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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Palatal_abscess" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Palatal_abscess"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Palatal abscess</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Palatal_abscess-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hard_palate_pigmentation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hard_palate_pigmentation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Hard palate pigmentation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hard_palate_pigmentation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" 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href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tvrdo_nepce" title="Tvrdo nepce – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Tvrdo nepce" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%80%DE%A6%DE%83%DE%AA_%DE%8C%DE%A6%DE%8D%DE%A8" title="ހަރު ތަލި – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ހަރު ތަލި" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahosabai_gogor" title="Ahosabai gogor – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ahosabai gogor" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%AE%D8%AA%E2%80%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%85" title="سخت‌کام – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سخت‌کام" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carball" title="Carball – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Carball" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B2%BD%EA%B5%AC%EA%B0%9C" title="경구개 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="경구개" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%82" title="कठोर तालू – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="कठोर तालू" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%97%D7%9A_%D7%94%D7%A7%D7%A9%D7%94" title="החך הקשה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="החך הקשה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%A3%E8%93%8B#硬口蓋" title="口蓋 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="口蓋" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Podniebienie_twarde" title="Podniebienie twarde – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Podniebienie twarde" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palato_duro" title="Palato duro – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Palato duro" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B2%D1%91%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D1%91%D0%B1%D0%BE" title="Твёрдое нёбо – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Твёрдое нёбо" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%BE_%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%86%D0%B5" title="Тврдо непце – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Тврдо непце" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A5rda_gommen" title="Hårda gommen – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Hårda gommen" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B1%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Тверде піднебіння – 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href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Hard_palate" title="Special:EditPage/Hard palate">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable 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Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Hard+palate%22">"Hard palate"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Hard+palate%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Hard+palate%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Hard+palate%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Hard+palate%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Hard+palate%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2014</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color:dimgray; color: white">Hard palate</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Illu_mouth.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Illu_mouth.jpg/250px-Illu_mouth.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Illu_mouth.jpg/375px-Illu_mouth.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f6/Illu_mouth.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="325" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Mouth (oral cavity)</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Blausen_0872_UpperRespiratorySystem.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Blausen_0872_UpperRespiratorySystem.png/250px-Blausen_0872_UpperRespiratorySystem.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Blausen_0872_UpperRespiratorySystem.png/375px-Blausen_0872_UpperRespiratorySystem.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Blausen_0872_UpperRespiratorySystem.png/500px-Blausen_0872_UpperRespiratorySystem.png 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="2200" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Upper respiratory system, with hard palate labeled at right</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef">Details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Artery" title="Artery">Artery</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Greater_palatine_artery" title="Greater palatine artery">Greater palatine artery</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Nerve" title="Nerve">Nerve</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Greater_palatine_nerve" title="Greater palatine nerve">Greater palatine nerve</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nasopalatine_nerve" title="Nasopalatine nerve">nasopalatine nerve</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef">Identifiers</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>palatum durum</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Medical_Subject_Headings" title="Medical Subject Headings">MeSH</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D021362">D021362</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Terminologia_Anatomica" title="Terminologia Anatomica">TA98</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ifaa.unifr.ch/Public/EntryPage/TA98%20Tree/Entity%20TA98%20EN/05.1.01.103%20Entity%20TA98%20EN.htm">A05.1.01.103</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Terminologia_Anatomica" title="Terminologia Anatomica">TA2</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ta2viewer.openanatomy.org/?id=2779">2779</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Foundational_Model_of_Anatomy" title="Foundational Model of Anatomy">FMA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/FMA/?p=classes&conceptid=http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.org%2Fsig%2Font%2Ffma%2Ffma55023">55023</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below"><a href="/wiki/Anatomical_terminology" title="Anatomical terminology">Anatomical terminology</a><div style="text-align: right;"><small class="noprint">[<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1345983" class="extiw" title="d:Q1345983">edit on Wikidata</a>]</small></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>hard palate</b> is a thin horizontal <a href="/wiki/Bone" title="Bone">bony</a> plate made up of two bones of the <a href="/wiki/Facial_skeleton" title="Facial skeleton">facial skeleton</a>, located in the roof of the mouth. The bones are the <a href="/wiki/Palatine_process_of_the_maxilla" class="mw-redirect" title="Palatine process of the maxilla">palatine process of the maxilla</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Horizontal_plate_of_palatine_bone" title="Horizontal plate of palatine bone">horizontal plate of palatine bone</a>. The hard palate spans the <a href="/wiki/Alveolar_process" title="Alveolar process">alveolar arch</a> formed by the <a href="/wiki/Alveolar_process" title="Alveolar process">alveolar process</a> that holds the upper <a href="/wiki/Teeth" class="mw-redirect" title="Teeth">teeth</a> (when these are developed). </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Structure">Structure</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hard_palate&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The hard palate is formed by the <a href="/wiki/Palatine_process_of_the_maxilla" class="mw-redirect" title="Palatine process of the maxilla">palatine process of the maxilla</a> and <a href="/wiki/Horizontal_plate_of_palatine_bone" title="Horizontal plate of palatine bone">horizontal plate of palatine bone</a>. It forms a partition between the nasal passages and the <a href="/wiki/Mouth" title="Mouth">mouth</a>. On the anterior portion of the hard palate are the <i>plicae</i>, irregular ridges in the mucous membrane that help hold food while the teeth are biting into it while also facilitating the movement of food backward towards the larynx once pieces have been bitten off. This partition is continued deeper into the mouth by a fleshy extension called the <a href="/wiki/Soft_palate" title="Soft palate">soft palate</a>. </p><p>On the ventral surface of the hard palate, some projections or transverse ridges are present which are called palatine rugae.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Function">Function</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hard_palate&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Function"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The hard palate is important for feeding and speech. Mammals with a <a href="#Cleft_palate">defective hard palate</a> may die shortly after birth due to inability to suckle. It is also involved in <a href="/wiki/Mastication" class="mw-redirect" title="Mastication">mastication</a> in many species. The interaction between the <a href="/wiki/Tongue" title="Tongue">tongue</a> and the hard palate is essential in the formation of certain <a href="/wiki/Speech_communication" class="mw-redirect" title="Speech communication">speech</a> sounds, notably high-front vowels, <a href="/wiki/Palatal_consonant" title="Palatal consonant">palatal consonants</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Retroflex_consonant" title="Retroflex consonant">retroflex consonants</a> such as [i] like "s<b>ee</b>", <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[j]</span> like "<b>y</b>es", [ç] (realization of /hj/ in English) like "<b>h</b>ue", and [ɻ] (/r/, only for some speakers) like "<b>r</b>ed". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Clinical_significance">Clinical significance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hard_palate&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Clinical significance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cleft_palate">Cleft palate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hard_palate&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Cleft palate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Birth_defect" title="Birth defect">birth defect</a> called <a href="/wiki/Cleft_palate" class="mw-redirect" title="Cleft palate">cleft palate</a>, the left and right portions of this plate are not joined, forming a gap between the mouth and nasal passage (a related defect affecting the face is <a href="/wiki/Cleft_lip" class="mw-redirect" title="Cleft lip">cleft lip</a>). </p><p>While a cleft palate has a severe impact upon the ability to <a href="/wiki/Lactation" title="Lactation">nurse</a> and speak, it is now successfully treated through reconstructive <a href="/wiki/Surgery" title="Surgery">surgical</a> procedures at an early age. This is the time where such procedures are available. </p><p>Due to the complexity of this birth defect, researchers still do not know exactly what causes the cleft palate to form during foetal development. Recently, these researchers found that even though there is no exact cause, there are several factors that drastically increase the risk of a baby being born with an orofacial cleft palate. As for the environmental risk factors, maternal smoking is the most influential risk factor. Based on a recent study of 103 German patients with cleft palates, it was found that 25.2% of their mothers smoked during pregnancy, a higher proportion than for the population as a whole.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While maternal smoking during pregnancy is a risk, there are also several genetic risk factors. Six <a href="/wiki/Single-nucleotide_polymorphisms" class="mw-redirect" title="Single-nucleotide polymorphisms">single-nucleotide polymorphisms</a> in the PAX7 gene are implicated in the development of facial features.<sup id="cite_ref-Lud2012_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lud2012-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These variations occur at six <a href="/wiki/Locus_(genetics)" title="Locus (genetics)">loci</a>: 1p36, 2p21, 3p11.1, 8q21.3, 13q31.1 and 15q22.<sup id="cite_ref-Lud2012_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lud2012-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When tested in the European and Asian communities, five of the six loci had a significant association at the 95% confidence level.<sup id="cite_ref-Lud2012_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lud2012-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Besides the PAX 7 gene variants, there were also five possible mutations found in the transforming growth factor-alpha gene (<i>TGFA</i>) that could lead to the development of a cleft palate.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even though several risk factors have been linked to cleft palates, more research must be done in order to determine the true causes of the defect. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Palatal_abscess">Palatal abscess</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hard_palate&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Palatal abscess"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Palatal <a href="/wiki/Abscess" title="Abscess">abscesses</a> may also occur.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hard_palate_pigmentation">Hard palate pigmentation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hard_palate&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Hard palate pigmentation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Long-term use of the drug <a href="/wiki/Chloroquine" title="Chloroquine">chloroquine</a> diphosphatase, used in <a href="/wiki/Malaria_prophylaxis" title="Malaria prophylaxis">malaria prophylaxis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rheumatoid_arthritis" title="Rheumatoid arthritis">rheumatoid arthritis</a> and other conditions, was found to cause bluish-grey pigmentation in the hard palate.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hard_palate&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electropalatograph" class="mw-redirect" title="Electropalatograph">Electropalatograph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Head_and_neck_anatomy" title="Head and neck anatomy">Head and neck anatomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxilla" title="Maxilla">Maxilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palate" title="Palate">Palate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soft_palate" title="Soft palate">Soft palate</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hard_palate&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Mouth_anatomy" title="Template:Mouth anatomy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Mouth_anatomy" title="Template talk:Mouth anatomy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Mouth_anatomy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Mouth anatomy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Anatomy_of_the_mouth139" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Anatomy of the <a href="/wiki/Human_mouth" title="Human mouth">mouth</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lip" title="Lip">Lip</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vermilion_border" title="Vermilion border">Vermilion border</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cupid%27s_bow" title="Cupid's bow">Cupid's bow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frenulum_of_lower_lip" title="Frenulum of lower lip">Frenulum of lower lip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labial_commissure_of_mouth" title="Labial commissure of mouth">Labial commissure of mouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philtrum" title="Philtrum">Philtrum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_roll" title="White roll">White roll</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cheek" title="Cheek">Cheek</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buccal_fat_pad" title="Buccal fat pad">Buccal fat pad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Palate" title="Palate">Palate</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hard palate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soft_palate" title="Soft palate">Soft palate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palatine_raphe" title="Palatine raphe">Palatine raphe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incisive_papilla" title="Incisive papilla">Incisive papilla</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gums" title="Gums">Gums</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interdental_papilla" title="Interdental papilla">Interdental papilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gingival_sulcus" title="Gingival sulcus">Gingival sulcus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gingival_margin" title="Gingival margin">Gingival margin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gingival_fibers" title="Gingival fibers">Gingival fibers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junctional_epithelium" title="Junctional epithelium">Junctional epithelium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mucogingival_junction" title="Mucogingival junction">Mucogingival junction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulcular_epithelium" title="Sulcular epithelium">Sulcular epithelium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stippling_(dentistry)" title="Stippling (dentistry)">Stippling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Periodontium" title="Periodontium">Periodontium</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cementum" title="Cementum">Cementum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philtrum" title="Philtrum">Philtrum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gingiva" class="mw-redirect" title="Gingiva">Gingiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Periodontal_fiber" title="Periodontal fiber">Periodontal ligament</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Salivary_gland" title="Salivary gland">Glands</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parotid_gland" title="Parotid gland">Parotid gland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parotid_duct" title="Parotid duct">duct</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submandibular_gland" title="Submandibular gland">Submandibular gland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Submandibular_duct" title="Submandibular duct">duct</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sublingual_gland" title="Sublingual gland">Sublingual gland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Major_sublingual_duct" title="Major sublingual duct">duct</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tubarial_salivary_gland" title="Tubarial salivary gland">Tubarial salivary gland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_tooth" title="Human tooth">Teeth</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>see <a href="/wiki/Template:Tooth_anatomy" title="Template:Tooth anatomy">tooth anatomy</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tongue" title="Tongue">Tongue</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Top <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taste_bud" title="Taste bud">Taste bud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongue#Upper_surface_of_the_tongue" title="Tongue">Median sulcus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongue#Upper_surface_of_the_tongue" title="Tongue">Terminal sulcus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongue#Upper_surface_of_the_tongue" title="Tongue">Foramen cecum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lingual_tonsils" title="Lingual tonsils">Lingual tonsils</a></li></ul></li> <li>Underside <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frenulum_of_tongue" class="mw-redirect" title="Frenulum of tongue">Frenulum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fimbriated_fold_of_tongue" title="Fimbriated fold of tongue">Fimbriated fold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sublingual_caruncle" class="mw-redirect" title="Sublingual caruncle">Sublingual caruncle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossoepiglottic_folds" title="Glossoepiglottic folds">Glossoepiglottic folds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lingual_septum" title="Lingual septum">Lingual septum</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Back of mouth</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oropharynx" class="mw-redirect" title="Oropharynx">Oropharynx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isthmus_of_the_fauces" class="mw-redirect" title="Isthmus of the fauces">fauces</a></li> <li><a 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