Rio Negro">Grão-Pará and Rio Negro</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1772–1775</td><td> <a href="/wiki/State_of_Maranh%C3%A3o_and_Piau%C3%AD" title="State of Maranhão and Piauí">Maranhão and Piauí</a></td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td class="col-break"> <p><span style="font-size:120%"><b>19th century</b></span> </p> <table style="line-height: 1.5em; border-spacing:0;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1808–1822</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Cisplatina" title="Cisplatina">Cisplatina <span style="font-size:85%;">(Uruguay)</span></a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1809–1817</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Amap%C3%A1" title="Amapá">Portuguese Guiana <span style="font-size:85%;">(Amapá)</span></a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1822</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Upper_Peru" title="Upper Peru">Upper Peru <span style="font-size:85%;">(Bolivia)</span></a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>  </p> </td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3" style="background:#efefef;padding:0.2em;line-height:1.2em;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armorial_of_Portuguese_colonies" class="mw-redirect" title="Armorial of Portuguese colonies">Armorial of Portuguese colonies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_the_Portuguese_Empire" title="Evolution of the Portuguese Empire">Evolution of the Portuguese Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_colonial_architecture" title="Portuguese colonial architecture">Portuguese colonial architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Portuguese colonization of the Americas">Portuguese colonization of the Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire_in_the_Indonesian_Archipelago" title="Portuguese Empire in the Indonesian Archipelago">Portuguese Empire in the Indonesian Archipelago</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Portuguese India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_the_Portuguese_discovery_of_Australia" title="Theory of the Portuguese discovery of Australia">Theory of the Portuguese discovery of Australia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Provinces_of_Portugal" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Historical_provinces_of_Portugal" title="Template:Historical provinces of Portugal"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Historical_provinces_of_Portugal" title="Template talk:Historical provinces of Portugal"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Historical_provinces_of_Portugal" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Historical provinces of Portugal"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Provinces_of_Portugal" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Portugal" title="Provinces of Portugal">Provinces of Portugal</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Medieval provinces</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alentejo" title="Alentejo">Alentejo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algarve" title="Algarve">Algarve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beira_(Portugal)" title="Beira (Portugal)">Beira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entre-Douro-e-Minho_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Entre-Douro-e-Minho Province">Entre Douro e Minho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estremadura_Province_(historical)" title="Estremadura Province (historical)">Estremadura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tr%C3%A1s-os-Montes_Province" title="Trás-os-Montes Province">Trás-os-Montes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Provinces of 1832</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azores" title="Azores">Açores</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alentejo" title="Alentejo">Alentejo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algarve" title="Algarve">Algarve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beira_Alta_Province" title="Beira Alta Province">Beira Alta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beira_Baixa_Province" title="Beira Baixa Province">Beira Baixa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douro_Province" title="Douro Province">Douro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estremadura_Province_(historical)" title="Estremadura Province (historical)">Estremadura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madeira" title="Madeira">Madeira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minho_Province" title="Minho Province">Minho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tr%C3%A1s-os-Montes_Province" title="Trás-os-Montes Province">Trás-os-Montes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Provinces of 1936</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algarve" title="Algarve">Algarve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alto_Alentejo_Province" title="Alto Alentejo Province">Alto Alentejo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baixo_Alentejo_Province" title="Baixo Alentejo Province">Baixo Alentejo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beira_Alta_Province" title="Beira Alta Province">Beira Alta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beira_Baixa_Province" title="Beira Baixa Province">Beira Baixa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beira_Litoral_Province" title="Beira Litoral Province">Beira Litoral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douro_Litoral_Province" title="Douro Litoral Province">Douro Litoral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estremadura_Province_(1936%E2%80%931976)" title="Estremadura Province (1936–1976)">Estremadura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minho_Province" title="Minho Province">Minho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ribatejo_Province" title="Ribatejo Province">Ribatejo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tr%C3%A1s-os-Montes_e_Alto_Douro_Province" title="Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro Province">Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Overseas_province" title="Overseas province">Overseas provinces</a> added in 1951</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Angola" title="Portuguese Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Cape_Verde" title="Portuguese Cape Verde">Cabo Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Guinea" title="Portuguese Guinea">Guiné</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Estado da Índia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Macau" title="Portuguese Macau">Macau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Mozambique" title="Portuguese Mozambique">Moçambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="Portuguese São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé e Príncipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Timor" title="Portuguese Timor">Timor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Indian_independence_movement" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Indian_Independence_Movement" title="Template:Indian Independence Movement"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Indian_Independence_Movement" title="Template talk:Indian Independence Movement"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Indian_Independence_Movement" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Indian Independence Movement"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Indian_independence_movement" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Indian_independence_movement" title="Indian independence movement">Indian independence movement</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_India#Indian_independence_movement_(1885–1947)" title="History of India">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_India" title="Colonial India">Colonisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_settlement_in_Chittagong" title="Portuguese settlement in Chittagong">Porto Grande de Bengala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Bengal" title="Dutch Bengal">Dutch Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">East India Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British Raj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_India" title="French India">French India</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Portuguese India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Plassey" title="Battle of Plassey">Battle of Plassey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Buxar" title="Battle of Buxar">Battle of Buxar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Mysore_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Mysore Wars">Anglo-Mysore Wars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Anglo-Mysore_War" title="First Anglo-Mysore War">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Mysore_War" title="Second Anglo-Mysore War">Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Anglo-Mysore_War" title="Third Anglo-Mysore War">Third</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Anglo-Mysore_War" title="Fourth Anglo-Mysore War">Fourth</a></li></ul></li> <li>Anglo-Maratha Wars <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Anglo-Maratha_War" title="First Anglo-Maratha War">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Maratha_War" title="Second Anglo-Maratha War">Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Anglo-Maratha_War" title="Third Anglo-Maratha War">Third</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwalior_campaign" title="Gwalior campaign">Gwalior</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygar_Wars" title="Polygar Wars">Polygar Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vellore_Mutiny" title="Vellore Mutiny">Vellore Mutiny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Anglo-Sikh_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First Anglo-Sikh War">First Anglo-Sikh War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Sikh_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Anglo-Sikh War">Second Anglo-Sikh War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sannyasi_rebellion" title="Sannyasi rebellion">Sannyasi rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Rebellion_of_1857" title="Indian Rebellion of 1857">Rebellion of 1857</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radcliffe_Line" title="Radcliffe Line">Radcliffe Line</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:British_India" title="Category:British India">more</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Philosophies<br />and ideologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/B._R._Ambedkar" title="B. R. Ambedkar">Ambedkarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhism" title="Gandhism">Gandhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_nationalism" title="Hindu nationalism">Hindu nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_nationalism" title="Indian nationalism">Indian nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khilafat_Movement" title="Khilafat Movement">Khilafat Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_nationalism_in_South_Asia" title="Muslim nationalism in South Asia">Muslim nationalism in South Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyagraha" title="Satyagraha">Satyagraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_India" title="Socialism in India">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swadeshi_movement" title="Swadeshi movement">Swadeshi movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swaraj" title="Swaraj">Swaraj</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events and<br /> movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_Bengal_(1905)" title="Partition of Bengal (1905)">Partition of Bengal (1905)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_Bengal_(1947)" title="Partition of Bengal (1947)">Partition of Bengal (1947)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_movement_for_Indian_independence" title="Revolutionary movement for Indian independence">Revolutionaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_Action_Day" title="Direct Action Day">Direct Action Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delhi_conspiracy_case" title="Delhi conspiracy case">Delhi-Lahore Conspiracy</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Indian_Sociologist" title="The Indian Sociologist">The Indian Sociologist</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1915_Singapore_Mutiny" title="1915 Singapore Mutiny">Singapore Mutiny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu%E2%80%93German_Conspiracy" title="Hindu–German Conspiracy">Hindu–German Conspiracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champaran_Satyagraha" title="Champaran Satyagraha">Champaran Satyagraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kheda_Satyagraha_of_1918" title="Kheda Satyagraha of 1918">Kheda Satyagraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rowlatt_Committee" title="Rowlatt Committee">Rowlatt Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rowlatt_Act" title="Rowlatt Act">Rowlatt Bills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jallianwala_Bagh_massacre" title="Jallianwala Bagh massacre">Jallianwala Bagh massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noakhali_riots" title="Noakhali riots">Noakhali riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-cooperation_movement_(1919%E2%80%931922)" title="Non-cooperation movement (1919–1922)">Non-cooperation movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_Day_Plot" title="Christmas Day Plot">Christmas Day Plot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coolie-Begar_movement" title="Coolie-Begar movement">Coolie-Begar movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chauri_Chaura_incident" title="Chauri Chaura incident">Chauri Chaura incident, 1922</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kakori_conspiracy" title="Kakori conspiracy">Kakori conspiracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qissa_Khwani_massacre" title="Qissa Khwani massacre">Qissa Khwani massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_Satyagraha" title="Flag Satyagraha">Flag Satyagraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bardoli_Satyagraha" title="Bardoli Satyagraha">Bardoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Commission" title="Simon Commission">1928 Protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nehru_Report" title="Nehru Report">Nehru Report</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourteen_Points_of_Jinnah" title="Fourteen Points of Jinnah">Fourteen Points of Jinnah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purna_Swaraj" title="Purna Swaraj">Purna Swaraj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt_March" title="Salt March">Salt March</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharasana_Satyagraha" title="Dharasana Satyagraha">Dharasana Satyagraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedaranyam_March" title="Vedaranyam March">Vedaranyam March</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chittagong_armoury_raid" title="Chittagong armoury raid">Chittagong armoury raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhi%E2%80%93Irwin_Pact" title="Gandhi–Irwin Pact">Gandhi–Irwin Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Round_Table_Conferences_(India)" title="Round Table Conferences (India)">Round table conferences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_India_Act_1935" title="Government of India Act 1935">Act of 1935</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aundh_Experiment" title="Aundh Experiment">Aundh Experiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Legion" title="Indian Legion">Indian Legion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cripps_Mission" title="Cripps Mission">Cripps Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quit_India_Movement" title="Quit India Movement">Quit India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Indian_Navy_mutiny" title="Royal Indian Navy mutiny">Bombay Mutiny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force_strikes_of_1946" title="Royal Air Force strikes of 1946">Royal Air Force strikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_of_Yanaon" title="Coup d'état of Yanaon">Coup d'état of Yanaon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_India" title="Provisional Government of India">Provisional Government of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_Day_(India)" title="Independence Day (India)">Independence Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All_India_States_Peoples%27_Conference" class="mw-redirect" title="All India States Peoples' Conference">Praja Mandala movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucknow_Pact" title="Lucknow Pact">Lucknow Pact</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/All_India_Kisan_Sabha" title="All India Kisan Sabha">All India Kisan Sabha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All-India_Muslim_League" title="All-India Muslim League">All-India Muslim League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anushilan_Samiti" title="Anushilan Samiti">Anushilan Samiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arya_Samaj" title="Arya Samaj">Arya Samaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azad_Hind" title="Azad Hind">Azad Hind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Committee" title="Berlin Committee">Berlin Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghadar_Movement" title="Ghadar Movement">Ghadar Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindustan_Socialist_Republican_Association" title="Hindustan Socialist Republican Association">Hindustan Socialist Republican Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Indian_National_Congress" title="History of the Indian National Congress">Indian National Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India_House" title="India House">India House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Home_Rule_movement" title="Indian Home Rule movement">Indian Home Rule movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Independence_League" title="Indian Independence League">Indian Independence League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Army" title="Indian National Army">Indian National Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jugantar" title="Jugantar">Jugantar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khaksar_movement" title="Khaksar movement">Khaksar movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khudai_Khidmatgar" title="Khudai Khidmatgar">Khudai Khidmatgar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swaraj_Party" title="Swaraj Party">Swaraj Party</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Indian_independence_movement" title="Category:Indian independence movement">more</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Social<br />reformers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashfaqulla_Khan" title="Ashfaqulla Khan">Ashfaqulla Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._Vaidyanatha_Iyer" title="A. Vaidyanatha Iyer">A. Vaidyanatha Iyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayya_Vaikundar" title="Ayya Vaikundar">Ayya Vaikundar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayyankali" title="Ayyankali">Ayyankali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._R._Ambedkar" title="B. R. Ambedkar">B. R. Ambedkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baba_Amte" title="Baba Amte">Baba Amte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bal_Gangadhar_Tilak" title="Bal Gangadhar Tilak">Bal Gangadhar Tilak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayananda_Saraswati" title="Dayananda Saraswati">Dayananda Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhondo_Keshav_Karve" title="Dhondo Keshav Karve">Dhondo Keshav Karve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._Subramania_Iyer" title="G. Subramania Iyer">G. Subramania Iyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gazulu_Lakshminarasu_Chetty" title="Gazulu Lakshminarasu Chetty">Gazulu Lakshminarasu Chetty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gopal_Ganesh_Agarkar" title="Gopal Ganesh Agarkar">Gopal Ganesh Agarkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gopal_Hari_Deshmukh" title="Gopal Hari Deshmukh">Gopal Hari Deshmukh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gopaldas_Ambaidas_Desai" title="Gopaldas Ambaidas Desai">Gopaldas Ambaidas Desai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishwar_Chandra_Vidyasagar" title="Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar">Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._B._Kripalani" title="J. B. Kripalani">J. B. Kripalani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jyotirao_Phule" title="Jyotirao Phule">Jyotirao Phule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kandukuri_Veeresalingam" title="Kandukuri Veeresalingam">Kandukuri Veeresalingam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahadev_Govind_Ranade" title="Mahadev Govind Ranade">Mahadev Govind Ranade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mahatma Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muthulakshmi_Reddy" title="Muthulakshmi Reddy">Muthulakshmi Reddy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narayana_Guru" title="Narayana Guru">Narayana Guru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niralamba_Swami" title="Niralamba Swami">Niralamba Swami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandita_Ramabai" title="Pandita Ramabai">Pandita Ramabai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Periyar" title="Periyar">Periyar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram_Mohan_Roy" class="mw-redirect" title="Ram Mohan Roy">Ram Mohan Roy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rettamalai_Srinivasan" title="Rettamalai Srinivasan">Rettamalai Srinivasan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahajanand_Saraswati" title="Sahajanand Saraswati">Sahajanand Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savitribai_Phule" title="Savitribai Phule">Savitribai Phule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahu_of_Kolhapur" title="Shahu of Kolhapur">Shahu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sister_Nivedita" title="Sister Nivedita">Sister Nivedita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Aurobindo" title="Sri Aurobindo">Sri Aurobindo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syed_Ahmad_Khan" title="Syed Ahmad Khan">Syed Ahmad Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vakkom_Moulavi" title="Vakkom Moulavi">Vakkom Moulavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinayak_Damodar_Savarkar" title="Vinayak Damodar Savarkar">Vinayak Damodar Savarkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinoba_Bhave" title="Vinoba Bhave">Vinoba Bhave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitthal_Ramji_Shinde" title="Vitthal Ramji Shinde">Vitthal Ramji Shinde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Vivekananda" title="Swami Vivekananda">Vivekananda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Independence<br /> activists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abul_Kalam_Azad" class="mw-redirect" title="Abul Kalam Azad">Abul Kalam Azad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Accamma_Cherian" title="Accamma Cherian">Accamma Cherian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achyut_Patwardhan" title="Achyut Patwardhan">Achyut Patwardhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._K._Fazlul_Huq" title="A. K. Fazlul Huq">A. K. Fazlul Huq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alluri_Sitarama_Raju" title="Alluri Sitarama Raju">Alluri Sitarama Raju</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annapurna_Maharana" title="Annapurna Maharana">Annapurna Maharana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annie_Besant" title="Annie Besant">Annie Besant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashfaqulla_Khan" title="Ashfaqulla Khan">Ashfaqulla Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunwar_Singh" title="Kunwar Singh">Babu Kunwar Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagha_Jatin" title="Bagha Jatin">Bagha Jatin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahadur_Shah_Zafar" title="Bahadur Shah Zafar">Bahadur Shah II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bakht_Khan" title="Bakht Khan">Bakht Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bal_Gangadhar_Tilak" title="Bal Gangadhar Tilak">Bal Gangadhar Tilak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basawon_Singh" title="Basawon Singh">Basawon Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Begum_Hazrat_Mahal" title="Begum Hazrat Mahal">Begum Hazrat Mahal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagat_Singh" title="Bhagat Singh">Bhagat Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharathidasan" title="Bharathidasan">Bharathidasan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhavabhushan_Mitra" title="Bhavabhushan Mitra">Bhavabhushan Mitra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhikaiji_Cama" title="Bhikaiji Cama">Bhikaiji Cama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhupendra_Kumar_Datta" title="Bhupendra Kumar Datta">Bhupendra Kumar Datta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bidhan_Chandra_Roy" title="Bidhan Chandra Roy">Bidhan Chandra Roy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bipin_Chandra_Pal" title="Bipin Chandra Pal">Bipin Chandra Pal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._Rajagopalachari" title="C. Rajagopalachari">C. Rajagopalachari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandra_Shekhar_Azad" title="Chandra Shekhar Azad">Chandra Shekhar Azad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chetram_Jatav" title="Chetram Jatav">Chetram Jatav</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chittaranjan_Das" title="Chittaranjan Das">Chittaranjan Das</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dadabhai_Naoroji" title="Dadabhai Naoroji">Dadabhai Naoroji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayananda_Saraswati" title="Dayananda Saraswati">Dayananda Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhan_Singh" title="Dhan Singh">Dhan Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dukkipati_Nageswara_Rao" title="Dukkipati Nageswara Rao">Dukkipati Nageswara Rao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gopal_Krishna_Gokhale" title="Gopal Krishna Gokhale">Gopal Krishna Gokhale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Govind_Ballabh_Pant" title="Govind Ballabh Pant">Govind Ballabh Pant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Har_Dayal" title="Har Dayal">Har Dayal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemu_Kalani" title="Hemu Kalani">Hemu Kalani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inayatullah_Khan_Mashriqi" title="Inayatullah Khan Mashriqi">Inayatullah Khan Mashriqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jatindra_Mohan_Sengupta" title="Jatindra Mohan Sengupta">Jatindra Mohan Sengupta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jatindra_Nath_Das" title="Jatindra Nath Das">Jatindra Nath Das</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Jawaharlal Nehru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._Kamaraj" title="K. Kamaraj">K. Kamaraj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanaiyalal_Maneklal_Munshi" title="Kanaiyalal Maneklal Munshi">Kanaiyalal Maneklal Munshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Ghaffar_Khan" title="Abdul Ghaffar Khan">Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khudiram_Bose" title="Khudiram Bose">Khudiram Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shri_Krishna_Sinha" title="Shri Krishna Sinha">Shri Krishna Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lala_Lajpat_Rai" title="Lala Lajpat Rai">Lala Lajpat Rai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._Bhaktavatsalam" title="M. Bhaktavatsalam">M. Bhaktavatsalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._N._Roy" title="M. N. Roy">M. N. Roy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maghfoor_Ahmad_Ajazi" title="Maghfoor Ahmad Ajazi">Maghfoor Ahmad Ajazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahadaji_Shinde" title="Mahadaji Shinde">Mahadaji Shinde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mahatma Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangal_Pandey" title="Mangal Pandey">Mangal Pandey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mir_Qasim" title="Mir Qasim">Mir Qasim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mithuben_Petit" title="Mithuben Petit">Mithuben Petit‎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Ali_Jauhar" title="Mohammad Ali Jauhar">Mohammad Ali Jauhar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_Jinnah" title="Muhammad Ali Jinnah">Muhammad Ali Jinnah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Mian_Mansoor_Ansari" title="Muhammad Mian Mansoor Ansari">Muhammad Mian Mansoor Ansari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagnath_Naikwadi" title="Nagnath Naikwadi">Nagnath Naikwadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nana_Fadnavis" title="Nana Fadnavis">Nana Fadnavis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nana_Saheb_Peshwa_II" title="Nana Saheb Peshwa II">Nana Saheb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._Kakkan" title="P. Kakkan">P. Kakkan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prafulla_Chaki" title="Prafulla Chaki">Prafulla Chaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pritilata_Waddedar" title="Pritilata Waddedar">Pritilata Waddedar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purushottam_Das_Tandon" title="Purushottam Das Tandon">Purushottam Das Tandon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rafi_Ahmed_Kidwai" title="Rafi Ahmed Kidwai">Rafi Ahmed Kidwai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramaswamy_Venkataraman" title="Ramaswamy Venkataraman">R. Venkataraman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rahul_Sankrityayan" title="Rahul Sankrityayan">Rahul Sankrityayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajendra_Prasad" title="Rajendra Prasad">Rajendra Prasad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram_Prasad_Bismil" title="Ram Prasad Bismil">Ram Prasad Bismil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rani_of_Jhansi" title="Rani of Jhansi">Rani Lakshmibai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rash_Behari_Bose" title="Rash Behari Bose">Rash Behari Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahajanand_Saraswati" title="Sahajanand Saraswati">Sahajanand Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangolli_Rayanna" title="Sangolli Rayanna">Sangolli Rayanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarojini_Naidu" title="Sarojini Naidu">Sarojini Naidu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyapal_Dang" title="Satyapal Dang">Satyapal Dang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuja-ud-Daula" title="Shuja-ud-Daula">Shuja-ud-Daula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shyamji_Krishna_Varma" title="Shyamji Krishna Varma">Shyamji Krishna Varma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pir_of_Pagaro_VI" title="Pir of Pagaro VI">Sibghatullah Shah Rashidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siraj_ud-Daulah" class="mw-redirect" title="Siraj ud-Daulah">Siraj ud-Daulah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subhas_Chandra_Bose" title="Subhas Chandra Bose">Subhas Chandra Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subramania_Bharati" title="Subramania Bharati">Subramania Bharati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subramaniya_Siva" title="Subramaniya Siva">Subramaniya Siva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surya_Sen" title="Surya Sen">Surya Sen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syama_Prasad_Mukherjee" title="Syama Prasad Mukherjee">Syama Prasad Mukherjee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tara_Rani_Srivastava" title="Tara Rani Srivastava">Tara Rani Srivastava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarak_Nath_Das" title="Tarak Nath Das">Tarak Nath Das</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatya_Tope" title="Tatya Tope">Tatya Tope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiruppur_Kumaran" title="Tiruppur Kumaran">Tiruppur Kumaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubaidullah_Sindhi" title="Ubaidullah Sindhi">Ubaidullah Sindhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V._O._Chidambaram_Pillai" title="V. O. Chidambaram Pillai">V. O. Chidamabaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V._K._Krishna_Menon" title="V. K. Krishna Menon">V. K. Krishna Menon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vallabhbhai_Patel" title="Vallabhbhai Patel">Vallabhbhai Patel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanchinathan" title="Vanchinathan">Vanchinathan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veeran_Sundaralingam" title="Veeran Sundaralingam">Veeran Sundaralingam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinayak_Damodar_Savarkar" title="Vinayak Damodar Savarkar">Vinayak Damodar Savarkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virendranath_Chattopadhyaya" title="Virendranath Chattopadhyaya">Virendranath Chattopadhyaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yashwantrao_Holkar" title="Yashwantrao Holkar">Yashwantrao Holkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogendra_Shukla" title="Yogendra Shukla">Yogendra Shukla</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Indian_independence_activists" title="Category:Indian independence activists">more</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">British leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archibald_Wavell,_1st_Earl_Wavell" title="Archibald Wavell, 1st Earl Wavell">Wavell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Canning,_1st_Earl_Canning" title="Charles Canning, 1st Earl Canning">Canning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Cornwallis,_1st_Marquess_Cornwallis" title="Charles Cornwallis, 1st Marquess Cornwallis">Cornwallis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Wood,_1st_Earl_of_Halifax" title="Edward Wood, 1st Earl of Halifax">Irwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederic_Thesiger,_1st_Viscount_Chelmsford" title="Frederic Thesiger, 1st Viscount Chelmsford">Chelmsford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Curzon,_1st_Marquess_Curzon_of_Kedleston" title="George Curzon, 1st Marquess Curzon of Kedleston">Curzon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Robinson,_1st_Marquess_of_Ripon" title="George Robinson, 1st Marquess of Ripon">Ripon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound,_1st_Earl_of_Minto" title="Gilbert Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound, 1st Earl of Minto">Minto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Broun-Ramsay,_1st_Marquess_of_Dalhousie" title="James Broun-Ramsay, 1st Marquess of Dalhousie">Dalhousie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_William_Bentinck" title="Lord William Bentinck">Bentinck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Mountbatten" title="Lord Mountbatten">Mountbatten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Wellesley,_1st_Marquess_Wellesley" title="Richard Wellesley, 1st Marquess Wellesley">Wellesley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bulwer-Lytton,_1st_Earl_of_Lytton" title="Robert Bulwer-Lytton, 1st Earl of Lytton">Lytton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Clive" title="Robert Clive">Clive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_James_Outram,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir James Outram, 1st Baronet">Outram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stafford_Cripps" title="Stafford Cripps">Cripps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Hope,_2nd_Marquess_of_Linlithgow" title="Victor Hope, 2nd Marquess of Linlithgow">Linlithgow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_Hastings" title="Warren Hastings">Hastings</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Independence</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1946_Cabinet_Mission_to_India" title="1946 Cabinet Mission to India">Cabinet Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_India" title="Constitution of India">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_India_(1947%E2%80%93present)" title="History of India (1947–present)">Republic of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Goa" title="Annexation of Goa">Indian annexation of Goa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Independence_Act_1947" title="Indian Independence Act 1947">Indian Independence Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">Partition of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_integration_of_India" title="Political integration of India">Political integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simla_Conference" title="Simla Conference">Simla Conference</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q323904#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q323904#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q323904#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/149523305">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJyRFHMPvWqTDh7dMRWYyd">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/115604-4">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n84145213">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an36749981">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Portugalská Indie"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge611760&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/381292">Portugal</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007539049305171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p><span class="geo-inline-hidden noexcerpt"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Portuguese_India&params=2_11_20_N_102_23_4_E_type:country"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">2°11′20″N</span> <span class="longitude">102°23′4″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">2.18889°N 102.38444°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">2.18889; 102.38444</span></span></span></a></span></span> </p>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_India&oldid=1262460187">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_India&oldid=1262460187</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Portuguese_India" title="Category:Portuguese India">Portuguese India</a></li><li><a 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