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subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History_and_development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Early history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Haydn's_impact" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Haydn's_impact"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Haydn's impact</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Haydn's_impact-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-After_Haydn" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#After_Haydn"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>After Haydn</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-After_Haydn-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_the_20th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_the_20th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>In the 20th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_the_20th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-String_quartets_of_the_classical_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#String_quartets_of_the_classical_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>String quartets of the classical period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-String_quartets_of_the_classical_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Variations_of_string_quartet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Variations_of_string_quartet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Variations of string quartet</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Variations_of_string_quartet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_string_quartets" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_string_quartets"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Notable string quartets</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_string_quartets-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-String_quartets_(ensembles)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#String_quartets_(ensembles)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>String quartets (ensembles)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-String_quartets_(ensembles)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">String quartet</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 44 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-44" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">44 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strykkwartet" title="Strykkwartet – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Strykkwartet" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="رباعية وترية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="رباعية وترية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guda%C4%8Dki_kvartet" title="Gudački kvartet – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Gudački kvartet" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quartet_de_corda" title="Quartet de corda – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Quartet de corda" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smy%C4%8Dcov%C3%A9_kvarteto" title="Smyčcové kvarteto – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Smyčcové kvarteto" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedwarawd_llinynnol" title="Pedwarawd llinynnol – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Pedwarawd llinynnol" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strygekvartet" title="Strygekvartet – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Strygekvartet" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streichquartett" title="Streichquartett – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Streichquartett" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keelpillikvartett" title="Keelpillikvartett – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Keelpillikvartett" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%B1%CF%81%CF%84%CE%AD%CF%84%CE%BF_%CE%B5%CE%B3%CF%87%CF%8C%CF%81%CE%B4%CF%89%CE%BD" title="Κουαρτέτο εγχόρδων – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κουαρτέτο εγχόρδων" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuarteto_de_cuerdas" title="Cuarteto de cuerdas – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Cuarteto de cuerdas" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ar%C4%89a_kvarteto" title="Arĉa kvarteto – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Arĉa kvarteto" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hari-laukote" title="Hari-laukote – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Hari-laukote" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%AA_%D8%B2%D9%87%DB%8C" title="کوارتت زهی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کوارتت زهی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quatuor_%C3%A0_cordes" title="Quatuor à cordes – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Quatuor à cordes" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A9adcheathair%C3%A9ad" title="Téadcheathairéad – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Téadcheathairéad" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuarteto_de_corda" title="Cuarteto de corda – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Cuarteto de corda" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%98%84%EC%95%85_%EC%82%AC%EC%A4%91%EC%A3%BC" title="현악 사중주 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="현악 사중주" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kord-quarteto" title="Kord-quarteto – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Kord-quarteto" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuartet_gesek" title="Kuartet gesek – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kuartet gesek" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strengjakvartett" title="Strengjakvartett – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Strengjakvartett" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quartetto_d%27archi" title="Quartetto d'archi – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Quartetto d'archi" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%91%D7%99%D7%A2%D7%99%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%AA%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%9D" title="רביעיית מיתרים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="רביעיית מיתרים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quadricinium_fidium" title="Quadricinium fidium – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Quadricinium fidium" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Striekkwart%C3%A8t" title="Striekkwartèt – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Striekkwartèt" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Von%C3%B3sn%C3%A9gyes" title="Vonósnégyes – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Vonósnégyes" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strijkkwartet" title="Strijkkwartet – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Strijkkwartet" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BC%A6%E6%A5%BD%E5%9B%9B%E9%87%8D%E5%A5%8F" title="弦楽四重奏 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="弦楽四重奏" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strykekvartett" title="Strykekvartett – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Strykekvartett" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strykekvartett" title="Strykekvartett – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Strykekvartett" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwartet_smyczkowy" title="Kwartet smyczkowy – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kwartet smyczkowy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quarteto_de_cordas" title="Quarteto de cordas – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Quarteto de cordas" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cvartet_de_coarde" title="Cvartet de coarde – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Cvartet de coarde" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Струнный квартет – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Струнный квартет" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quartettu_d%27archi" title="Quartettu d'archi – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Quartettu d'archi" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/String_quartet" title="String quartet – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="String quartet" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sl%C3%A1%C4%8Dikov%C3%A9_kvarteto_(teleso)" title="Sláčikové kvarteto (teleso) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Sláčikové kvarteto (teleso)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godalni_kvartet" title="Godalni kvartet – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Godalni kvartet" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Гудачки квартет – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Гудачки квартет" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jousikvartetto" title="Jousikvartetto – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Jousikvartetto" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Str%C3%A5kkvartett" title="Stråkkvartett – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Stråkkvartett" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" 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<div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Musical ensemble of four string players</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fitzwilliam_Quartet.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Fitzwilliam_Quartet.jpg/290px-Fitzwilliam_Quartet.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Fitzwilliam_Quartet.jpg/435px-Fitzwilliam_Quartet.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Fitzwilliam_Quartet.jpg/580px-Fitzwilliam_Quartet.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Fitzwilliam_Quartet" title="Fitzwilliam Quartet">Fitzwilliam Quartet</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The term <b>string quartet</b> refers to either a type of musical composition or a group of four people who play them. Many composers from the mid-18th century onwards wrote string quartets. The associated musical ensemble consists of two <a href="/wiki/Violin" title="Violin">violinists</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Viola" title="Viola">violist</a>, and a <a href="/wiki/Cello" title="Cello">cellist</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Double_bass" title="Double bass">double bass</a> is almost never used in the ensemble mainly because it would sound too loud and heavy. </p><p>The string quartet was developed into its present form by the Austrian composer <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Haydn" title="Joseph Haydn">Joseph Haydn</a>, whose works in the 1750s established the ensemble as a group of four more-or-less equal partners. Since that time, the string quartet has been considered a prestigious form; writing for four instruments with broadly similar characteristics both constrains and tests a composer. String quartet composition flourished in the <a href="/wiki/Classical_music_era" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical music era">Classical era</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Amadeus_Mozart" title="Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart">Mozart</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_van_Beethoven" title="Ludwig van Beethoven">Beethoven</a> and <a href="/wiki/Franz_Schubert" title="Franz Schubert">Schubert</a> each wrote a number of them. Many <a href="/wiki/Romantic_era_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Romantic era music">Romantic</a> and <a href="/wiki/20th-century_classical_music" title="20th-century classical music">early-twentieth-century</a> composers composed string quartets, including <a href="/wiki/Felix_Mendelssohn" title="Felix Mendelssohn">Mendelssohn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Schumann" title="Robert Schumann">Schumann</a>, <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Brahms" title="Johannes Brahms">Brahms</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anton%C3%ADn_Dvo%C5%99%C3%A1k" title="Antonín Dvořák">Dvořák</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leo%C5%A1_Jan%C3%A1%C4%8Dek" title="Leoš Janáček">Janáček</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Claude_Debussy" title="Claude Debussy">Debussy</a>. There was a slight lull in string quartet composition later in the 19th century, but it received a resurgence in the 20th century, with the <a href="/wiki/Second_Viennese_School" title="Second Viennese School">Second Viennese School</a>, <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9la_Bart%C3%B3k" title="Béla Bartók">Bartók</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dmitri_Shostakovich" title="Dmitri Shostakovich">Shostakovich</a>, <a href="/wiki/Milton_Babbitt" title="Milton Babbitt">Babbitt</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Elliott_Carter" title="Elliott Carter">Carter</a> producing highly regarded examples of the genre, and it remains an important and refined musical form. </p><p>The standard structure for a string quartet as established in the Classical era is four <a href="/wiki/Movement_(music)" title="Movement (music)">movements</a>, with the first movement in <a href="/wiki/Sonata_form" title="Sonata form">sonata form</a>, allegro, in the <a href="/wiki/Tonic_(music)" title="Tonic (music)">tonic</a> key; a slow movement in a <a href="/wiki/Closely_related_key" title="Closely related key">related key</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Minuet_and_trio" class="mw-redirect" title="Minuet and trio">minuet and trio</a> follow; and the fourth movement is often in <a href="/wiki/Rondo_form" class="mw-redirect" title="Rondo form">rondo form</a> or <a href="/wiki/Sonata_rondo_form" title="Sonata rondo form">sonata rondo form</a>, in the tonic key. </p><p>Some string quartet ensembles play together for many years and become established and promoted as an entity in a manner similar to an instrumental soloist or an <a href="/wiki/Orchestra" title="Orchestra">orchestra</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_and_development">History and development</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=String_quartet&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History and development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_history">Early history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=String_quartet&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tallinn_String_Quartet_in_Tel_Aviv_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Tallinn_String_Quartet_in_Tel_Aviv_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Tallinn_String_Quartet_in_Tel_Aviv_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Tallinn_String_Quartet_in_Tel_Aviv_%28cropped%29.jpg/500px-Tallinn_String_Quartet_in_Tel_Aviv_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Tallinn_String_Quartet_in_Tel_Aviv_%28cropped%29.jpg/960px-Tallinn_String_Quartet_in_Tel_Aviv_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3012" data-file-height="2015" /></a><figcaption>A string quartet in performance. From left to right: violin 1, violin 2, viola, cello</figcaption></figure> <p>The early history of the string quartet is in many ways the history of the development of the genre by the Austrian composer <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Haydn" title="Joseph Haydn">Joseph Haydn</a>. There had been examples of <a href="/wiki/Divertimento" title="Divertimento">divertimenti</a> for two solo violins, viola and cello by the Viennese composers <a href="/wiki/Georg_Christoph_Wagenseil" title="Georg Christoph Wagenseil">Georg Christoph Wagenseil</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ignaz_Holzbauer" title="Ignaz Holzbauer">Ignaz Holzbauer</a>; and there had long been a tradition of performing orchestral works one instrument to a part. The British <a href="/wiki/Musicologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Musicologist">musicologist</a> <a href="/wiki/David_Wyn_Jones" title="David Wyn Jones">David Wyn Jones</a> cites the widespread practice of four players, one to a part, playing works written for <a href="/wiki/String_orchestra" title="String orchestra">string orchestra</a>, such as divertimenti and <a href="/wiki/Serenade" title="Serenade">serenades</a>, there being no separate (fifth) contrabass part in string scoring before the 19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWyn_Jones2003179_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWyn_Jones2003179-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, these composers showed no interest in exploring the development of the string quartet as a medium.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The origins of the string quartet can be further traced back to the <a href="/wiki/Baroque_music" title="Baroque music">Baroque</a> <a href="/wiki/Trio_sonata" title="Trio sonata">trio sonata</a>, in which two <a href="/wiki/Solo_(music)" title="Solo (music)">solo</a> instruments performed with a <a href="/wiki/Basso_continuo" title="Basso continuo">continuo</a> section consisting of a <a href="/wiki/Bass_instrument" title="Bass instrument">bass instrument</a> (such as the cello) and <a href="/wiki/Keyboard_instrument" title="Keyboard instrument">keyboard</a>. A very early example is a four-part sonata for string ensemble by the Italian composer <a href="/wiki/Gregorio_Allegri" title="Gregorio Allegri">Gregorio Allegri</a> that might be considered an important prototype.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the early 18th century, composers were often adding a third soloist; and moreover it became common to omit the keyboard part, letting the cello support the bass line alone. Thus when <a href="/wiki/Alessandro_Scarlatti" title="Alessandro Scarlatti">Alessandro Scarlatti</a> wrote a set of six works entitled <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">Sonata à Quattro per due Violini, Violetta [viola], e Violoncello senza Cembalo</i></span> (Sonata for four instruments: two violins, viola, and cello without harpsichord), this was a natural evolution from the existing tradition.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWyn_Jones2003178_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWyn_Jones2003178-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Haydn's_impact"><span id="Haydn.27s_impact"></span>Haydn's impact</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=String_quartet&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Haydn's impact"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The musicologist <a href="/wiki/Hartmut_Schick" title="Hartmut Schick">Hartmut Schick</a> has suggested that <a href="/wiki/Franz_Xaver_Richter" title="Franz Xaver Richter">Franz Xaver Richter</a> invented the "classical" string quartet around 1757,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but the consensus amongst most authorities is that Haydn is responsible for the genre in its currently accepted form. The string quartet enjoyed no recognized status as an ensemble in the way that two violins with basso continuo – the so-called '<a href="/wiki/Trio_sonata" title="Trio sonata">trio sonata</a>' – had for more than a hundred years. Even the composition of Haydn's earliest string quartets owed more to chance than artistic imperative.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFinscher2000398_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFinscher2000398-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the 1750s, when the young composer was still working mainly as a teacher and violinist in Vienna, he would occasionally be invited to spend time at the nearby <a href="/wiki/Weinzierl_Castle" title="Weinzierl Castle">castle at Weinzierl</a> of the music-loving Austrian nobleman Karl Joseph Weber, Edler von Fürnberg. There he would play chamber music in an <i>ad hoc</i> ensemble consisting of Fürnberg's steward, a priest, and a local cellist, and when the Baron asked for some new music for the group to play, Haydn's first string quartets were born. It is not clear whether any of these works ended up in the two sets published in the mid-1760s and known as Haydn's <a href="/wiki/Opus_number" title="Opus number">Opp.</a> 1 and 2 ('Op. 0' is a quartet included in some early editions of Op. 1, and only rediscovered in the 1930s), but it seems reasonable to assume that they were at least similar in character. </p><p>Haydn's early biographer <a href="/wiki/Georg_August_Griesinger" title="Georg August Griesinger">Georg August Griesinger</a> tells the story thus: </p> <blockquote><p>The following purely chance circumstance had led him to try his luck at the composition of quartets. A Baron Fürnberg had a place in <a href="/wiki/Weinzierl_Castle" title="Weinzierl Castle">Weinzierl</a>, several stages from Vienna, and he invited from time to time his pastor, his manager, Haydn, and Albrechtsberger (a brother of the celebrated <a href="/wiki/Contrapuntist" class="mw-redirect" title="Contrapuntist">contrapuntist</a> <a href="/wiki/Johann_Georg_Albrechtsberger" title="Johann Georg Albrechtsberger">Albrechtsberger</a>) in order to have a little music. Fürnberg requested Haydn to compose something that could be performed by these four amateurs. Haydn, then eighteen years old [<i><a href="/wiki/Sic" title="Sic">sic</a></i>],<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> took up this proposal, and so originated his first quartet which, immediately it appeared, received such general approval that Haydn took courage to work further in this form.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGriesinger196313_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGriesinger196313-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Haydn went on to write nine other quartets around this time. These works were published as his Op. 1 and Op. 2; one quartet went unpublished, and some of the early "quartets" are actually symphonies missing their wind parts. They have five movements and take the form: fast movement, <a href="/wiki/Minuet_and_trio" class="mw-redirect" title="Minuet and trio">minuet and trio</a> I, slow movement, minuet and trio II, and fast <a href="/wiki/Finale_(music)" title="Finale (music)">finale</a>. As <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Finscher" title="Ludwig Finscher">Ludwig Finscher</a> notes, they draw stylistically on the Austrian <a href="/wiki/Divertimento" title="Divertimento">divertimento</a> tradition.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFinscher2000398_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFinscher2000398-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HaydnPlaying.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/HaydnPlaying.jpg/330px-HaydnPlaying.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="254" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/HaydnPlaying.jpg/500px-HaydnPlaying.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/HaydnPlaying.jpg/960px-HaydnPlaying.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1035" data-file-height="906" /></a><figcaption>Joseph Haydn playing in a string quartet</figcaption></figure> <p>After these early efforts, Haydn did not return to the string quartet for several years, but when he did so, it was to make a significant step in the genre's development. The intervening years saw Haydn begin his employment as <a href="/wiki/Kapellmeister" title="Kapellmeister">Kapellmeister</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Esterh%C3%A1zy" title="Esterházy">Esterházy</a> princes, for whom he was required to compose numerous symphonies and dozens of trios for violin, viola, and the bass instrument called the <a href="/wiki/Baryton" title="Baryton">baryton</a> (played by Prince <a href="/wiki/Nikolaus_Esterhazy" class="mw-redirect" title="Nikolaus Esterhazy">Nikolaus Esterházy</a> himself). The opportunities for experiment which both these genres offered Haydn perhaps helped him in the pursuit of the more advanced quartet style found in the eighteen works published in the early 1770s as Opp. 9, 17, and <a href="/wiki/String_Quartets,_Op._20_(Haydn)" title="String Quartets, Op. 20 (Haydn)">20</a>. These are written in a form that became established as standard both for Haydn and for other composers. Clearly composed as sets, these quartets feature a four-movement layout having broadly conceived, moderately paced first movements and, in increasing measure, a democratic and conversational interplay of parts, close-knit thematic development, and skillful though often restrained use of counterpoint. The convincing realizations of the progressive aims of the Op. 20 set of 1772, in particular, makes them the first major peak in the history of the string quartet.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Certainly they offered to their own time state-of-the art models to follow for the best part of a decade; the teenage <a href="/wiki/Mozart" class="mw-redirect" title="Mozart">Mozart</a>, in his early quartets, was among the composers moved to imitate many of their characteristics, right down to the vital <a href="/wiki/Fugue" title="Fugue">fugues</a> with which Haydn sought to bring greater architectural weight to the finales of nos. 2, 5 and 6. </p><p>After Op. 20, it becomes harder to point to similar major jumps in the string quartet's development in Haydn's hands, though not due to any lack of invention or application on the composer's part. As <a href="/wiki/Donald_Tovey" title="Donald Tovey">Donald Tovey</a> put it: "with Op. 20 the historical development of Haydn's quartets reaches its goal; and further progress is not progress in any historical sense, but simply the difference between one masterpiece and the next."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETovey[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_January_2017]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(January_2017)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETovey[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_January_2017]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(January_2017)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1096940132">.mw-parser-output .listen .side-box-text{line-height:1.1em}.mw-parser-output .listen-plain{border:none;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded{width:100%;margin:0;border-width:1px 0 0 0;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-header{padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded .listen-header{padding:2px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen-file-header{padding:4px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen .description{padding-top:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen .mw-tmh-player{max-width:100%}@media(max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output .listen{clear:both}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .listen:not(.listen-noimage){width:320px}.mw-parser-output .listen-left{overflow:visible;float:left}.mw-parser-output .listen-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint listen-noimage"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="listen-header">Haydn's Quartet No. 53 in D major ("The Lark"), Op. 64, No. 5</div> <div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Haydn_StringQuartetInDMajorOp.64_JosephHaydn-StringQuartetInDOp.645H363Lark-01-AllegroModerato.ogg" title="File:Haydn StringQuartetInDMajorOp.64 JosephHaydn-StringQuartetInDOp.645H363Lark-01-AllegroModerato.ogg">I. Allegro moderato (6:12)</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="215" style="width:215px;" data-durationhint="372" data-mwtitle="Haydn_StringQuartetInDMajorOp.64_JosephHaydn-StringQuartetInDOp.645H363Lark-01-AllegroModerato.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/11/Haydn_StringQuartetInDMajorOp.64_JosephHaydn-StringQuartetInDOp.645H363Lark-01-AllegroModerato.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/11/Haydn_StringQuartetInDMajorOp.64_JosephHaydn-StringQuartetInDOp.645H363Lark-01-AllegroModerato.ogg/Haydn_StringQuartetInDMajorOp.64_JosephHaydn-StringQuartetInDOp.645H363Lark-01-AllegroModerato.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description"></div></div><hr /><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Haydn_StringQuartetInDMajorOp.64_JosephHaydn-StringQuartetInDOp.645H363Lark-02-AdagioCantabile.ogg" title="File:Haydn StringQuartetInDMajorOp.64 JosephHaydn-StringQuartetInDOp.645H363Lark-02-AdagioCantabile.ogg">II. Adagio, cantabile (4:52)</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_1" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="215" style="width:215px;" data-durationhint="292" data-mwtitle="Haydn_StringQuartetInDMajorOp.64_JosephHaydn-StringQuartetInDOp.645H363Lark-02-AdagioCantabile.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f0/Haydn_StringQuartetInDMajorOp.64_JosephHaydn-StringQuartetInDOp.645H363Lark-02-AdagioCantabile.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f0/Haydn_StringQuartetInDMajorOp.64_JosephHaydn-StringQuartetInDOp.645H363Lark-02-AdagioCantabile.ogg/Haydn_StringQuartetInDMajorOp.64_JosephHaydn-StringQuartetInDOp.645H363Lark-02-AdagioCantabile.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description"></div></div><hr /><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Haydn_StringQuartetInDMajorOp.64_JosephHaydn-StringQuartetInDOp.645H363Lark-03-MenuettoAllegretto.ogg" title="File:Haydn StringQuartetInDMajorOp.64 JosephHaydn-StringQuartetInDOp.645H363Lark-03-MenuettoAllegretto.ogg">III. Menuetto allegretto (3:47)</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_2" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="215" style="width:215px;" data-durationhint="227" data-mwtitle="Haydn_StringQuartetInDMajorOp.64_JosephHaydn-StringQuartetInDOp.645H363Lark-03-MenuettoAllegretto.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/01/Haydn_StringQuartetInDMajorOp.64_JosephHaydn-StringQuartetInDOp.645H363Lark-03-MenuettoAllegretto.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/01/Haydn_StringQuartetInDMajorOp.64_JosephHaydn-StringQuartetInDOp.645H363Lark-03-MenuettoAllegretto.ogg/Haydn_StringQuartetInDMajorOp.64_JosephHaydn-StringQuartetInDOp.645H363Lark-03-MenuettoAllegretto.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description"></div></div><hr /><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Haydn_StringQuartetInDMajorOp.64_JosephHaydn-StringQuartetInDOp.645H363Lark-04-FinaleVivace.ogg" title="File:Haydn StringQuartetInDMajorOp.64 JosephHaydn-StringQuartetInDOp.645H363Lark-04-FinaleVivace.ogg">IV. Finale vivace (1:31)</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_3" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="215" style="width:215px;" data-durationhint="92" data-mwtitle="Haydn_StringQuartetInDMajorOp.64_JosephHaydn-StringQuartetInDOp.645H363Lark-04-FinaleVivace.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/Haydn_StringQuartetInDMajorOp.64_JosephHaydn-StringQuartetInDOp.645H363Lark-04-FinaleVivace.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/4d/Haydn_StringQuartetInDMajorOp.64_JosephHaydn-StringQuartetInDOp.645H363Lark-04-FinaleVivace.ogg/Haydn_StringQuartetInDMajorOp.64_JosephHaydn-StringQuartetInDOp.645H363Lark-04-FinaleVivace.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description"></div></div></div></div> </div> <p>The musicologist Roger Hickman has however dissented from this consensus view. He notes a change in string quartet writing towards the end of the 1760s, featuring characteristics which are today thought of as essential to the genre – scoring for two violins, viola and cello, solo passages, and absence of actual or potential <a href="/wiki/Basso_continuo" title="Basso continuo">basso continuo</a> accompaniment. Noting that at this time other composers than Haydn were writing works conforming to these 'modern' criteria, and that Haydn's earlier quartets did not meet them, he suggests that "one casualty [of such a perspective] is the notion that Haydn "invented" the string quartet... Although he may still be considered the 'father' of the 'Classical' string quartet, he is not the creator of the sting quartet genre itself... This old and otiose myth not only misrepresents the achievements of other excellent composers, but also distorts the character and qualities of Haydn's opp. 1, 2 and 9".<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The musicologist <a href="/wiki/Cliff_Eisen" title="Cliff Eisen">Cliff Eisen</a> contextualizes the Op. 20 quartets as follows: "Haydn's quartets of the late 1760s and early 1770s [opp. 9, 17, and 20] are high points in the early history of the quartet. Characterized by a wide range of textures, frequent asymmetries and theatrical gestures...these quartets established the genre's four-movement form, its larger dimensions, and ...its greater aesthetic pretensions and expressive range."<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>That Haydn's string quartets were already "classics" that defined the genre by 1801 can be judged by <a href="/wiki/Ignaz_Pleyel" title="Ignaz Pleyel">Ignaz Pleyel</a>'s publication in Paris of a "complete" series that year, and the quartet's evolution as vehicle for public performance can be judged by Pleyel's ten-volume set of <a href="/wiki/Miniature_score" class="mw-redirect" title="Miniature score">miniature scores</a> intended for hearers rather than players – early examples of this genre of <a href="/wiki/Music_publisher_(popular_music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Music publisher (popular music)">music publishing</a>. Since Haydn's day, the string quartet has been prestigious and considered one of the true tests of a composer's art. This may be partly because the palette of sound is more restricted than with <a href="/wiki/Orchestra" title="Orchestra">orchestral</a> music, forcing the music to stand more on its own rather than relying on <a href="/wiki/Timbre" title="Timbre">tonal color</a>; or from the inherently <a href="/wiki/Counterpoint" title="Counterpoint">contrapuntal</a> tendency in music written for four equal instruments. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="After_Haydn">After Haydn</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=String_quartet&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: After Haydn"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Quartet composition flourished in the <a href="/wiki/Classical_music_era" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical music era">Classical</a> era. <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Amadeus_Mozart" title="Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart">Mozart</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_van_Beethoven" title="Ludwig van Beethoven">Beethoven</a> and <a href="/wiki/Franz_Schubert" title="Franz Schubert">Schubert</a> each composed a number of quartets: "Beethoven in particular is credited with developing the genre in an experimental and dynamic fashion, especially in his later series of quartets written in the 1820s up until his death. Their forms and ideas inspired and continue to inspire musicians and composers, such as <a href="/wiki/Richard_Wagner" title="Richard Wagner">Wagner</a> and <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9la_Bart%C3%B3k" title="Béla Bartók">Bartók</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Schubert's last musical wish was to hear Beethoven's <a href="/wiki/String_Quartet_No._14_(Beethoven)" title="String Quartet No. 14 (Beethoven)">Quartet in C<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-sharp">♯</span></span> minor, Op. 131</a>, which he heard on 14 November 1828, just five days before his death. Upon listening to an earlier performance of this quartet, Schubert had remarked, "After this, what is left for us to write?" Wagner, when reflecting on Op. 131's first movement, said that it "reveals the most melancholy sentiment expressed in music". Of the <a href="/wiki/Late_string_quartets_(Beethoven)" title="Late string quartets (Beethoven)">late quartets</a>, Beethoven cited his own favorite as <a href="/wiki/String_Quartet_No._14_(Beethoven)" title="String Quartet No. 14 (Beethoven)">Op. 131</a>, which he saw as his most perfect single work. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Felix_Mendelssohn" title="Felix Mendelssohn">Mendelssohn</a>'s <a href="/wiki/String_Quartets_(Mendelssohn)" class="mw-redirect" title="String Quartets (Mendelssohn)">six string quartets</a> span the full range of his career, from 1828 to 1847; <a href="/wiki/Robert_Schumann" title="Robert Schumann">Schumann</a>'s <a href="/wiki/String_Quartets_(Schumann)" class="mw-redirect" title="String Quartets (Schumann)">three string quartets</a> were all written in 1842 and dedicated to Mendelssohn, whose quartets Schumann had been studying in preparation, along with those of Haydn, Mozart and Beethoven. Several Romantic-era composers wrote only one quartet, while <a href="/wiki/Anton%C3%ADn_Dvo%C5%99%C3%A1k#String_quartets" title="Antonín Dvořák">Dvořák</a> wrote 14. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_the_20th_century">In the 20th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=String_quartet&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: In the 20th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Schoenberg_string_quartet_exc._quartal_chord.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Schoenberg_string_quartet_exc._quartal_chord.png/330px-Schoenberg_string_quartet_exc._quartal_chord.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Schoenberg_string_quartet_exc._quartal_chord.png/500px-Schoenberg_string_quartet_exc._quartal_chord.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Schoenberg_string_quartet_exc._quartal_chord.png/960px-Schoenberg_string_quartet_exc._quartal_chord.png 2x" data-file-width="2184" data-file-height="1141" /></a><figcaption>String quartet <a href="/wiki/Musical_notation" title="Musical notation">score</a> (<a href="/wiki/Quartal_and_quintal_harmony" title="Quartal and quintal harmony">quartal harmony</a> from Schoenberg's <a href="/wiki/String_Quartets_(Schoenberg)#String_Quartet_No._1,_op._7" title="String Quartets (Schoenberg)">String Quartet No. 1</a>)<span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_4" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="5" data-mwtitle="Schoenberg_string_quartet_exc._quartal_chord.mid" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/55/Schoenberg_string_quartet_exc._quartal_chord.mid" type="audio/midi" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/55/Schoenberg_string_quartet_exc._quartal_chord.mid/Schoenberg_string_quartet_exc._quartal_chord.mid.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-transcodekey="ogg" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/55/Schoenberg_string_quartet_exc._quartal_chord.mid/Schoenberg_string_quartet_exc._quartal_chord.mid.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></figcaption></figure><p>In the modern era, the string quartet played a key role in the development of <a href="/wiki/Arnold_Schoenberg" title="Arnold Schoenberg">Schoenberg</a> (who added a <a href="/wiki/Soprano" title="Soprano">soprano</a> in his <a href="/wiki/String_Quartet_No._2_(Schoenberg)" class="mw-redirect" title="String Quartet No. 2 (Schoenberg)">String Quartet No. 2</a>), <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9la_Bart%C3%B3k" title="Béla Bartók">Bartók</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Dmitri_Shostakovich" title="Dmitri Shostakovich">Shostakovich</a> especially. After the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a>, some composers, such as <a href="/wiki/Olivier_Messiaen" title="Olivier Messiaen">Messiaen</a> questioned the relevance of the string quartet and avoided writing them.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> However, from the 1960s onwards, many composers have shown a renewed interest in the genre. </p><p>During his tenure as <a href="/wiki/Master_of_the_Queen%27s_Music" class="mw-redirect" title="Master of the Queen's Music">Master of the Queen's Music</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peter_Maxwell_Davies" title="Peter Maxwell Davies">Peter Maxwell Davies</a> produced a set of ten entitled the <a href="/wiki/Naxos_Quartets" title="Naxos Quartets">Naxos Quartets</a> (to a commission from <a href="/wiki/Naxos_Records" class="mw-redirect" title="Naxos Records">Naxos Records</a>) from 2001 to 2007. <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Jones_Wiles" title="Margaret Jones Wiles">Margaret Jones Wiles</a> composed over 50 string quartets. <a href="/wiki/David_Matthews_(composer)" title="David Matthews (composer)">David Matthews</a> has written eleven, and <a href="/wiki/Robin_Holloway" title="Robin Holloway">Robin Holloway</a> both five quartets and six "quartettini". Over nearly five decades, <a href="/wiki/Elliott_Carter" title="Elliott Carter">Elliott Carter</a> wrote a total of five string quartets; he won <a href="/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize_for_Music" title="Pulitzer Prize for Music">Pulitzer Prizes</a> for two of them: <a href="/wiki/String_Quartet_No._2_(Carter)" title="String Quartet No. 2 (Carter)">No. 2</a> and <a href="/wiki/String_Quartet_No._3_(Carter)" title="String Quartet No. 3 (Carter)">No. 3</a>. Three important string quartets were written by <a href="/wiki/Helmut_Lachenmann" title="Helmut Lachenmann">Helmut Lachenmann</a>. The late 20th century also saw the string quartet expand in various ways: Morton Feldman's vast Second String Quartet is one of the longest ever written, and Karlheinz Stockhausen's <a href="/wiki/Helikopter-Streichquartett" title="Helikopter-Streichquartett">Helikopter-Streichquartett</a> is to be performed by the four musicians in four helicopters. </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="String_quartets_of_the_classical_period">String quartets of the classical period</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=String_quartet&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: String quartets of the classical period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/String_quartet" title="Special:EditPage/String quartet">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Quartets written during the <a href="/wiki/Classical_period_(music)" title="Classical period (music)">classical period</a> usually had four movements, with a structure similar to that of a <a href="/wiki/Symphony" title="Symphony">symphony</a>: </p> <div><ol style="list-style-type:upper-roman"><li>A fast movement in <a href="/wiki/Sonata_form" title="Sonata form">sonata form</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Tonic_(music)" title="Tonic (music)">tonic</a> key</li><li>A <a href="/wiki/Slow_movement_(music)" title="Slow movement (music)">slow movement</a>, in a related key</li><li>A <a href="/wiki/Minuet" title="Minuet">minuet</a> and <a href="/wiki/Trio_(musical_form)" class="mw-redirect" title="Trio (musical form)">trio</a> or (in later works) <a href="/wiki/Scherzo" title="Scherzo">scherzo</a> and trio, in the tonic key</li><li>A fast movement, sometimes in <a href="/wiki/Rondo" title="Rondo">rondo</a> or movement in <a href="/wiki/Sonata_rondo_form" title="Sonata rondo form">sonata rondo form</a>, in the tonic key</li></ol></div> <p>The positions of the slow movement and third movement are flexible. For example, in Mozart's six <a href="/wiki/Haydn_Quartets_(Mozart)" title="Haydn Quartets (Mozart)">quartets dedicated to Haydn</a>, three have a minuet followed by a slow movement and three have the slow movement before the minuet. </p><p>Substantial modifications to the typical structure were already present by the time of Beethoven's late quartets, and despite some notable examples to the contrary, composers writing in the twentieth century increasingly abandoned this structure. Bartók's <a href="/wiki/String_Quartet_No._4_(Bart%C3%B3k)" title="String Quartet No. 4 (Bartók)">fourth</a> and <a href="/wiki/String_Quartet_No._5_(Bart%C3%B3k)" title="String Quartet No. 5 (Bartók)">fifth</a> string quartets, written in the 1930s, are five-movement works, symmetrical around a central movement.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shostakovich's <a href="/wiki/String_Quartet_No._15_(Shostakovich)" title="String Quartet No. 15 (Shostakovich)">final quartet</a>, written in the 1970s, comprises six slow movements. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Variations_of_string_quartet">Variations of string quartet</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=String_quartet&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Variations of string quartet"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Casals_Forum,_Arensky_string_quartet_encore.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Casals_Forum%2C_Arensky_string_quartet_encore.jpg/330px-Casals_Forum%2C_Arensky_string_quartet_encore.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Casals_Forum%2C_Arensky_string_quartet_encore.jpg/500px-Casals_Forum%2C_Arensky_string_quartet_encore.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Casals_Forum%2C_Arensky_string_quartet_encore.jpg/960px-Casals_Forum%2C_Arensky_string_quartet_encore.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2003" data-file-height="1502" /></a><figcaption>End of <a href="/wiki/Anton_Arensky" title="Anton Arensky">Arensky</a>'s <a href="/wiki/String_Quartet_No._2_(Arensky)" title="String Quartet No. 2 (Arensky)">String Quartet No. 2</a> for violin, viola and two cellos, played at the <a href="/wiki/Casals_Forum" title="Casals Forum">Casals Forum</a> in 2023</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444" /><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/String_quartet" title="Special:EditPage/String quartet">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Many other chamber groups can be seen as modifications of the string quartet: </p> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/String_quintet" title="String quintet">string quintet</a> is a string quartet augmented by a fifth string instrument. <a href="/wiki/Mozart" class="mw-redirect" title="Mozart">Mozart</a> employed two violas in his string quintets, while Schubert's <a href="/wiki/String_Quintet_(Schubert)" title="String Quintet (Schubert)">string quintet</a> utilized two cellos. <a href="/wiki/Luigi_Boccherini" title="Luigi Boccherini">Boccherini</a> wrote a few quintets with a <a href="/wiki/Double_bass" title="Double bass">double bass</a> as the fifth instrument. Most of Boccherini's string quintets are for two violins, viola, and two cellos. Another composer who wrote a string quintet with two cellos is <a href="/wiki/Ethel_Smyth" title="Ethel Smyth">Ethel Smyth</a>.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/String_trio" title="String trio">string trio</a> has one violin, a viola, and a cello.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Piano_trio" title="Piano trio">piano trio</a> has a piano, a violin, and a cello.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Piano_quintet" title="Piano quintet">piano quintet</a> is a string quartet with an added <a href="/wiki/Piano" title="Piano">piano</a>.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Piano_quartet" title="Piano quartet">piano quartet</a> is a string quartet with one of the violins replaced by a piano.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Clarinet_quintet" title="Clarinet quintet">clarinet quintet</a> is a string quartet with an added <a href="/wiki/Clarinet" title="Clarinet">clarinet</a>, such as those by <a href="/wiki/Clarinet_Quintet_(Mozart)" title="Clarinet Quintet (Mozart)">Mozart</a> and <a href="/wiki/Clarinet_Quintet_(Brahms)" title="Clarinet Quintet (Brahms)">Brahms</a>.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/String_sextet" title="String sextet">string sextet</a> contains two each of violins, violas, and cellos. Brahms, for example, wrote two string sextets.</li></ul> <p>Further expansions have also produced works such as the <a href="/wiki/Octet_(Mendelssohn)" title="Octet (Mendelssohn)">String octet</a> by <a href="/wiki/Mendelssohn" class="mw-redirect" title="Mendelssohn">Mendelssohn</a>, consisting of the equivalent of two string quartets. Notably, <a href="/wiki/Arnold_Schoenberg" title="Arnold Schoenberg">Schoenberg</a> included a <a href="/wiki/Soprano" title="Soprano">soprano</a> in the last two movements of his <a href="/wiki/String_Quartets_(Schoenberg)#String_Quartet_No._2,_op._10" title="String Quartets (Schoenberg)">second string quartet</a>, composed in 1908. Adding a voice has since been done by <a href="/wiki/Milhaud" class="mw-redirect" title="Milhaud">Milhaud</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ginastera" class="mw-redirect" title="Ginastera">Ginastera</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brian_Ferneyhough" title="Brian Ferneyhough">Ferneyhough</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peter_Maxwell_Davies" title="Peter Maxwell Davies">Davies</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C4%B0lhan_Mimaro%C4%9Flu" title="İlhan Mimaroğlu">İlhan Mimaroğlu</a> and many others. Another variation on the traditional string quartet is the electric string quartet with players performing on <a href="/wiki/Electric_violin" title="Electric violin">electric instruments</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_string_quartets">Notable string quartets</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=String_quartet&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Notable string quartets"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_string_quartet_composers" title="List of string quartet composers">List of string quartet composers</a></div> <p>Notable works for string quartet include: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1096940132" /><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint listen-noimage"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Merel_Quartet_Beethoven_Grosse_Fuge_op.133.ogg" title="File:Merel Quartet Beethoven Grosse Fuge op.133.ogg">Beethoven's <i>Grosse Fuge</i>, Op. 133</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_5" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="215" style="width:215px;" data-durationhint="980" data-mwtitle="Merel_Quartet_Beethoven_Grosse_Fuge_op.133.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8e/Merel_Quartet_Beethoven_Grosse_Fuge_op.133.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/8e/Merel_Quartet_Beethoven_Grosse_Fuge_op.133.ogg/Merel_Quartet_Beethoven_Grosse_Fuge_op.133.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description">Merel Quartet at <a href="/wiki/Tonhalle_Z%C3%BCrich" class="mw-redirect" title="Tonhalle Zürich">Tonhalle Zürich</a>, 3 July 2013: Mary Ellen Woodside and Julia Schröder, violin; Ylvali Zilliacus, viola; Rafael Rosenfeld, cello</div></div></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Haydn" title="Joseph Haydn">Joseph Haydn</a>'s <a href="/wiki/List_of_string_quartets_by_Joseph_Haydn" title="List of string quartets by Joseph Haydn">68 string quartets</a>, in particular <a href="/wiki/String_Quartets,_Op._20_(Haydn)" title="String Quartets, Op. 20 (Haydn)">Op. 20</a>, <a href="/wiki/String_Quartets,_Op._33_(Haydn)" title="String Quartets, Op. 33 (Haydn)">Op. 33</a>, <a href="/wiki/String_Quartets,_Op._76_(Haydn)" title="String Quartets, Op. 76 (Haydn)">Op. 76</a>, <a href="/wiki/String_Quartets,_Op._64_(Haydn)" title="String Quartets, Op. 64 (Haydn)">Op. 64</a>, No. 5 ("The Lark") and the string quartet version of "The Seven Last Words of Our Saviour On the Cross" (<a href="/wiki/The_Seven_Last_Words_of_Christ_(Haydn)" title="The Seven Last Words of Christ (Haydn)">Op. 51</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-Saphire_Fam_Qt_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Saphire_Fam_Qt-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Amadeus_Mozart" title="Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart">Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart</a>'s 23 string quartets, in particular the <a href="/wiki/Haydn_Quartets_(Mozart)" title="Haydn Quartets (Mozart)">set of six dedicated to Haydn</a>, including <a href="/wiki/String_Quartet_No._19_(Mozart)" title="String Quartet No. 19 (Mozart)">K. 465</a> ("Dissonance")<sup id="cite_ref-Saphire_Fam_Qt_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Saphire_Fam_Qt-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_van_Beethoven" title="Ludwig van Beethoven">Ludwig van Beethoven</a>'s 16 string quartets, in particular the five "middle" quartets <a href="/wiki/String_Quartets_Nos._7%E2%80%939,_Op._59_%E2%80%93_Rasumovsky_(Beethoven)" class="mw-redirect" title="String Quartets Nos. 7–9, Op. 59 – Rasumovsky (Beethoven)">Op. 59 nos 1–3</a> (<i>“Rasumovsky”</i>), <a href="/wiki/String_Quartet_No._10_(Beethoven)" title="String Quartet No. 10 (Beethoven)">Op. 74</a> and <a href="/wiki/String_Quartet_No._11_(Beethoven)" title="String Quartet No. 11 (Beethoven)">Op. 95</a>; as well as the <a href="/wiki/Late_String_Quartets_(Beethoven)" class="mw-redirect" title="Late String Quartets (Beethoven)">five late quartets</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Opp. <a href="/wiki/String_Quartet_No._12_(Beethoven)" title="String Quartet No. 12 (Beethoven)">127</a>, <a href="/wiki/String_Quartet_No._13_(Beethoven)" title="String Quartet No. 13 (Beethoven)">130</a>, <a href="/wiki/String_Quartet_No._14_(Beethoven)" title="String Quartet No. 14 (Beethoven)">131</a>, <a href="/wiki/String_Quartet_No._15_(Beethoven)" title="String Quartet No. 15 (Beethoven)">132</a>, and <a href="/wiki/String_Quartet_No._16_(Beethoven)" title="String Quartet No. 16 (Beethoven)">135</a>, plus the <i><a href="/wiki/Grosse_Fuge" title="Grosse Fuge">Grosse Fuge</a>,</i> Op. 133, the original final movement of Op. 130.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Schubert" title="Franz Schubert">Franz Schubert</a>'s 15 string quartets, in particular the <a href="/wiki/String_Quartet_No._12_(Schubert)" class="mw-redirect" title="String Quartet No. 12 (Schubert)">String Quartet No. 12</a> in C minor ("Quartettsatz"), <a href="/wiki/String_Quartet_No._13_(Schubert)" title="String Quartet No. 13 (Schubert)">String Quartet No. 13</a> in A minor ("Rosamunde"), <a href="/wiki/String_Quartet_No._14_(Schubert)" title="String Quartet No. 14 (Schubert)">String Quartet No. 14</a> in D minor ("Death and the Maiden"), and <a href="/wiki/String_Quartet_No._15_(Schubert)" title="String Quartet No. 15 (Schubert)">String Quartet No. 15</a> in G major<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEisen2001§3_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEisen2001§3-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felix_Mendelssohn" title="Felix Mendelssohn">Felix Mendelssohn</a>'s <a href="/wiki/String_Quartets_(Mendelssohn)" class="mw-redirect" title="String Quartets (Mendelssohn)">6 numbered string quartets</a>, in particular the <a href="/wiki/String_Quartet_No._2_(Mendelssohn)" title="String Quartet No. 2 (Mendelssohn)">String Quartet No. 2</a> (early example of <a href="/wiki/Cyclic_form" title="Cyclic form">cyclic form</a>), and the early <a href="/wiki/String_Quartet_in_E-flat_major_(1823)_(Mendelssohn)" class="mw-redirect" title="String Quartet in E-flat major (1823) (Mendelssohn)">unnumbered string quartet in E<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-flat">♭</span></span> major</a><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Schumann" title="Robert Schumann">Robert Schumann</a>'s three <a href="/wiki/String_Quartets_(Schumann)" class="mw-redirect" title="String Quartets (Schumann)">string quartets, Op. 41</a>, in A minor, F major and A major (1842)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWyn_Jones2003239ff_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWyn_Jones2003239ff-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Brahms" title="Johannes Brahms">Johannes Brahms</a>'s three string quartets, <a href="/wiki/String_Quartets,_Op._51_(Brahms)" title="String Quartets, Op. 51 (Brahms)">Op. 51 No. 1 (in C minor), Op. 51 No. 2 (in A minor)</a> and <a href="/wiki/String_Quartet_No._3_(Brahms)" title="String Quartet No. 3 (Brahms)">Op. 67 (in B-flat major)</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaldassarre2001_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaldassarre2001-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Verdi" title="Giuseppe Verdi">Giuseppe Verdi</a>'s <a href="/wiki/String_Quartet_(Verdi)" title="String Quartet (Verdi)">String Quartet</a> (1873)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Ilyich_Tchaikovsky" title="Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky">Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky</a>'s three string quartets (1871, 1873/74, 1876)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGriffiths2001§5_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGriffiths2001§5-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Arensky" title="Anton Arensky">Anton Arensky</a>'s Second String Quartet, unusually scored for violin, viola and two cellos (1894)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton%C3%ADn_Dvo%C5%99%C3%A1k" title="Antonín Dvořák">Antonín Dvořák</a>'s String Quartets Nos. 9–14, particularly <a href="/wiki/String_Quartet_No._12_(Dvo%C5%99%C3%A1k)" title="String Quartet No. 12 (Dvořák)">String Quartet No. 12 in F major, "American"</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-Saphire_Fam_Qt_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Saphire_Fam_Qt-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> also No. 3 is an exceptionally long quartet (lasting 65 minutes)<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bed%C5%99ich_Smetana" title="Bedřich Smetana">Bedřich Smetana</a>'s two quartets, especially <a href="/wiki/String_Quartet_No._1_(Smetana)" title="String Quartet No. 1 (Smetana)">String Quartet No. 1 in E minor, "From my Life"</a> (1876), considered the first piece of chamber <a href="/wiki/Programme_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Programme music">programme music</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGriffiths2001§5_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGriffiths2001§5-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9sar_Franck" title="César Franck">César Franck</a>'s <a href="/wiki/String_Quartet_(Franck)" title="String Quartet (Franck)">String Quartet in D major</a> (1889-1890)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGriffiths2001§5_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGriffiths2001§5-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Debussy" title="Claude Debussy">Claude Debussy</a>'s <a href="/wiki/String_Quartet_(Debussy)" title="String Quartet (Debussy)">String Quartet in G minor</a>, Op. 10 (1893)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Ravel" title="Maurice Ravel">Maurice Ravel</a>'s <a href="/wiki/String_Quartet_(Ravel)" title="String Quartet (Ravel)">String Quartet</a>, in F major (1903)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScholes1938[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_December_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(December_2022)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScholes1938[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_December_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(December_2022)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Reger" title="Max Reger">Max Reger</a>'s six string quartets (including an early unnumbered one), especially long Quartet No. 3 in D minor, Op. 74 (1903-04), Quartet No. 4 in E-flat major, Op. 109 (1909), and the last, Quartet No. 5 in F-sharp minor, Op. 121 (1911)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGriffiths2001§5_21-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGriffiths2001§5-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Sibelius" title="Jean Sibelius">Jean Sibelius</a>'s String Quartet in D minor, Op. 56, <i><a href="/wiki/Voces_intimae_(Sibelius)" class="mw-redirect" title="Voces intimae (Sibelius)">Voces intimae</a></i> (1909)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGriffiths2001§6_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGriffiths2001§6-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_von_Zemlinsky" title="Alexander von Zemlinsky">Alexander Zemlinsky</a>'s Second String Quartet, Op. 15 (1913–15)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeaumont2001_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeaumont2001-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Elgar" title="Edward Elgar">Edward Elgar</a>’s <a href="/wiki/String_Quartet_(Elgar)" title="String Quartet (Elgar)">String Quartet</a> op. 83 in E minor (1918)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Faur%C3%A9" title="Gabriel Fauré">Gabriel Fauré</a>’s <a href="/wiki/String_Quartet_(Faur%C3%A9)" title="String Quartet (Fauré)">String Quartet</a> op. 121 in E minor (1924), the composer’s last work</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo%C5%A1_Jan%C3%A1%C4%8Dek" title="Leoš Janáček">Leoš Janáček</a>'s two string quartets, <a href="/wiki/String_Quartet_No._1_(Jan%C3%A1%C4%8Dek)" title="String Quartet No. 1 (Janáček)">String Quartet No. 1, "Kreutzer Sonata"</a> (1923), inspired by <a href="/wiki/Leo_Tolstoy" title="Leo Tolstoy">Leo Tolstoy</a>'s novel <i><a href="/wiki/The_Kreutzer_Sonata" title="The Kreutzer Sonata">The Kreutzer Sonata</a></i>, itself named after Beethoven's <a href="/wiki/Violin_Sonata_No._9_(Beethoven)" title="Violin Sonata No. 9 (Beethoven)">Kreutzer Sonata</a>; and his second string quartet, <i><a href="/wiki/String_Quartet_No._2_(Jan%C3%A1%C4%8Dek)" title="String Quartet No. 2 (Janáček)">Intimate Letters</a></i> (1928)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGriffiths2001§7_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGriffiths2001§7-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9la_Bart%C3%B3k" title="Béla Bartók">Béla Bartók</a>'s <a href="/wiki/List_of_string_quartets_by_B%C3%A9la_Bart%C3%B3k" title="List of string quartets by Béla Bartók">six string quartets</a> (1909, 1915–17, 1926, 1927, 1934, 1939)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGriffiths2001§7_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGriffiths2001§7-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnold_Schoenberg" title="Arnold Schoenberg">Arnold Schoenberg</a>'s <a href="/wiki/String_Quartets_(Schoenberg)" title="String Quartets (Schoenberg)">four string quartets</a> – No. 1 Op. 7 (1904–05) No. 2 Op. 10 (1907–08, noteworthy for its first ever inclusion of the human voice in a string quartet), No. 3 Op. 30 (1927) and No. 4 Op. 37 (1936)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGriffiths2001§6_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGriffiths2001§6-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alban_Berg" title="Alban Berg">Alban Berg</a>'s <a href="/wiki/String_Quartet,_Op._3_(Berg)" class="mw-redirect" title="String Quartet, Op. 3 (Berg)">String Quartet, Op. 3</a> (1910) and <i><a href="/wiki/Lyric_Suite_(Berg)" title="Lyric Suite (Berg)">Lyric Suite</a></i> (1925-26), later adapted for string orchestra<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGriffiths2001§7_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGriffiths2001§7-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Webern" title="Anton Webern">Anton Webern</a>'s Five Movements, Op.5 (1909),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGriffiths2001§5_21-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGriffiths2001§5-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Six Bagatelles, Op.9 (1913),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGriffiths2001§5_21-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGriffiths2001§5-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Quartet, Op. 28 (1937–38)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGriffiths2001§6_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGriffiths2001§6-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darius_Milhaud" title="Darius Milhaud">Darius Milhaud</a>'s set of 18 string quartets written between 1912 and 1950, particularly nos. 14 and 15 op. 291 (1948-49), which can be played simultaneously as a string octet<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGriffiths2001§8_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGriffiths2001§8-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heitor_Villa-Lobos" title="Heitor Villa-Lobos">Heitor Villa-Lobos</a>'s 17 string quartets (1915-1957), in particular the <a href="/wiki/String_Quartet_No._5_(Villa-Lobos)" title="String Quartet No. 5 (Villa-Lobos)">Fifth</a> ("Popular"), <a href="/wiki/String_Quartet_No._6_(Villa-Lobos)" title="String Quartet No. 6 (Villa-Lobos)">Sixth</a> ("Brazilian"), and <a href="/wiki/String_Quartet_No._17_(Villa-Lobos)" title="String Quartet No. 17 (Villa-Lobos)">Seventeenth</a> String Quartets.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGriffiths2001§8_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGriffiths2001§8-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Crawford-Seeger" class="mw-redirect" title="Ruth Crawford-Seeger">Ruth Crawford-Seeger</a>'s string quartet (1931)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alois_H%C3%A1ba" title="Alois Hába">Alois Hába</a>'s 16 string quartets (1919-1967),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGriffiths2001§8_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGriffiths2001§8-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> some of them in quarter-tone tuning, the last in fifth-tone tuning.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dmitri_Shostakovich" title="Dmitri Shostakovich">Dmitri Shostakovich</a>'s 15 string quartets, in particular the <a href="/wiki/String_Quartet_No._8_(Shostakovich)" title="String Quartet No. 8 (Shostakovich)">String Quartet No. 8 in C minor, Op. 110 (1960)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/String_Quartet_No._15_(Shostakovich)" title="String Quartet No. 15 (Shostakovich)">No. 15</a> Op. 144 (1974) in six <a href="/wiki/Tempo" title="Tempo">Adagio</a> movements.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGriffiths2001§8_27-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGriffiths2001§8-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Cage" title="John Cage">John Cage</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/String_Quartet_in_Four_Parts" title="String Quartet in Four Parts">String Quartet in Four Parts</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGriffiths2001§8_27-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGriffiths2001§8-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (1950).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elliott_Carter" title="Elliott Carter">Elliott Carter</a>'s five string quartets<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGriffiths2001§8_27-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGriffiths2001§8-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (1951, 1959, 1971, 1986, 1995).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iannis_Xenakis" title="Iannis Xenakis">Iannis Xenakis</a>'s <i>ST/4</i> (1962),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGriffiths2001§8_27-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGriffiths2001§8-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tetras (1983), Tetora (1990) and Ergma (1994).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karlheinz_Stockhausen" title="Karlheinz Stockhausen">Karlheinz Stockhausen</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Helikopter-Streichquartett" title="Helikopter-Streichquartett">Helikopter-Streichquartett</a></i> (1992–93), to be played by the four musicians in four helicopters<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGriffiths2001§9_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGriffiths2001§9-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brian_Ferneyhough" title="Brian Ferneyhough">Brian Ferneyhough</a>'s six string quartets (1963, 1980, 1987, 1989-90, 2006, 2010) as well as his <i>Sonatas for String Quartet</i> (1967), <i>Adagissimo</i> (1983), <i>Dum transisset I-IV</i> (2007), <i>Exordium</i> (2008) and <i>Silentium</i> (2014).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvatore_Sciarrino" title="Salvatore Sciarrino">Salvatore Sciarrino</a>'s eight string quartets (1967-2008).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Rihm" title="Wolfgang Rihm">Wolfgang Rihm</a>'s 13 string quartets (1970-2011).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helmut_Lachenmann" title="Helmut Lachenmann">Helmut Lachenmann</a>'s three string quartets (Gran Torso, 1972; <a href="/wiki/Reigen_seliger_Geister" title="Reigen seliger Geister">Reigen seliger Geister</a>, 1989; Grido, 2001).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morton_Feldman" title="Morton Feldman">Morton Feldman</a>'s <i>Second String Quartet</i> (1983), which typically takes about five hours in performance.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Lentz" title="Georges Lentz">Georges Lentz</a>'s 43-hour digital <i><a href="/wiki/String_Quartet(s)" title="String Quartet(s)">String Quartet(s)</a></i> (2000-2023), a vast four-channel multi-disciplinary work permanently played in the <a href="/wiki/Cobar_Sound_Chapel" title="Cobar Sound Chapel">Cobar Sound Chapel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="String_quartets_(ensembles)"><span id="String_quartets_.28ensembles.29"></span>String quartets (ensembles)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=String_quartet&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: String quartets (ensembles)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_string_quartet_ensembles" title="List of string quartet ensembles">List of string quartet ensembles</a></div> <p>Whereas individual string players often group together to make <a href="/wiki/Ad_hoc" title="Ad hoc">ad hoc</a> string quartets, others continue to play together for many years in ensembles which may be named after the first violinist (e.g. the <a href="/wiki/Tak%C3%A1cs_Quartet" title="Takács Quartet">Takács Quartet</a>), a composer (e.g. the <a href="/wiki/Borodin_Quartet" title="Borodin Quartet">Borodin Quartet</a>) or a location (e.g. the <a href="/wiki/Budapest_String_Quartet" title="Budapest String Quartet">Budapest Quartet</a>). Established quartets may undergo changes in membership whilst retaining their original name. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=String_quartet&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWyn_Jones2003179-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWyn_Jones2003179_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWyn_Jones2003">Wyn Jones 2003</a>, 179.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/D%27Indy" class="mw-redirect" title="D'Indy">D'Indy</a>'s <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://imslp.org/wiki/Cours_de_Composition_Musicale_(Indy,_Vincent_d%27)#IMSLP880379"><i>Cours de Composition Musicale</i></a> (1912) cites the "timides essais" of <a href="/wiki/Sammartini" title="Sammartini">Sammartini</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pieter_van_Maldere" title="Pieter van Maldere">Van Malder</a> & <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Joseph_Gossec" title="François-Joseph Gossec">Gossec</a>. (p. 214)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Eaglefield_Hull" title="Arthur Eaglefield Hull">Arthur Eaglefield Hull</a>, "The earliest string quartet" <i><a href="/wiki/The_Musical_Quarterly" title="The Musical Quarterly">The Musical Quarterly</a></i> <b>15</b> (1929:72–76).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWyn_Jones2003178-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWyn_Jones2003178_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWyn_Jones2003">Wyn Jones 2003</a>, 178.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSchick2009" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Hartmut_Schick" title="Hartmut Schick">Schick, Hartmut</a> (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:19-epub-17252-0">"Hat Franz Xaver Richter das Streichquartett erfunden? Überlegungen zum 300. Geburtstag des Komponisten, samt einer Hypothese zu Boccherini"</a> [Did Franz Xaver Richter invent the string quartet? Reflections on the 300th birthday of the composer, including a theory about Boccherini]. <i><a href="/wiki/Archiv_f%C3%BCr_Musikwissenschaft" title="Archiv für Musikwissenschaft">Archiv für Musikwissenschaft</a></i> (in German). <b>66</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">306–</span>320. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.25162%2Fafmw-2009-0016">10.25162/afmw-2009-0016</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/27764460">27764460</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Archiv+f%C3%BCr+Musikwissenschaft&rft.atitle=Hat+Franz+Xaver+Richter+das+Streichquartett+erfunden%3F+%C3%9Cberlegungen+zum+300.+Geburtstag+des+Komponisten%2C+samt+einer+Hypothese+zu+Boccherini&rft.volume=66&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E306-%3C%2Fspan%3E320&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.25162%2Fafmw-2009-0016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F27764460%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Schick&rft.aufirst=Hartmut&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnbn-resolving.de%2Furn%3Anbn%3Ade%3Abvb%3A19-epub-17252-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AString+quartet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFinscher2000398-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFinscher2000398_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFinscher2000398_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFinscher2000">Finscher 2000</a>, 398.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This would put the date earlier, around 1750; <a href="#CITEREFFinscher2000">Finscher (2000)</a> as well as <a href="#CITEREFWebsterFeder2001">Webster & Feder (2001)</a> judge that Griesinger erred here.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGriesinger196313-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGriesinger196313_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGriesinger1963">Griesinger 1963</a>, 13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lindsay Kemp: Joseph Haydn: The String Quartets, Decca 200.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETovey[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_January_2017]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(January_2017)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETovey[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_January_2017]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(January_2017)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTovey">Tovey</a>, <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (January 2017)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHickman1981" class="citation journal cs1">Hickman, Roger (1981). "The Nascent Viennese String Quartet". <i><a href="/wiki/The_Musical_Quarterly" title="The Musical Quarterly">The Musical Quarterly</a></i>. <b>67</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">211–</span>212. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/741992">741992</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Musical+Quarterly&rft.atitle=The+Nascent+Viennese+String+Quartet&rft.volume=67&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E211-%3C%2Fspan%3E212&rft.date=1981&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F741992%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Hickman&rft.aufirst=Roger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AString+quartet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEisen2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Cliff_Eisen" title="Cliff Eisen">Eisen, Cliff</a> (2009). "The string quartet". In <a href="/wiki/Simon_P._Keefe" title="Simon P. Keefe">Keefe, Simon</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/the-cambridge-history-of-eighteenth-century-music/89CD5DBB0501F1A52B516F320F8A7129"><i>The Cambridge History of Eighteenth-Century Music</i></a>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 650. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781139056038" title="Special:BookSources/9781139056038"><bdi>9781139056038</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+string+quartet&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+Eighteenth-Century+Music&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=650&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9781139056038&rft.aulast=Eisen&rft.aufirst=Cliff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fbooks%2Fthe-cambridge-history-of-eighteenth-century-music%2F89CD5DBB0501F1A52B516F320F8A7129&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AString+quartet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMorris2005" class="citation book cs1">Morris, Edmund (2005). <i>The Universal Composer</i>. New York: Atlas Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-075974-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-06-075974-7"><bdi>0-06-075974-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Universal+Composer&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Atlas+Books&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-06-075974-7&rft.aulast=Morris&rft.aufirst=Edmund&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AString+quartet" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (May 2017)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNémeth2022" class="citation journal cs1">Németh, Zsombor (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1556/6.2021.00019">"The Fourth of the Fourth: On the Genesis and the Early Performances of the Allegretto, pizzicato Movement of Béla Bartók's String Quartet No. 4"</a>. <i>Studia Musicologica</i>. <b>62</b> (<span class="nowrap">3–</span>4): <span class="nowrap">291–</span>307. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1556%2F6.2021.00019">10.1556/6.2021.00019</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Studia+Musicologica&rft.atitle=The+Fourth+of+the+Fourth%3A+On+the+Genesis+and+the+Early+Performances+of+the+Allegretto%2C+pizzicato+Movement+of+B%C3%A9la+Bart%C3%B3k%27s+String+Quartet+No.+4&rft.volume=62&rft.issue=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E3%E2%80%93%3C%2Fspan%3E4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E291-%3C%2Fspan%3E307&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1556%2F6.2021.00019&rft.aulast=N%C3%A9meth&rft.aufirst=Zsombor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1556%2F6.2021.00019&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AString+quartet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Saphire_Fam_Qt-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Saphire_Fam_Qt_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Saphire_Fam_Qt_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Saphire_Fam_Qt_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sapphirequartet.co.uk/famous-string-quartets.html">Famous String quartets</a>", <i>SapphireQuartet.co.uk</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120418095201/http://www.sapphirequartet.co.uk/famous-string-quartets.html">Archived</a> 2012-04-18 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Morris_(writer)" title="Edmund Morris (writer)">Morris, Edmund</a>, <i>Beethoven: The Universal Composer.</i> New York: Atlas Books / HarperCollins, 2005. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-075974-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-06-075974-7">0-06-075974-7</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEisen2001§3-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEisen2001§3_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEisen2001">Eisen 2001</a>, §3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For a complete analysis of this quartet, see <a href="#CITEREFGriffiths1983">Griffiths 1983</a>, <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (January 2017)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWyn_Jones2003239ff-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWyn_Jones2003239ff_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWyn_Jones2003">Wyn Jones 2003</a>, pp. 239ff.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaldassarre2001-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaldassarre2001_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBaldassarre2001">Baldassarre 2001</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGriffiths2001§5-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGriffiths2001§5_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGriffiths2001§5_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGriffiths2001§5_21-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGriffiths2001§5_21-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGriffiths2001§5_21-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGriffiths2001§5_21-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGriffiths2001">Griffiths 2001</a>, §5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.naxos.com/catalogue/item.asp?item_code=8.553378">"DVORAK, A.: String Quartets, Vol. 8 (Vlach Quartet) – No. 3 – 8.553378"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180720135831/https://www.naxos.com/catalogue/item.asp?item_code=8.553378">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-07-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-07-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=DVORAK%2C+A.%3A+String+Quartets%2C+Vol.+8+%28Vlach+Quartet%29+%E2%80%93+No.+3+%E2%80%93+8.553378&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.naxos.com%2Fcatalogue%2Fitem.asp%3Fitem_code%3D8.553378&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AString+quartet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEScholes1938[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_December_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(December_2022)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScholes1938[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_December_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(December_2022)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFScholes1938">Scholes 1938</a>, p. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (December 2022)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGriffiths2001§6-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGriffiths2001§6_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGriffiths2001§6_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGriffiths2001§6_24-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGriffiths2001">Griffiths 2001</a>, §6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeaumont2001-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeaumont2001_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBeaumont2001">Beaumont 2001</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGriffiths2001§7-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGriffiths2001§7_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGriffiths2001§7_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGriffiths2001§7_26-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGriffiths2001">Griffiths 2001</a>, §7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGriffiths2001§8-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGriffiths2001§8_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGriffiths2001§8_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGriffiths2001§8_27-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGriffiths2001§8_27-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGriffiths2001§8_27-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGriffiths2001§8_27-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGriffiths2001§8_27-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGriffiths2001">Griffiths 2001</a>, §8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Karlheinz Stockhausen,.. "Helikopter-Streichquartett", <i>Grand Street</i> 14, no. 4 (Spring 1996, "Grand Street 56: Dreams"): 213–225. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-885490-07-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-885490-07-0">1-885490-07-0</a>. Online variant version [1999], as "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141117125904/http://www.stockhausen.org/helicopter_intro.html">Introduction: Helicopter String Quartet (1992/93)</a>" (some omissions, some supplements, different illustrations; archive from 17 November 2014, accessed 11 August 2016).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGriffiths2001§9-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGriffiths2001§9_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGriffiths2001">Griffiths 2001</a>, §9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cobarsoundchapel.com/the-music.html">"THE MUSIC"</a>. <i>Cobar Sound Chapel</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 7,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cobar+Sound+Chapel&rft.atitle=THE+MUSIC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cobarsoundchapel.com%2Fthe-music.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AString+quartet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=String_quartet&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><cite class="citation wikicite" id="CITEREFBaldassarre2001">Baldassarre, Antonio : "String Quartet: §4", in: <i>The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians</i>, edited by <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Sadie" title="Stanley Sadie">Stanley Sadie</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Tyrrell_(musicologist)" title="John Tyrrell (musicologist)">John Tyrrell</a> (London: Macmillan Publishers, 2001).</cite></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562" /><cite class="citation wikicite" id="CITEREFBeaumont2001">Beaumont, Antony. 2001. "Zemlinsky [Zemlinszky], Alexander (von). <i>The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians</i>, second edition, edited by Stanley Sadie and John Tyrrell. London: Macmillan Publishers.</cite></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562" /><cite class="citation wikicite" id="CITEREFEisen2001">Eisen, Cliff: "String Quartet: §§1–3", in: <i>The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians</i>, edited by <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Sadie" title="Stanley Sadie">Stanley Sadie</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Tyrrell_(musicologist)" title="John Tyrrell (musicologist)">John Tyrrell</a> (London: Macmillan Publishers, 2001).</cite></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562" /><cite class="citation wikicite" id="CITEREFFinscher2000"><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Finscher" title="Ludwig Finscher">Finscher, Ludwig</a>: <i>Joseph Haydn und seine Zeit</i> (Laaber, Germany: Laaber, 2000).</cite></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562" /><cite class="citation wikicite" id="CITEREFGriesinger1963"><a href="/wiki/Georg_August_Griesinger" title="Georg August Griesinger">Griesinger, Georg August</a>: <i>Biographical Notes Concerning Joseph Haydn</i> (Leipzig: Breitkopf & Härtel, [1810] 1963). English translation by Vernon Gotwals, in <i>Haydn: Two Contemporary Portraits</i> (Milwaukee: University of Wisconsin Press).</cite><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag needs to be fact-checked with the cited source(s). (January 2017)">verification needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGriffiths1983" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Griffiths_(writer)" title="Paul Griffiths (writer)">Griffiths, Paul</a> (1983). <i>The String Quartet: A History</i>. Thames and Hudson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-500-27383-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-500-27383-9"><bdi>0-500-27383-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+String+Quartet%3A+A+History&rft.pub=Thames+and+Hudson&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=0-500-27383-9&rft.aulast=Griffiths&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AString+quartet" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562" /><cite class="citation wikicite" id="CITEREFGriffiths2001">Griffiths, Paul: "String Quartet: §§5–9", in: <i>The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians</i>, edited by <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Sadie" title="Stanley Sadie">Stanley Sadie</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Tyrrell_(musicologist)" title="John Tyrrell (musicologist)">John Tyrrell</a> (London: Macmillan Publishers, 2001).</cite></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFScholes1938" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Percy_Scholes" title="Percy Scholes">Scholes, Percy A.</a> (1938). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Oxford_Companion_to_Music" title="The Oxford Companion to Music">The Oxford Companion to Music</a></i>. Oxford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Companion+to+Music&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1938&rft.aulast=Scholes&rft.aufirst=Percy+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AString+quartet" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562" /><cite class="citation wikicite" id="CITEREFTovey"><a href="/wiki/Donald_Tovey" title="Donald Tovey">Tovey, Donald</a>: <i>Essays in Musical Analysis</i>. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (January 2017)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></cite></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562" /><cite class="citation wikicite" id="CITEREFWebsterFeder2001"><a href="/wiki/James_Webster_(musicologist)" title="James Webster (musicologist)">Webster, James</a> & Feder, Georg: "Joseph Haydn", article in: <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Grove_Dictionary_of_Music_and_Musicians" title="The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians">The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians</a></i> (London & New York: Macmillan, 2001). Published separately as a book: <i>The New Grove Haydn</i> (New York: Macmillan 2002, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-516904-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-516904-2">0-19-516904-2</a>).</cite></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562" /><cite class="citation wikicite" id="CITEREFWyn_Jones2003"><a href="/wiki/David_Wyn_Jones" title="David Wyn Jones">Wyn Jones, David</a>: "The Origins of the Quartet", in Robin Stowell (ed.): <i><a href="/wiki/Cambridge_Companions_to_Music" class="mw-redirect" title="Cambridge Companions to Music">The Cambridge Companion to the String Quartet</a></i> (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003); <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-00042-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-00042-4">0-521-00042-4</a>.</cite></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=String_quartet&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Barrett-Ayres, Reginald: <i>Joseph Haydn and the String Quartet</i> (New York: Schirmer Books, 1974); <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-02-870400-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-02-870400-2">0-02-870400-2</a>.</li> <li>Blum, David: <i>The Art of Quartet Playing: The Guarneri Quartet in Conversation with David Blum</i> (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1986); <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-394-53985-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-394-53985-0">0-394-53985-0</a>.</li> <li>Eisler, Edith: <i>21st-Century String Quartets</i> (String Letter Publishing, 2000); <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-890490-15-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-890490-15-6">1-890490-15-6</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Keller" title="Hans Keller">Keller, Hans</a>: <i>The Great Haydn Quartets. Their Interpretation</i> (London: J. M. Dent, 1986); <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-460-86107-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-460-86107-7">0-460-86107-7</a>.</li> <li>Rounds, David: <i>The Four & the One: In Praise of String Quartets</i> (Fort Bragg, California: Lost Coast Press, 1999); <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-882897-26-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-882897-26-9">1-882897-26-9</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Rosen" title="Charles Rosen">Rosen, Charles</a>: <i>The Classical Style: Haydn, Mozart, Beethoven</i> (London: Faber and Faber, 1971); <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-571-10234-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-571-10234-4">0-571-10234-4</a> (soft covers), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-571-09118-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-571-09118-0">0-571-09118-0</a> (hardback).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnold_Steinhardt" title="Arnold Steinhardt">Steinhardt, Arnold</a>: <i>Indivisible by Four</i> (Farrar, Straus Giroux, 1998); <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-374-52700-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-374-52700-8">0-374-52700-8</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVernon2023" class="citation book cs1">Vernon, David (5 September 2023). <i>Beethoven: The String Quartets</i>. Edinburgh: Candle Row Press, 2023. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1739659929" title="Special:BookSources/978-1739659929"><bdi>978-1739659929</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beethoven%3A+The+String+Quartets&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pub=Candle+Row+Press%2C+2023&rft.date=2023-09-05&rft.isbn=978-1739659929&rft.aulast=Vernon&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AString+quartet" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Vuibert, Francis: <i>Répertoire universel du quatuor à cordes</i> (2009) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110718200859/http://www.gregsandow.com/quartint.htm">ProQuartet-CEMC</a>; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-9531544-0-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-9531544-0-5">978-2-9531544-0-5</a>.</li> <li>Winter, Robert (ed.): <i>The Beethoven Quartet Companion</i> (University of California Press, 1996).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=String_quartet&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110718200859/http://www.gregsandow.com/quartint.htm">Greg Sandow – Introducing String Quartets</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (archived July 18, 2011)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.raptusassociation.org/stringprehist_e.html">A brief history of the development of the String Quartet up to Beethoven</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050119222457/http://all-about-beethoven.com/stringquartet.html">Beethoven's string quartets</a><sup><a href="/wiki/Template:Usurped/doc" title="Template:Usurped/doc">[usurped]</a></sup></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040103104013/http://www.artofthestates.org/cgi-bin/instsearch.pl?inst=string%20quartet">Art of the States: string quartet</a> works for string quartet by American composers</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.editionsilvertrust.com">String Quartet Sound-bites from lesser known composers</a> E.G. Onslow, Viotti, Rheinberger, Gretchaninov, A.Taneyev, Kiel, Busoni & many more.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.europarchive.org/results.php?query=strykkwartet&additional=&x=0&y=0">European archive</a> String quartet recordings on copyright free LPs at the European Archive (for non-American users only).</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.quartets.de/index.html">Shostakovich: the string quartets</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.quartetweb.org">String quartet compositions and performers since about 1914 and the connections between them</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output 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does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:String_quartets/default" title="Special:EditPage/Template:String quartets/default"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="String_quartets477" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">String quartets</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">African</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soweto_String_Quartet" title="Soweto String Quartet">Soweto</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">American</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_String_Quartet" title="Alexander String Quartet">Alexander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancora_String_Quartet" title="Ancora String Quartet">Ancora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artaria_String_quartet" class="mw-redirect" title="Artaria String quartet">Artaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audubon_Quartet" title="Audubon Quartet">Audubon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berkshire_String_Quartet" title="Berkshire String Quartet">Berkshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blair_Quartet" title="Blair Quartet">Blair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borromeo_String_Quartet" title="Borromeo String Quartet">Borromeo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston_String_Quartet" title="Boston String Quartet">Boston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brentano_String_Quartet" title="Brentano String Quartet">Brentano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_Rider" title="Brooklyn Rider">Brooklyn Rider</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calder_Quartet" title="Calder Quartet">Calder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carpe_Diem_String_Quartet" title="Carpe Diem String Quartet">Carpe Diem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cassatt_Quartet" title="Cassatt Quartet">Cassatt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cavani_String_Quartet" title="Cavani String Quartet">Cavani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiara_String_Quartet" title="Chiara String Quartet">Chiara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ciompi_Quartet" title="Ciompi Quartet">Ciompi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Quartet" title="Cleveland Quartet">Cleveland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Composers_Quartet" title="The Composers Quartet">Composers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concord_String_Quartet" title="Concord String Quartet">Concord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corigliano_Quartet" title="Corigliano Quartet">Corigliano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curtis_String_Quartet" title="Curtis String Quartet">Curtis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Del_Sol_Quartet" title="Del Sol Quartet">Del Sol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dover_Quartet" title="Dover Quartet">Dover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emerson_String_Quartet" title="Emerson String Quartet">Emerson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enso_String_Quartet" class="mw-redirect" title="Enso String Quartet">Enso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Escher_String_Quartet" title="Escher String Quartet">Escher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esterhazy_Quartet" title="Esterhazy Quartet">Esterhazy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethel_(string_quartet)" title="Ethel (string quartet)">Ethel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fine_Arts_Quartet" title="Fine Arts Quartet">Fine Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flonzaley_Quartet" title="Flonzaley Quartet">Flonzaley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FLUX_Quartet" title="FLUX Quartet">FLUX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formosa_Quartet" title="Formosa Quartet">Formosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Sherry_String_Quartet" title="Fred Sherry String Quartet">Fred Sherry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fry_Street_Quartet" title="Fry Street Quartet">Fry Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guarneri_Quartet" title="Guarneri Quartet">Guarneri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hampton_String_Quartet" title="Hampton String Quartet">Hampton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harlem_Quartet" title="Harlem Quartet">Harlem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawthorne_String_Quartet" title="Hawthorne String Quartet">Hawthorne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hollywood_String_Quartet" title="Hollywood String Quartet">Hollywood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JACK_Quartet" title="JACK Quartet">JACK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juilliard_String_Quartet" title="Juilliard String Quartet">Juilliard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kneisel_Quartet" title="Kneisel Quartet">Kneisel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kronos_Quartet" title="Kronos Quartet">Kronos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laclede_Quartet" title="Laclede Quartet">Laclede</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LaSalle_Quartet" title="LaSalle Quartet">LaSalle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miami_String_Quartet" title="Miami String Quartet">Miami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midnight_String_Quartet" title="Midnight String Quartet">Midnight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mir%C3%B3_Quartet" title="Miró Quartet">Miró</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Hungarian_Quartet" title="New Hungarian Quartet">New Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_World_String_Quartet" title="New World String Quartet">New World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oberlin_String_Quartet" title="Oberlin String Quartet">Oberlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orion_String_Quartet" title="Orion String Quartet">Orion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacifica_Quartet" title="Pacifica Quartet">Pacifica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paganini_Quartet" title="Paganini Quartet">Paganini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perol%C3%A9_Quartet" title="Perolé Quartet">Perolé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_String_Quartet" title="Philadelphia String Quartet">Philadelphia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pro_Arte_Quartet" title="Pro Arte Quartet">Pro Arte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quartet_San_Francisco" title="Quartet San Francisco">San Francisco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Section_Quartet" title="The Section Quartet">Section</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soldier_String_Quartet" title="Soldier String Quartet">Soldier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonus_Quartet" title="Sonus Quartet">Sonus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanford_String_Quartet" title="Stanford String Quartet">Stanford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tak%C3%A1cs_Quartet" title="Takács Quartet">Takács</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokyo_String_Quartet" title="Tokyo String Quartet">Tokyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turtle_Island_Quartet" title="Turtle Island Quartet">Turtle Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vermeer_Quartet" title="Vermeer Quartet">Vermeer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_String_Quartet" title="Vitamin String Quartet">Vitamin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yale_Quartet" title="Yale Quartet">Yale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ying_Quartet" title="Ying Quartet">Ying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoellner_Quartet" title="Zoellner Quartet">Zoellner</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Asian & <br />Oceanic</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_String_Quartet" title="Australian String Quartet">Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bond_(string_quartet)" title="Bond (string quartet)">Bond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goldner_String_Quartet" title="Goldner String Quartet">Goldner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jade_String_Quartet" class="mw-redirect" title="Jade String Quartet">Jade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_String_Quartet" title="New Zealand String Quartet">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanghai_Quartet" title="Shanghai Quartet">Shanghai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%27ang_Quartet" title="T'ang Quartet">T'ang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zephyr_Quartet" title="Zephyr Quartet">Zephyr</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Austrian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alban_Berg_Quartet" class="mw-redirect" title="Alban Berg Quartet">Alban Berg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ALEA_Ensemble" title="ALEA Ensemble">ALEA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barylli_Quartet" title="Barylli Quartet">Barylli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hagen_Quartet" title="Hagen Quartet">Hagen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellmesberger_Quartet" title="Hellmesberger Quartet">Hellmesberger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolisch_Quartet" title="Kolisch Quartet">Kolisch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quatuor_Mosa%C3%AFques" title="Quatuor Mosaïques">Mosaïques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio.string.quartet.vienna" title="Radio.string.quartet.vienna">radio.string.quartet.vienna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ros%C3%A9_Quartet" title="Rosé Quartet">Rosé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schuppanzigh_Quartet" title="Schuppanzigh Quartet">Schuppanzigh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">British</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aeolian_Quartet" title="Aeolian Quartet">Aeolian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alberni_Quartet" title="Alberni Quartet">Alberni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allegri_Quartet" title="Allegri Quartet">Allegri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amadeus_Quartet" title="Amadeus Quartet">Amadeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arditti_Quartet" title="Arditti Quartet">Arditti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Badke_Quartet" title="Badke Quartet">Badke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balanescu_Quartet" title="Balanescu Quartet">Balanescu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belcea_Quartet" title="Belcea Quartet">Belcea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bond_(string_quartet)" title="Bond (string quartet)">Bond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brodsky_Quartet" title="Brodsky Quartet">3rd Brodsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brodsky_Quartet_(Adolph_Brodsky_Manchester)" title="Brodsky Quartet (Adolph Brodsky Manchester)">2nd Adolph Brodsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coull_Quartet" title="Coull Quartet">Coull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demon_Strings" title="Demon Strings">Demon Strings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duke_Quartet" title="Duke Quartet">Duke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Element_Quartet" title="Element Quartet">Element</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endellion_Quartet" title="Endellion Quartet">Endellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Escala_(group)" title="Escala (group)">Escala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fitzwilliam_Quartet" title="Fitzwilliam Quartet">Fitzwilliam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabrieli_Quartet" title="Gabrieli Quartet">Gabrieli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Griller_Quartet" title="Griller Quartet">Griller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kutcher_String_Quartet" title="Kutcher String Quartet">Kutcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lindsay_String_Quartet" title="Lindsay String Quartet">Lindsay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_String_Quartet" title="London String Quartet">London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maggini_Quartet" title="Maggini Quartet">Maggini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medici_String_Quartet" title="Medici String Quartet">Medici</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methera" title="Methera">Methera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philharmonia_Quartet" title="Philharmonia Quartet">Philharmonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philharmonic_Quartet" title="Philharmonic Quartet">Philharmonic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RaVen_Quartet" title="RaVen Quartet">RaVen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Regent_String_Quartet" class="mw-redirect" title="The Regent String Quartet">Regent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacconi_Quartet" title="Sacconi Quartet">Sacconi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salomon_Quartet" title="Salomon Quartet">Salomon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smith_Quartet" title="Smith Quartet">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spencer_Dyke_Quartet" title="Spencer Dyke Quartet">Spencer Dyke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stratton_Quartet" title="Stratton Quartet">Stratton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtuoso_Quartet" title="Virtuoso Quartet">Virtuoso</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Canadian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amati_Quartet" title="Amati Quartet">Amati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annex_String_Quartet" title="Annex String Quartet">Annex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quatuor_Bozzini" title="Quatuor Bozzini">Bozzini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatory_String_Quartet" title="Conservatory String Quartet">Conservatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dubois_String_Quartet" title="Dubois String Quartet">Dubois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Orford_String_Quartet" title="New Orford String Quartet">New Orford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Lawrence_String_Quartet" title="St. Lawrence String Quartet">St. Lawrence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toronto_String_Quartette" title="Toronto String Quartette">Toronto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaghy_String_Quartet" title="Vaghy String Quartet">Vaghy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Czech</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bohemian_Quartet" title="Bohemian Quartet">Bohemian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan%C3%A1%C4%8Dek_Quartet" title="Janáček Quartet">Janáček</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kocian_Quartet" title="Kocian Quartet">Kocian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin%C5%AF_Quartet" title="Martinů Quartet">Martinů</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panocha_Quartet" title="Panocha Quartet">Panocha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pavel_Haas_Quartet" title="Pavel Haas Quartet">Pavel Haas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prague_Quartet" title="Prague Quartet">Prague</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pra%C5%BE%C3%A1k_Quartet" title="Pražák Quartet">Pražák</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%A0ev%C4%8D%C3%ADk-Lhotsk%C3%BD_Quartet" title="Ševčík-Lhotský Quartet">Ševčík-Lhotský</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smetana_Quartet" title="Smetana Quartet">Smetana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talich_Quartet" title="Talich Quartet">Talich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vlach_Quartet" title="Vlach Quartet">Vlach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vlach_Quartet_Prague" class="mw-redirect" title="Vlach Quartet Prague">New Vlach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wihan_Quartet" title="Wihan Quartet">Wihan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Eastern <br />European</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atom_String_Quartet" title="Atom String Quartet">Atom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moyzes_Quartet" title="Moyzes Quartet">Moyzes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silesian_String_Quartet" title="Silesian String Quartet">Silesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zagreb_Quartet" title="Zagreb Quartet">Zagreb</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">French</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arpeggione_Quartet" title="Arpeggione Quartet">Arpeggione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9la_Quartet" title="Béla Quartet">Béla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capet_Quartet" title="Capet Quartet">Capet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89b%C3%A8ne_Quartet" title="Ébène Quartet">Ébène</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krettly_Quartet" title="Krettly Quartet">Krettly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loewenguth_Quartet" title="Loewenguth Quartet">Loewenguth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modigliani_Quartet" title="Modigliani Quartet">Modigliani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pascal_Quartet" title="Pascal Quartet">Pascal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prima_Vista_Quartet" title="Prima Vista Quartet">Prima Vista</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ysa%C3%BFe_Quartet_(1984)" title="Ysaÿe Quartet (1984)">Ysaÿe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">German</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amar_Quartet" title="Amar Quartet">Amar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brodsky_Quartet_(Adolph_Brodsky_Leipzig)" title="Brodsky Quartet (Adolph Brodsky Leipzig)">1st Adolph Brodsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Busch_Quartet" title="Busch Quartet">Busch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fanny_Mendelssohn_Quartet" title="Fanny Mendelssohn Quartet">Fanny Mendelssohn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gewandhaus_Quartet" title="Gewandhaus Quartet">Gewandhaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henschel_Quartet" title="Henschel Quartet">Henschel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Schuster_Quartet" title="Ludwig Schuster Quartet">Ludwig Schuster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melos_Quartet" title="Melos Quartet">Melos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%BCller_Brothers" title="Müller Brothers">Müller Brothers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petersen_Quartet" title="Petersen Quartet">Petersen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosamunde_Quartett" title="Rosamunde Quartett">Rosamunde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signum_Quartet" title="Signum Quartet">Signum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vogler_Quartet" title="Vogler Quartet">Vogler</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hungarian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bart%C3%B3k_Quartet" title="Bartók Quartet">Bartók</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budapest_Quartet_(1886)" title="Budapest Quartet (1886)">Budapest (1886)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budapest_String_Quartet" title="Budapest String Quartet">Budapest (1917)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carmine_Quartet" title="Carmine Quartet">Carmine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corvinus_Quartet" title="Corvinus Quartet">Corvinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danubius_Quartet" title="Danubius Quartet">Danubius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Festetics_String_Quartet" title="Festetics String Quartet">Festetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Quartet" title="Hungarian Quartet">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kod%C3%A1ly_Quartet" title="Kodály Quartet">Kodály</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9ner_Quartet" title="Léner Quartet">Léner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tak%C3%A1cs_Quartet" title="Takács Quartet">Takács</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%A1trai_Quartet" title="Tátrai Quartet">Tátrai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%A9gh_Quartet" title="Végh Quartet">Végh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Irish</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/RT%C3%89_Vanbrugh_Quartet" class="mw-redirect" title="RTÉ Vanbrugh Quartet">RTÉ Vanbrugh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Israeli</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ariel_String_Quartet" title="Ariel String Quartet">Ariel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aviv_String_Quartet" title="Aviv String Quartet">Aviv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carmel_Quartet" title="Carmel Quartet">Carmel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_Quartet" title="Jerusalem Quartet">Jerusalem</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Italian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quartetto_di_Cremona" title="Quartetto di Cremona">Cremona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quartetto_Italiano" title="Quartetto Italiano">Italiano</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mexican</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cuarteto_Latinoamericano" title="Cuarteto Latinoamericano">Latinoamericano</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Northern <br />European</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galatea_Quartet" title="Galatea Quartet">Galatea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oslo_String_Quartet" title="Oslo String Quartet">Oslo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vertavo_String_Quartet" title="Vertavo String Quartet">Vertavo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ysa%C3%BFe_Quartet_(1886)" title="Ysaÿe Quartet (1886)">Ysaÿe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Russian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atrium_String_Quartet" title="Atrium String Quartet">Atrium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beethoven_Quartet" title="Beethoven Quartet">Beethoven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borodin_Quartet" title="Borodin Quartet">Borodin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komitas_Quartet" title="Komitas Quartet">Komitas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kopelman_Quartet" title="Kopelman Quartet">Kopelman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevsky_String_Quartet" title="Nevsky String Quartet">Nevsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Petersburg_String_Quartet" title="St. Petersburg String Quartet">St. Petersburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shostakovich_Quartet" title="Shostakovich Quartet">Shostakovich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taneyev_Quartet" title="Taneyev Quartet">Taneyev</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Spanish</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cuarteto_Casals" title="Cuarteto Casals">Casals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quartet_de_Barcelona" title="Quartet de Barcelona">Barcelona</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_string_quartet_ensembles" title="List of string quartet ensembles">List of string quartet ensembles</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Violin_family282" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Violin_family" title="Template:Violin family"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Violin_family" title="Template talk:Violin family"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Violin_family" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Violin family"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Violin_family282" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Violin_family" title="Violin family">Violin family</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Instruments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Violin" title="Violin">Violin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electric_violin" title="Electric violin">Electric violin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pochette_(musical_instrument)" title="Pochette (musical instrument)">Pochette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five-string_violin" title="Five-string violin">Five-string violin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violino_piccolo" title="Violino piccolo">Violino piccolo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_violin" title="Alexander violin">Alexander violin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stroh_violin" title="Stroh violin">Stroh violin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Viola" title="Viola">Viola</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vertical_viola" title="Vertical viola">Vertical viola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viola_pomposa" title="Viola pomposa">Viola pomposa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenor_violin" title="Tenor violin">Tenor violin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cello" title="Cello">Cello</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bass_violin" title="Bass violin">Bass violin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baritone_violin" title="Baritone violin">Baritone violin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cello_da_spalla" title="Cello da spalla">Cello da spalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cellone" title="Cellone">Cellone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_cello" title="Electric cello">Electric cello</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Double_bass" title="Double bass">Double bass</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electric_upright_bass" title="Electric upright bass">Electric upright bass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violone" title="Violone">Violone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Octobass" title="Octobass">Octobass</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Violin_construction_and_mechanics" title="Violin construction and mechanics">Parts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bass_bar" title="Bass bar">Bass bar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bow_(music)" title="Bow (music)">Bow</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bow_frog" title="Bow frog">Frog</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridge_(instrument)" title="Bridge (instrument)">Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinrest" title="Chinrest">Chinrest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endpin" title="Endpin">Endpin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_hole" title="Sound hole">F-hole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fingerboard" title="Fingerboard">Fingerboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nut_(string_instrument)" title="Nut (string instrument)">Nut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scroll_(music)" title="Scroll (music)">Scroll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoulder_rest" title="Shoulder rest">Shoulder rest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_post" title="Sound post">Sound post</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tailpiece" title="Tailpiece">Tailpiece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuning_mechanisms_for_stringed_instruments" title="Tuning mechanisms for stringed instruments">Tuning peg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Violin_technique" title="Violin technique">Techniques</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bow_(music)" title="Bow (music)">Bowing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bow_stroke" title="Bow stroke">Bow stroke</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Col_legno" title="Col legno">Col legno</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martel%C3%A9_(bowstroke)" title="Martelé (bowstroke)">Martelé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portato" title="Portato">Portato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiccato" title="Spiccato">Spiccato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tremolo" title="Tremolo">Tremolo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arpeggio" title="Arpeggio">Arpeggio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/String_harmonic" title="String harmonic">Harmonics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_stop" title="Double stop">Double stop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fingering_(music)" title="Fingering (music)">Fingering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finger_substitution" title="Finger substitution">Finger substitution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bariolage" title="Bariolage">Bariolage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pizzicato" title="Pizzicato">Pizzicato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scordatura" title="Scordatura">Scordatura</a> (changing string tuning)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finger_vibrato" title="Finger vibrato">Vibrato</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ensembles<br /> and genres of music</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">String quartet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/String_trio" title="String trio">String trio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/String_quintet" title="String quintet">String quintet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/String_sextet" title="String sextet">String sextet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/String_octet" title="String octet">String octet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/String_section" title="String section">String section</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/String_orchestra" title="String orchestra">String orchestra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violin_concerto" title="Violin concerto">Violin concerto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viola_concerto" title="Viola concerto">Viola concerto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cello_concerto" title="Cello concerto">Cello concerto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_bass_concerto" title="Double bass concerto">Double bass concerto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violin_sonata" title="Violin sonata">Violin sonata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viola_sonata" title="Viola sonata">Viola sonata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cello_sonata" title="Cello sonata">Cello sonata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnatic_music" title="Carnatic music">Carnatic music</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related instruments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arpeggione" title="Arpeggione">Arpeggione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baryton" title="Baryton">Baryton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardanger_fiddle" title="Hardanger fiddle">Hardanger fiddle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurdy-gurdy" title="Hurdy-gurdy">Hurdy-gurdy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lira_da_braccio" title="Lira da braccio">Lira da braccio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lirone" title="Lirone">Lirone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyckelharpa" title="Nyckelharpa">Nyckelharpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pochette_(musical_instrument)" title="Pochette (musical instrument)">Pochette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quinton_(musical_instrument)" title="Quinton (musical instrument)">Quinton</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Violin_acoustics" title="Violin acoustics">Violin acoustics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_violin" title="History of the violin">History of the violin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jazz_bass" title="Jazz bass">Jazz bass</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bass_amplifier" title="Bass amplifier">Bass amplifier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_band" title="Big band">Big band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slapping_(music)" title="Slapping (music)">Slap bass</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jazz_violin" title="Jazz violin">Jazz violin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosin" title="Rosin">Rosin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stradivarius" title="Stradivarius">Stradivarius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viol" title="Viol">Viol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violin_making_and_maintenance" title="Violin making and maintenance">Violin lutherie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violin_musical_styles" class="mw-redirect" title="Violin musical styles">Violin musical styles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violin_octet" title="Violin octet">Violin octet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Violin_family" title="Category:Violin family">Category</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Musical_ensembles_by_number148" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Musical_ensembles" title="Template:Musical ensembles"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Musical_ensembles" title="Template talk:Musical ensembles"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Musical_ensembles" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Musical ensembles"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Musical_ensembles_by_number148" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Musical_ensemble" title="Musical ensemble">Musical ensembles</a> by number</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Solo_(music)" title="Solo (music)">Solo</a>: 1</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drum_solo" title="Drum solo">Drum solo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guitar_solo" title="Guitar solo">Guitar solo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-man_band" title="One-man band">One-man band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piano_solo" title="Piano solo">Piano solo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Duet" title="Duet">Duet</a>: 2</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Piano_duet" title="Piano duet">Piano duet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piano_four_hands" title="Piano four hands">Piano four hands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musical_duo" class="mw-redirect" title="Musical duo">Musical duo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bicinium" title="Bicinium">Bicinium</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Trio_(music)" title="Trio (music)">Trio</a>: 3</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clarinet_trio" title="Clarinet trio">Clarinet trio</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clarinet%E2%80%93cello%E2%80%93piano_trio" title="Clarinet–cello–piano trio">Clarinet–cello–piano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarinet%E2%80%93viola%E2%80%93piano_trio" title="Clarinet–viola–piano trio">Clarinet–viola–piano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarinet%E2%80%93violin%E2%80%93piano_trio" title="Clarinet–violin–piano trio">Clarinet–violin–piano</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flute,_viola_and_harp" class="mw-redirect" title="Flute, viola and harp">Flute, viola and harp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jazz_trio" title="Jazz trio">Jazz trio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organ_trio" title="Organ trio">Organ trio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piano_trio" title="Piano trio">Piano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piano_six_hands" title="Piano six hands">Piano six hands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_trio" title="Power trio">Power trio</a> (in <a href="/wiki/Rock_music" title="Rock music">rock music</a> and <a href="/wiki/Heavy_metal_music" title="Heavy metal music">heavy metal music</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/String_trio" title="String trio">String</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reed_trio" title="Reed trio">Reed</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Quartet" title="Quartet">Quartet</a>: 4</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jazz_quartet" class="mw-redirect" title="Jazz quartet">Jazz quartet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piano_quartet" title="Piano quartet">Piano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Band_(rock_and_pop)#Four_members" title="Band (rock and pop)">Rock or pop quartet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxophone_quartet" title="Saxophone quartet">Saxophone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flute_quartet" class="mw-redirect" title="Flute quartet">Flute</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">String</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_quartet" title="Wind quartet">Wind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodwind_quartet" title="Woodwind quartet">Woodwind</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Quintet" title="Quintet">Quintet</a>: 5</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brass_quintet" title="Brass quintet">Brass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piano_quintet" title="Piano quintet">Piano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierrot_ensemble" title="Pierrot ensemble">Pierrot ensemble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Band_(rock_and_pop)#Five_members" title="Band (rock and pop)">Rock or pop quintet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/String_quintet" title="String quintet">String</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_quintet" title="Wind quintet">Wind</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sextet" title="Sextet">Sextet</a>: 6</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Piano_sextet" title="Piano sextet">Piano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/String_sextet" title="String sextet">String</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Septet" title="Septet">Septet</a>: 7</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Octet_(music)" title="Octet (music)">Octet</a>: 8 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/String_octet" title="String octet">String</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonet_(music)" title="Nonet (music)">Nonet</a>: 9</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decet_(music)" title="Decet (music)">Decet</a>: 10</li> <li>Undecet: 11</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duodecet" title="Duodecet">Duodecet</a>: 12</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Large groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Big_band" title="Big band">Big band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brass_band" title="Brass band">Brass band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choir" title="Choir">Choir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concert_band" title="Concert band">Concert band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orchestra" title="Orchestra">Orchestra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singakademie" title="Singakademie">Singakademie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/String_orchestra" title="String orchestra">String orchestra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Classical_period541" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Classical_period_(music)" title="Template:Classical period (music)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Classical_period_(music)" title="Template talk:Classical period (music)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Classical_period_(music)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Classical period (music)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Classical_period541" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Classical_period_(music)" title="Classical period (music)">Classical period</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_Classical-era_composers" title="List of Classical-era composers">List of Classical-era composers</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Composers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Viennese_School" title="First Viennese School">First Viennese School</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_van_Beethoven" title="Ludwig van Beethoven">Beethoven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Haydn" title="Joseph Haydn">Haydn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Amadeus_Mozart" title="Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart">Mozart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Schubert" title="Franz Schubert">Schubert</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mannheim_school" title="Mannheim school">Mannheim school</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Ignaz_Beck" title="Franz Ignaz Beck">Beck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Cannabich" title="Christian Cannabich">Cannabich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Fils" title="Anton Fils">Fils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignaz_Fr%C3%A4nzl" title="Ignaz Fränzl">Fränzl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Xaver_Richter" title="Franz Xaver Richter">Richter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Stamitz" title="Carl Stamitz">C. Stamitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Stamitz" title="Johann Stamitz">J. Stamitz</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Friedrich_Abel" title="Carl Friedrich Abel">Abel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Philipp_Emanuel_Bach" title="Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach">C. P. E. Bach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Christian_Bach" title="Johann Christian Bach">J. C. Bach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Benda" title="Georg Benda">G. Benda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Boccherini" title="Luigi Boccherini">Boccherini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Cherubini" title="Luigi Cherubini">Cherubini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domenico_Cimarosa" title="Domenico Cimarosa">Cimarosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muzio_Clementi" title="Muzio Clementi">Clementi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Czerny" title="Carl Czerny">Czerny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Ditters_von_Dittersdorf" title="Carl Ditters von Dittersdorf">Dittersdorf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Ladislav_Dussek" title="Jan Ladislav Dussek">Dussek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christoph_Willibald_Gluck" title="Christoph Willibald Gluck">Gluck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Joseph_Gossec" title="François-Joseph Gossec">Gossec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adalbert_Gyrowetz" title="Adalbert Gyrowetz">Gyrowetz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Haydn" title="Michael Haydn">M. Haydn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Anton_Hoffmeister" title="Franz Anton Hoffmeister">Hoffmeister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Nepomuk_Hummel" title="Johann Nepomuk Hummel">Hummel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Martin_Kraus" title="Joseph Martin Kraus">Kraus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leopold_Ko%C5%BEeluch" title="Leopold Koželuch">Koželuch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rodolphe_Kreutzer" title="Rodolphe Kreutzer">Kreutzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Krommer" title="Franz Krommer">Krommer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Kuhlau" title="Friedrich Kuhlau">Kuhlau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vicente_Mart%C3%ADn_y_Soler" title="Vicente Martín y Soler">Martín y Soler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_M%C3%A9hul" title="Étienne Méhul">Méhul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leopold_Mozart" title="Leopold Mozart">L. Mozart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josef_Myslive%C4%8Dek" title="Josef Mysliveček">Mysliveček</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Baptist_Georg_Neruda" class="mw-redirect" title="Johann Baptist Georg Neruda">Neruda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Paisiello" title="Giovanni Paisiello">Paisiello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Piccinni" title="Niccolò Piccinni">Piccinni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignaz_Pleyel" title="Ignaz Pleyel">Pleyel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Reicha" title="Anton Reicha">Reicha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Ries" title="Ferdinand Ries">Ries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Rode" title="Pierre Rode">Rode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Rosetti" title="Antonio Rosetti">Rosetti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Sacchini" title="Antonio Sacchini">Sacchini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chevalier_de_Saint-Georges" title="Chevalier de Saint-Georges">Saint-Georges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Salieri" title="Antonio 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<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">String quartet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Genres</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galant_music" title="Galant music">Galant music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intermezzo" title="Intermezzo">Intermezzo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pastorale" title="Pastorale">Pastorale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sensitive_style" class="mw-redirect" title="Sensitive style">Sensitive style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_music_(style)" title="Turkish music (style)">Turkish music (style)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Techniques</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Notes_in%C3%A9gales" title="Notes inégales">Notes inégales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galant_Schemata" title="Galant Schemata">Galant Schemata</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Background</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Common_practice_period" title="Common practice period">Common practice period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classicism" title="Classicism">Classicism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neoclassicism" title="Neoclassicism">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_economics" title="Classical economics">Economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_physics" title="Classical physics">Physics</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div style="float: left;"> ← <b><a href="/wiki/Template:Baroque_music" title="Template:Baroque 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