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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Synopsis</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Synopsis-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Synopsis subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Synopsis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Volume_One:_Swann's_Way" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Volume_One:_Swann's_Way"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Volume One: <i>Swann's Way</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Volume_One:_Swann's_Way-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Volume_Two:_In_the_Shadow_of_Young_Girls_in_Flower" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Volume_Two:_In_the_Shadow_of_Young_Girls_in_Flower"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Volume Two: <i>In the Shadow of Young Girls in Flower</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Volume_Two:_In_the_Shadow_of_Young_Girls_in_Flower-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Volume_Three:_The_Guermantes_Way" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Volume_Three:_The_Guermantes_Way"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Volume Three: <i>The Guermantes Way</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Volume_Three:_The_Guermantes_Way-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Volume_Four:_Sodom_and_Gomorrah" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Volume_Four:_Sodom_and_Gomorrah"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Volume Four: <i>Sodom and Gomorrah</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Volume_Four:_Sodom_and_Gomorrah-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Volume_Five:_The_Prisoner" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Volume_Five:_The_Prisoner"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Volume Five: <i>The Prisoner</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Volume_Five:_The_Prisoner-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Volume_Six:_The_Fugitive" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Volume_Six:_The_Fugitive"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Volume Six: <i>The Fugitive</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Volume_Six:_The_Fugitive-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Volume_Seven:_Time_Regained" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Volume_Seven:_Time_Regained"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Volume Seven: <i>Time Regained</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Volume_Seven:_Time_Regained-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Themes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Themes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Themes</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Themes-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Themes subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Themes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Memory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Memory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Memory</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Memory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Separation_anxiety" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Separation_anxiety"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Separation anxiety</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Separation_anxiety-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nature_of_art" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nature_of_art"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Nature of art</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nature_of_art-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Homosexuality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Homosexuality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Homosexuality</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Homosexuality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Critical_reception" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Critical_reception"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Critical reception</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Critical_reception-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Main_characters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Main_characters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Main characters</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Main_characters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-English-language_translations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#English-language_translations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>English-language translations</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-English-language_translations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle English-language translations subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-English-language_translations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Scott_Moncrieff_and_subsequent_revisions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scott_Moncrieff_and_subsequent_revisions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Scott Moncrieff and subsequent revisions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scott_Moncrieff_and_subsequent_revisions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Penguin_Proust" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Penguin_Proust"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Penguin Proust</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Penguin_Proust-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oxford_Proust" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oxford_Proust"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Oxford Proust</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oxford_Proust-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Individual_translators" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Individual_translators"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Individual translators</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Individual_translators-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Adaptations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adaptations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Adaptations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adaptations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References_in_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References_in_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References in popular culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References_in_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes_and_references" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes_and_references"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Notes and references</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes_and_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><i>In Search of Lost Time</i></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 48 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-48" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">48 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%AD%D8%AB_%D8%B9%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B2%D9%85%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%81%D9%82%D9%88%D8%AF_(%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A9)" title="البحث عن الزمن المفقود (رواية) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="البحث عن الزمن المفقود (رواية)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0tirilmi%C5%9F_zaman%C4%B1n_axtar%C4%B1%C5%9F%C4%B1nda" title="İtirilmiş zamanın axtarışında – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="İtirilmiş zamanın axtarışında" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86_%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%B0%E2%80%8D%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B6_%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%81_%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%81_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%81" title="আ লা র‍্যশের্শ দ্যু ত্যঁ পের্দ্যু – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="আ লা র‍্যশের্শ দ্যু ত্যঁ পের্দ্যু" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%88%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%85_%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0_%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%83" title="У пошуках страчанага часу – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="У пошуках страчанага часу" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%88%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%85_%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0_%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%83" title="У пошуках страчанага часу – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="У пошуках страчанага часу" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE_%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE_%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5" title="По следите на изгубеното време – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="По следите на изгубеното време" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_la_recerca_del_temps_perdut" title="A la recerca del temps perdut – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="A la recerca del temps perdut" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hled%C3%A1n%C3%AD_ztracen%C3%A9ho_%C4%8Dasu" title="Hledání ztraceného času – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Hledání ztraceného času" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A5_sporet_af_den_tabte_tid" title="På sporet af den tabte tid – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="På sporet af den tabte tid" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auf_der_Suche_nach_der_verlorenen_Zeit" title="Auf der Suche nach der verlorenen Zeit – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Auf der Suche nach der verlorenen Zeit" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%BD%CE%B1%CE%B6%CE%B7%CF%84%CF%8E%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B1%CF%82_%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CF%87%CE%B1%CE%BC%CE%AD%CE%BD%CE%BF_%CF%87%CF%81%CF%8C%CE%BD%CE%BF" title="Αναζητώντας τον χαμένο χρόνο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αναζητώντας τον χαμένο χρόνο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/En_busca_del_tiempo_perdido" title="En busca del tiempo perdido – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="En busca del tiempo perdido" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reser%C4%89e_al_la_perdita_tempo" title="Reserĉe al la perdita tempo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Reserĉe al la perdita tempo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denbora_galduaren_bila" title="Denbora galduaren bila – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Denbora galduaren bila" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%AC%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%AC%D9%88%DB%8C_%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%D8%B2%D8%AF%D8%B3%D8%AA%E2%80%8C%D8%B1%D9%81%D8%AA%D9%87" title="در جستجوی زمان ازدست‌رفته – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="در جستجوی زمان ازدست‌رفته" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%80_la_recherche_du_temps_perdu" title="À la recherche du temps perdu – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="À la recherche du temps perdu" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%80_la_recherche_du_temps_perdu" title="À la recherche du temps perdu – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="À la recherche du temps perdu" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81_busca_do_tempo_perdido" title="Á busca do tempo perdido – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Á busca do tempo perdido" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9E%83%EC%96%B4%EB%B2%84%EB%A6%B0_%EC%8B%9C%EA%B0%84%EC%9D%84_%EC%B0%BE%EC%95%84%EC%84%9C" title="잃어버린 시간을 찾아서 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="잃어버린 시간을 찾아서" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BD%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%AC_%D5%AA%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%AB_%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4" title="Կորուսյալ ժամանակի որոնումներում – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կորուսյալ ժամանակի որոնումներում" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/U_traganju_za_izgubljenim_vremenom" title="U traganju za izgubljenim vremenom – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="U traganju za izgubljenim vremenom" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%80_la_recherche_du_temps_perdu" title="À la recherche du temps perdu – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="À la recherche du temps perdu" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alla_ricerca_del_tempo_perduto" title="Alla ricerca del tempo perduto – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Alla ricerca del tempo perduto" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%A2%D7%A7%D7%91%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%96%D7%9E%D7%9F_%D7%94%D7%90%D7%91%D7%95%D7%93" title="בעקבות הזמן האבוד – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="בעקבות הזמן האבוד" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%93%E1%83%90%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%92%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%93%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%AB%E1%83%98%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%90%E1%83%A8%E1%83%98" title="დაკარგული დროის ძიებაში – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="დაკარგული დროის ძიებაში" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Az_elt%C5%B1nt_id%C5%91_nyom%C3%A1ban_(reg%C3%A9ny)" title="Az eltűnt idő nyomában (regény) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Az eltűnt idő nyomában (regény)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%BE_%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE_%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5" title="Во потрага по изгубеното време – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Во потрага по изгубеното време" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%91%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%AF%E1%83%98%E1%83%A8_%E1%83%92%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A3%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1" title="დინაფილი ბორჯიშ გორუას – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="დინაფილი ბორჯიშ გორუას" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%80_la_recherche_du_temps_perdu" title="À la recherche du temps perdu – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="À la recherche du temps perdu" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%B1%E3%82%8F%E3%82%8C%E3%81%9F%E6%99%82%E3%82%92%E6%B1%82%E3%82%81%E3%81%A6" title="失われた時を求めて – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="失われた時を求めて" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A5_sporet_av_den_tapte_tid" title="På sporet av den tapte tid – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="På sporet av den tapte tid" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/En_c%C3%A8rca_deu_temps_perdut" title="En cèrca deu temps perdut – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="En cèrca deu temps perdut" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/W_poszukiwaniu_straconego_czasu" title="W poszukiwaniu straconego czasu – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="W poszukiwaniu straconego czasu" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Em_Busca_do_Tempo_Perdido" title="Em Busca do Tempo Perdido – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Em Busca do Tempo Perdido" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8En_c%C4%83utarea_timpului_pierdut" title="În căutarea timpului pierdut – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="În căutarea timpului pierdut" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%85_%D1%83%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="В поисках утраченного времени – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="В поисках утраченного времени" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_Search_of_Lost_Time" title="In Search of Lost Time – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="In Search of Lost Time" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C4%BEadanie_straten%C3%A9ho_%C4%8Dasu" title="Hľadanie strateného času – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Hľadanie strateného času" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iskanje_izgubljenega_%C4%8Dasa" title="Iskanje izgubljenega časa – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Iskanje izgubljenega časa" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%DB%95%DA%95%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A8%DB%86_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%8C_%D9%84%DB%95%D8%AF%DB%95%D8%B3%D8%AA%DA%86%D9%88%D9%88" title="گەڕان بۆ کاتی لەدەستچوو – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="گەڕان بۆ کاتی لەدەستچوو" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3_%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%9A%D1%83_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%B8%D1%88%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BC_%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC" title="У трагању за ишчезлим временом – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="У трагању за ишчезлим временом" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/U_potrazi_za_izgubljenim_vremenom" title="U potrazi za izgubljenim vremenom – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="U potrazi za izgubljenim vremenom" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kadonnutta_aikaa_etsim%C3%A4ss%C3%A4" title="Kadonnutta aikaa etsimässä – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kadonnutta aikaa etsimässä" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A5_spaning_efter_den_tid_som_flytt" title="På spaning efter den tid som flytt – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="På spaning efter den tid som flytt" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kay%C4%B1p_Zaman%C4%B1n_%C4%B0zinde" title="Kayıp Zamanın İzinde – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kayıp Zamanın İzinde" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%88%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%85_%D1%83%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%83" title="У пошуках утраченого часу – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="У пошуках утраченого часу" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90i_t%C3%ACm_th%E1%BB%9Di_gian_%C4%91%C3%A3_m%E1%BA%A5t" title="Đi tìm thời gian đã mất – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Đi tìm thời gian đã mất" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">1913–1927 novel in seven volumes by Marcel Proust</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Remembrance of Things Past", "À la recherche du temps perdu", and "Swann's Way" redirect here. For the play, see <a href="/wiki/Remembrance_of_Things_Past_(play)" title="Remembrance of Things Past (play)"><i>Remembrance of Things Past</i> (play)</a>. For the film, see <a href="/wiki/%C3%80_la_recherche_du_temps_perdu_(film)" title="À la recherche du temps perdu (film)">À la recherche du temps perdu (film)</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Swans_Way_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Swans Way (disambiguation)">Swans Way (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title" style="font-size:125%; font-style:italic; padding-bottom:0.2em;">In Search of Lost Time (Remembrance of Things Past) <span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+Search+of+Lost+Time+%28Remembrance+of+Things+Past%29&rft.author=%5B%5BMarcel+Proust%5D%5D&rft.date=1913%E2%80%931927&rft.pub=%5B%5B%C3%89ditions+Grasset%7CGrasset%5D%5D+and+%5B%5B%C3%89ditions+Gallimard%7CGallimard%5D%5D&rft.place=%5B%5BFrench+Third+Republic%7CFrance%5D%5D&rft.pages=4%2C215&rft_id=info:oclcnum/6159648"></span></caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:MS_A_la_recherche_du_temps_perdu.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/MS_A_la_recherche_du_temps_perdu.jpg/220px-MS_A_la_recherche_du_temps_perdu.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/MS_A_la_recherche_du_temps_perdu.jpg/330px-MS_A_la_recherche_du_temps_perdu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/MS_A_la_recherche_du_temps_perdu.jpg/440px-MS_A_la_recherche_du_temps_perdu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="506" data-file-height="337" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">A first <a href="/wiki/Galley_proof" title="Galley proof">galley proof</a> of <i>À la recherche du temps perdu: Du côté de chez Swann</i> with Proust's handwritten corrections</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Author</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Marcel_Proust" title="Marcel Proust">Marcel Proust</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Original title</th><td class="infobox-data"><i>À la recherche du temps perdu</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Translators</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/C._K._Scott_Moncrieff" title="C. K. Scott Moncrieff">C. K. Scott Moncrieff</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Hudson" title="Stephen Hudson">Stephen Hudson</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Terence_Kilmartin" title="Terence Kilmartin">Terence Kilmartin</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Lydia_Davis" title="Lydia Davis">Lydia Davis</a><br /><a href="/wiki/James_Grieve_(Australian_translator)" title="James Grieve (Australian translator)">James Grieve</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Language</th><td class="infobox-data">French</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Genre</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Modernist_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Modernist literature">Modernist</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Set in</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a> and <a href="/wiki/Normandy" title="Normandy">Normandy</a>, 1890s–1900s</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Publisher</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/%C3%89ditions_Grasset" title="Éditions Grasset">Grasset</a> and <a href="/wiki/%C3%89ditions_Gallimard" title="Éditions Gallimard">Gallimard</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Publication date</div></th><td class="infobox-data">1913–1927</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Publication place</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic">France</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Published in English</div></th><td class="infobox-data">1922–1931</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Pages</th><td class="infobox-data">4,215</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)"><abbr title="Online Computer Library Center number">OCLC</abbr></a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/6159648">6159648</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Dewey_Decimal_Classification" title="Dewey Decimal Classification">Dewey Decimal</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">843.912</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/LCC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCC (identifier)"><abbr title="Library of Congress Classification">LC Class</abbr></a></th><td class="infobox-data">PQ2631.R63</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Translation</th><td class="infobox-data"><i><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Remembrance_of_Things_Past" class="extiw" title="s:Remembrance of Things Past">In Search of Lost Time (Remembrance of Things Past)</a></i> at Wikisource</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid;">Word count = 1,267,069</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><i><b>In Search of Lost Time</b></i> (<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: <i lang="fr"><b>À la recherche du temps perdu</b></i>), first translated into English as <i><b>Remembrance of Things Past</b></i>, and sometimes referred to in French as <i><b>La Recherche</b></i> (<i>The Search</i>), is a novel in seven volumes by French author <a href="/wiki/Marcel_Proust" title="Marcel Proust">Marcel Proust</a>. This early 20th-century work is his most prominent, known both for its length and its theme of <a href="/wiki/Involuntary_memory" title="Involuntary memory">involuntary memory</a>. The most famous example of this is the "episode of the <a href="/wiki/Madeleine_(cake)" title="Madeleine (cake)">madeleine</a>", which occurs early in the first volume. </p><p>The novel gained fame in English in translations by <a href="/wiki/C._K._Scott_Moncrieff" title="C. K. Scott Moncrieff">C. K. Scott Moncrieff</a> and <a href="/wiki/Terence_Kilmartin" title="Terence Kilmartin">Terence Kilmartin</a> as <i>Remembrance of Things Past</i>. The title <i>In Search of Lost Time</i>, a literal rendering of the French, became ascendant after <a href="/wiki/D._J._Enright" title="D. J. Enright">D. J. Enright</a> adopted it for his revised translation published in 1992. </p><p><i>In Search of Lost Time</i> follows the narrator's recollections of childhood and experiences into adulthood in late 19th-century and early 20th-century <a href="/wiki/High_society_(social_class)" class="mw-redirect" title="High society (social class)">high-society</a> France. Proust began to shape the novel in 1909; he continued to work on it until his final illness in the autumn of 1922 forced him to break off. Proust established the structure early on, but even after volumes were initially finished, he continued to add new material and edited one volume after another for publication. The last three of the seven volumes contain oversights and fragmentary or unpolished passages, as they existed only in draft form at the death of the author. His brother Robert oversaw editing and publication of these parts. </p><p>The work was published in France between 1913 and 1927. Proust paid to publish the first volume (with <a href="/wiki/%C3%89ditions_Grasset" title="Éditions Grasset">Éditions Grasset</a>) after it had been turned down by leading editors who had been offered the manuscript in longhand. Many of its ideas, <a href="/wiki/Motif_(literature)" class="mw-redirect" title="Motif (literature)">motifs</a> and scenes were anticipated in Proust's <a href="/wiki/Unfinished_work" class="mw-redirect" title="Unfinished work">unfinished</a> novel, <i><a href="/wiki/Jean_Santeuil" title="Jean Santeuil">Jean Santeuil</a></i> (1896–1899), though the perspective and treatment there are different, and in his unfinished hybrid of philosophical essay and story, <i><a href="/wiki/Contre_Sainte-Beuve" title="Contre Sainte-Beuve">Contre Sainte-Beuve</a></i> (1908–09). </p><p>The novel had great influence on <a href="/wiki/Twentieth-century_literature_in_English" class="mw-redirect" title="Twentieth-century literature in English">twentieth-century literature</a>; some writers have sought to emulate it, others to <a href="/wiki/Parody" title="Parody">parody</a> it. For the centenary of the French publication of the novel's first volume, American author <a href="/wiki/Edmund_White" title="Edmund White">Edmund White</a> pronounced <i>In Search of Lost Time</i> "the most respected novel of the twentieth century."<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It holds the Guinness World Record for longest novel.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Initial_publication">Initial publication</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=In_Search_of_Lost_Time&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Initial publication"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Proust_1917.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Proust_1917.jpg/220px-Proust_1917.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="342" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Proust_1917.jpg/330px-Proust_1917.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Proust_1917.jpg/440px-Proust_1917.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1084" data-file-height="1683" /></a><figcaption><i>NRF</i> edition of <i>Du côté de chez Swann</i>, 1917</figcaption></figure> <p>The novel was initially published in seven volumes: </p> <ol><li><i><b>Swann's Way</b></i> (<i>Du côté de chez Swann</i>, sometimes translated as <i>The Way by Swann's</i>), published in 1913, was rejected by a number of publishers, including Fasquelle, Ollendorff, and the <i><a href="/wiki/Nouvelle_Revue_Fran%C3%A7aise" title="Nouvelle Revue Française">Nouvelle Revue Française</a></i> (<i>NRF</i>). <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Gide" title="André Gide">André Gide</a> was famously given the manuscript to read to advise the <i>NRF</i> on publication and, leafing through the seemingly endless collection of memories and philosophizing or melancholic episodes, came across a few minor syntactic errors, which made him decide to turn the work down in his audit. Proust eventually arranged with the publisher <a href="/wiki/%C3%89ditions_Grasset" title="Éditions Grasset">Grasset</a> to pay the cost of publication himself. When published, the book was advertised as the first of a <a href="/wiki/Three-volume_novel" title="Three-volume novel">three-volume novel</a> (<a href="#ref_BandR">Bouillaguet and Rogers</a>, 316–7). <i>Du côté de chez Swann</i> is divided into four parts: "<a href="/wiki/Combray" title="Combray">Combray</a> I" (sometimes referred to in English as the "Overture"), "Combray II", "Un Amour de Swann" ("Swann in Love"), and "Noms de pays: le nom" ("Names of places: the name"). A third-person novella within <i>Du côté de chez Swann</i>, "Un Amour de Swann" is sometimes published as a volume by itself. As it forms the self-contained story of Charles Swann's love affair with Odette de Crécy and is relatively short, it is generally considered a good introduction to the work and is often a set text in French schools. "Combray I" is similarly excerpted; it ends with the famous madeleine cake episode, introducing the theme of <a href="/wiki/Involuntary_memory" title="Involuntary memory">involuntary memory</a>. In early 1914 Gide, who had been involved in the <i>NRF'</i>s rejection of the book, wrote to Proust to apologize and to offer congratulations on the novel: <blockquote><p>For several days I have been unable to put your book down ... The rejection of this book will remain the most serious mistake ever made by the <i>NRF</i> and, since I bear the shame of being very much responsible for it, one of the most stinging and remorseful regrets of my life (<a href="#ref_Tadié">Tadié</a>, 611).</p></blockquote>Gallimard (the publishing arm of the <i>NRF</i>) offered to publish the remaining volumes, but Proust chose to stay with Grasset.</li> <li><i><b>In the Shadow of Young Girls in Flower</b></i> (<i>À l'ombre des jeunes filles en fleurs</i>, also translated as <i><b>Within a Budding Grove</b></i>), published in 1919, was scheduled to be published in 1914 but was delayed by the onset of <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>. At the same time, Grasset's firm was closed down when the publisher went into military service. This freed Proust to move to Gallimard, where all of the subsequent volumes were published. Meanwhile, the novel kept growing in length and in conception. When published, this volume was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Prix_Goncourt" title="Prix Goncourt">Prix Goncourt</a> in 1919.</li> <li><i><b>The Guermantes Way</b></i> (<i>Le Côté de Guermantes</i>) was published in 1920 and 1921 and was originally split into two volumes as <i>Le Côté de Guermantes I</i> and <i>Le Côté de Guermantes II</i>.</li> <li><i><b>Sodom and Gomorrah</b></i> (<i>Sodome et Gomorrhe</i>, sometimes translated as <i>Cities of the Plain</i>) was published in 1921 and 1922 and was also split into two volumes. The first forty pages of <i>Sodome et Gomorrhe</i> initially appeared at the end of <i>Le Côté de Guermantes II</i> (<a href="#ref_BandR">Bouillaguet and Rogers</a>, 942), the remainder appearing as <i>Sodome et Gomorrhe I</i> (1921) and <i>Sodome et Gomorrhe II</i> (1922). It was the last volume over which Proust supervised publication before his death in November 1922. The publication of the remaining volumes was carried out by his brother, Robert Proust, and Jacques Rivière.<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Proust_La_Prisonniere_1923.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Proust_La_Prisonniere_1923.jpg/220px-Proust_La_Prisonniere_1923.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="334" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Proust_La_Prisonniere_1923.jpg/330px-Proust_La_Prisonniere_1923.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Proust_La_Prisonniere_1923.jpg/440px-Proust_La_Prisonniere_1923.jpg 2x" data-file-width="942" data-file-height="1428" /></a><figcaption>1923 edition of <i>La Prisonnière</i>. It is labelled as "Tome VI" as <i>Sodom et Gomorrhe</i> was originally published in two volumes.</figcaption></figure></li> <li><i><b>The Prisoner</b></i> (<i>La Prisonnière</i>, also translated as <i><b>The Captive</b></i>), published in 1923, is the first volume of the section within <i>In Search of Lost Time</i> known as "le Roman d'Albertine" ("the Albertine novel"). The name "Albertine" first appears in Proust's notebooks in 1913. The material in volumes 5 and 6 were developed during the hiatus between the publication of volumes 1 and 2 and they are a departure of the original three-volume series originally planned by Proust. This is the first of Proust's books published posthumously. Early editions describe <i>La Prisonnière</i> as the third volume of <i>Sodome et Gomorrhe</i>.</li> <li><i><b>The Fugitive</b></i> (<i>Albertine disparue</i>, also titled <i>La Fugitive</i>, sometimes translated as <i>The Sweet Cheat Gone</i> [the last line of <a href="/wiki/Walter_de_la_Mare" title="Walter de la Mare">Walter de la Mare</a>'s poem "The Ghost"<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>] or <i>Albertine Gone</i>), published in 1925, is the second and final volume in "le Roman d'Albertine" and the second volume published after Proust's death. It is the most editorially vexed volume. As noted, the final three volumes of the novel were published posthumously, and without Proust's final corrections and revisions. The first edition, based on Proust's manuscript, was published as <i>Albertine disparue</i> to prevent it from being confused with <a href="/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore" title="Rabindranath Tagore">Rabindranath Tagore</a>'s <i>La Fugitive</i>, first published in 1921.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first authoritative edition of the novel in French (1954), also based on Proust's manuscript, used the title <i>La Fugitive</i>. The second, even more authoritative French edition (1987–89), uses the title <i>Albertine disparue</i> and is based on an unmarked typescript acquired in 1962 by the <a href="/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_Nationale" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibliothèque Nationale">Bibliothèque Nationale</a>. To complicate matters, after the death in 1986 of Proust's niece, Suzy Mante-Proust, her son-in-law discovered among her papers a typescript that had been corrected and annotated by Proust. The late changes Proust made include a small, crucial detail and the deletion of approximately 150 pages. This version was published as <i>Albertine disparue</i> in France in 1987.</li> <li><i><b>Finding Time Again</b></i> (<i>Le Temps retrouvé</i>, also translated as <i><b>Time Regained</b></i> and <i>The Past Recaptured</i>), published in 1927, is the final volume in Proust's novel. Much of the final volume was written at the same time as <i>Swann's Way</i>, but was revised and expanded during the course of the novel's publication to account for, to a greater or lesser success, the then unforeseen material now contained in the middle volumes (<a href="#ref_Terdiman">Terdiman</a>, 153n3). This volume includes a noteworthy episode describing Paris during the First World War.</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Synopsis">Synopsis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=In_Search_of_Lost_Time&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Synopsis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The novel recounts the experiences of the Narrator (who is never definitively named) while he is growing up, learning about art, participating in society, and falling in love. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Volume_One:_Swann's_Way"><span id="Volume_One:_Swann.27s_Way"></span>Volume One: <i>Swann's Way</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=In_Search_of_Lost_Time&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Volume One: Swann's Way"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikiquote-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Swann%27s_Way" class="extiw" title="q:Swann's Way">Swann's Way</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Illiers-Combray.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Illiers-Combray.jpg/220px-Illiers-Combray.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Illiers-Combray.jpg/330px-Illiers-Combray.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Illiers-Combray.jpg/440px-Illiers-Combray.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a><figcaption>Illiers, the country town overlooked by a church steeple where Proust spent time as a child and which he described as "Combray" in the novel. The town adopted the name <a href="/wiki/Illiers-Combray" title="Illiers-Combray">Illiers-Combray</a> in homage.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Straus,_Genevi%C3%A8ve_-_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Straus%2C_Genevi%C3%A8ve_-_2.jpg/220px-Straus%2C_Genevi%C3%A8ve_-_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="301" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Straus%2C_Genevi%C3%A8ve_-_2.jpg/330px-Straus%2C_Genevi%C3%A8ve_-_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Straus%2C_Genevi%C3%A8ve_-_2.jpg/440px-Straus%2C_Genevi%C3%A8ve_-_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="475" data-file-height="650" /></a><figcaption>Portrait of Mme. Geneviève Bizet, née <a href="/wiki/Genevi%C3%A8ve_Hal%C3%A9vy" title="Geneviève Halévy">Geneviève Halévy</a>, by <a href="/wiki/Jules-%C3%89lie_Delaunay" title="Jules-Élie Delaunay">Jules-Élie Delaunay</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_d%27Orsay" title="Musée d'Orsay">Musée d'Orsay</a> (1878). She served as partial inspiration for the character of Odette.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Narrator begins by noting, "For a long time, I went to bed early." He comments on the way in which sleep seems to alter one's surroundings, and the way habit makes one indifferent to them. He remembers being in his room in the family's country home in Combray, while downstairs his parents entertain their friend Charles Swann, an elegant man of Jewish origin with strong ties to society. Due to Swann's visit, the Narrator is deprived of his mother's goodnight kiss, but he gets her to spend the night reading to him. This memory is the only one he has of Combray until years later the taste of a <a href="/wiki/Madeleine_(cake)" title="Madeleine (cake)">madeleine</a> cake dipped in tea inspires a nostalgic incident of <a href="/wiki/Involuntary_memory" title="Involuntary memory">involuntary memory</a>. He remembers having a similar snack as a child with his invalid aunt Léonie, and it leads to more memories of Combray. He describes their servant Françoise, who is uneducated but possesses an earthy wisdom and a strong sense of both duty and tradition. He meets an elegant "lady in pink" while visiting his uncle Adolphe. He develops a love of the theater, especially the actress la Berma, and his awkward Jewish friend Bloch introduces him to the works of the writer Bergotte. He learns Swann made an unsuitable marriage but has social ambitions for his beautiful daughter Gilberte. Legrandin, a snobbish friend of the family, tries to avoid introducing the boy to his well-to-do sister. The Narrator describes two routes for country walks the child and his parents often enjoyed: the way past Swann's home (the Méséglise way), and the Guermantes way, both containing scenes of natural beauty. Taking the Méséglise way, he sees Gilberte Swann standing in her yard with a lady in white, Mme. Swann, and her supposed lover: Baron de Charlus, a friend of Swann's. Gilberte makes a gesture that the Narrator interprets as a rude dismissal. During another walk, he spies a lesbian scene involving Mlle. Vinteuil, daughter of a composer, and her friend. The Guermantes way is symbolic of the Guermantes family, the nobility of the area. The Narrator is awed by the magic of their name and is captivated when he first sees Mme. de Guermantes. He discovers how appearances conceal the true nature of things and tries writing a description of some nearby steeples. Lying in bed, he seems transported back to these places until he awakens. </p><p>Mme. Verdurin is an autocratic hostess who, aided by her husband, demands total obedience from the guests in her "little clan". One guest is Odette de Crécy, a former <a href="/wiki/Courtesan" title="Courtesan">courtesan</a>, who has met Swann and invites him to the group. Swann is too refined for such company, but Odette gradually intrigues him with her unusual style. A <a href="/wiki/Sonata" title="Sonata">sonata</a> by <a href="/wiki/Vinteuil_Sonata" title="Vinteuil Sonata">Vinteuil</a>, which features a "little phrase", becomes the <a href="/wiki/Motif_(music)" title="Motif (music)">motif</a> for their deepening relationship. The Verdurins host M. de Forcheville; their guests include Cottard, a doctor; Brichot, an academic; Saniette, the object of scorn; and a painter, M. Biche. Swann grows jealous of Odette, who now keeps him at arm's length, and suspects an affair between her and Forcheville, aided by the Verdurins. Swann seeks respite by attending a society concert that includes Legrandin's sister and a young Mme. de Guermantes; the "little phrase" is played and Swann realizes Odette's love for him is gone. He tortures himself wondering about her true relationships with others, but his love for her, despite renewals, gradually diminishes. He moves on and marvels that he ever loved a woman who was not his type. </p><p>At home in Paris, the Narrator dreams of visiting Venice or the church in Balbec, a resort, but he is too unwell and instead takes walks in the <a href="/wiki/Champs-%C3%89lys%C3%A9es" title="Champs-Élysées">Champs-Élysées</a>. There he meets and befriends Gilberte. He holds her father, now married to Odette, in the highest esteem, and is awed by the beautiful sight of Mme. Swann strolling in public. Years later, the old sights of the area are long gone, and he laments the fleeting nature of places. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Volume_Two:_In_the_Shadow_of_Young_Girls_in_Flower">Volume Two: <i>In the Shadow of Young Girls in Flower</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=In_Search_of_Lost_Time&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Volume Two: In the Shadow of Young Girls in Flower"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikiquote-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/In_the_Shadow_of_Young_Girls_in_Flower" class="extiw" title="q:In the Shadow of Young Girls in Flower">In the Shadow of Young Girls in Flower</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CabourgPlage.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/CabourgPlage.jpg/220px-CabourgPlage.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/CabourgPlage.jpg/330px-CabourgPlage.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/CabourgPlage.jpg/440px-CabourgPlage.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>The beach at <a href="/wiki/Cabourg" title="Cabourg">Cabourg</a>, a seaside resort that was the model for Balbec in the novel</figcaption></figure> <p>The Narrator's parents invite M. de Norpois, a diplomat colleague of the Narrator's father, to dinner. With Norpois's intervention, the Narrator is finally allowed to go and see the Berma perform in a play, but is disappointed by her acting. Afterwards, at dinner, he watches Norpois, who is extremely diplomatic and correct at all times, expound on society and art. The Narrator gives him a draft of his writing, but Norpois gently indicates it is not good. The Narrator continues to go to the Champs-Élysées and play with Gilberte. Her parents distrust him, so he writes to them in protest. He and Gilberte wrestle and he has an orgasm. Gilberte invites him to tea, and he becomes a regular at her house. He observes Mme. Swann's inferior social status, Swann's lowered standards and indifference towards his wife, and Gilberte's affection for her father. The Narrator contemplates how he has attained his wish to know the Swanns, and savors their unique style. At one of their parties he meets and befriends Bergotte, who gives his impressions of society figures and artists. But the Narrator is still unable to start writing seriously. His friend Bloch takes him to a brothel, where there is a Jewish prostitute named Rachel. He showers Mme. Swann with flowers, being almost on better terms with her than with Gilberte. One day, he and Gilberte quarrel and he decides never to see her again. However, he continues to visit Mme. Swann, who has become a popular hostess, with her guests including Mme. Bontemps, who has a niece named Albertine. The Narrator hopes for a letter from Gilberte repairing their friendship, but gradually feels himself losing interest. He breaks down and plans to reconcile with her, but spies from afar someone resembling her walking with a boy and gives her up for good. He stops visiting her mother also, who is now a celebrated beauty admired by passersby, and years later he can recall the glamour she displayed then. </p><p>Two years later, the Narrator, his grandmother, and Françoise set out for the seaside town of Balbec. The Narrator is almost totally indifferent to Gilberte now. During the train ride, his grandmother, who only believes in proper books, lends him her favorite: the <i>Letters</i> of <a href="/wiki/Marie_de_Rabutin-Chantal,_marquise_de_S%C3%A9vign%C3%A9" title="Marie de Rabutin-Chantal, marquise de Sévigné">Mme. de Sévigné</a>. At Balbec, the Narrator is disappointed with the church and uncomfortable in his unfamiliar hotel room, but his grandmother comforts him. He admires the seascape, and learns about the colorful staff and customers around the hotel: Aimé, the discreet headwaiter; the lift operator; M. de Stermaria and his beautiful young daughter; and M. de Cambremer and his wife, Legrandin's sister. His grandmother encounters an old friend, the blue-blooded Mme. de Villeparisis, and they renew their friendship. The three of them go for rides in the country, openly discussing art and politics. The Narrator longs for the country girls he sees alongside the roads, and has a strange feeling—possibly memory, possibly something else—while admiring a row of three trees. Mme. de Villeparisis is joined by her glamorous great-nephew Robert de Saint-Loup, who is involved with an unsuitable woman. Despite initial awkwardness, the Narrator and his grandmother become good friends with him. Bloch, the childhood friend from Combray, turns up with his family, and acts in typically inappropriate fashion. Saint-Loup's ultra-aristocratic and extremely rude uncle the Baron de Charlus arrives. The Narrator discovers Mme. de Villeparisis, her nephew M. de Charlus, and his nephew Saint-Loup are all of the Guermantes family. Charlus ignores the Narrator, but later visits him in his room and lends him a book. The next day, the Baron speaks shockingly informally to him, then demands the book back. The Narrator ponders Saint-Loup's attitude towards his aristocratic roots, and his relationship with his mistress, a mere actress whose recital bombed horribly with his family. One day, the Narrator sees a "little band" of teenage girls strolling beside the sea, and becomes infatuated with them, along with an unseen hotel guest named Mlle. Simonet. He joins Saint-Loup for dinner and reflects on how drunkenness affects his perceptions. Later they meet the painter Elstir, and the Narrator visits his studio. The Narrator marvels at Elstir's method of renewing impressions of ordinary things, as well as his connections with the Verdurins (he is "M. Biche") and Mme. Swann. He discovers the painter knows the teenage girls, particularly one dark-haired beauty who is Albertine Simonet. Elstir arranges an introduction, and the Narrator becomes friends with her, as well as her friends Andrée, Rosemonde, and Gisèle. The group goes for picnics and tours the countryside, as well as playing games, while the Narrator reflects on the nature of love as he becomes attracted to Albertine. Despite her rejection, they become close, although he still feels attracted to the whole group. At summer's end, the town closes up, and the Narrator is left with his image of first seeing the girls walking beside the sea. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Volume_Three:_The_Guermantes_Way">Volume Three: <i>The Guermantes Way</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=In_Search_of_Lost_Time&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Volume Three: The Guermantes Way"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Elizabeth,_Comtesse_Greffulhe_1905_,_by_Philip_Alexius_de_Laszlo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Elizabeth%2C_Comtesse_Greffulhe_1905_%2C_by_Philip_Alexius_de_Laszlo.jpg/220px-Elizabeth%2C_Comtesse_Greffulhe_1905_%2C_by_Philip_Alexius_de_Laszlo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="321" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Elizabeth%2C_Comtesse_Greffulhe_1905_%2C_by_Philip_Alexius_de_Laszlo.jpg/330px-Elizabeth%2C_Comtesse_Greffulhe_1905_%2C_by_Philip_Alexius_de_Laszlo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Elizabeth%2C_Comtesse_Greffulhe_1905_%2C_by_Philip_Alexius_de_Laszlo.jpg/440px-Elizabeth%2C_Comtesse_Greffulhe_1905_%2C_by_Philip_Alexius_de_Laszlo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="686" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/%C3%89lisabeth_Greffulhe" title="Élisabeth Greffulhe">Élisabeth, Countess Greffulhe</a></i> (1905), by <a href="/wiki/Philip_de_L%C3%A1szl%C3%B3" title="Philip de László">Philip de László</a>, who served as the model for the character of the Duchesse de Guermantes</figcaption></figure> <p>The Narrator's family has moved to an apartment connected with the Guermantes residence. Françoise befriends a fellow tenant, the tailor Jupien and his niece. The Narrator is fascinated by the Guermantes and their life, and is awed by their social circle while attending another Berma performance. He begins staking out the street where Mme. de Guermantes walks every day, to her evident annoyance. He decides to visit her nephew Saint-Loup at his military base, to ask to be introduced to her. After noting the landscape and his state of mind while sleeping, the Narrator meets and attends dinners with Saint-Loup's fellow officers, where they discuss the <a href="/wiki/Dreyfus_Affair" class="mw-redirect" title="Dreyfus Affair">Dreyfus Affair</a> and the art of military strategy. But the Narrator returns home after receiving a call from his aging grandmother. Mme. de Guermantes declines to see him, and he also finds he is still unable to begin writing. Saint-Loup visits on leave, and they have lunch and attend a recital with his actress mistress: Rachel, the Jewish prostitute, toward whom the unsuspecting Saint-Loup is crazed with jealousy. The Narrator then goes to Mme. de Villeparisis's <a href="/wiki/Salon_(gathering)" title="Salon (gathering)">salon</a>, which is considered second-rate despite its public reputation. Legrandin attends and displays his social climbing. Bloch stridently interrogates M. de Norpois about the Dreyfus Affair, which has ripped all of society asunder, but Norpois diplomatically avoids answering. The Narrator observes Mme. de Guermantes and her aristocratic bearing, as she makes caustic remarks about friends and family, including the mistresses of her husband, who is M. de Charlus's brother. Mme. Swann arrives, and the Narrator remembers a visit from Morel, the son of his uncle Adolphe's valet, who revealed that the "lady in pink" was Mme. Swann. Charlus asks the Narrator to leave with him, and offers to make him his protégé. At home, the Narrator's grandmother has worsened, and while walking with him she suffers a stroke. </p><p>The family seeks out the best medical help, and she is often visited by Bergotte, himself unwell, but she dies, her face reverting to its youthful appearance. Several months later, Saint-Loup, now single, convinces the Narrator to ask out the Stermaria daughter, newly divorced. Albertine visits; she has matured and they share a kiss. The Narrator then goes to see Mme. de Villeparisis, where Mme. de Guermantes, whom he has stopped following, invites him to dinner. The Narrator daydreams of Mme. de Stermaria, but she abruptly cancels, although Saint-Loup rescues him from despair by taking him to dine with his aristocratic friends, who engage in petty gossip. Saint-Loup passes on an invitation from Charlus to come visit him. The next day, at the Guermantes's dinner party, the Narrator admires their Elstir paintings, then meets the cream of society, including the Princess of Parma, who is an amiable simpleton. He learns more about the Guermantes: their hereditary features; their less-refined cousins the Courvoisiers; and Mme. de Guermantes's celebrated humor, artistic tastes, and exalted diction (although she does not live up to the enchantment of her name). The discussion turns to gossip about society, including Charlus and his late wife; the affair between Norpois and Mme. de Villeparisis; and aristocratic lineages. Leaving, the Narrator visits Charlus, who falsely accuses him of slandering him. The Narrator stomps on Charlus's hat and storms out, but Charlus is strangely unperturbed and gives him a ride home. Months later, the Narrator is invited to the Princesse de Guermantes's party. He tries to verify the invitation with M. and Mme. de Guermantes, but first sees something he will describe later. They will be attending the party but do not help him, and while they are chatting, Swann arrives. Now a committed Dreyfusard, he is very sick and nearing death, but the Guermantes assure him he will outlive them. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Volume_Four:_Sodom_and_Gomorrah">Volume Four: <i>Sodom and Gomorrah</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=In_Search_of_Lost_Time&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Volume Four: Sodom and Gomorrah"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Martin_-_Sodom_and_Gomorrah.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/John_Martin_-_Sodom_and_Gomorrah.jpg/220px-John_Martin_-_Sodom_and_Gomorrah.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/John_Martin_-_Sodom_and_Gomorrah.jpg/330px-John_Martin_-_Sodom_and_Gomorrah.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/John_Martin_-_Sodom_and_Gomorrah.jpg/440px-John_Martin_-_Sodom_and_Gomorrah.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3597" data-file-height="2293" /></a><figcaption><i>The Destruction of Sodom and Gomorrah</i>, <a href="/wiki/John_Martin_(painter)" title="John Martin (painter)">John Martin</a>, 1852. The fourth volume opens with a discussion of the inhabitants of the two Biblical "cities of the plain".</figcaption></figure> <p>The Narrator describes what he had seen earlier: while waiting for the Guermantes to return so he could ask about his invitation, he saw Charlus encounter Jupien in their courtyard. The two then went into Jupien's shop and had intercourse. The Narrator reflects on the nature of "<a href="/wiki/Homosexuality" title="Homosexuality">inverts</a>", and how they are like a secret society, never able to live in the open. He compares them to flowers, whose reproduction through the aid of insects depends solely on happenstance. Arriving at the Princesse's party, his invitation seems valid as he is greeted warmly by her. He sees Charlus exchanging knowing looks with the diplomat Vaugoubert, a fellow invert. After several tries, the Narrator manages to be introduced to the Prince de Guermantes, who then walks off with Swann, causing speculation on the topic of their conversation. Mme. de Saint-Euverte tries to recruit guests for her party the next day, but is subjected to scorn from some of the Guermantes. Charlus is captivated by the two young sons of M. de Guermantes's newest mistress. Saint-Loup arrives and mentions the names of several promiscuous women to the Narrator. Swann takes the Narrator aside and reveals the Prince wanted to admit his and his wife's pro-Dreyfus leanings. Swann is aware of his old friend Charlus's behavior, then urges the Narrator to visit Gilberte, and departs. The Narrator leaves with M. and Mme. de Guermantes, and heads home for a late-night meeting with Albertine. He grows frantic when first she is late and then calls to cancel, but he convinces her to come. He writes an indifferent letter to Gilberte, and reviews the changing social scene, which now includes Mme. Swann's salon centered on Bergotte. </p><p>He decides to return to Balbec, after learning the women mentioned by Saint-Loup will be there. At Balbec, grief at his grandmother's suffering, which was worse than he knew, overwhelms him. He ponders the intermittencies of the heart and the ways of dealing with sad memories. His mother, even sadder, has become more like his grandmother in homage. Albertine is nearby and they begin spending time together, but he starts to suspect her of lesbianism and of lying to him about her activities. He fakes a preference for her friend Andrée to make her become more trustworthy, and it works, but he soon suspects her of knowing several scandalous women at the hotel, including Léa, an actress. On the way to visit Saint-Loup, they meet Morel, the valet's son who is now an excellent violinist, and then the aging Charlus, who falsely claims to know Morel and goes to speak to him. The Narrator visits the Verdurins, who are renting a house from the Cambremers. On the train with him is the little clan: Brichot, who explains at length the derivation of the local place-names; Cottard, now a celebrated doctor; Saniette, still the butt of everyone's ridicule; and a new member, Ski. The Verdurins are still haughty and dictatorial toward their guests, who are as pedantic as ever. Charlus and Morel arrive together, and Charlus's true nature is barely concealed. The Cambremers arrive, and the Verdurins barely tolerate them. </p><p>Back at the hotel, the Narrator ruminates on sleep and time, and observes the amusing mannerisms of the staff, who are mostly aware of Charlus's proclivities. The Narrator and Albertine hire a chauffeur and take rides in the country, leading to observations about new forms of travel as well as country life. The Narrator is unaware that the chauffeur and Morel are acquainted, and he reviews Morel's amoral character and plans towards Jupien's niece. The Narrator is jealously suspicious of Albertine but grows tired of her. She and the Narrator attend evening dinners at the Verdurins, taking the train with the other guests; Charlus is now a regular, despite his obliviousness to the clan's mockery. He and Morel try to maintain the secret of their relationship, and the Narrator recounts a ploy involving a fake duel that Charlus used to control Morel. The passing station stops remind the Narrator of various people and incidents, including two failed attempts by the Prince de Guermantes to arrange liaisons with Morel; a final break between the Verdurins and Cambremers; and a misunderstanding between the Narrator, Charlus, and Bloch. The Narrator has grown weary of the area and prefers others over Albertine, but she reveals to him as they leave the train that she has plans with Mlle. Vinteuil and her friend (the lesbians from Combray), which plunges him into despair. He invents a story about a broken engagement of his, to convince her to go to Paris with him, and after hesitating she suddenly agrees to go immediately. The Narrator tells his mother: he must marry Albertine. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Volume_Five:_The_Prisoner">Volume Five: <i>The Prisoner</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=In_Search_of_Lost_Time&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Volume Five: The Prisoner"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Caillavet,_L%C3%A9ontine_de.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/20/Caillavet%2C_L%C3%A9ontine_de.jpg" decoding="async" width="186" height="297" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="186" data-file-height="297" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9ontine_Lippmann" title="Léontine Lippmann">Léontine Lippmann</a> (1844–1910), better known by her married name of Madame Arman or Madame Arman de Caillavet, was the model for Proust's Madame Verdurin.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Narrator is living with Albertine in his family's apartment, to Françoise's distrust and his absent mother's chagrin. He marvels that he has come to possess her, but has grown bored with her. He mostly stays home, but has enlisted Andrée to report on Albertine's whereabouts, as his jealousy remains. The Narrator gets advice on fashion from Mme. de Guermantes, and encounters Charlus and Morel visiting Jupien and his niece, who is being married off to Morel despite his cruelty towards her. One day, the Narrator returns from the Guermantes and finds Andrée just leaving, claiming to dislike the smell of their flowers. Albertine, who is more guarded to avoid provoking his jealousy, is maturing into an intelligent and elegant young lady. The Narrator is entranced by her beauty as she sleeps, and is only content when she is not out with others. She mentions wanting to go to the Verdurins, but the Narrator suspects an ulterior motive and analyzes her conversation for hints. He suggests she go instead to the <a href="/wiki/Trocad%C3%A9ro,_Paris" title="Trocadéro, Paris">Trocadéro</a> with Andrée, and she reluctantly agrees. The Narrator compares dreams to wakefulness, and listens to the street vendors with Albertine, then she departs. He remembers trips she took with the chauffeur, then learns Léa the notorious actress will be at the Trocadero too. He sends Françoise to retrieve Albertine, and while waiting, he muses on music and Morel. When she returns, they go for a drive, while he pines for Venice and realizes she feels captive. He learns of Bergotte's final illness. That evening, he sneaks off to the Verdurins to try to discover the reason for Albertine's interest in them. He encounters Brichot on the way, and they discuss Swann, who has died. Charlus arrives and the Narrator reviews the Baron's struggles with Morel, then learns Mlle. Vinteuil and her friend are expected (although they do not come). Morel joins in performing a septet by Vinteuil, which evokes commonalities with his sonata that only the composer could create. Mme. Verdurin is furious that Charlus has taken control of her party; in revenge the Verdurins persuade Morel to repudiate him, and Charlus falls temporarily ill from the shock. Returning home, the Narrator and Albertine fight about his solo visit to the Verdurins, and she denies having affairs with Léa or Mlle. Vinteuil, but admits she lied on occasion to avoid arguments. He threatens to break it off, but they reconcile. He appreciates art and fashion with her, and ponders her mysteriousness. But his suspicion of her and Andrée is renewed, and they quarrel. After two awkward days and a restless night, he resolves to end the affair, but in the morning Françoise informs him: Albertine has asked for her boxes and left. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Volume_Six:_The_Fugitive">Volume Six: <i>The Fugitive</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=In_Search_of_Lost_Time&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Volume Six: The Fugitive"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Narrator is anguished at Albertine's departure and absence. He dispatches Saint-Loup to convince her aunt Mme. Bontemps to send her back, but Albertine insists the Narrator should ask, and she will gladly return. The Narrator lies and replies he is done with her, but she just agrees with him. He writes to her that he will marry Andrée, then hears from Saint-Loup of the failure of his mission to the aunt. Desperate, he begs Albertine to return, but receives word: she has died in a riding accident. He receives two last letters from her: one wishing him and Andrée well, and one asking if she can return. The Narrator plunges into suffering amid the many different memories of Albertine, intimately linked to all of his everyday sensations. He recalls a suspicious incident she told him of at Balbec, and asks Aimé, the headwaiter, to investigate. He recalls their history together and his regrets, as well as love's randomness. Aimé reports back: Albertine often engaged in affairs with girls at Balbec. The Narrator sends him to learn more, and he reports other liaisons with girls. The Narrator wishes he could have known the true Albertine, whom he would have accepted. He begins to grow accustomed to the idea of her death, despite constant reminders that renew his grief. Andrée admits her own lesbianism but denies being with Albertine. The Narrator knows he will forget Albertine, just as he has forgotten Gilberte. </p><p>He happens to meet Gilberte again; her mother Mme. Swann became Mme. de Forcheville and Gilberte is now part of high society, received by the Guermantes. The Narrator publishes an article in <i><a href="/wiki/Le_Figaro" title="Le Figaro">Le Figaro</a></i>. Andrée visits him and confesses her relations with Albertine. She also explains the truth behind Albertine's departure: her aunt wanted her to marry another man. The Narrator and his mother visit Venice, which enthralls him. They happen to see Norpois and Mme. de Villeparisis there. A telegram signed from Albertine arrives, but the Narrator is indifferent. Returning home, the Narrator and his mother receive surprising news: Gilberte will marry Saint-Loup, and Jupien's niece will be adopted by Charlus and then married to Legrandin's nephew, an invert. There is much discussion of these marriages among society. The Narrator visits Gilberte in her new home where he also realizes that the telegram was from her, not Albertine, who is not alive, and is shocked to learn of Saint-Loup's affair with Morel, among others. He despairs for their friendship. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Volume_Seven:_Time_Regained">Volume Seven: <i>Time Regained</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=In_Search_of_Lost_Time&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Volume Seven: Time Regained"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Montesquiou,_Robert_de_-_Boldini.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Montesquiou%2C_Robert_de_-_Boldini.jpg/170px-Montesquiou%2C_Robert_de_-_Boldini.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="239" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Montesquiou%2C_Robert_de_-_Boldini.jpg/255px-Montesquiou%2C_Robert_de_-_Boldini.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Montesquiou%2C_Robert_de_-_Boldini.jpg/340px-Montesquiou%2C_Robert_de_-_Boldini.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2136" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Robert_de_Montesquiou" title="Robert de Montesquiou">Robert de Montesquiou</a>, the main inspiration for Baron de Charlus in <i>À la recherche du temps perdu</i></figcaption></figure> <p>The Narrator is staying with Gilberte at her home near Combray. They go for walks, on one of which he is stunned to learn the Méséglise way and the Guermantes way are actually linked. Gilberte also tells him she was attracted to him when young, and had made a suggestive gesture to him as he watched her. Also, it was Léa she was walking with the evening he had planned to reconcile with her. He considers Saint-Loup's nature and reads an account of the Verdurins' salon, deciding he has no talent for writing. </p><p>The scene shifts to a night in 1916, during <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, when the Narrator has returned to Paris from a stay in a <a href="/wiki/Sanatorium" title="Sanatorium">sanatorium</a> and is walking the streets during a blackout. He reflects on the changed norms of art and society, with the Verdurins now highly esteemed. He recounts a 1914 visit from Saint-Loup, who was trying to enlist secretly. He recalls descriptions of the fighting he subsequently received from Saint-Loup and Gilberte, whose home was threatened. He describes a call paid on him a few days previously by Saint-Loup; they discussed military strategy. Now on the dark street, the Narrator encounters Charlus, who has completely surrendered to his impulses. Charlus reviews Morel's betrayals and his own temptation to seek vengeance; critiques Brichot's new fame as a writer, which has ostracized him from the Verdurins; and admits his general sympathy with Germany. The last part of the conversation draws a crowd of suspicious onlookers. After parting the Narrator seeks refuge in what appears to be a hotel, where he sees someone who looks familiar leaving. Inside, he discovers it to be a male brothel, and spies Charlus using the services. The proprietor turns out to be Jupien, who expresses a perverse pride in his business. A few days later, news comes that Saint-Loup has been killed in combat. The Narrator pieces together that Saint-Loup had visited Jupien's brothel, and ponders what might have been had he lived. </p><p>Years later, again in Paris, the Narrator goes to a party at the house of the Prince de Guermantes. On the way he sees Charlus, now a mere shell of his former self, being helped by Jupien. The paving stones at the Guermantes house inspire another incident of involuntary memory for the Narrator, quickly followed by two more. Inside, while waiting in the library, he discerns their meaning: by putting him in contact with both the past and present, the impressions allow him to gain a vantage point outside time, affording a glimpse of the true nature of things. He realizes his whole life has prepared him for the mission of describing events as fully revealed, and (finally) resolves to begin writing. Entering the party, he is shocked at the disguises old age has given to the people he knew, and at the changes in society. Legrandin is now an invert, but is no longer a snob. Bloch is a respected writer and vital figure in society. Morel has reformed and become a respected citizen. Mme. de Forcheville is the mistress of M. de Guermantes. Mme. Verdurin has married the Prince de Guermantes after both their spouses died. Rachel is the star of the party, abetted by Mme. de Guermantes, whose social position has been eroded by her affinity for theater. Gilberte introduces her daughter to the Narrator; he is struck by the way the daughter encapsulates both the Méséglise and Guermantes ways within herself. He is spurred to writing, with help from Françoise and despite signs of approaching death. He realizes that every person carries within them the accumulated baggage of their past, and concludes that to be accurate he must describe how everyone occupies an immense range "in Time". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Themes">Themes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=In_Search_of_Lost_Time&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Themes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>À la recherche</i> made a decisive break with the 19th-century realist and plot-driven novel, populated by people of action and people representing social and cultural groups or morals. Although parts of the novel could be read as an exploration of snobbery, deceit, jealousy and suffering, and although it contains a multitude of realistic details, the focus is not on the development of a tight plot or of a coherent evolution but on a multiplicity of perspectives and on the formation of experience. The protagonists of the first volume (the narrator as a boy and Swann) are, by the standards of 19th-century novels, remarkably introspective and passive, nor do they trigger action from other leading characters; to contemporary readers, reared on <a href="/wiki/Honor%C3%A9_de_Balzac" title="Honoré de Balzac">Honoré de Balzac</a>, <a href="/wiki/Victor_Hugo" title="Victor Hugo">Victor Hugo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Leo_Tolstoy" title="Leo Tolstoy">Leo Tolstoy</a>, they would not function as centers of a plot. While there is an array of <a href="/wiki/Symbolism_(arts)" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbolism (arts)">symbolism</a> in the work, it is rarely defined through explicit "keys" leading to moral, romantic or philosophical ideas. The significance of what is happening is often placed within the memory or into the inner contemplation of what is described. This focus on the relationship between experience, memory and writing and the radical de-emphasizing of the outward plot, have become staples of the modern novel but were almost unheard of in 1913. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Roger_Shattuck" title="Roger Shattuck">Roger Shattuck</a> elucidates an underlying principle in understanding Proust and the various themes present in his novel: </p> <blockquote><p>Thus the novel embodies and manifests the principle of intermittence: to live means to perceive different and often conflicting aspects of reality. This iridescence never resolves itself completely into a unitive point of view. Accordingly, it is possible to project out of the <i>Search</i> itself a series of putative and intermittent authors ... The portraitist of an expiring society, the artist of romantic reminiscence, the narrator of the laminated "I," the classicist of formal structure—all these figures are to be found in Proust ...<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Memory">Memory</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=In_Search_of_Lost_Time&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Memory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The role of memory is central to the novel, introduced with the famous <a href="/wiki/Madeleine_(cake)" title="Madeleine (cake)">madeleine</a> episode in the first section of the novel and in the last volume, <i>Time Regained</i>, a <a href="/wiki/Flashback_(literary_technique)" class="mw-redirect" title="Flashback (literary technique)">flashback</a> similar to that caused by the madeleine is the beginning of the resolution of the story. Throughout the work many similar instances of <a href="/wiki/Involuntary_memory" title="Involuntary memory">involuntary memory</a>, triggered by sensory experiences such as sights, sounds and smells conjure important memories for the narrator and sometimes return attention to an earlier episode of the novel. Although Proust wrote contemporaneously with <a href="/wiki/Sigmund_Freud" title="Sigmund Freud">Sigmund Freud</a>, with there being many points of similarity between their thought on the structures and mechanisms of the human mind, neither author read the other.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The madeleine episode reads: </p> <blockquote><p>No sooner had the warm liquid mixed with the crumbs touched my palate than a shudder ran through me and I stopped, intent upon the extraordinary thing that was happening to me. An exquisite pleasure had invaded my senses, something isolated, detached, with no suggestion of its origin. And at once the vicissitudes of life had become indifferent to me, its disasters innocuous, its brevity illusory—this new sensation having had on me the effect which love has of filling me with a precious essence; or rather this essence was not in me it was me. ... Whence did it come? What did it mean? How could I seize and apprehend it? ... And suddenly the memory revealed itself. The taste was that of the little piece of madeleine which on Sunday mornings at Combray (because on those mornings I did not go out before mass), when I went to say good morning to her in her bedroom, my aunt Léonie used to give me, dipping it first in her own cup of tea or tisane. The sight of the little madeleine had recalled nothing to my mind before I tasted it. And all from my cup of tea.</p></blockquote> <p><a href="/wiki/Gilles_Deleuze" title="Gilles Deleuze">Gilles Deleuze</a> believed that the focus of Proust was not memory and the past but the narrator's learning the use of "signs" to understand and communicate ultimate reality, thereby becoming an artist.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While Proust was bitterly aware of the experience of loss and exclusion—loss of loved ones, loss of affection, friendship and innocent joy, which are dramatized in the novel through recurrent jealousy, betrayal and the death of loved ones—his response to this, formulated after he had discovered <a href="/wiki/John_Ruskin" title="John Ruskin">Ruskin</a>, was that the work of art can recapture the lost and thus save it from destruction, at least in our minds.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Art triumphs over the destructive power of time. This element of his artistic thought is clearly inherited from <a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">romantic</a> <a href="/wiki/Platonism" title="Platonism">platonism</a>, but Proust crosses it with a new intensity in describing jealousy, desire and self-doubt. (Note the last quatrain of <a href="/wiki/Charles_Baudelaire" title="Charles Baudelaire">Baudelaire</a>'s poem "Une Charogne": "Then, O my beauty! say to the worms who will / Devour you with kisses, / That I have kept the form and the divine essence / Of my decomposed love!")<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="The relevance of Baudelaire to Proust's own writing needs support. (January 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Separation_anxiety">Separation anxiety</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=In_Search_of_Lost_Time&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Separation anxiety"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Proust begins his novel with the statement, "For a long time I used to go to bed early." This leads to lengthy discussion of his anxiety at leaving his mother at night and his attempts to force her to come and kiss him goodnight, even on nights when the family has company, culminating in a spectacular success, when his father suggests that his mother stay the night with him after he has waylaid her in the hall when she is going to bed. </p><p>His anxiety leads to manipulation, much like the manipulation employed by his invalid aunt Léonie and all the lovers in the entire book, who use the same methods of petty tyranny to manipulate and possess their loved ones. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nature_of_art">Nature of art</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=In_Search_of_Lost_Time&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Nature of art"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The nature of art is a motif in the novel and is often explored at great length. Proust sets forth a theory of art in which we are all capable of producing art, if by this we mean taking the experiences of life and transforming them in a way that shows understanding and maturity. Writing, painting, and music are also discussed at great length. Morel the violinist is examined to give an example of a certain type of "artistic" character, along with other fictional artists like the novelist Bergotte, the composer Vinteuil, and the painter Elstir. </p><p>As early as the <i>Combray</i> section of <i>Swann's Way</i>, the narrator is concerned with his ability to write, since he desires to pursue a writing career. The transmutation of the experience of a scene in one of the family's usual walks into a short descriptive passage is described and the sample passage given. The narrator presents this passage as an early sample of his own writing, in which he has only had to alter a few words. The question of his own genius relates to all the passages in which genius is recognized or misunderstood because it presents itself in the guise of a humble friend, rather than a passionate <i>artiste</i>. </p><p>The question of taste or judgement in art is also an important theme, as exemplified by Swann's exquisite taste in art, which is often hidden from his friends who do not share it or subordinated to his love interests. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Homosexuality">Homosexuality</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=In_Search_of_Lost_Time&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Homosexuality"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Questions pertaining to <a href="/wiki/Homosexuality" title="Homosexuality">homosexuality</a> appear throughout the novel, particularly in the later volumes. The first arrival of this theme comes in the <i>Combray</i> section of <i>Swann's Way</i>, where the daughter of the piano teacher and composer Vinteuil is seduced, and the narrator observes her having lesbian relations in front of the portrait of her recently deceased father. </p><p>The narrator invariably suspects his lovers of liaisons with other women, a repetition of the suspicions held by Charles Swann about his mistress and eventual wife, Odette, in "Swann's Way". The first chapter of "Cities of the Plain" ("Sodom and Gomorrah") includes a detailed account of a sexual encounter between M. de Charlus, the novel's most prominent male homosexual, and his tailor. Critics have often observed that while the character of the narrator is ostensibly heterosexual, Proust intimates that the narrator is a closeted homosexual.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lucey_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lucey-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The narrator's manner towards male homosexuality is consistently aloof, yet the narrator is unaccountably knowledgeable. This strategy enables Proust to pursue themes related to male homosexuality—in particular the nature of closetedness—from both within and without a homosexual perspective. Proust does not designate Charlus's homosexuality until the middle of the novel, in "Cities"; afterwards the Baron's ostentatiousness and flamboyance, of which he is blithely unaware, completely absorb the narrator's perception. Lesbianism, on the other hand, tortures Swann and the narrator because it presents an inaccessible world. Whereas male homosexual desire is recognizable, insofar as it encompasses male sexuality, Odette's and Albertine's lesbian trysts represent Swann and the narrator's painful exclusion from characters they desire. </p><p>There is much debate as to how great a bearing Proust's sexuality has on understanding these aspects of the novel. Although many of Proust's close family and friends suspected that he was homosexual, Proust never admitted this. It was only after his death that André Gide, in his publication of correspondence with Proust, made public Proust's homosexuality. In response to Gide's criticism that he hid his actual sexuality within his novel, Proust told Gide that "one can say anything so long as one does not say 'I'."<sup id="cite_ref-Lucey_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lucey-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Proust's intimate relations with such individuals as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_Agostinelli&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alfred Agostinelli (page does not exist)">Alfred Agostinelli</a> and <a href="/wiki/Reynaldo_Hahn" title="Reynaldo Hahn">Reynaldo Hahn</a> are well-documented, though Proust was not "out and proud", except perhaps in close-knit social circles. </p><p>In 1949, the critic <a href="/wiki/Justin_O%27Brien_(scholar)" title="Justin O'Brien (scholar)">Justin O'Brien</a> published an article in the <a href="/wiki/Publications_of_the_Modern_Language_Association" class="mw-redirect" title="Publications of the Modern Language Association">Publications of the Modern Language Association</a> called "Albertine the Ambiguous: Notes on Proust's Transposition of Sexes", in which he proposed that some female characters are best understood as actually referring to young men.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Strip off the feminine ending of the names of the Narrator's lovers, Albertine, Gilberte, and Andrée, and one has their masculine counterparts. This theory has become known as the "transposition of sexes theory" in Proust criticism, but it has been challenged in <i>Epistemology of the Closet</i> (1990) by <a href="/wiki/Eve_Kosofsky_Sedgwick" title="Eve Kosofsky Sedgwick">Eve Kosofsky Sedgwick</a> and in <i>Proust's Lesbianism</i> (1999) by Elisabeth Ladenson.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Feminized forms of masculine names were and are commonplace in French. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Critical_reception">Critical reception</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=In_Search_of_Lost_Time&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Critical reception"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>In Search of Lost Time</i> is considered, by many scholars and critics, to be the definitive modern novel.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has had a profound effect on subsequent writers, such as the British authors who were members of the <a href="/wiki/Bloomsbury_Group" title="Bloomsbury Group">Bloomsbury Group</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Woolf" title="Virginia Woolf">Virginia Woolf</a> wrote in 1922: "Oh if I could write like that!"<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Edith_Wharton" title="Edith Wharton">Edith Wharton</a> wrote that "Every reader enamoured of the art must brood in amazement over the way in which Proust maintains the balance between these two manners—the broad and the minute. His endowment as a novelist—his range of presentation combined with mastery of his instruments—has probably never been surpassed."<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During Proust's lifetime, on the other hand, while he would achieve success, he would also face criticism from critics of his work. According to <i><a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a></i>, "Proust's reception during his lifetime is always set against the backdrop of often-hostile criticism, frequently based on the myth of the sickly, reclusive snob writing from the safety of his cork-lined room."<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Harold_Bloom" title="Harold Bloom">Harold Bloom</a> wrote that <i>In Search of Lost Time</i> is now "widely recognized as the major novel of the twentieth century".<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Nabokov" title="Vladimir Nabokov">Vladimir Nabokov</a>, in a 1965 interview, named the greatest prose works of the 20th century as, in order, "<a href="/wiki/James_Joyce" title="James Joyce">Joyce</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Ulysses_(novel)" title="Ulysses (novel)">Ulysses</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Franz_Kafka" title="Franz Kafka">Kafka</a>'s <i>Transformation</i> [usually called <i><a href="/wiki/The_Metamorphosis" title="The Metamorphosis">The Metamorphosis</a></i>], <a href="/wiki/Andrei_Bely" title="Andrei Bely">Bely</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Petersburg_(novel)" title="Petersburg (novel)">Petersburg</a></i>, and the first half of Proust's fairy tale <i>In Search of Lost Time</i>".<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/J._Peder_Zane" class="mw-redirect" title="J. Peder Zane">J. Peder Zane</a>'s book <i>The Top Ten: Writers Pick Their Favorite Books</i>, collates 125 "top 10 greatest books of all time" lists by prominent living writers; <i>In Search of Lost Time</i> is placed eighth.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 1960s, Swedish literary critic Bengt Holmqvist described the novel as "at once the last great classic of French epic prose tradition and the towering precursor of the '<a href="/wiki/Nouveau_roman" title="Nouveau roman">nouveau roman</a>'", indicating the vogue of new, experimental French prose but also, by extension, other post-war attempts to fuse different planes of location, temporality and fragmented consciousness within the same novel.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Michael_Dirda" title="Michael Dirda">Michael Dirda</a> wrote that "To its admirers, it remains one of those rare encyclopedic summas, like <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Chaucer" title="Geoffrey Chaucer">Chaucer</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Canterbury_Tales" title="The Canterbury Tales">Canterbury Tales</a></i>, the <a href="/wiki/Essays_(Montaigne)" title="Essays (Montaigne)">essays</a> of <a href="/wiki/Michel_de_Montaigne" title="Michel de Montaigne">Montaigne</a> or <a href="/wiki/Dante_Alighieri" title="Dante Alighieri">Dante</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Divine_Comedy" title="Divine Comedy">Commedia</a></i>, that offer insight into our unruly passions and solace for life's miseries."<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize" title="Pulitzer Prize">Pulitzer Prize</a>-winning author <a href="/wiki/Michael_Chabon" title="Michael Chabon">Michael Chabon</a> has called it his favorite book.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Proust's influence (in parody) is seen in <a href="/wiki/Evelyn_Waugh" title="Evelyn Waugh">Evelyn Waugh</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/A_Handful_of_Dust" title="A Handful of Dust">A Handful of Dust</a></i> (1934), in which Chapter 1 is entitled "Du Côté de Chez Beaver" and Chapter 6 "Du Côté de Chez Tod".<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Waugh did not like Proust: in letters to <a href="/wiki/Nancy_Mitford" title="Nancy Mitford">Nancy Mitford</a> in 1948, he wrote, "I am reading Proust for the first time ... and am surprised to find him a mental defective" and later, "I still think [Proust] insane ... the structure must be sane & that is raving."<sup id="cite_ref-Mitford_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mitford-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another hostile critic is <a href="/wiki/Kazuo_Ishiguro" title="Kazuo Ishiguro">Kazuo Ishiguro</a>, who said in an interview: "To be absolutely honest, apart from the opening volume of Proust, I find him crushingly dull."<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since the publication in 1992 of a revised English translation by The <a href="/wiki/Modern_Library" title="Modern Library">Modern Library</a>, based on a new definitive French edition (1987–89), interest in Proust's novel in the English-speaking world has increased. Two substantial new biographies have appeared in English, by <a href="/wiki/Edmund_White" title="Edmund White">Edmund White</a> and William C. Carter, and at least two books about the experience of reading Proust have appeared, <a href="/wiki/Alain_de_Botton" title="Alain de Botton">Alain de Botton</a>'s <i>How Proust Can Change Your Life</i> and Phyllis Rose's <i>The Year of Reading Proust</i>. The Proust Society of America, founded in 1997, has three chapters: at The <a href="/wiki/New_York_Mercantile_Library" title="New York Mercantile Library">New York Mercantile Library</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Mechanics%27_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="San Francisco Mechanics' Institute">Mechanic's Institute Library</a> in <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Boston_Athen%C3%A6um" title="Boston Athenæum">Boston Athenæum</a> Library. Furthermore, in 2016, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://proustsociety.org/">The Proust Society of Greenwich</a>, a non-profit organization was created to accommodate reading and discussing Proust to readers all over the world through monthly online sessions. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Main_characters">Main characters</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=In_Search_of_Lost_Time&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Main characters"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Proust_Main_Characters.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Proust_Main_Characters.svg/530px-Proust_Main_Characters.svg.png" decoding="async" width="530" height="262" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Proust_Main_Characters.svg/795px-Proust_Main_Characters.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Proust_Main_Characters.svg/1060px-Proust_Main_Characters.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2343" data-file-height="1159" /></a><figcaption>Main characters of the novel. Blue lines denote acquaintances and pink lines love interests.</figcaption></figure> <dl><dt>The Narrator's household</dt></dl> <ul><li>The Narrator: A sensitive young man who wishes to become a writer, whose identity is kept vague. In volume 5, <i>The Captive</i>, he addresses the reader thus: "Now she began to speak; her first words were 'darling' or 'my darling,' followed by my <a href="/wiki/Christian_name" title="Christian name">Christian name</a>, which, if we give the narrator the same name as the author of this book, would produce 'darling Marcel' or 'my darling Marcel.'" (<a href="#ref_Proust">Proust</a>, 64)</li> <li>The Narrator's father: A diplomat who initially discourages the Narrator from writing.</li> <li>The Narrator's mother: A supportive woman who worries for her son's career.</li> <li>Bathilde Amédée: The narrator's grandmother. Her life and death greatly influence her daughter and grandson.</li> <li>Aunt Léonie: A sickly woman whom the Narrator visits during stays at Combray.</li> <li>Uncle Adolphe: The Narrator's great-uncle, who has many actress friends.</li> <li>Françoise: The Narrator's faithful, stubborn maid.</li></ul> <dl><dt>The Guermantes</dt></dl> <ul><li>Palamède, Baron de Charlus: An <a href="/wiki/Aristocracy_(class)" title="Aristocracy (class)">aristocratic</a>, decadent <a href="/wiki/Aesthete" class="mw-redirect" title="Aesthete">aesthete</a> with many antisocial habits. Model is <a href="/wiki/Robert_de_Montesquiou" title="Robert de Montesquiou">Robert de Montesquiou</a>.</li> <li>Oriane, Duchesse de Guermantes: The toast of Paris high society. She lives in the fashionable Faubourg St. Germain. Models are <a href="/wiki/%C3%89lisabeth_Greffulhe" title="Élisabeth Greffulhe">Comtesse Greffulhe</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Laure_de_Chevign%C3%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Laure de Chevigné (page does not exist)">Laure de Chevigné</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laure_de_Chevign%C3%A9" class="extiw" title="fr:Laure de Chevigné">fr</a>]</span>.</li> <li>Robert de Saint-Loup: An army officer and the narrator's best friend. Despite his patrician birth (he is the nephew of M. de Guermantes) and affluent lifestyle, Saint-Loup has no great fortune of his own until he marries Gilberte. Models are <a href="/wiki/Gaston_Arman_de_Caillavet" title="Gaston Arman de Caillavet">Gaston de Cavaillet</a> and Clement de Maugny.</li> <li>Marquise de Villeparisis: The aunt of the Baron de Charlus. She is an old friend of the Narrator's grandmother.</li> <li>Basin, Duc de Guermantes: Oriane's husband and Charlus's brother. He is a pompous man with a succession of mistresses.</li> <li>Prince de Guermantes: The cousin of the Duc and Duchess.</li> <li>Princesse de Guermantes: Wife of the Prince.</li></ul> <dl><dt>The Swanns</dt></dl> <ul><li>Charles Swann: A friend of the narrator's family (he is modeled on at least two of Proust's friends, Charles Haas and <a href="/wiki/Charles_Ephrussi" title="Charles Ephrussi">Charles Ephrussi</a>). His political views on the <a href="/wiki/Dreyfus_Affair" class="mw-redirect" title="Dreyfus Affair">Dreyfus Affair</a> and marriage to Odette ostracize him from much of high society.</li> <li>Odette de Crécy: A beautiful Parisian <a href="/wiki/Courtesan" title="Courtesan">courtesan</a>. Odette is also referred to as Mme. Swann, the lady in pink, and in the final volume, Mme. de Forcheville.</li> <li>Gilberte Swann: The daughter of Swann and Odette. She takes the name of her adopted father, M. de Forcheville, after Swann's death, and then becomes Mme. de Saint-Loup following her marriage to Robert de Saint-Loup, which joins Swann's Way and the Guermantes Way.</li></ul> <dl><dt>Artists</dt> <dd></dd></dl> <ul><li>Elstir: A famous painter whose renditions of sea and sky echo the novel's theme of the mutability of human life. Modeled on <a href="/wiki/Claude_Monet" title="Claude Monet">Claude Monet</a>.</li> <li>Bergotte: A well-known writer whose works the narrator has admired since childhood. The models are <a href="/wiki/Anatole_France" title="Anatole France">Anatole France</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paul_Bourget" title="Paul Bourget">Paul Bourget</a>.</li> <li>Vinteuil: An obscure musician who gains posthumous recognition for composing a beautiful, evocative sonata, known as the <a href="/wiki/Vinteuil_Sonata" title="Vinteuil Sonata">Vinteuil Sonata</a>.</li> <li>Berma: A famous actress who specializes in roles by <a href="/wiki/Jean_Racine" title="Jean Racine">Jean Racine</a>.</li></ul> <dl><dt>The Verdurins' "Little Clan"</dt></dl> <ul><li>Madame Verdurin (Sidonie Verdurin): A poseur and a salonnière who rises to the top of society through inheritance, marriage, and sheer single-mindedness. One of the models is <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9ontine_Lippmann" title="Léontine Lippmann">Madame Arman de Caillavet</a>.</li> <li>M. Verdurin: The husband of Mme. Verdurin, who is her faithful accomplice.</li> <li>Cottard: A doctor who is very good at his work.</li> <li>Brichot: A pompous academic.</li> <li>Saniette: A palaeographer who is subjected to ridicule by the clan.</li> <li>M. Biche: A painter who is later revealed to be Elstir.</li></ul> <dl><dt>The "little band" of Balbec girls</dt></dl> <ul><li>Albertine Simonet: A privileged orphan of average beauty and intelligence. The narrator's romance with her is the subject of much of the novel.</li> <li>Andrée: Albertine's friend, whom the Narrator occasionally feels attracted to.</li> <li>Gisèle and Rosemonde: Other members of the little band.</li> <li>Octave: Also known as "I'm a wash-out", a rich boy who leads an idle existence at Balbec and is involved with several of the girls. Model is a young <a href="/wiki/Jean_Cocteau" title="Jean Cocteau">Jean Cocteau</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <dl><dt>Others</dt></dl> <ul><li>Charles Morel: The son of a former servant of the narrator's uncle and a gifted violinist. He profits greatly from the patronage of the Baron de Charlus and later Robert de Saint-Loup.</li> <li>Rachel: A prostitute and actress who is the mistress of Robert de Saint-Loup.</li> <li>Marquis de Norpois: A diplomat and friend of the Narrator's father. He is involved with Mme. de Villeparisis.</li> <li>Albert Bloch: A pretentious Jewish friend of the Narrator, later a successful playwright; an <a href="/wiki/Alter_ego" title="Alter ego">alter ego</a> of Marcel.</li> <li>Jupien: A tailor who has a shop in the courtyard of the Guermantes hotel. He lives with his niece.</li> <li>Madame Bontemps: Albertine's aunt and guardian.</li> <li>Legrandin: A snobbish friend of the Narrator's family. Engineer and man of letters.</li> <li>Marquis and Marquise de Cambremer: Provincial gentry who live near Balbec. Mme. de Cambremer is Legrandin's sister.</li> <li>Mlle. Vinteuil: Daughter of the composer Vinteuil. She has a wicked friend who encourages her to lesbianism.</li> <li>Léa: A notorious lesbian actress in residence at Balbec.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="English-language_translations">English-language translations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=In_Search_of_Lost_Time&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: English-language translations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first six volumes were first translated into English by the Scotsman <a href="/wiki/C._K._Scott_Moncrieff" title="C. K. Scott Moncrieff">C. K. Scott Moncrieff</a> under the title <i>Remembrance of Things Past</i>, a phrase taken from <a href="/wiki/Shakespeare" class="mw-redirect" title="Shakespeare">Shakespeare</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Sonnet_30" title="Sonnet 30">Sonnet 30</a>; this was the first translation of the <i>Recherche</i> into another language. The individual volumes were <i>Swann's Way</i>, in two books (1922), <i>Within a Budding Grove</i>, in two books (1924), <i>The Guermantes Way</i>, in two books (1925), <i>Cities of the Plain</i>, in two books (1927), <i>The Captive</i> (1929), and <i>The Sweet Cheat Gone</i> (1930). The final volume, <i>Le Temps retrouvé</i>, was initially published in English in the UK as <i>Time Regained</i> (1931), translated by <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Hudson" title="Stephen Hudson">Stephen Hudson</a> (a pseudonym of Sydney Schiff), and in the US as <i>The Past Recaptured</i> (1932) in a translation by Frederick Blossom. There were thus eleven books in the original English translation. Although cordial with Scott Moncrieff, Proust grudgingly remarked in a letter that <i>Remembrance</i> eliminated the correspondence between <i>Temps perdu</i> and <i>Temps retrouvé</i> (Painter, 352). <a href="/wiki/Terence_Kilmartin" title="Terence Kilmartin">Terence Kilmartin</a> revised the Scott Moncrieff translation in 1981, using the new French edition of 1954. An additional revision by <a href="/wiki/D._J._Enright" title="D. J. Enright">D. J. Enright</a>—that is, a revision of a revision—was published by the <a href="/wiki/Modern_Library" title="Modern Library">Modern Library</a> in 1992. It is based on the "La Pléiade" edition of the French text (1987–89), and rendered the title of the novel more literally as <i>In Search of Lost Time</i>. It also includes an <a href="/wiki/Index_(publishing)" title="Index (publishing)">index</a>/<a href="/wiki/Concordance_(publishing)" title="Concordance (publishing)">concordance</a> to the novel compiled by Terence Kilmartin that was published in 1983 as the <i>Reader's Guide to the Remembrance of Things Past</i>. The guide contains four indices: fictional characters from the novels; actual persons; places; and themes. </p><p>In 1995, Penguin undertook a fresh translation based on the "La Pléiade" French text (published in 1987–89) of <i>In Search of Lost Time</i> by a team of seven different translators overseen by editor Christopher Prendergast. The six volumes were published in Britain under the <a href="/wiki/Allen_Lane" title="Allen Lane">Allen Lane</a> imprint in 2002, each volume under the name of a separate translator, the first volume being American writer <a href="/wiki/Lydia_Davis" title="Lydia Davis">Lydia Davis</a>, and the others under English translators and one Australian, <a href="/wiki/James_Grieve_(Australian_translator)" title="James Grieve (Australian translator)">James Grieve</a>. The first four volumes were published in the US under the <a href="/wiki/Viking_Press" title="Viking Press">Viking</a> imprint as hardcover editions in 2003–2004, while the entire set is available in paperback under the <a href="/wiki/Penguin_Classics" title="Penguin Classics">Penguin Classics</a> imprint. </p><p>Both the Modern Library and Penguin translations provide a detailed plot synopsis at the end of each volume. The last volume of the Modern Library edition, <i>Time Regained</i>, also includes Kilmartin's "A Guide to Proust", a set of four indexes covering the (fictional) characters, (real) persons, places (both real and fictional), and themes in the novel. The Modern Library volumes include a handful of endnotes, and alternative versions of some of the novel's famous episodes. The Penguin volumes each provide an extensive set of brief, non-scholarly endnotes that help identify cultural references perhaps unfamiliar to contemporary English readers. Reviews that discuss the merits of both translations can be found online at the <i>Observer</i>, the <i>Telegraph</i>, <i>The New York Review of Books</i>, <i>The New York Times</i>, <i>TempsPerdu.com</i>, and Reading Proust. </p><p>Since 2013, <a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Press" title="Yale University Press">Yale University Press</a> has been publishing a new revision of Scott Moncrieff's translation, edited and annotated by William C. Carter, at the rate of one volume every two or three years. </p><p>After a partial translation of the first volume in 2018, since 2023 Oxford University Press is publishing a new, complete translation, edited by Adam Watt.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Scott_Moncrieff_and_subsequent_revisions">Scott Moncrieff and subsequent revisions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=In_Search_of_Lost_Time&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Scott Moncrieff and subsequent revisions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Remembrance of Things Past</i>, translated by <a href="/wiki/C._K._Scott_Moncrieff" title="C. K. Scott Moncrieff">C. K. Scott Moncrieff</a>. London: Chatto & Windus. <ul><li>Ten books: <i>Swann's Way</i>, in two books (1922), <i>Within a Budding Grove</i>, in two books (1924), <i>The Guermantes Way</i>, in two books (1925), <i>Cities of the Plain</i>, in two books (1927), <i>The Captive</i> (1929), and <i>The Sweet Cheat Gone</i> (1930).</li></ul></li> <li><i>Remembrance of Things Past</i>, translated by C. K. Scott Moncrieff and Terence Kilmartin, with Andreas Mayor (<i>Time Regained</i>). New York: Random House, 1981 (3 vols). <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-394-71243-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-394-71243-9">0-394-71243-9</a> <ul><li>Three books: Vol. 1: <i>Swann's Way; Within a Budding Grove—</i>Vol. 2: <i>The Guermantes Way; Cities of the Plain—</i>Vol. 3: <i>The Captive; The Fugitive; Time Regained</i></li></ul></li> <li><i>In Search of Lost Time</i>, translated by C. K. Scott Moncrieff and Terence Kilmartin, with Andreas Mayor (<i>Time Regained</i>). Revised by D.J. Enright. London: Chatto and Windus, New York: The Modern Library, 1992. Based on the French "La Pléiade" edition (1987–89). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8129-6964-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-8129-6964-2">0-8129-6964-2</a> <ul><li>Six books: <i>Swann's Way—Within a Budding Grove—The Guermantes Way—Sodom and Gomorrah—The Captive</i>; <i>The Fugitive—Time Regained</i>.</li></ul></li> <li><i>In Search of Lost Time</i>, translated by C. K. Scott Moncrieff, edited and annotated by William C. Carter (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2013, 2015, 2018, 2021, 2023). <ul><li>In progress: <i>Swann's Way</i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0300185430" title="Special:BookSources/978-0300185430">978-0300185430</a>; <i>In the Shadow of Young Girls in Flower</i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0300185423" title="Special:BookSources/978-0300185423">978-0300185423</a>; <i>The Guermantes Way</i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0300186192" title="Special:BookSources/978-0300186192">978-0300186192</a>; <i>Sodom and Gomorrah</i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0300186208" title="Special:BookSources/978-0300186208">978-0300186208</a>; <i>The Captive and The Fugitive</i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0300186215" title="Special:BookSources/978-0300186215">978-0300186215</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Penguin_Proust">Penguin Proust</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=In_Search_of_Lost_Time&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Penguin Proust"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>In Search of Lost Time</i> (General Editor: Christopher Prendergast), translated by Lydia Davis, James Grieve, Mark Treharne, John Sturrock, Carol Clark, Peter Collier, & Ian Patterson. London: Allen Lane, 2002 (6 vols). Based on the French "La Pléiade" edition (1987–89), except <i>The Fugitive</i>, which is based on the 1954 definitive French edition. The first four volumes have been published in New York by Viking, 2003–04. <ul><li>Six books: <i>The Way by Swann's</i> (in the U.S., <i>Swann's Way</i>) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-243796-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-14-243796-4">0-14-243796-4</a>; <i>In the Shadow of Young Girls in Flower</i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-303907-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-14-303907-5">0-14-303907-5</a>; <i>The Guermantes Way</i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-303922-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-14-303922-9">0-14-303922-9</a>; <i>Sodom and Gomorrah</i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-303931-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-14-303931-8">0-14-303931-8</a>; <i>The Prisoner</i>; and <i>The Fugitive – Finding Time Again</i>.</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oxford_Proust">Oxford Proust</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=In_Search_of_Lost_Time&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Oxford Proust"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>The Swann Way</i> by <a href="/wiki/Brian_Nelson_(literature_professor)" title="Brian Nelson (literature professor)">Brian Nelson</a> (Oxford, 2023)</li> <li><i>In the Shadow of Girls in Blossom</i> by <a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Mandell" title="Charlotte Mandell">Charlotte Mandell</a> (Oxford, forthcoming)<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Individual_translators">Individual translators</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=In_Search_of_Lost_Time&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Individual translators"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Volume 1 </p> <ul><li><i>A Search for Lost Time: Swann's Way</i> by <a href="/wiki/James_Grieve_(Australian_translator)" title="James Grieve (Australian translator)">James Grieve</a> (Australian National University, 1982)</li> <li><i>Swann's Way</i> by <a href="/wiki/Richard_Howard" title="Richard Howard">Richard Howard</a> (Macmillan, 1992)</li> <li><i>The Way by Swann's</i> (UK) / <i>Swann's Way</i> (US) by <a href="/wiki/Lydia_Davis" title="Lydia Davis">Lydia Davis</a> (Allen Lane, 2002)</li> <li><i>Swann in Love</i> by <a href="/wiki/Brian_Nelson_(literature_professor)" title="Brian Nelson (literature professor)">Brian Nelson</a> (Oxford, 2018) - partial translation of Volume 1</li> <li><i>Swann in Love</i> by Lucy Raitz (Pushkin, 2022) - partial translation of Volume 1</li> <li><i>The Swann Way</i> by Brian Nelson (Oxford, 2023)</li></ul> <p>Volume 2 </p> <ul><li><i>In the Shadow of Young Girls in Flower</i> by James Grieve (Allen Lane, 2002)</li> <li><i>In the Shadow of Girls in Blossom</i> by Charlotte Mandell (Oxford, forthcoming)</li></ul> <p>Volume 3 </p> <ul><li><i>The Guermantes Way</i> by Mark Treharne (Allen Lane, 2002)</li></ul> <p>Volume 4 </p> <ul><li><i>Sodom and Gomorrah</i> by John Sturrock (Allen Lane, 2002)</li></ul> <p>Volume 5 </p> <ul><li><i>The Captive</i> by Carol Clark (Allen Lane, 2002)</li></ul> <p>Volume 6 </p> <ul><li><i>Albertine Gone</i> by <a href="/wiki/Terence_Kilmartin" title="Terence Kilmartin">Terence Kilmartin</a> (Chatto & Windus, 1989)</li> <li><i>The Fugitive</i> by Peter Collier (Allen Lane, 2002)</li></ul> <p>Volume 7 </p> <ul><li><i>Time Regained</i> by <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Hudson" title="Stephen Hudson">Stephen Hudson</a> (Sydney Schiff) (Chatto & Windus, 1931)</li> <li><i>The Past Recaptured</i> by Frederick Blossom (Random House, 1932)</li> <li><i>The Past Recaptured</i> by Andreas Mayor (Random House, 1970)</li> <li><i>Finding Time Again</i> by Ian Patterson (Allen Lane, 2002)</li> <li><i>Time Regained</i> by David Whiting (Naxos AudioBooks, 2012)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Adaptations">Adaptations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=In_Search_of_Lost_Time&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Adaptations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Print</b> </p> <ul><li><i>The Proust Screenplay</i>, a film adaptation by <a href="/wiki/Harold_Pinter" title="Harold Pinter">Harold Pinter</a> published in 1978 (never filmed).</li> <li><i>Remembrance of Things Past, Part One: Combray</i>; <i>Part Two: Within a Budding Grove, vol. 1</i>; <i>Part Three: Within a Budding Grove, vol. 2</i>; and <i>Part Four: Un amour de Swann, vol. 1</i> are <a href="/wiki/Graphic_novel" title="Graphic novel">graphic novel</a> adaptations by <a href="/wiki/Franco-Belgian_comics" class="mw-redirect" title="Franco-Belgian comics">Franco-Belgian comics</a> artist <a href="/wiki/St%C3%A9phane_Heuet" title="Stéphane Heuet">Stéphane Heuet</a> in 1988.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Albertine_(Rose_novel)" title="Albertine (Rose novel)">Albertine</a></i>, a parallel novel based on a rewriting of Albertine by <a href="/wiki/Jacqueline_Rose" title="Jacqueline Rose">Jacqueline Rose</a>. <a href="/wiki/Vintage_UK" class="mw-redirect" title="Vintage UK">Vintage UK</a>, 2002.</li></ul> <p><b>Audio</b> </p> <ul><li><i>Remembrance of Things Past</i> narrated by <a href="/wiki/Neville_Jason" title="Neville Jason">Neville Jason</a> for <a href="/wiki/Naxos_(company)" title="Naxos (company)">Naxos Audiobooks</a>, abridged 1995–2002, unabridged 2010–2012.</li></ul> <p><b>Film</b> </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Basileus_Quartet" title="Basileus Quartet">Basileus Quartet</a></i> (<i><span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">Quartetto Basileus</i></span></i>), a 1982 film by <a href="/wiki/Fabio_Carpi" title="Fabio Carpi">Fabio Carpi</a>, uses segments from <i>Sodom and Gomorrah</i> and <i>Time Regained</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Swann_in_Love_(film)" title="Swann in Love (film)">Swann in Love</a></i> (<i><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Un Amour de Swann</i></span></i>), a 1984 film by <a href="/wiki/Volker_Schl%C3%B6ndorff" title="Volker Schlöndorff">Volker Schlöndorff</a> starring <a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Irons" title="Jeremy Irons">Jeremy Irons</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ornella_Muti" title="Ornella Muti">Ornella Muti</a>.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Time_Regained_(film)" title="Time Regained (film)">Time Regained</a></i> (<i><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Le Temps retrouvé</i></span></i>), a 1999 film by <a href="/wiki/Ra%C3%BAl_Ruiz_(director)" title="Raúl Ruiz (director)">Raúl Ruiz</a> starring <a href="/wiki/Catherine_Deneuve" title="Catherine Deneuve">Catherine Deneuve</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emmanuelle_B%C3%A9art" title="Emmanuelle Béart">Emmanuelle Béart</a>, and <a href="/wiki/John_Malkovich" title="John Malkovich">John Malkovich</a>.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/La_Captive" class="mw-redirect" title="La Captive">La Captive</a></i>, a 2000 film by <a href="/wiki/Chantal_Akerman" title="Chantal Akerman">Chantal Akerman</a>.</li></ul> <p><b>Television</b> </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Les_Cent_Livres_des_Hommes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Les Cent Livres des Hommes (page does not exist)">Les Cent Livres des Hommes</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Les_Cent_Livres_des_Hommes" class="extiw" title="fr:Les Cent Livres des Hommes">fr</a>]</span></i>: "Du côté de chez Swann", a 1971 episode by <a href="/wiki/Claude_Santelli" title="Claude Santelli">Claude Santelli</a> starring <a href="/wiki/Marie-Christine_Barrault" title="Marie-Christine Barrault">Marie-Christine Barrault</a> and <a href="/wiki/Isabelle_Huppert" title="Isabelle Huppert">Isabelle Huppert</a>.</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Modern_World:_Ten_Great_Writers&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Modern World: Ten Great Writers (page does not exist)">The Modern World: Ten Great Writers</a></i>: "Marcel Proust's 'A la recherche du temps perdu'", a 1988 episode by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nigel_Wattis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nigel Wattis (page does not exist)">Nigel Wattis</a> starring <a href="/wiki/Roger_Rees" title="Roger Rees">Roger Rees</a>.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/%C3%80_la_recherche_du_temps_perdu_(film)" title="À la recherche du temps perdu (film)">À la recherche du temps perdu</a></i> (2011) by <a href="/wiki/Nina_Compan%C3%A9ez" class="mw-redirect" title="Nina Companéez">Nina Companéez</a>, a four-hour, two-part French TV movie that covers all seven volumes.</li></ul> <p><b>Stage</b> </p> <ul><li><i>Proust ou les intermittences du coeur</i>, a <a href="/wiki/Ballet" title="Ballet">ballet</a> by <a href="/wiki/Roland_Petit" title="Roland Petit">Roland Petit</a>. Premiered at <a href="/wiki/Op%C3%A9ra_de_Monte-Carlo" title="Opéra de Monte-Carlo">Opéra de Monte-Carlo</a> in 1974 by <a href="/wiki/Ballet_National_de_Marseille" title="Ballet National de Marseille">Ballet National de Marseille</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>A Waste of Time</i>, by <a href="/wiki/Philip_Prowse" title="Philip Prowse">Philip Prowse</a> and <a href="/wiki/Robert_David_MacDonald" title="Robert David MacDonald">Robert David MacDonald</a>. A 4-hour long adaptation with a huge cast. Dir. by Philip Prowse at the <a href="/wiki/Glasgow_Citizens%27_Theatre" class="mw-redirect" title="Glasgow Citizens' Theatre">Glasgow Citizens' Theatre</a> in 1980, revived 1981 plus European tour.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Remembrance_of_Things_Past_(play)" title="Remembrance of Things Past (play)">Remembrance of Things Past</a></i>, by <a href="/wiki/Harold_Pinter" title="Harold Pinter">Harold Pinter</a> and <a href="/wiki/Di_Trevis" title="Di Trevis">Di Trevis</a>, based on Pinter's <i>The Proust Screenplay</i>. Dir. by Trevis (who had acted in A Waste of Time – see above) at the <a href="/wiki/Royal_National_Theatre" title="Royal National Theatre">Royal National Theatre</a> in 2000.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Eleven Rooms of Proust</i>, adapted and directed by <a href="/wiki/Mary_Zimmerman" title="Mary Zimmerman">Mary Zimmerman</a>. A series of 11 vignettes from <i>In Search of Lost Time</i>, staged throughout an abandoned factory in Chicago.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/My_Life_with_Albertine" title="My Life with Albertine">My Life with Albertine</a></i>, a 2003 <a href="/wiki/Off-Broadway" title="Off-Broadway">Off-Broadway</a> musical with book by <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nelson_(playwright)" title="Richard Nelson (playwright)">Richard Nelson</a>, music by <a href="/wiki/Ricky_Ian_Gordon" title="Ricky Ian Gordon">Ricky Ian Gordon</a>, and lyrics by both.</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Du_c%C3%B4t%C3%A9_de_chez_Proust&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Du côté de chez Proust (page does not exist)">Du côté de chez Proust</a></i>, a 2005 solo performance adapted and acted by <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Sereys" title="Jacques Sereys">Jacques Sereys</a>, directed by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean-Luc_Tardieu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jean-Luc Tardieu (page does not exist)">Jean-Luc Tardieu</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Luc_Tardieu" class="extiw" title="fr:Jean-Luc Tardieu">fr</a>]</span>, performed again in 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Com%C3%A9die-Fran%C3%A7aise" title="Comédie-Française">Comédie-Française</a>.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Le_C%C3%B4t%C3%A9_de_Guermantes" class="mw-redirect" title="Le Côté de Guermantes">Le Côté de Guermantes</a></i>, adapted and directed by <a href="/wiki/Christophe_Honor%C3%A9" title="Christophe Honoré">Christophe Honoré</a>, created in 2020 at <a href="/wiki/Com%C3%A9die-Fran%C3%A7aise" title="Comédie-Française">Comédie-Française</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_Marigny" title="Théâtre Marigny">Théâtre Marigny</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Lo%C3%AFc_Corbery" title="Loïc Corbery">Loïc Corbery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Laurent_Lafitte" title="Laurent Lafitte">Laurent Lafitte</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dominique_Blanc" title="Dominique Blanc">Dominique Blanc</a>.</li></ul> <p><b>Radio</b> </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ned_Chaillet#The_Proust_Screenplay" title="Ned Chaillet">The Proust Screenplay</a></i>, a <a href="/wiki/Radio_play" class="mw-redirect" title="Radio play">radio play</a> adapted from <a href="/wiki/Harold_Pinter" title="Harold Pinter">Harold Pinter</a>'s screenplay by <a href="/wiki/Michael_Bakewell" title="Michael Bakewell">Michael Bakewell</a>, directed by <a href="/wiki/Ned_Chaillet" title="Ned Chaillet">Ned Chaillet</a>, featuring Pinter as narrator, broadcast on <a href="/wiki/BBC_Radio_3" title="BBC Radio 3">BBC Radio 3</a> on May 11, 1997.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>In Search of Lost Time</i> dramatised by Michael Butt for <i><a href="/wiki/The_Classic_Serial" class="mw-redirect" title="The Classic Serial">The Classic Serial</a></i>, broadcast on <a href="/wiki/BBC_Radio_4" title="BBC Radio 4">BBC Radio 4</a> between February 6, 2005, and March 13, 2005. Starring <a href="/wiki/James_Wilby" title="James Wilby">James Wilby</a>, it condensed the entire series into six episodes. Although considerably shortened, it received excellent reviews.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Marcel Proust's In Search of Lost Time</i>, translated from French and dramatised by <a href="/wiki/Timberlake_Wertenbaker" title="Timberlake Wertenbaker">Timberlake Wertenbaker</a> and broadcast on <a href="/wiki/BBC_Radio_4" title="BBC Radio 4">BBC Radio 4</a> in 2019, with <a href="/wiki/Derek_Jacobi" title="Derek Jacobi">Derek Jacobi</a> as the narrator.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References_in_popular_culture">References in popular culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=In_Search_of_Lost_Time&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: References in popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-In_popular_culture plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>may contain <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:What_Wikipedia_is_not#Wikipedia_is_not_an_indiscriminate_collection_of_information" title="Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not">irrelevant</a> references to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Trivia_sections#"In_popular_culture"_and_"Cultural_references"_material" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Trivia sections">popular culture</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help Wikipedia to <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=In_Search_of_Lost_Time&action=edit">improve this section</a> by removing the content or adding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">citations</a> to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">reliable</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Independent_sources" title="Wikipedia:Independent sources">independent sources</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2024</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andy_Warhol" title="Andy Warhol">Andy Warhol</a>'s 1955 book <i>A La Recherche du Shoe Perdu</i> marked Warhol's "transition from commercial to gallery artist".<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The British television series <i><a href="/wiki/Monty_Python%27s_Flying_Circus" title="Monty Python's Flying Circus">Monty Python's Flying Circus</a></i> (1969–1974) references the book and its author in two episodes.<sup id="cite_ref-JustTheWords1989_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JustTheWords1989-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the "<a href="/wiki/Fish_Licence" title="Fish Licence">Fish Licence</a>" sketch, <a href="/wiki/Mr_Praline" title="Mr Praline">Mr. Praline</a> mentions that Proust "had an <a href="/wiki/Haddock" title="Haddock">'addock</a>" as a pet fish, and warns, when his listener laughs, "if you're calling the author of <i>À la recherche du temps perdu</i> a looney, I shall have to ask you to step outside!" In another sketch entitled "<a href="/wiki/List_of_Monty_Python%27s_Flying_Circus_episodes#5._The_All-England_Summarize_Proust_Competition" title="List of Monty Python's Flying Circus episodes">The All-England Summarize Proust Competition</a>", contestants are required to summarize all of Proust's seven volumes of the novel in 15 seconds.<sup id="cite_ref-JustTheWords1989_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JustTheWords1989-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Science fiction author <a href="/wiki/Gene_Wolfe" title="Gene Wolfe">Gene Wolfe</a> cited Proust as an influence, saying: "Proust, of course, was obsessed with some of the same things I deal with in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Book_of_the_New_Sun" title="The Book of the New Sun">The Book of the New Sun</a></i> – memory and the way memory affects us."<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The opening line of his novella <i><a href="/wiki/The_Fifth_Head_of_Cerberus" title="The Fifth Head of Cerberus">The Fifth Head of Cerberus</a></i> is a paraphrase of the first sentence of <i>Swann's Way</i>.</li> <li>The 1998 television series <i><a href="/wiki/Serial_Experiments_Lain" title="Serial Experiments Lain">Serial Experiments Lain</a></i> concludes with an allusion to the madeleine episode of <i>Lost Time</i>.</li> <li>The 2012 television series <i><a href="/wiki/Psycho_Pass" class="mw-redirect" title="Psycho Pass">Psycho Pass</a></i> concludes with a shot of the protagonist, with <i>Swann's Way</i> (<i>スワン家の方へ</i>) opened on his coffee table.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Larry_McMurtry" title="Larry McMurtry">Larry McMurtry</a>'s 1999 novel <i><a href="/wiki/Larry_McMurtry#Duane_Moore_series" title="Larry McMurtry">Duane's Depressed</a></i>, Duane Moore's therapist assigns him the task of reading the Proust novel.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She tells him, "The reason I made you read Proust is because it's still the greatest catalogue of the varieties of disappointment human beings feel."<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In the third episode of the third season of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Sopranos" title="The Sopranos">The Sopranos</a></i>, "<a href="/wiki/Fortunate_Son_(The_Sopranos)" title="Fortunate Son (The Sopranos)">Fortunate Son</a>" (2001), <a href="/wiki/Tony_Soprano" title="Tony Soprano">Tony Soprano</a> has a breakthrough about the role the smell of meat plays in triggering his <a href="/wiki/Panic_attack" title="Panic attack">panic attacks</a>, which his therapist, Dr. <a href="/wiki/Jennifer_Melfi" title="Jennifer Melfi">Jennifer Melfi</a>, likens to Proust's madeleines.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Haruki_Murakami" title="Haruki Murakami">Haruki Murakami</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/1Q84" title="1Q84">1Q84</a></i> (2009), the main character Aomame spends an entire fall locked in an apartment, where the book becomes her only entertainment. Aomame's days are spent eating, sleeping, working out, staring off the balcony to the city below and the Moon above, and slowly reading through <i>Lost Time.</i><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Ruth_Ozeki" title="Ruth Ozeki">Ruth Ozeki</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/A_Tale_for_the_Time_Being" title="A Tale for the Time Being">A Tale for the Time Being</a></i> (2013), a French edition of the novel is turned into a diary by a handicraft saleswoman in <a href="/wiki/Harajuku" title="Harajuku">Harajuku</a>. The diary is bought by protagonist Nao Yasutani, and later discovered by Ruth when it washes ashore in <a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">British Columbia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=In_Search_of_Lost_Time&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Book_collection.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Book_collection.jpg/32px-Book_collection.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Book_collection.jpg/48px-Book_collection.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Book_collection.jpg/64px-Book_collection.jpg 2x" data-file-width="299" data-file-height="238" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Novels" title="Portal:Novels">Novels portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Le_Monde%27s_100_Books_of_the_Century" title="Le Monde's 100 Books of the Century"><i>Le Monde</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'s</span> 100 Books of the Century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mono_no_aware" title="Mono no aware">Mono no aware</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes_and_references">Notes and references</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=In_Search_of_Lost_Time&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Notes and references"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Notes</b> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Edmund White, "Proust the Passionate Reader", <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Review_of_Books" title="The New York Review of Books">The New York Review of Books</a></i> (April 4, 2013), p. 20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/longest-novel">https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/longest-novel</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Walter de la Mare (on Wikisource), <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Collected_poems,_1901-1918/The_Ghost_(Motley,_1919)"><i>The Ghost</i> (anthologized in <i>Collected poems, 1901-1918</i> and <i>Motley</i>)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190818071627/https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Collected_poems,_1901-1918/The_Ghost_(Motley,_1919)">Archived</a> 2019-08-18 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Retrieved 18th August 2019.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Calkins, Mark. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tempsperdu.com/chronop.html">Chronology of Proust's Life</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060209193818/http://tempsperdu.com/chronop.html">Archived</a> 2006-02-09 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tempsperdu.com/">TempsPerdu.com</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120812201731/http://tempsperdu.com/">Archived</a> 2012-08-12 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. May 25, 2005.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Shattuck, Roger. <i>Marcel Proust</i>. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1982, p. 6</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bragg, Melvyn. "In Our Time: Proust". BBC Radio 4. April 17, 2003. See also Malcolm Bowie, "Freud, Proust, and Lacan: Theory as Fiction," Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987. For differences between Freud and Proust, see <a href="/wiki/Joshua_Landy" title="Joshua Landy">Joshua Landy</a>, "Philosophy As Fiction: Self, Deception, and Knowledge in Proust," New York: Oxford University Press, 2004, pp. 29, 165.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ronald Bogue, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FTkOAAAAQAAJ&dq=Proust+Deleuze&pg=PA36"><i>Deleuze and Guattari</i></a>, p. 36. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230407015832/https://books.google.com/books?id=FTkOAAAAQAAJ&dq=Proust+Deleuze&pg=PA36">Archived</a> 2023-04-07 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> See also Culler, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cBZCOD8SVzMC&dq=Proust+narrator&pg=PA122"><i>Structuralist Poetics</i></a>, p. 122. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230417080046/https://books.google.com/books?id=cBZCOD8SVzMC&dq=Proust+narrator&pg=PA122">Archived</a> 2023-04-17 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"...the by now authentically banal exposure of Proust's narrator as a closeted homosexual" Sedgwick, Eve Kosofsky. "Proust and the Spectacle of the Closet", in <i>Epistemology of the Closet</i>. Berkeley: University of California, 1990. 223.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lucey-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lucey_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lucey_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Lucey, Michael. "Proust's Queer Metalapses" Never Say I: Sexuality and the First Person in Colette, Gide, and Proust. Durham: Duke University Press, 2006. 218.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Brien1949" class="citation journal cs1">O'Brien, Justin (1949). "Albertine the Ambiguous: Notes on Proust's Transposition of Sexes". <i>PMLA</i>. <b>64</b> (5): <span class="nowrap">933–</span>952. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F459544">10.2307/459544</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0030-8129">0030-8129</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/459544">459544</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:163853078">163853078</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PMLA&rft.atitle=Albertine+the+Ambiguous%3A+Notes+on+Proust%27s+Transposition+of+Sexes&rft.volume=64&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E933-%3C%2Fspan%3E952&rft.date=1949&rft.issn=0030-8129&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A163853078%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F459544%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F459544&rft.aulast=O%27Brien&rft.aufirst=Justin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIn+Search+of+Lost+Time" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLadenson1999" class="citation book cs1">Ladenson, Elisabeth (1999). <i>Proust's Lesbianism</i>. Cornell University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8014-3595-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-8014-3595-1"><bdi>0-8014-3595-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Proust%27s+Lesbianism&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-8014-3595-1&rft.aulast=Ladenson&rft.aufirst=Elisabeth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIn+Search+of+Lost+Time" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240216000353/https://www.librarything.com/work/23844">"Published Reviews"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Library_Thing" class="mw-redirect" title="Library Thing">Library Thing</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.librarything.com/work/23844">the original</a> on 2024-02-16<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-02-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Library+Thing&rft.atitle=Published+Reviews&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.librarything.com%2Fwork%2F23844&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIn+Search+of+Lost+Time" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-daily-telegraph/152450838/">"Books of the moment: What the papers say"</a>. <i>The Daily Telegraph</i>. 30 Nov 2002. p. 60<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 July</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Books+of+the+moment%3A+What+the+papers+say&rft.pages=60&rft.date=2002-11-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Farticle%2Fthe-daily-telegraph%2F152450838%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIn+Search+of+Lost+Time" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Melvyn_Bragg" title="Melvyn Bragg">Bragg, Melvyn</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/history/inourtime/inourtime_20030417.shtml">"In Our Time: Proust"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060310055038/http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/history/inourtime/inourtime_20030417.shtml">Archived</a> 2006-03-10 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_Radio_4" title="BBC Radio 4">BBC Radio 4</a>. April 17, 2003.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#ref_Woolf">2:525</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWharton" class="citation book cs1">Wharton, Edith. <i>The Writing of Fiction</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Writing+of+Fiction&rft.aulast=Wharton&rft.aufirst=Edith&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIn+Search+of+Lost+Time" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElsner2013" class="citation book cs1">Elsner, Anna Magdalena (2013). 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Issue No. 6.</a> March 1997.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lib.ru/NABOKOW/Inter05.txt">"Nabokov's interview. (05) TV-13 NY [1965]"</a>. Lib.ru. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201108091917/http://lib.ru/NABOKOW/Inter05.txt">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-11-08<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 2,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Mercantile+Library+%E2%80%A2+Proust+Society&rft.pub=Mercantilelibrary.org&rft.date=2013-11-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mercantilelibrary.org%2Fgroups%2Fproust.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIn+Search+of+Lost+Time" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.milibrary.org/discussion/proust">Proust Society of America</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130627043848/http://www.milibrary.org/discussion/proust">Archived</a> June 27, 2013, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlexander2009" class="citation book cs1">Alexander, Patrick (2009-09-22). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=l4C0I7dCktgC&q=octave+cocteau+proust&pg=PA289"><i>Marcel Proust's Search for Lost Time: A Reader's Guide to The Remembrance of Things Past</i></a>. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. p. 289. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0307472328" title="Special:BookSources/978-0307472328"><bdi>978-0307472328</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240527081842/https://books.google.com/books?id=l4C0I7dCktgC&q=octave+cocteau+proust&pg=PA289#v=snippet&q=octave%20cocteau%20proust&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-05-27<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-11-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Marcel+Proust%27s+Search+for+Lost+Time%3A+A+Reader%27s+Guide+to+The+Remembrance+of+Things+Past&rft.pages=289&rft.pub=Knopf+Doubleday+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2009-09-22&rft.isbn=978-0307472328&rft.aulast=Alexander&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dl4C0I7dCktgC%26q%3Doctave%2Bcocteau%2Bproust%26pg%3DPA289&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIn+Search+of+Lost+Time" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClifford2023" class="citation web cs1">Clifford, Becky (2023-09-14). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blog.oup.com/2023/09/translating-proust-again/">"Translating Proust again"</a>. <i>OUPblog</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231207231726/https://blog.oup.com/2023/09/translating-proust-again/">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-12-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-11-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=OUPblog&rft.atitle=Translating+Proust+again&rft.date=2023-09-14&rft.aulast=Clifford&rft.aufirst=Becky&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblog.oup.com%2F2023%2F09%2Ftranslating-proust-again%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIn+Search+of+Lost+Time" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240121025417/https://www.charlottemandell.com/bibliography/">"Charlotte Mandell: Bibliography"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.charlottemandell.com/bibliography/">the original</a> on 2024-01-21. Retrieved 2024-08-18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Beugnet and Marion Schmid, 206</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchmid2013" class="citation journal cs1">Schmid, Marion (2013-04-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.oup.com/fs/article-abstract/67/2/184/519074?redirectedFrom=fulltext">"Proust at the Ballet: Literature and Dance in Dialogue"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/French_Studies" title="French Studies">French Studies</a></i>. <b>67</b> (2). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>: <span class="nowrap">184–</span>198. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Ffs%2Fkns309">10.1093/fs/kns309</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11820%2F1b662a7d-ee23-4390-84b5-13bb9036da37">20.500.11820/1b662a7d-ee23-4390-84b5-13bb9036da37</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1468-2931">1468-2931</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210710004622/https://academic.oup.com/fs/article-abstract/67/2/184/519074?redirectedFrom=fulltext">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-07-10<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-06-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=French+Studies&rft.atitle=Proust+at+the+Ballet%3A+Literature+and+Dance+in+Dialogue&rft.volume=67&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E184-%3C%2Fspan%3E198&rft.date=2013-04-01&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F20.500.11820%2F1b662a7d-ee23-4390-84b5-13bb9036da37&rft.issn=1468-2931&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Ffs%2Fkns309&rft.aulast=Schmid&rft.aufirst=Marion&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Facademic.oup.com%2Ffs%2Farticle-abstract%2F67%2F2%2F184%2F519074%3FredirectedFrom%3Dfulltext&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIn+Search+of+Lost+Time" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070312064531/http://www.nt-online.org.uk/?lid=1224">Productions: Remembrance of Things Past</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nationaltheatre.org.uk/">NationalTheatre.org</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151007070444/http://www.nationaltheatre.org.uk/discover-more/artists/sophie-thompson">Archived</a> 2015-10-07 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Retrieved April 25, 2006.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHanks1997" class="citation news cs1">Hanks, Robert (May 17, 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/opinion/giving-proust-the-pinter-treatment-1262063.html">"Giving Proust the Pinter treatment"</a>. <i>Independent</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120125233124/http://www.independent.co.uk/opinion/giving-proust-the-pinter-treatment-1262063.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2012-01-25<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-01-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Independent&rft.atitle=Giving+Proust+the+Pinter+treatment&rft.date=1997-05-17&rft.aulast=Hanks&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fopinion%2Fgiving-proust-the-pinter-treatment-1262063.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIn+Search+of+Lost+Time" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fictionfactory.co.uk/popups/no6.htm">Reviews of radio adaptation</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080820044012/http://www.fictionfactory.co.uk/popups/no6.htm">Archived</a> August 20, 2008, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/m0007wkx">"Marcel Proust's In Search of Lost Time"</a>. <i>BBC Radio 4</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191010175150/https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/m0007wkx">Archived</a> from the original on 10 October 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+Radio+4&rft.atitle=Marcel+Proust%27s+In+Search+of+Lost+Time&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fprogrammes%2Fm0007wkx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIn+Search+of+Lost+Time" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Smith, John W., Pamela Allara, and Andy Warhol. <i>Possession Obsession: Andy Warhol and Collecting</i>. Pittsburgh, PA: Andy Warhol Museum, 2002, p. 46. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9715688-0-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-9715688-0-4">0-9715688-0-4</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JustTheWords1989-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-JustTheWords1989_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JustTheWords1989_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChapmanCleeseGilliamIdle1990" class="citation book cs1">Chapman, Graham; Cleese, John; Gilliam, Terry; Idle, Eric; Jones, Terry; Palin, Michael (1990) [1989]. <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/montypythonsflyi0000unse"><i>Monty Python's Flying Circus: Just the Words</i></a></span>. London: Mandarin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7493-0226-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-7493-0226-7"><bdi>0-7493-0226-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Monty+Python%27s+Flying+Circus%3A+Just+the+Words&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Mandarin&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0-7493-0226-7&rft.aulast=Chapman&rft.aufirst=Graham&rft.au=Cleese%2C+John&rft.au=Gilliam%2C+Terry&rft.au=Idle%2C+Eric&rft.au=Jones%2C+Terry&rft.au=Palin%2C+Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmontypythonsflyi0000unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIn+Search+of+Lost+Time" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCaffery1988" class="citation journal cs1">McCaffery, Larry (November 1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.depauw.edu/sfs/interviews/wolfe46interview.htm">"On Encompassing the Entire Universe: An Interview With Gene Wolfe"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Science_Fiction_Studies" title="Science Fiction Studies">Science Fiction Studies</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060814033541/https://www.depauw.edu/sfs/interviews/wolfe46interview.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2006-08-14<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-09-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science+Fiction+Studies&rft.atitle=On+Encompassing+the+Entire+Universe%3A+An+Interview+With+Gene+Wolfe&rft.date=1988-11&rft.aulast=McCaffery&rft.aufirst=Larry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.depauw.edu%2Fsfs%2Finterviews%2Fwolfe46interview.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIn+Search+of+Lost+Time" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHouston1999" class="citation news cs1">Houston, Robert (January 7, 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/books/99/02/21/reviews/990221.21houst.html">"Happy Trails"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210421193232/https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/books/99/02/21/reviews/990221.21houst.html">Archived</a> from the original on April 21, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 30,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Happy+Trails&rft.date=1999-01-07&rft.aulast=Houston&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.nytimes.com%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2Fbooks%2F99%2F02%2F21%2Freviews%2F990221.21houst.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIn+Search+of+Lost+Time" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2021" class="citation news cs1">Smith, Kyle (March 28, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nationalreview.com/2021/03/the-underappreciated-genius-of-larry-mcmurtry/">"The Underappreciated Genius of Larry McMurtry"</a>. <i>National Review</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240527081843/https://www.nationalreview.com/2021/03/the-underappreciated-genius-of-larry-mcmurtry/">Archived</a> from the original on May 27, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 30,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=National+Review&rft.atitle=The+Underappreciated+Genius+of+Larry+McMurtry&rft.date=2021-03-28&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Kyle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalreview.com%2F2021%2F03%2Fthe-underappreciated-genius-of-larry-mcmurtry%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIn+Search+of+Lost+Time" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Archived at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/oZoCdl2lJu8">Ghostarchive</a> and the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200710204250/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oZoCdl2lJu8">Wayback Machine</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oZoCdl2lJu8">"All this from a slice of gabagool?"</a>. June 8, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 17,</span> 2021</span> – via YouTube.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=All+this+from+a+slice+of+gabagool%3F&rft.date=2015-06-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DoZoCdl2lJu8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIn+Search+of+Lost+Time" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Murakami, Haruki, <i>1Q84: Book Three</i> (Vintage Books: 2011), p. 29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ozeki, Ruth, <i>A Tale For The Time</i>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <p><b>Bibliography</b> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><span id="ref_BandR">Bouillaguet, Annick and Rogers, Brian G. <i>Dictionnaire Marcel Proust</i>. Paris: Honoré Champion, 2004. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-7453-0956-0" title="Special:BookSources/2-7453-0956-0">2-7453-0956-0</a></span></li> <li>Douglas-Fairbank, Robert. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.guardian.co.uk/reviews/classics/0,6121,841473,00.html">"In search of Marcel Proust"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060208053339/http://books.guardian.co.uk/reviews/classics/0,6121,841473,00.html">Archived</a> 2006-02-08 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> in the <i>Guardian</i>, November 17, 2002.</li> <li><span id="ref_Kilmartin">Kilmartin, Terence. "Note on the Translation." <i>Remembrance of Things Past</i>. Vol. 1. New York: Vintage, 1981: ix–xii. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-394-71182-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-394-71182-3">0-394-71182-3</a></span></li> <li><span id="ref_Painter">Painter, George. <i>Marcel Proust: A Biography</i>. Vol. 2. New York: Random House, 1959. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-394-50041-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-394-50041-5">0-394-50041-5</a></span></li> <li><span id="ref_Proust">Proust, Marcel. (Carol Clark, Peter Collier, trans.) <i>The Prisoner</i> and <i>The Fugitive</i>. London: Penguin Books Ltd, 2003. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-118035-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-14-118035-8">0-14-118035-8</a></span></li> <li>Shattuck, Roger. <i>Proust's Binoculars</i>. Chatto & Windus London, 1964.</li> <li>Shattuck, Roger. <i>Proust's Way: A Field Guide To in Search of Lost Time</i>. New York: W W Norton, 2000. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-393-32180-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-393-32180-0">0-393-32180-0</a></li> <li><span id="ref_Tadié">Tadié, J-Y. (Euan Cameron, trans.) <i>Marcel Proust: A Life</i>. New York: Penguin Putnam, 2000. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-100203-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-14-100203-4">0-14-100203-4</a></span></li> <li><span id="ref_Terdiman">Terdiman, Richard. <i>Present Past: Modernity and the Memory Crisis</i>. Ithaca: Cornell UP, 1993. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8014-8132-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-8014-8132-5">0-8014-8132-5</a></span></li> <li><span id="ref_Woolf">Woolf, Virginia. <i>The Letters of Virginia Woolf</i>. Eds. Nigel Nicolson and Joanne Trautmann. 7 vols. New York: Harcourt, 1976, 1977.</span></li> <li><span id="ref_Movies">Beugnet, Martin and Schmid, Marion. <i>Proust at the Movies</i>. Burlington, VT: Ashgate, 2004.</span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=In_Search_of_Lost_Time&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>Carter, William C. <i>Marcel Proust: A Life</i>. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2000. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-08145-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-300-08145-6">0-300-08145-6</a></li> <li>De Botton, Alain. <i>How Proust Can Change Your Life</i>. New York: Pantheon 1997. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-679-44275-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-679-44275-8">0-679-44275-8</a></li> <li>Deleuze, Gilles. <i>Proust and Signs</i>. (Translation by Richard Howard.) George Braziller, Inc. 1972.</li> <li>Karpeles, Eric. <i>Paintings in Proust: A Visual Companion to in Search of Lost Time</i>. Thames & Hudson, 2008. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0500238547" title="Special:BookSources/978-0500238547">978-0500238547</a></li> <li>O'Brien, Justin. "Albertine the Ambiguous: Notes on Proust's Transposition of Sexes", PMLA 64: 933–52, 1949.</li> <li>Pugh, Anthony. <i>The Birth of </i>A la recherche du temps perdu<i>,</i> French Forum Publishers, 1987.</li> <li>Pugh, Anthony. <i>The Growth of </i>A la recherche du temps perdu<i>: A Chronological Examination of Proust's Manuscripts from 1909 to 1914</i>, University of Toronto Press, 2004 (two volumes).</li> <li>Rose, Phyllis. <i>The Year of Reading Proust</i>. New York: Scribner, 1997. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-684-83984-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-684-83984-9">0-684-83984-9</a></li> <li>Sedgwick, Eve Kosofsky. <i>Epistemology of the Closet</i>. Berkeley: <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>, 1992. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-07874-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-07874-8">0-520-07874-8</a></li> <li>White, Edmund. <i>Marcel Proust</i>. New York: Penguin US, 1999. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-670-88057-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-670-88057-4">0-670-88057-4</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=In_Search_of_Lost_Time&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:%C3%80_la_recherche_du_temps_perdu" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:À la recherche du temps perdu">In Search of Lost Time</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">French <a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original text related to this article: <div lang="fr" style="margin-left: 10px;"><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/fr:%C3%80_la_recherche_du_temps_perdu" class="extiw" title="s:fr:À la recherche du temps perdu"><i>In Search of Lost Time</i></a></b> </div></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original text related to this article: <div style="margin-left: 10px;"><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Remembrance_of_Things_Past" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Remembrance of Things Past"><i>Remembrance of Things Past</i></a></b></div></div></div> </div> <ul><li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://standardebooks.org/ebooks/marcel-proust/in-search-of-lost-time/c-k-scott-moncrieff">In Search of Lost Time</a></i> at <a href="/wiki/Standard_Ebooks" title="Standard Ebooks">Standard Ebooks</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/browse/authors/p#a987">Project Gutenberg:</a> Proust <a href="/wiki/Ebook" title="Ebook">ebooks</a> in French and English</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/group/661"><i>In Search of Lost Time</i></a> book series at <a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a> (public domain audiobooks)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://alarecherchedutempsperdu.com/">Alarecherchedutempsperdu.com</a>: French text</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120812201731/http://tempsperdu.com/">TempsPerdu.com</a>: a site devoted to the novel</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140808050316/http://www.readingproust.com//">Reading Proust</a>: translations and resources in English, including the "Penguin Proust" and the new edition from Yale University Press.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071017214046/http://ebooks.adelaide.edu.au/p/proust/marcel/">University of Adelaide Library</a> : electronic versions of the original novels and the translations of C. K. Scott Moncrieff</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGregory" class="citation web cs1">Gregory, Woods. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070211134328/http://www.glbtq.com/literature/proust_m.html">"Proust, Marcel (1871–1922): <i>À la recherche du temps perdu</i>"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Glbtq.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Glbtq.com">glbtq.com</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.glbtq.com/literature/proust_m.html">the original</a> on February 11, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Proust%2C+Marcel+%281871%E2%80%931922%29%3A+%C3%80+la+recherche+du+temps+perdu&rft.pub=glbtq.com&rft.aulast=Gregory&rft.aufirst=Woods&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.glbtq.com%2Fliterature%2Fproust_m.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIn+Search+of+Lost+Time" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160125024230/http://poesis.fr/marcel-proust-a-la-recherche/">Marcel Proust – <i>À la Recherche du Temps Perdu</i> – Œuvre Intégrale (FR)</a>: Vidéo – Audio Book 17 tomes. Public Domain.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:In_Search_of_Lost_Time" title="Template:In Search of Lost Time"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:In_Search_of_Lost_Time" title="Template talk:In Search of Lost Time"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:In_Search_of_Lost_Time" title="Special:EditPage/Template:In Search of Lost Time"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Marcel_Proust&#039;s_In_Search_of_Lost_Time76" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Marcel_Proust" title="Marcel Proust">Marcel Proust</a>'s <i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">In Search of Lost Time</a></i></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Film</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Swann_in_Love_(film)" title="Swann in Love (film)">Swann in Love</a></i> (1984)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Time_Regained_(film)" title="Time Regained (film)">Time Regained</a></i> (1999)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/%C3%80_la_recherche_du_temps_perdu_(film)" title="À la recherche du temps perdu (film)">À la recherche du temps perdu</a></i> (2011)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Stage</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Remembrance_of_Things_Past_(play)" title="Remembrance of Things Past (play)">Remembrance of Things Past</a></i> (2000)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/My_Life_with_Albertine" title="My Life with Albertine">My Life with Albertine</a></i> (2003)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Albertine_(Rose_novel)" title="Albertine (Rose novel)">Albertine</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="The_writings_of_Marcel_Proust80" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Marcel_Proust" title="Template:Marcel Proust"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Marcel_Proust" title="Template talk:Marcel Proust"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Marcel_Proust" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Marcel Proust"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="The_writings_of_Marcel_Proust80" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">The writings of <a href="/wiki/Marcel_Proust" title="Marcel Proust">Marcel Proust</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">In Search of Lost Time</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Du_c%C3%B4t%C3%A9_de_chez_Swann" class="mw-redirect" title="Du côté de chez Swann">Du côté de chez Swann</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/%C3%80_l%27ombre_des_jeunes_filles_en_fleurs" class="mw-redirect" title="À l'ombre des jeunes filles en fleurs">À l'ombre des jeunes filles en fleurs</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Le_C%C3%B4t%C3%A9_de_Guermantes" class="mw-redirect" title="Le Côté de Guermantes">Le Côté de Guermantes</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sodome_et_Gomorrhe" class="mw-redirect" title="Sodome et Gomorrhe">Sodome et Gomorrhe</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/La_Prisonni%C3%A8re_(novel)" class="mw-redirect" title="La Prisonnière (novel)">La Prisonnière</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Albertine_disparue" title="Albertine disparue">Albertine disparue</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Le_Temps_retrouv%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Le Temps retrouvé">Le Temps retrouvé</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Novels and essays</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Les_plaisirs_et_les_jours" title="Les plaisirs et les jours">Les plaisirs et les jours</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pastiches_et_m%C3%A9langes" title="Pastiches et mélanges">Pastiches et mélanges</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Contre_Sainte-Beuve" title="Contre Sainte-Beuve">Contre Sainte-Beuve</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jean_Santeuil" title="Jean Santeuil">Jean Santeuil</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Modernism414" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Modernism" title="Template:Modernism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Modernism" title="Template talk:Modernism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Modernism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Modernism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Modernism414" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Modernism" title="Modernism">Modernism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Acmeist_poetry" title="Acmeist poetry">Acmeism</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Art_Deco" title="Art Deco">Art Deco</a></i></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Art_Nouveau" title="Art Nouveau">Art Nouveau</a></i></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ashcan_School" title="Ashcan School">Ashcan School</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Constructivism_(art)" title="Constructivism (art)">Constructivism</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cubism" title="Cubism">Cubism</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dada" title="Dada">Dada</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Expressionism" title="Expressionism">Expressionism</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Der_Blaue_Reiter" title="Der Blaue Reiter">Der Blaue Reiter</a></i></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Die_Br%C3%BCcke" title="Die Brücke">Die Brücke</a></i></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Expressionist_music" title="Expressionist music">Music</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Fauvism" title="Fauvism">Fauvism</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Functionalism_(architecture)" title="Functionalism (architecture)">Functionalism</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bauhaus" title="Bauhaus">Bauhaus</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Futurism" title="Futurism">Futurism</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Imagism" title="Imagism">Imagism</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lettrism" title="Lettrism">Lettrism</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Neoplasticism" title="Neoplasticism">Neoplasticism</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl"><a href="/wiki/De_Stijl" title="De Stijl">De Stijl</a></i></span></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Orphism_(art)" title="Orphism (art)">Orphism</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Surrealism" title="Surrealism">Surrealism</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Symbolism_(arts)" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbolism (arts)">Symbolism</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Synchromism" title="Synchromism">Synchromism</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tonalism" title="Tonalism">Tonalism</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/The_arts#Literary_arts" title="The arts">Literary arts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Literary_modernism" title="Literary modernism">Literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Guillaume_Apollinaire" title="Guillaume Apollinaire">Apollinaire</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Djuna_Barnes" title="Djuna Barnes">Barnes</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Beckett" title="Samuel Beckett">Beckett</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Andrei_Bely" title="Andrei Bely">Bely</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Breton" title="André Breton">Breton</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Broch" title="Hermann Broch">Broch</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Bulgakov" title="Mikhail Bulgakov">Bulgakov</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Anton_Chekhov" title="Anton Chekhov">Chekhov</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Conrad" title="Joseph Conrad">Conrad</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alfred_D%C3%B6blin" title="Alfred Döblin">Döblin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/E._M._Forster" title="E. M. Forster">Forster</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Faulkner" title="William Faulkner">Faulkner</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gustave_Flaubert" title="Gustave Flaubert">Flaubert</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ford_Madox_Ford" title="Ford Madox Ford">Ford</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Gide" title="André Gide">Gide</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Knut_Hamsun" title="Knut Hamsun">Hamsun</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jaroslav_Ha%C5%A1ek" title="Jaroslav Hašek">Hašek</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Hemingway" title="Ernest Hemingway">Hemingway</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Hesse" title="Hermann Hesse">Hesse</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/James_Joyce" title="James Joyce">Joyce</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Franz_Kafka" title="Franz Kafka">Kafka</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Koestler" title="Arthur Koestler">Koestler</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/D._H._Lawrence" title="D. H. Lawrence">Lawrence</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Mann" title="Thomas Mann">Mann</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Katherine_Mansfield" title="Katherine Mansfield">Mansfield</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Filippo_Tommaso_Marinetti" title="Filippo Tommaso Marinetti">Marinetti</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Musil" title="Robert Musil">Musil</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Dos_Passos" title="John Dos Passos">Dos Passos</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Andrei_Platonov" title="Andrei Platonov">Platonov</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Katherine_Anne_Porter" title="Katherine Anne Porter">Porter</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Marcel_Proust" title="Marcel Proust">Proust</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gertrude_Stein" title="Gertrude Stein">Stein</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Italo_Svevo" title="Italo Svevo">Svevo</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Miguel_de_Unamuno" title="Miguel de Unamuno">Unamuno</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Woolf" title="Virginia Woolf">Woolf</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Modernist_poetry" title="Modernist poetry">Poetry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Anna_Akhmatova" title="Anna Akhmatova">Akhmatova</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Aldington" title="Richard Aldington">Aldington</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/W._H._Auden" title="W. H. Auden">Auden</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Constantine_P._Cavafy" title="Constantine P. Cavafy">Cavafy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Blaise_Cendrars" title="Blaise Cendrars">Cendrars</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hart_Crane" title="Hart Crane">Crane</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/H.D." title="H.D.">H.D.</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Desnos" title="Robert Desnos">Desnos</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/T._S._Eliot" title="T. S. Eliot">Eliot</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Paul_%C3%89luard" title="Paul Éluard">Éluard</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Odysseas_Elytis" title="Odysseas Elytis">Elytis</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Stefan_George" title="Stefan George">George</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Max_Jacob" title="Max Jacob">Jacob</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Federico_Garc%C3%ADa_Lorca" title="Federico García Lorca">Lorca</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Amy_Lowell" title="Amy Lowell">Lowell (Amy)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Lowell" title="Robert Lowell">Lowell (Robert)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/St%C3%A9phane_Mallarm%C3%A9" title="Stéphane Mallarmé">Mallarmé</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Marianne_Moore" title="Marianne Moore">Moore</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Wilfred_Owen" title="Wilfred Owen">Owen</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Fernando_Pessoa" title="Fernando Pessoa">Pessoa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ezra_Pound" title="Ezra Pound">Pound</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rainer_Maria_Rilke" title="Rainer Maria Rilke">Rilke</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Giorgos_Seferis" title="Giorgos Seferis">Seferis</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Wallace_Stevens" title="Wallace Stevens">Stevens</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dylan_Thomas" title="Dylan Thomas">Thomas</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tristan_Tzara" title="Tristan Tzara">Tzara</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Val%C3%A9ry" title="Paul Valéry">Valéry</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Carlos_Williams" title="William Carlos Williams">Williams</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/W._B._Yeats" title="W. B. Yeats">Yeats</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">In Search of Lost Time</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1913–1927)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Metamorphosis" title="The Metamorphosis">The Metamorphosis</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1915)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Ulysses_(novel)" title="Ulysses (novel)">Ulysses</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1922)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Waste_Land" title="The Waste Land">The Waste Land</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1922)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Magic_Mountain" title="The Magic Mountain">The Magic Mountain</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1924)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Mrs_Dalloway" title="Mrs Dalloway">Mrs Dalloway</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1925)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Sun_Also_Rises" title="The Sun Also Rises">The Sun Also Rises</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1926)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Master_and_Margarita" title="The Master and Margarita">The Master and Margarita</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1928–1940)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Sound_and_the_Fury" title="The Sound and the Fury">The Sound and the Fury</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1929)</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Visual_arts" title="Visual arts">Visual arts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Modern_art" title="Modern art">Painting</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Josef_Albers" title="Josef Albers">Albers</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jean_Arp" title="Jean Arp">Arp</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Balthus" title="Balthus">Balthus</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_Bellows" title="George Bellows">Bellows</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Umberto_Boccioni" title="Umberto Boccioni">Boccioni</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Bonnard" title="Pierre Bonnard">Bonnard</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Constantin_Br%C3%A2ncu%C8%99i" title="Constantin Brâncuși">Brâncuși</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Georges_Braque" title="Georges Braque">Braque</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Calder" title="Alexander Calder">Calder</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mary_Cassatt" title="Mary Cassatt">Cassatt</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Paul_C%C3%A9zanne" title="Paul Cézanne">Cézanne</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Marc_Chagall" title="Marc Chagall">Chagall</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Giorgio_de_Chirico" title="Giorgio de Chirico">Chirico</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Camille_Claudel" title="Camille Claudel">Claudel</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Salvador_Dal%C3%AD" title="Salvador Dalí">Dalí</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Degas" title="Edgar Degas">Degas</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Willem_de_Kooning" title="Willem de Kooning">Kooning</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Delaunay" title="Robert Delaunay">Delaunay</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sonia_Delaunay" title="Sonia Delaunay">Delaunay</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Demuth" title="Charles Demuth">Demuth</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Otto_Dix" title="Otto Dix">Dix</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Theo_van_Doesburg" title="Theo van Doesburg">Doesburg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Marcel_Duchamp" title="Marcel Duchamp">Duchamp</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Raoul_Dufy" title="Raoul Dufy">Dufy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/James_Ensor" title="James Ensor">Ensor</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Max_Ernst" title="Max Ernst">Ernst</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Gauguin" title="Paul Gauguin">Gauguin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alberto_Giacometti" title="Alberto Giacometti">Giacometti</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Natalia_Goncharova" title="Natalia Goncharova">Goncharova</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Juan_Gris" title="Juan Gris">Gris</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_Grosz" title="George Grosz">Grosz</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hannah_H%C3%B6ch" title="Hannah Höch">Höch</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Hopper" title="Edward Hopper">Hopper</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Frida_Kahlo" title="Frida Kahlo">Kahlo</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Wassily_Kandinsky" title="Wassily Kandinsky">Kandinsky</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Ludwig_Kirchner" title="Ernst Ludwig Kirchner">Kirchner</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Klee" title="Paul Klee">Klee</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Oskar_Kokoschka" title="Oskar Kokoschka">Kokoschka</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Fernand_L%C3%A9ger" title="Fernand Léger">Léger</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Magritte" title="René Magritte">Magritte</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kazimir_Malevich" title="Kazimir Malevich">Malevich</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Manet" title="Édouard Manet">Manet</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Franz_Marc" title="Franz Marc">Marc</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Henri_Matisse" title="Henri Matisse">Matisse</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jean_Metzinger" title="Jean Metzinger">Metzinger</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Joan_Mir%C3%B3" title="Joan Miró">Miró</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Amedeo_Modigliani" title="Amedeo Modigliani">Modigliani</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Piet_Mondrian" title="Piet Mondrian">Mondrian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Claude_Monet" title="Claude Monet">Monet</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Moore" title="Henry Moore">Moore</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Edvard_Munch" title="Edvard Munch">Munch</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Emil_Nolde" title="Emil Nolde">Nolde</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Georgia_O%27Keeffe" title="Georgia O'Keeffe">O'Keeffe</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Francis_Picabia" title="Francis Picabia">Picabia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pablo_Picasso" title="Pablo Picasso">Picasso</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Camille_Pissarro" title="Camille Pissarro">Pissarro</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Man_Ray" title="Man Ray">Ray</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Odilon_Redon" title="Odilon Redon">Redon</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pierre-Auguste_Renoir" title="Pierre-Auguste Renoir">Renoir</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Auguste_Rodin" title="Auguste Rodin">Rodin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Henri_Rousseau" title="Henri Rousseau">Rousseau</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Egon_Schiele" title="Egon Schiele">Schiele</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Georges_Seurat" title="Georges Seurat">Seurat</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Signac" title="Paul Signac">Signac</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Sisley" title="Alfred Sisley">Sisley</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Chaim_Soutine" class="mw-redirect" title="Chaim Soutine">Soutine</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Steichen" title="Edward Steichen">Steichen</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Stieglitz" title="Alfred Stieglitz">Stieglitz</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Henri_de_Toulouse-Lautrec" title="Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec">Toulouse-Lautrec</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vincent_van_Gogh" title="Vincent van Gogh">Van Gogh</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Vuillard" title="Édouard Vuillard">Vuillard</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Grant_Wood" title="Grant Wood">Wood</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Modernist_film" title="Modernist film">Film</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Chantal_Akerman" title="Chantal Akerman">Akerman</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Aldrich" title="Robert Aldrich">Aldrich</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Michelangelo_Antonioni" title="Michelangelo Antonioni">Antonioni</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tex_Avery" title="Tex Avery">Avery</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ingmar_Bergman" title="Ingmar Bergman">Bergman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bresson" title="Robert Bresson">Bresson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Luis_Bu%C3%B1uel" title="Luis Buñuel">Buñuel</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Marcel_Carn%C3%A9" title="Marcel Carné">Carné</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Cassavetes" title="John Cassavetes">Cassavetes</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charlie_Chaplin" title="Charlie Chaplin">Chaplin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Clair" title="René Clair">Clair</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jean_Cocteau" title="Jean Cocteau">Cocteau</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jules_Dassin" title="Jules Dassin">Dassin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Maya_Deren" title="Maya Deren">Deren</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Dovzhenko" title="Alexander Dovzhenko">Dovzhenko</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Carl_Theodor_Dreyer" title="Carl Theodor Dreyer">Dreyer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Blake_Edwards" title="Blake Edwards">Edwards</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sergei_Eisenstein" title="Sergei Eisenstein">Eisenstein</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jean_Epstein" title="Jean Epstein">Epstein</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rainer_Werner_Fassbinder" title="Rainer Werner Fassbinder">Fassbinder</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Federico_Fellini" title="Federico Fellini">Fellini</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_J._Flaherty" title="Robert J. Flaherty">Flaherty</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Ford" title="John Ford">Ford</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Fuller" title="Samuel Fuller">Fuller</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Abel_Gance" title="Abel Gance">Gance</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jean-Luc_Godard" title="Jean-Luc Godard">Godard</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Hitchcock" title="Alfred Hitchcock">Hitchcock</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Hubley" title="John Hubley">Hubley</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Chuck_Jones" title="Chuck Jones">Jones</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Buster_Keaton" title="Buster Keaton">Keaton</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Kubrick" title="Stanley Kubrick">Kubrick</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lev_Kuleshov" title="Lev Kuleshov">Kuleshov</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Akira_Kurosawa" title="Akira Kurosawa">Kurosawa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Lang" title="Fritz Lang">Lang</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Losey" title="Joseph Losey">Losey</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ida_Lupino" title="Ida Lupino">Lupino</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Chris_Marker" title="Chris Marker">Marker</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vincente_Minnelli" title="Vincente Minnelli">Minnelli</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/F._W._Murnau" title="F. W. Murnau">Murnau</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Yasujir%C5%8D_Ozu" title="Yasujirō Ozu">Ozu</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/G._W._Pabst" title="G. W. Pabst">Pabst</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vsevolod_Pudovkin" title="Vsevolod Pudovkin">Pudovkin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Ray" title="Nicholas Ray">Ray (Nicholas)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Satyajit_Ray" title="Satyajit Ray">Ray (Satyajit)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alain_Resnais" title="Alain Resnais">Resnais</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jean_Renoir" title="Jean Renoir">Renoir</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tony_Richardson" title="Tony Richardson">Richardson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Roberto_Rossellini" title="Roberto Rossellini">Rossellini</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Sirk" title="Douglas Sirk">Sirk</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Victor_Sj%C3%B6str%C3%B6m" title="Victor Sjöström">Sjöström</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Josef_von_Sternberg" title="Josef von Sternberg">Sternberg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Andrei_Tarkovsky" title="Andrei Tarkovsky">Tarkovsky</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Tati" title="Jacques Tati">Tati</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ji%C5%99%C3%AD_Trnka" title="Jiří Trnka">Trnka</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Truffaut" title="François Truffaut">Truffaut</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Agn%C3%A8s_Varda" title="Agnès Varda">Varda</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dziga_Vertov" title="Dziga Vertov">Vertov</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jean_Vigo" title="Jean Vigo">Vigo</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Orson_Welles" title="Orson Welles">Welles</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Wiene" title="Robert Wiene">Wiene</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ed_Wood" title="Ed Wood">Wood</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Modern_architecture" title="Modern architecture">Architecture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Marcel_Breuer" title="Marcel Breuer">Breuer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Bunshaft" title="Gordon Bunshaft">Bunshaft</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Antoni_Gaud%C3%AD" title="Antoni Gaudí">Gaudí</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Walter_Gropius" title="Walter Gropius">Gropius</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hector_Guimard" title="Hector Guimard">Guimard</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Victor_Horta" title="Victor Horta">Horta</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Friedensreich_Hundertwasser" title="Friedensreich Hundertwasser">Hundertwasser</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Philip_Johnson" title="Philip Johnson">Johnson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Louis_Kahn" title="Louis Kahn">Kahn</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Le_Corbusier" title="Le Corbusier">Le Corbusier</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Loos" title="Adolf Loos">Loos</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Melnikov" title="Konstantin Melnikov">Melnikov</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Erich_Mendelsohn" title="Erich Mendelsohn">Mendelsohn</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pier_Luigi_Nervi" title="Pier Luigi Nervi">Nervi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Neutra" title="Richard Neutra">Neutra</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Niemeyer" title="Oscar Niemeyer">Niemeyer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gerrit_Rietveld" title="Gerrit Rietveld">Rietveld</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Eero_Saarinen" title="Eero Saarinen">Saarinen</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Steiner" title="Rudolf Steiner">Steiner</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Louis_Sullivan" title="Louis Sullivan">Sullivan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Tatlin" title="Vladimir Tatlin">Tatlin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Mies_van_der_Rohe" title="Ludwig Mies van der Rohe">Mies</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Frank_Lloyd_Wright" title="Frank Lloyd Wright">Wright</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/A_Sunday_Afternoon_on_the_Island_of_La_Grande_Jatte" title="A Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte">A Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1886)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Mont_Sainte-Victoire_(C%C3%A9zanne)" title="Mont Sainte-Victoire (Cézanne)">Mont Sainte-Victoir</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1887)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Starry_Night" title="The Starry Night">The Starry Night</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1889)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Les_Demoiselles_d%27Avignon" title="Les Demoiselles d'Avignon">Les Demoiselles d'Avignon</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1907)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Dance_(Matisse)" title="Dance (Matisse)">The Dance</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1909–1910)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Nude_Descending_a_Staircase,_No._2" title="Nude Descending a Staircase, No. 2">Nude Descending a Staircase, No. 2</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1912)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Black_Square" title="Black Square">Black Square</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1915)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Cabinet_of_Dr._Caligari" title="The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari">The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1920)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Ballet_M%C3%A9canique" title="Ballet Mécanique">Ballet Mécanique</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1923)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Battleship_Potemkin" title="Battleship Potemkin">Battleship Potemkin</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1925)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Metropolis_(1927_film)" title="Metropolis (1927 film)">Metropolis</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1927)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Un_Chien_Andalou" title="Un Chien Andalou">Un Chien Andalou</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1929)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Villa_Savoye" title="Villa Savoye">Villa Savoye</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1931)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Fallingwater" title="Fallingwater">Fallingwater</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1936)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Citizen_Kane" title="Citizen Kane">Citizen Kane</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1941)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Meshes_of_the_Afternoon" title="Meshes of the Afternoon">Meshes of the Afternoon</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1943)</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Performing_arts" title="Performing arts">Performing<br />arts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Modernism_(music)" title="Modernism (music)">Music</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_Antheil" title="George Antheil">Antheil</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9la_Bart%C3%B3k" title="Béla Bartók">Bartók</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alban_Berg" title="Alban Berg">Berg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Luciano_Berio" title="Luciano Berio">Berio</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nadia_Boulanger" title="Nadia Boulanger">Boulanger</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Boulez" title="Pierre Boulez">Boulez</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Aaron_Copland" title="Aaron Copland">Copland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Claude_Debussy" title="Claude Debussy">Debussy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Henri_Dutilleux" title="Henri Dutilleux">Dutilleux</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Manuel_de_Falla" title="Manuel de Falla">Falla</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Morton_Feldman" title="Morton Feldman">Feldman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Henryk_G%C3%B3recki" title="Henryk Górecki">Górecki</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Hindemith" title="Paul Hindemith">Hindemith</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Honegger" title="Arthur Honegger">Honegger</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Ives" title="Charles Ives">Ives</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Leo%C5%A1_Jan%C3%A1%C4%8Dek" title="Leoš Janáček">Janáček</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gy%C3%B6rgy_Ligeti" title="György Ligeti">Ligeti</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Witold_Lutos%C5%82awski" title="Witold Lutosławski">Lutosławski</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Darius_Milhaud" title="Darius Milhaud">Milhaud</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Nono" title="Luigi Nono">Nono</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Harry_Partch" title="Harry Partch">Partch</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Russolo" title="Luigi Russolo">Russolo</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Erik_Satie" title="Erik Satie">Satie</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Schaeffer" title="Pierre Schaeffer">Schaeffer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Arnold_Schoenberg" title="Arnold Schoenberg">Schoenberg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Scriabin" title="Alexander Scriabin">Scriabin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Karlheinz_Stockhausen" title="Karlheinz Stockhausen">Stockhausen</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Strauss" title="Richard Strauss">Strauss</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Igor_Stravinsky" title="Igor Stravinsky">Stravinsky</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Karol_Szymanowski" title="Karol Szymanowski">Szymanowski</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Edgard_Var%C3%A8se" title="Edgard Varèse">Varèse</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Heitor_Villa-Lobos" title="Heitor Villa-Lobos">Villa-Lobos</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Anton_Webern" title="Anton Webern">Webern</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kurt_Weill" title="Kurt Weill">Weill</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Modernist_theatre" title="Modernist theatre">Theatre</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Maxwell_Anderson" title="Maxwell Anderson">Anderson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jean_Anouilh" title="Jean Anouilh">Anouilh</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Antonin_Artaud" title="Antonin Artaud">Artaud</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Beckett" title="Samuel Beckett">Beckett</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bertolt_Brecht" title="Bertolt Brecht">Brecht</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Anton_Chekhov" title="Anton Chekhov">Chekhov</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Henrik_Ibsen" title="Henrik Ibsen">Ibsen</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Jarry" title="Alfred Jarry">Jarry</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Georg_Kaiser" title="Georg Kaiser">Kaiser</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Maeterlinck" title="Maurice Maeterlinck">Maeterlinck</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Mayakovsky" title="Vladimir Mayakovsky">Mayakovsky</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Se%C3%A1n_O%27Casey" title="Seán O'Casey">O'Casey</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Eugene_O%27Neill" title="Eugene O'Neill">O'Neill</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Osborne" title="John Osborne">Osborne</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Pirandello" title="Luigi Pirandello">Pirandello</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Erwin_Piscator" title="Erwin Piscator">Piscator</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/August_Strindberg" title="August Strindberg">Strindberg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Toller" title="Ernst Toller">Toller</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Frank_Wedekind" title="Frank Wedekind">Wedekind</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Thornton_Wilder" title="Thornton Wilder">Wilder</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Ignacy_Witkiewicz" title="Stanisław Ignacy Witkiewicz">Witkiewicz</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Modern_dance" title="Modern dance">Dance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_Balanchine" title="George Balanchine">Balanchine</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Merce_Cunningham" title="Merce Cunningham">Cunningham</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sergei_Diaghilev" title="Sergei Diaghilev">Diaghilev</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Isadora_Duncan" title="Isadora Duncan">Duncan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Michel_Fokine" title="Michel Fokine">Fokine</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Loie_Fuller" title="Loie Fuller">Fuller</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Martha_Graham" title="Martha Graham">Graham</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hanya_Holm" title="Hanya Holm">Holm</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Laban" class="mw-redirect" title="Rudolf Laban">Laban</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9onide_Massine" title="Léonide Massine">Massine</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vaslav_Nijinsky" title="Vaslav Nijinsky">Nijinsky</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ted_Shawn" title="Ted Shawn">Shawn</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Anna_Sokolow" title="Anna Sokolow">Sokolow</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ruth_St._Denis" title="Ruth St. Denis">St. Denis</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Helen_Tamiris" title="Helen Tamiris">Tamiris</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Grete_Wiesenthal" title="Grete Wiesenthal">Wiesenthal</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mary_Wigman" title="Mary Wigman">Wigman</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Don_Juan_(Strauss)" title="Don Juan (Strauss)">Don Juan</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1888)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Ubu_Roi" title="Ubu Roi">Ubu Roi</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1896)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Verkl%C3%A4rte_Nacht" title="Verklärte Nacht">Verklärte Nacht</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1899)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Pell%C3%A9as_et_M%C3%A9lisande_(opera)" title="Pelléas et Mélisande (opera)">Pelléas et Mélisande</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1902)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Salome_(opera)" title="Salome (opera)">Salome</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1905)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Firebird" title="The Firebird">The Firebird</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1910)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Afternoon_of_a_Faun_(Nijinsky)" title="Afternoon of a Faun (Nijinsky)">Afternoon of a Faun</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1912)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Rite_of_Spring" title="The Rite of Spring">The Rite of Spring</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1913)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Fountain_(Duchamp)" title="Fountain (Duchamp)">Fountain</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1917)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Six_Characters_in_Search_of_an_Author" title="Six Characters in Search of an Author">Six Characters in Search of an Author</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1921)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Threepenny_Opera" title="The Threepenny Opera">The Threepenny Opera</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1928)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Waiting_for_Godot" title="Waiting for Godot">Waiting for Godot</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1953)</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/American_modernism" title="American modernism">American modernism</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Armory_Show" title="Armory Show">Armory Show</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Avant-garde" title="Avant-garde">Avant-garde</a></i></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Ballets_Russes" title="Ballets Russes">Ballets Russes</a></i></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bloomsbury_Group" title="Bloomsbury Group">Bloomsbury Group</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_modernism" title="Buddhist modernism">Buddhist modernism</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Classical_Hollywood_cinema" title="Classical Hollywood cinema">Classical Hollywood cinema</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Degenerate_art" title="Degenerate art">Degenerate art</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ecomodernism" title="Ecomodernism">Ecomodernism</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Experimental_film" title="Experimental film">Experimental film</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Film_noir" title="Film noir">Film noir</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Fourth_dimension_in_art" title="Fourth dimension in art">Fourth dimension in art</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Fourth_dimension_in_literature" title="Fourth dimension in literature">Fourth dimension in literature</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Grosvenor_School_of_Modern_Art" title="Grosvenor School of Modern Art">Grosvenor School of Modern Art</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hanshinkan_Modernism" title="Hanshinkan Modernism">Hanshinkan Modernism</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/High_modernism" title="High modernism">High modernism</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Counterculture_of_the_1960s" title="Counterculture of the 1960s">Hippie modernism</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Impressionism" title="Impressionism">Impressionism</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Impressionism_in_music" title="Impressionism in music">Music</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Impressionism_(literature)" title="Impressionism (literature)">Literature</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Post-Impressionism" title="Post-Impressionism">Post-</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Incoherents" title="Incoherents">Incoherents</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/International_Style" title="International Style">International Style</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Late_modernism" title="Late modernism">Late modernism</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Late_modernity" title="Late modernity">Late modernity</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_art_movements" title="List of art movements">List of art movements</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_avant-garde_artists" title="List of avant-garde artists">List of avant-garde artists</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_modernist_poets" title="List of modernist poets">List of modernist poets</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Maximalism" title="Maximalism">Maximalism</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Modernity" title="Modernity">Modernity</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Neo-primitivism" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-primitivism">Neo-primitivism</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Neo-romanticism" title="Neo-romanticism">Neo-romanticism</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/New_Hollywood" title="New Hollywood">New Hollywood</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/New_Objectivity" title="New Objectivity">New Objectivity</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Poetic_realism" title="Poetic realism">Poetic realism</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pulp_noir" title="Pulp noir">Pulp noir</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Reactionary_modernism" title="Reactionary modernism">Reactionary modernism</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Metamodernism" title="Metamodernism">Metamodernism</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Remodernism" title="Remodernism">Remodernism</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Second_Viennese_School" title="Second Viennese School">Second Viennese School</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Structural_film" title="Structural film">Structural film</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Underground_film" title="Underground film">Underground film</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vulgar_auteurism" title="Vulgar auteurism">Vulgar modernism</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div style="position:absolute;">← <b><a href="/wiki/Template:Romanticism" title="Template:Romanticism">Romanticism</a></b></div> <div style="position:absolute;right:0;"><b><a href="/wiki/Template:Postmodernism" title="Template:Postmodernism">Postmodernism</a></b> →</div> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Modernism" title="Category:Modernism">Category</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q464928#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1806" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q464928#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1806" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q464928#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" 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navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4006834-1">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n00020665">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11940457r">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11940457r">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX2140181">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000141330&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=279230">Greece</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/c9ps020w2nv564k">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810576393605606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007522293005171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058594333706706">Catalonia</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027341526">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/work/303d9eae-132e-441a-bae4-774f4ab7931d">MusicBrainz work</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/work/67dc6502-ede2-4be2-a851-41dd18479ecf">2</a></span></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=In_Search_of_Lost_Time&oldid=1272288933">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=In_Search_of_Lost_Time&oldid=1272288933</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" 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