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Kurtz</span></h1> <div class="tagline"></div> </div> <ul id="p-associated-pages" class="minerva__tab-container"> <li class="minerva__tab selected"> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Thomas_E._Kurtz" rel="" data-event-name="tabs.subject">Article</a> </li> <li class="minerva__tab "> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Talk:Thomas_E._Kurtz" rel="discussion" data-event-name="tabs.talk">Talk</a> </li> </ul> <nav class="page-actions-menu"> <ul id="p-views" class="page-actions-menu__list"> <li id="language-selector" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" href="#p-lang" data-mw="interface" data-event-name="menu.languages" title="Language" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet language-selector"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--language"></span> <span>Language</span> </a> </li> <li id="page-actions-watch" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" id="ca-watch" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Thomas+E.+Kurtz" data-event-name="menu.watch" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet menu__item--page-actions-watch"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--star"></span> <span>Watch</span> </a> </li> <li id="page-actions-edit" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" id="ca-edit" href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_E._Kurtz&action=edit" data-event-name="menu.edit" data-mw="interface" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet edit-page menu__item--page-actions-edit"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>Edit</span> </a> </li> </ul> </nav>  <div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><p><b>Thomas Eugene Kurtz</b> (February 22, 1928 – November 12, 2024) was an American computer scientist and educator. A <a href="/wiki/Dartmouth_College" title="Dartmouth College">Dartmouth</a> professor of mathematics, he and colleague <a href="/wiki/John_G._Kemeny" title="John G. Kemeny">John G. Kemeny</a> are best known for co-developing the <a href="/wiki/BASIC" title="BASIC">BASIC</a> programming language and the <a href="/wiki/Dartmouth_Time-Sharing_System" title="Dartmouth Time-Sharing System">Dartmouth Time-Sharing System</a> in 1963 and 1964. These innovations made computing more accessible by simplifying programming for non-experts and allowing multiple users to share a single computer, transforming how computers were used in education and research. </p><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Thomas E. Kurtz</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Thomas_E._Kurtz.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/37/Thomas_E._Kurtz.gif/220px-Thomas_E._Kurtz.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/3/37/Thomas_E._Kurtz.gif 1.5x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Kurtz, c. 1970s</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Thomas Eugene Kurtz</div><br><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1928-02-22</span>)</span>February 22, 1928<br><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Oak_Park,_Illinois" title="Oak Park, Illinois">Oak Park, Illinois</a>, U.S.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">November 12, 2024<span style="display:none">(2024-11-12)</span> (aged 96)<br><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Lebanon,_New_Hampshire" title="Lebanon, New Hampshire">Lebanon, New Hampshire</a>, U.S.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Knox_College_(Illinois)" title="Knox College (Illinois)">Knox College</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts" title="Bachelor of Arts">BA</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br><a href="/wiki/Princeton_University" title="Princeton University">Princeton University</a> (<a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Philosophy" title="Doctor of Philosophy">PhD</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupations</th><td class="infobox-data role"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Computer_scientist" title="Computer scientist">Computer scientist</a></li><li>mathematician</li><li>statistician</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/BASIC" title="BASIC">BASIC</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Dartmouth_Time-Sharing_System" title="Dartmouth Time-Sharing System">Dartmouth Time-Sharing System</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouses</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style></li></ul> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;">Patricia Barr</div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1953; <abbr title="divorced">div.</abbr> 1973)<wbr></wbr></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1151524712"></li></ul> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;">Agnes Seelye Bixler</div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1974)<wbr></wbr></div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">3</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data">1974 <i>AFIPS Pioneer Award</i><br>1991 <i>IEEE Computer Science Pioneer Award</i></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>For his role in creating BASIC, the <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Electrical_and_Electronics_Engineers" title="Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers">IEEE</a> honored Kurtz in 1991 with the <a href="/wiki/Computer_Pioneer_Award" title="Computer Pioneer Award">Computer Pioneer Award</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-CPA_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CPA-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in 1994, he was inducted as a <a href="/wiki/Fellow" title="Fellow">fellow</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Association_for_Computing_Machinery" title="Association for Computing Machinery">Association for Computing Machinery</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Early_life_and_education"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Early life and education</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Career"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Career</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#BASIC"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">BASIC</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#True_BASIC"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">True BASIC</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#Personal_life"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Personal life</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Early_life_and_education">Early life and education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_E._Kurtz&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and education" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <p>Thomas Kurtz was born on February 22, 1928, in <a href="/wiki/Oak_Park,_Illinois" title="Oak Park, Illinois">Oak Park, Illinois</a>, United States, to Helen Bell Kurtz and Oscar Christ Kurtz. His father worked for the <a href="/wiki/Lions_Clubs_International" title="Lions Clubs International">Lions Clubs International</a> headquarters, holding various roles. From an early age, Kurtz developed an interest in science.<sup id="cite_ref-world_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-world-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kurtz enrolled at <a href="/wiki/Knox_College_(Illinois)" title="Knox College (Illinois)">Knox College</a> and developed an interest in mathematics, eventually taking every offered course in the subject. Encouraged by his advisor to pursue a career in statistics, he switched his major to mathematics during his senior year. Kurtz graduated from Knox College in 1950 with a bachelor's degree in mathematics.<sup id="cite_ref-world_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-world-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>His first experience with computing came in 1951 at the Summer Session of the Institute for Numerical Analysis at <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Los_Angeles" title="University of California, Los Angeles">University of California, Los Angeles</a>. Kurtz went on to acquire his <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Philosophy" title="Doctor of Philosophy">Ph.D. degree</a> from <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University" title="Princeton University">Princeton University</a> in 1956. His thesis was on a problem of multiple comparisons in mathematical statistics,<sup id="cite_ref-CPA_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CPA-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and his advisor was <a href="/wiki/John_Tukey" title="John Tukey">John Tukey</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-CHM-2024_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CHM-2024-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kurtz's mathematical interests included <a href="/wiki/Numerical_analysis" title="Numerical analysis">numerical analysis</a>, statistics, and <a href="/wiki/Computer_science" title="Computer science">computer science</a>. </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Career">Career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_E._Kurtz&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Career" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dartmouth_College_campus_2007-10-20_10.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Dartmouth_College_campus_2007-10-20_10.JPG/290px-Dartmouth_College_campus_2007-10-20_10.JPG" decoding="async" width="290" height="218" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 290px;height: 218px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Dartmouth_College_campus_2007-10-20_10.JPG/290px-Dartmouth_College_campus_2007-10-20_10.JPG" data-width="290" data-height="218" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Dartmouth_College_campus_2007-10-20_10.JPG/435px-Dartmouth_College_campus_2007-10-20_10.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Dartmouth_College_campus_2007-10-20_10.JPG/580px-Dartmouth_College_campus_2007-10-20_10.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>Dartmouth College</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1956, he was recruited to Dartmouth College by John G. Kemeny and joined the Mathematics Department, where he taught statistics and numerical analysis.<sup id="cite_ref-CHM-2024_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CHM-2024-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nytimes_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nytimes-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From 1963 to 1964, Kurtz and Kemeny, working with a team of students, led the development of the <a href="/wiki/Dartmouth_Time-Sharing_System" title="Dartmouth Time-Sharing System">Dartmouth Time-Sharing System</a> (DTSS) and the <a href="/wiki/BASIC" title="BASIC">BASIC</a> programming language. DTSS allowed multiple users at separate terminals to share the processing power of a single machine, replacing a system of exclusive reservations. Kurtz and Kemeny prioritized simplicity, ensuring that DTSS was accessible to users without technical backgrounds.<sup id="cite_ref-nytimes_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nytimes-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-wapo_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wapo-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From 1966 to 1975, Kurtz served as Director of the Kiewit Computation Center at Dartmouth,<sup id="cite_ref-portraits1989_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-portraits1989-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and from 1975 to 1978, Director of the Office of Academic Computing. In 1979, he and Stephen J. Garland started a Computer and Information Systems master's program at Dartmouth. After the program ended in 1988, Kurtz returned to teaching, retiring in 1993.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-history_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-history-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kurtz also served as Council Chairman and Trustee of EDUCOM, as well as Trustee and Chairman of NERComP, and on the Pierce Panel of the President's Scientific Advisory Committee. Kurtz also served on the steering committees for the CONDUIT project and the CCUC conferences on instructional computing.<sup id="cite_ref-history_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-history-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1974, the <a href="/wiki/American_Federation_of_Information_Processing_Societies" title="American Federation of Information Processing Societies">American Federation of Information Processing Societies</a> gave an award to Kurtz and Kemeny at the <a href="/wiki/Joint_Computer_Conference" title="Joint Computer Conference">National Computer Conference</a> for their work on BASIC and time-sharing.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1991, the <a href="/wiki/IEEE_Computer_Society" title="IEEE Computer Society">IEEE Computer Society</a> honored Kurtz with the <a href="/wiki/Computer_Pioneer_Award" title="Computer Pioneer Award">Computer Pioneer Award</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-CPA_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CPA-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in 1994, he was inducted as a fellow of the <a href="/wiki/Association_for_Computing_Machinery" title="Association for Computing Machinery">Association for Computing Machinery</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2023, he was inducted as a fellow of the <a href="/wiki/Computer_History_Museum" title="Computer History Museum">Computer History Museum</a>, with the award presented by <a href="/wiki/Bill_Gates" title="Bill Gates">Bill Gates</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-chm_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chm-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="BASIC">BASIC</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_E._Kurtz&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: BASIC" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:30%; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <p>The approachability of BASIC and time-sharing began what the PC and the internet took to a whole new level. </p> </blockquote> <p style="padding-bottom: 0;"><cite class="left-aligned" style=""><a href="/wiki/Bill_Gates" title="Bill Gates">Bill Gates</a>, in a 2023 video for Kurtz's induction as a fellow of the <a href="/wiki/Computer_History_Museum" title="Computer History Museum">Computer History Museum</a><sup id="cite_ref-chm_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chm-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></p> </div> <p>As part of the Dartmouth Time-Sharing System, Kemeny and Kurtz created the programming language <a href="/wiki/BASIC" title="BASIC">BASIC</a> (Beginner's All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code). The first BASIC program ran on May 1, 1964, at 4 a.m. At the time, neither Kemeny nor Kurtz saw this as the start of something monumental. Their main hope was that BASIC would help students in understanding and engaging with the computers they were using. While Dartmouth College held the copyright to BASIC, they made it freely accessible to anyone interested in using it, and Kemeny and Kurtz made little money from it. The name for the language originated from Kurtz's wish to have a simple acronym that meant something as well. Kurtz states that: "We wanted a word that was simple but not simple-minded, and BASIC was that one."<sup id="cite_ref-portraits1989_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-portraits1989-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The theme that BASIC was for the average computer user was stressed by Kurtz. In an open letter, he reiterated upon past statements that BASIC was invented to give students a simple programming language that was easy to learn, as all the current languages of the time were dedicated to professionals. He went on to say that BASIC was for people who did not want to dedicate their lives to programming.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although BASIC was widely regarded as a success, some critics considered it to be confusing for longer programs, especially when the "GO TO" statement was used to jump between parts of a program. In addition, because the language was not designed as a <a href="/wiki/Structured_programming" title="Structured programming">structured language</a>, it made it difficult to split programs into separate parts to improve maintainability.<sup id="cite_ref-portraits1989_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-portraits1989-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>BASIC standards were created in the 1980s for the <a href="/wiki/Ecma_International" title="Ecma International">ECMA</a>, and ANSI with their versions being released in 1986 and 1987 respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1975, when <a href="/wiki/Bill_Gates" title="Bill Gates">Bill Gates</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paul_Allen" title="Paul Allen">Paul Allen</a> developed a version of BASIC for the <a href="/wiki/Altair_8800" title="Altair 8800">Altair 8800</a>, one of the earliest personal computers, it helped launch the personal computer industry.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kurtz's work on BASIC was recognized by the IEEE as part of their <a href="/wiki/List_of_IEEE_Milestones" title="List of IEEE Milestones">milestone program</a>, which marks historic places for human innovation from around the world. A commemorative plaque was placed on February 22, 2021.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="True_BASIC">True BASIC</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_E._Kurtz&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: True BASIC" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <p>In 1983, Kemeny, Kurtz, and four former Dartmouth students established <a href="/wiki/True_BASIC" title="True BASIC">True BASIC</a> with the goal of introducing a modern commercial version of BASIC that would address the fragmentation caused by numerous incompatible dialects of the language, which were developed for early personal computers with limited memory and hardware-specific limitations. True BASIC featured <a href="/wiki/Structured_programming" title="Structured programming">structured programming</a> constructs such as a do-loop and else-if and support for multiple operating systems.<sup id="cite_ref-tb_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tb-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Initially backed by $2.3 million in investment, the company struggled with profitability. Disagreements with its marketing partner, <a href="/wiki/Addison-Wesley" title="Addison-Wesley">Addison-Wesley</a>, led True BASIC to take marketing in-house, but sales still fell short of expectations. The company had annual revenues above $1 million in two years, according to the CEO in 1997, but the rise of integrated BASIC implementations, particularly from Microsoft, and declining demand for standalone programming tools limited its market reach.<sup id="cite_ref-tb_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tb-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 2004 interview noted sales of about 3,000 copies of True BASIC annually, primarily to high school students and hobbyists who had learned the language decades earlier.<sup id="cite_ref-turns40_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-turns40-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_E._Kurtz&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Personal life" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <p>Kurtz was married to Patricia Barr from 1953 until their divorce in 1973. They had three children: twin sons Daniel Barr and Timothy David in 1954 and daughter Beth Louise in 1957.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1974, he married Agnes Seelye Bixler, to whom he remained married until his death.<sup id="cite_ref-nytimes_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nytimes-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-wapo_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wapo-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kurtz died in <a href="/wiki/Lebanon,_New_Hampshire" title="Lebanon, New Hampshire">Lebanon, New Hampshire</a>, on November 12, 2024, at the age of 96.<sup id="cite_ref-CHM-2024_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CHM-2024-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nytimes_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nytimes-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_E._Kurtz&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_New_Hampshire_historical_markers_(251%E2%80%93275)#261" title="List of New Hampshire historical markers (251–275)">New Hampshire Historical Marker No. 261</a>: BASIC: The First User-Friendly Computer Programming Language</li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_E._Kurtz&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist 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no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.computer.org/pioneers/kurtz.html">"Thomas E. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fellows.acm.org/fellow_citation.cfm?id=1404417&srt=alpha&alpha=K">the original</a> on January 21, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 15,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Fellows.acm.org&rft.atitle=ACM+Fellows+Award&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffellows.acm.org%2Ffellow_citation.cfm%3Fid%3D1404417%26srt%3Dalpha%26alpha%3DK&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+E.+Kurtz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-world-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-world_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-world_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNarins2002" class="citation book cs1">Narins, Brigham, ed. 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Kurtz, 1928–2024"</a>. <i>CHM</i>. November 14, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 18,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Thomas+E.+Kurtz%2C+co-creator+of+BASIC+programming+language%2C+dies+at+96&rft.date=2024-11-16&rft.aulast=Rosen&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2024%2F11%2F16%2Ftechnology%2Fthomas-kurtz-dead.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+E.+Kurtz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wapo-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-wapo_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wapo_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLanger2024" class="citation news cs1">Langer, Emily (November 20, 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/obituaries/2024/11/19/thomas-kurtz-basic-computer-dead/">"Thomas Kurtz, co-inventor of BASIC computer language, dies at 96"</a>. <i>Washington Post</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 20,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Thomas+Kurtz%2C+co-inventor+of+BASIC+computer+language%2C+dies+at+96&rft.date=2024-11-20&rft.aulast=Langer&rft.aufirst=Emily&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fobituaries%2F2024%2F11%2F19%2Fthomas-kurtz-basic-computer-dead%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+E.+Kurtz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaisler2020" class="citation book cs1">Kaisler, S.H. (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mGMOEAAAQBAJ"><i>Mainframe Computer Systems: The General Electric Corporation</i></a>. Historical Computing Machine Series. Cambridge Scholars Publisher. p. 315. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5275-6116-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5275-6116-8"><bdi>978-1-5275-6116-8</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 16,</span> 2024</span>. <q>The Dartmouth Time Sharing System (DTSS) implementation began in 1963 by a student team under the direction of Kemeny and Kurtz. The GE-225 arrived on campus in February 1964. With DTSS, it began operation on May 1, 1964.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mainframe+Computer+Systems%3A+The+General+Electric+Corporation&rft.series=Historical+Computing+Machine+Series&rft.pages=315&rft.pub=Cambridge+Scholars+Publisher&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1-5275-6116-8&rft.aulast=Kaisler&rft.aufirst=S.H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmGMOEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+E.+Kurtz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGordon1980" class="citation book cs1">Gordon, M. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 16,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Harvard+Magazine&rft.atitle=Bill+Gates+at+Harvard&rft.date=2013-10-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.harvardmagazine.com%2F2013%2F10%2Fbill-gates-at-harvard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+E.+Kurtz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://calltolead.dartmouth.edu/stories/celebrating-birth-basic-and-beyond">"Celebrating the Birth of BASIC—and Beyond"</a>. <i>Dartmouth Campaign</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 16,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dartmouth+Campaign&rft.atitle=Celebrating+the+Birth+of+BASIC%E2%80%94and+Beyond&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcalltolead.dartmouth.edu%2Fstories%2Fcelebrating-birth-basic-and-beyond&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+E.+Kurtz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tb-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-tb_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tb_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJurgens1997" class="citation news cs1">Jurgens, Rick (June 1, 1997). "Keeping True to BASIC". <i>Valley News</i>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/article/valley-news/159422236/">37</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/article/valley-news/159422334/">41</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Valley+News&rft.atitle=Keeping+True+to+BASIC&rft.pages=37%2C+41&rft.date=1997-06-01&rft.aulast=Jurgens&rft.aufirst=Rick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+E.+Kurtz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-turns40-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-turns40_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHirsch2004" class="citation news cs1">Hirsch, J.M. (April 29, 2004). "Dartmouth's BASIC, Power Behind First PC, Turns 40 on Saturday". <i>Valley News</i>. Associated Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/article/valley-news-dartmouths-basic-power-beh/159750136/">1</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/article/valley-news-basic-turns-40-on-saturday/159750219/">6</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Valley+News&rft.atitle=Dartmouth%27s+BASIC%2C+Power+Behind+First+PC%2C+Turns+40+on+Saturday&rft.pages=1%2C+6&rft.date=2004-04-29&rft.aulast=Hirsch&rft.aufirst=J.M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+E.+Kurtz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.legacy.com/us/obituaries/vnews/name/thomas-kurtz-obituary?id=56769088">"Thomas Eugene Kurtz Obituary"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 21,</span> 2024</span> – via legacy.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Thomas+Eugene+Kurtz+Obituary&rft.date=2024-11-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.legacy.com%2Fus%2Fobituaries%2Fvnews%2Fname%2Fthomas-kurtz-obituary%3Fid%3D56769088&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+E.+Kurtz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_E._Kurtz&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archives-manuscripts.dartmouth.edu/repositories/2/resources/2590">Thomas Kurtz papers</a> Dartmouth Libraries</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div>    </section></div> <noscript><img src="https://login.m.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&mobile=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thomas_E._Kurtz&oldid=1259568680">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thomas_E._Kurtz&oldid=1259568680</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_E._Kurtz&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon-size-medium minerva-icon--modified-history"></span> <span class="last-modified-bar__text modified-enhancement" data-user-name="Daniel Quinlan" data-user-gender="unknown" data-timestamp="1732570536"> <span>Last edited on 25 November 2024, at 21:35</span> </span> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon-size-small minerva-icon--expand"></span> </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B3_%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%86_%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%B2" title="طوماس يوجين كيرتز – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="طوماس يوجين كيرتز" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Eugene_Kurtz" title="Thomas Eugene Kurtz – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Thomas Eugene Kurtz" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_E._Kurtz" title="Thomas E. Kurtz – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Thomas E. Kurtz" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Eugene_Kurtz" title="Thomas Eugene Kurtz – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Thomas Eugene Kurtz" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B3_%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%AC%DB%8C%D9%86_%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%B2" title="توماس یوجین کورتز – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="توماس یوجین کورتز" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Eugene_Kurtz" title="Thomas Eugene Kurtz – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Thomas Eugene Kurtz" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Eugene_Kurtz" title="Thomas Eugene Kurtz – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Thomas Eugene Kurtz" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%86%A0%EB%A7%88%EC%8A%A4_E._%EC%BB%A4%EC%B8%A0" title="토마스 E. 커츠 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="토마스 E. 커츠" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Eugene_Kurtz" title="Thomas Eugene Kurtz – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Thomas Eugene Kurtz" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Eugene_Kurtz" title="Thomas Eugene Kurtz – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Thomas Eugene Kurtz" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%88%E3%83%BC%E3%83%9E%E3%82%B9%E3%83%BBE%E3%83%BB%E3%82%AB%E3%83%BC%E3%83%84" title="トーマス・E・カーツ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="トーマス・E・カーツ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Kurtz" title="Thomas Kurtz – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Thomas Kurtz" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Eugene_Kurtz" title="Thomas Eugene Kurtz – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Thomas Eugene Kurtz" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D1%80%D1%86,_%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Курц, Томас – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Курц, Томас" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_E._Kurtz" title="Thomas E. Kurtz – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Thomas E. Kurtz" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81_%D0%9A%D1%83%D1%80%D1%86" title="Томас Курц – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Томас Курц" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Eugene_Kurtz" title="Thomas Eugene Kurtz – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Thomas Eugene Kurtz" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 25 November 2024, at 21:35<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Content is available under <a class="external" rel="nofollow" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">CC BY-SA 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places" class="footer-places hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-terms-use"><a href="https://foundation.m.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use">Terms of Use</a></li> <li id="footer-places-desktop-toggle"><a id="mw-mf-display-toggle" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thomas_E._Kurtz&mobileaction=toggle_view_desktop" data-event-name="switch_to_desktop">Desktop</a></li> </ul> </div> </footer> </div> </div> <div class="mw-notification-area" data-mw="interface"></div>  <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-694cf4987f-4xcf4","wgBackendResponseTime":239,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.535","walltime":"0.687","ppvisitednodes":{"value":4054,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":60406,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":8439,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":21,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":5,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":92048,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 641.178 1 -total"," 41.96% 269.061 1 Template:Infobox_scientist"," 29.44% 188.757 1 Template:Reflist"," 20.64% 132.363 14 Template:Cite_web"," 14.84% 95.147 1 Template:Plainlist"," 13.77% 88.270 2 Template:Marriage"," 11.67% 74.851 1 Template:Short_description"," 9.91% 63.555 1 Template:Authority_control"," 6.21% 39.813 22 Template:Main_other"," 5.91% 37.867 2 Template:Pagetype"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.361","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":10260270,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"table#1 {\n}\n\"\"\ntable#1 {\n}\n\"\"\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-api-ext.codfw.main-55c769cf79-99dzt","timestamp":"20241125213537","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Thomas E. 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