CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>Just a moment...</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><style>*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;color:#313131;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica Neue,Arial,Noto Sans,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol,Noto Color Emoji}body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100vh;min-height:100vh}.main-content{margin:8rem auto;max-width:60rem;padding-left:1.5rem}@media (width <= 720px){.main-content{margin-top:4rem}}.h2{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:2.25rem}@media (width <= 720px){.h2{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5rem}}#challenge-error-text{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciIHdpZHRoPSIzMiIgaGVpZ2h0PSIzMiIgZmlsbD0ibm9uZSI+PHBhdGggZmlsbD0iI0IyMEYwMyIgZD0iTTE2IDNhMTMgMTMgMCAxIDAgMTMgMTNBMTMuMDE1IDEzLjAxNSAwIDAgMCAxNiAzbTAgMjRhMTEgMTEgMCAxIDEgMTEtMTEgMTEuMDEgMTEuMDEgMCAwIDEtMTEgMTEiLz48cGF0aCBmaWxsPSIjQjIwRjAzIiBkPSJNMTcuMDM4IDE4LjYxNUgxNC44N0wxNC41NjMgOS41aDIuNzgzem0tMS4wODQgMS40MjdxLjY2IDAgMS4wNTcuMzg4LjQwNy4zODkuNDA3Ljk5NCAwIC41OTYtLjQwNy45ODQtLjM5Ny4zOS0xLjA1Ny4zODktLjY1IDAtMS4wNTYtLjM4OS0uMzk4LS4zODktLjM5OC0uOTg0IDAtLjU5Ny4zOTgtLjk4NS40MDYtLjM5NyAxLjA1Ni0uMzk3Ii8+PC9zdmc+);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding-left:34px}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body{background-color:#222;color:#d9d9d9}}</style><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="390"></head><body class="no-js"><div class="main-wrapper" role="main"><div class="main-content"><noscript><div class="h2"><span id="challenge-error-text">Enable JavaScript and cookies to continue</span></div></noscript></div></div><script>(function(){window._cf_chl_opt={cvId: '3',cZone: "publications.waset.org",cType: 'managed',cRay: '919a9a440f873e19',cH: 'QoWRxNHT6ON.khOM.pfb7lkdfjVKetojY7MbDMznTFw-1740852536-1.2.1.1-xaquirTy_0_hVmLHA7t_Le9VdLhdqCbA9QeMQm.441nH805LZVHX8hCU8EKg.2Rm',cUPMDTk: "\/abstracts\/search?q=rural%20sanitation&__cf_chl_tk=j0wfqfTXm5K9kXKnG4zUjEJraeonawNAdhwP0Df1now-1740852536-1.0.1.1-o93pryFXNDCMUiEm710Tv5eSgj9ZckTq38it5I7M3kM",cFPWv: 'b',cITimeS: '1740852536',cTTimeMs: '1000',cMTimeMs: '390000',cTplC: 0,cTplV: 5,cTplB: 'cf',cK: "",fa: "\/abstracts\/search?q=rural%20sanitation&__cf_chl_f_tk=j0wfqfTXm5K9kXKnG4zUjEJraeonawNAdhwP0Df1now-1740852536-1.0.1.1-o93pryFXNDCMUiEm710Tv5eSgj9ZckTq38it5I7M3kM",md: "SXErPiBAsZyClIrmpPZTcSdx7v3wSRsWEFSiPE_hq04-1740852536-1.2.1.1-a5y2CB_NOzYCR9xUnal_YhZ0HzjRIBvu1KubjpQf1Hbd3RbeRVzZ6RwWixdTogKA_.8xOu48gMnZMZXaAgm4cMzaBQPgrxyiIi6J2cGLuENMqHHwPr3m9RnZKlk3ow9qPWsuftQam3A7Zo5hlGtpA6aFkFKzH_31MjvLaXYi6OgSZJC_v_mLro4DQiRcLyFu9to3xH0qP1EJtqnQW0OzAUVXJmml_2b13NhH9dLyCeU4HD9uiez0M8C8zv4bBomAbO87T28N3uHPulwhzKvBe.38M7Fh9j_X.vCCD5exEOeQyLWStjp.WEGfIvf9mTos3zJ3gknJiA.7KDN1CYvmB70tzCwkfYwShXLgqTqZJKUiVEEFJ10h_y00OaUvTKUXoFpUPY_wtoMtxfp6pM1OSFeEb5kcm5KCvKuRO4Z5ukQV36VdoxGL0iAmtOEpNVuCICdcLLes2dqR.ktDlDM0wB_rg3Sh6Ba.RYaQQcL1dK8VKVySScs3hoKoYedLMycNCSmZ._jDF2iWnJ5rcE0UluoDay5YNSmTChjNF.MC4jLN3NoCWE_T.jwIy5rXsMXD_._Ga_mtO_QlmDsQudyv2zfJERhxLLg_oOqoTDdiF8oBpzy9HrYA0weG3s73wfbRFxaM_Te56o6QraFPViAlGYgt9o4.dqki4vIcqHjH0JPIvHa3elxqxulWC8a8d8L.EWiMRy7bInpMtnXryPVf4kv_VbMQ5dPpXUk9J.XfO3oY1thfQ4o7gONslKnJ6YqixRDtMcGFxUc2LuN_P7jcElpoWqAFb8.s6ImBDdq8dDBHJCsg.VlLjSn0xUlzi3MGpADhXBHRUMXe704AiZkXuv9bzqLh4QtgfR2sX52bv4y8VLcRSPZOUuwgeHJXRiglKKWxnQ0ZX6ID.nzfAeVBjGgc6kYnVR._Zks_jqJSqPlNWVq2UOJcsFAfE8wIvKmHmmxb8pwVYsEs1rnJ2QtD1dAIINSIg_CkIl2txYvWqEKjdGy3HRlb.Q_KGSXcpGbJHTcc48F2dvo8Y_tt95TzMGjvylFSV67wOs8K2UsdA7Eu9s7hUllUNdj3UsVq1Z0HKFRG_zg8iHhu3CCuYsunL8KVUloAYj9wgYPu8RKuVXj6QpEDuUqjlUkV1ppaA0uFzq6_E56R4OtXBZsT2sDpOPZiXwjIkJiOs6fSLEYc98VOiYryXC_nP9MropJOQG5kXd9_ElNHprxj3bDTHXw57hoFv9pD9DpgmdELfZUdIOyhQrQSMJbNlupN49rQ4aK4X1PvO.Im7XdAjDLs4K3Vbw",mdrd: "xfjgdzxhRK6HzzIq9rcHulVWJsdku8e5_eTZj97c2O0-1740852536-1.2.1.1-wTP7EZi2GzxAQHicyYbTnJX0_bJQspxgu8cqbtwNmBjsLEYMY3IPWfpqtQGGTX7KPqbOO1QbabEFtnwSVP2PyycVaBLwV74NJgtvYnvqsJ_9VtuDUF_z4Z9QOvAeo6eaqqUhCV7GCK.BEg5UVuDpjGIYGMRJpuU5Y95RXIX_Dco4GwETKJm4_MO4Ha14kdhB.UGx4QOy_88z8ScI77DteEYWF3IOE.evJ4FrY4b6EFH.Vlkg92k2Pueifd2MAeOJGSZkunOfR_wEbbFqZZn4z.fxwIAKf1ggAvvGrSsj90snwohLuJA397bX68XzPWr.mWS9lXCZDrTINajfgBDUeGiDCH9EIrBl7T97.PbGx0cBWojkjwbmiU5T5KVtFT5WnDfkXY..dAu6jE2dvCQX7LBlqQEttlbVwn7ie8SnJRfMEbwNu7GU30EUxBDKP7JAl7uK1XmK3op8VIun1U70xX0.iEXSOJ0wlfDTStFaM_Fnzi6rao4QEj.EOdtuVN5wFHrmJFFWIQeCLjC2Y_l.i3QzNza57w5DPOWc2nsGZW1nnVyCYsuYuuyph_RNkLZ3babwyvwqa77ao0tXsNuem0w.vKEckQiupD6awiLMoDyoxMTzL7JN1crHR.bH1ZlMPweWLXJRIuxnRMYvnk5Hy_yabwvFFecuSrmrxrv_P6083hFdnb9tE3sF0xNJRB5ibx2djOHmuwH8qIXt9OyXb4IZdAxR5jko3v4jfswREOTMkAbxL2HdPcJ1.m6aQ5Vi7Smxn4IE.kkD1GpT8IIpT3h3A8o_uRqL.l.wgQX0qnLggdg_fCMs9RlysfEJbUxOs5N2KFbSFQpThH_vc9mcgMmcFkdbchG2VYM1SxeIqOhC0cZQi4ZjWkznOrza.Vrmmx2hTgb1dD3VXAVIJEzqQdrlHZRXl4mBgnvNhfu_JV15EAw6eD2SO8WdslkiMuV_nR42Ld3QGc.ajM.15ktxi9lDfRHoxtu3GmtWcCmSco7e7CuApoZ.2e_SF6O4ZeehPvpzOS854BTJwnSII5Bn9672SckPArlxiZmEVio.h8nnkrtlUSsb_e2et.QMdfXFWkSHXeGh5B0kA822U3J_.6f6ZgJK20FF2WBHYr4n5k5MXLqWcT7KK6fVj4gVNlO7BQAmDqScvWPiTi7yCHymu886rZrHtT5hu4MAmoGVQyMoJZPUFVCbuPnCEZut2gGty9MGHlyvLLWPa.miB2tUlON68JpyeAxxDnsESNneIwohEg5rs8pxcrR9vyomXkk3t00VJ_Db4gvdkNz3X1tKKWSQjEE1OIbH_kd_MJAtLSGv5cWjcca42wH1yL3I9XwgifNJX.KRrlBJJUqtF19sCvLucBpZuWe.0FmOUjDoNY.EUmKoqlHvdU0BdVbO4AYAE.K_AdMaND2jeXwXOloLmhvtYplJ8i1.33J8zhHNurobd2ZL8PCGMcMjmsWxi6WVjyCIdHCRn7Ooxr1RJV8SsUn69eNeGWFsT1xkJowrq8R_jvVf2izdgvsVTrPxgeXj3DvHIDo8VvScGdceNHKbH42siasKfZNaP3d_de6DA9quBNyMADmvcq2u3OLxJeelAhIB5kguXdGQljgR2gmP9L20ThZAeEKKesC8CouI2UUJN7G.Hg8NszGT8YpOtEsS5QPiQcONw3Mh46f0TQbEtH3xqO156ssXzvkYZrCrT50WFPrSJZyvPcDIeZ01nDKySEp7mDP2XT_hOLN5Yfo.why9.1NUe4AHo6RKAKQNP9efs.vyPCi6_leum2n7WVyr2X9Azm0Lk9EUxkMTbk9J4ko06bUa3bUDuDkebA_KBliKxek6T8auM02gWT3aHnFyBTrnKQ6nBwb80gmxPtgJbCzzavqbEpyn0.7ldYHwmK4vknV46LKIyTQyzOwGNIfZLh5qJJ1TfeNmtFgnh6JFpMoxBGbUKF.ExyfSjgJ2oAwrRXRfG533.4Gaw8u3apRUcBU8HSAS8uXJFRmntPfLKg"};var cpo = document.createElement('script');cpo.src = '/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/b/orchestrate/chl_page/v1?ray=919a9a440f873e19';window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash = location.hash === '' && location.href.indexOf('#') !== -1 ? '#' : location.hash;window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery = location.search === '' && location.href.slice(0, location.href.length - window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash.length).indexOf('?') !== -1 ? '?' : location.search;if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) {var ogU = location.pathname + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash;history.replaceState(null, null, "\/abstracts\/search?q=rural%20sanitation&__cf_chl_rt_tk=j0wfqfTXm5K9kXKnG4zUjEJraeonawNAdhwP0Df1now-1740852536-1.0.1.1-o93pryFXNDCMUiEm710Tv5eSgj9ZckTq38it5I7M3kM" + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash);cpo.onload = function() {history.replaceState(null, null, ogU);}}document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);}());</script></body></html>