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međutim, to nije obavezno"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Napravi korisnički račun</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Posebno:Korisni%C4%8Dka_prijava&returnto=Plug" title="Predlažemo vam da se prijavite, iako to nije obavezno [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Prijavi me</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Stranice za odjavljene urednike <a href="/wiki/Pomo%C4%87:Uvod" aria-label="Saznajte više o uređivanju"><span>detaljnije</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Posebno:Moji_doprinosi" title="Spisak izmjena napravljenih s ove IP-adrese [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Doprinosi</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Posebno:Moj_razgovor" title="Rasprava o izmjenama s ove IP-adrese [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Razgovor</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"><div id="mw-dismissablenotice-anonplace"></div><script>(function(){var node=document.getElementById("mw-dismissablenotice-anonplace");if(node){node.outerHTML="\u003Cdiv class=\"mw-dismissable-notice\"\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"mw-dismissable-notice-close\"\u003E[\u003Ca tabindex=\"0\" role=\"button\"\u003Ezatvori\u003C/a\u003E]\u003C/div\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"mw-dismissable-notice-body\"\u003E\u003C!-- CentralNotice --\u003E\u003Cdiv id=\"localNotice\" data-nosnippet=\"\"\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"sitenotice\" lang=\"bs\" dir=\"ltr\"\u003E\u003Ctable class=\"fmbox fmbox-system\" role=\"presentation\" style=\"border:1px solid #EAAD3B; 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text-align:center;\"\u003E\u003Ctbody\u003E\u003Ctr\u003E\u003Ctd class=\"mbox-image\"\u003E\u003Cspan typeof=\"mw:File\"\u003E\u003Ca href=\"/wiki/Datoteka:Wiki_Loves_Ramadan_Logomark_01.svg\" class=\"mw-file-description\"\u003E\u003Cimg src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Wiki_Loves_Ramadan_Logomark_01.svg/40px-Wiki_Loves_Ramadan_Logomark_01.svg.png\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"40\" height=\"40\" class=\"mw-file-element\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Wiki_Loves_Ramadan_Logomark_01.svg/60px-Wiki_Loves_Ramadan_Logomark_01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Wiki_Loves_Ramadan_Logomark_01.svg/120px-Wiki_Loves_Ramadan_Logomark_01.svg.png 2x\" data-file-width=\"1080\" data-file-height=\"1080\" /\u003E\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/span\u003E\u003C/td\u003E\u003Ctd class=\"mbox-text\"\u003EPridružite se uređivačkom maratonu \u003Ca href=\"/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikipedia_voli_ramazan_2025.\" title=\"Wikipedia:Wikipedia voli ramazan 2025.\"\u003EWikipedia voli ramazan 2025\u003C/a\u003E, koji traje od 25. 2. do 15. 4. Detaljnije na \u003Ca href=\"/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikipedia_voli_ramazan_2025.\" title=\"Wikipedia:Wikipedia voli ramazan 2025.\"\u003Estranici projekta\u003C/a\u003E.\u003C/td\u003E\u003C/tr\u003E\u003C/tbody\u003E\u003C/table\u003E\n\u003Ctable class=\"fmbox fmbox-system\" role=\"presentation\" style=\"border:1px solid #409262; text-align:center;\"\u003E\u003Ctbody\u003E\u003Ctr\u003E\u003Ctd class=\"mbox-image\"\u003E\u003Cspan typeof=\"mw:File\"\u003E\u003Ca href=\"/wiki/Datoteka:Flag_of_the_Romani_people.svg\" class=\"mw-file-description\"\u003E\u003Cimg src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_the_Romani_people.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Romani_people.svg.png\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"40\" height=\"27\" class=\"mw-file-element\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_the_Romani_people.svg/60px-Flag_of_the_Romani_people.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_the_Romani_people.svg/120px-Flag_of_the_Romani_people.svg.png 2x\" data-file-width=\"900\" data-file-height=\"600\" /\u003E\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/span\u003E\u003C/td\u003E\u003Ctd class=\"mbox-text\"\u003EPridružite se uređivačkom maratonu \u003Ca href=\"/wiki/Wikipedia:Ure%C4%91iva%C4%8Dki_maraton_povodom_Svjetskog_dana_Roma_2025.\" title=\"Wikipedia:Uređivački maraton povodom Svjetskog dana Roma 2025.\"\u003ESvjetski dan Roma 2025\u003C/a\u003E, koji traje od 1. 4. do 15. 4. Detaljnije na \u003Ca href=\"/wiki/Wikipedia:Ure%C4%91iva%C4%8Dki_maraton_povodom_Svjetskog_dana_Roma_2025.\" title=\"Wikipedia:Uređivački maraton povodom Svjetskog dana Roma 2025.\"\u003Estranici projekta\u003C/a\u003E.\u003C/td\u003E\u003C/tr\u003E\u003C/tbody\u003E\u003C/table\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\u003C/div\u003E";}}());</script></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Sajt"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Sadržaj" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Sadržaj</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">premjesti na bočnu traku</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">sakrij</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Početak</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Historija" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historija"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Historija</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historija-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ralo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ralo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Ralo</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ralo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Plug" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Plug"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Plug</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Plug-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Raoni_plug" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Raoni_plug"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Raoni plug</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Raoni_plug-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Uključi/isključi podsekciju Raoni plug</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Raoni_plug-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Dijelovi_raonog_pluga" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dijelovi_raonog_pluga"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Dijelovi raonog pluga</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dijelovi_raonog_pluga-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Podela_raonih_plugova" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Podela_raonih_plugova"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Podela raonih plugova</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Podela_raonih_plugova-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literatura" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literatura"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Literatura</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literatura-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reference" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reference"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Reference</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reference-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vanjski_linkovi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vanjski_linkovi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Vanjski linkovi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vanjski_linkovi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Sadržaj" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Sadržaj" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Uključi/isključi sadržaj" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Uključi/isključi sadržaj</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Plug</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Idi na članak na drugom jeziku. Dostupno na 134 jezika" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-134" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">134 jezika</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ploeg" title="Ploeg – afrikans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Ploeg" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pflug" title="Pflug – njemački (Švicarska)" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Pflug" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="njemački (Švicarska)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%9B%E1%88%A8%E1%88%BB" title="ማረሻ – amharski" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ማረሻ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="amharski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aladro" title="Aladro – aragonski" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Aladro" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragonski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AB" title="محراث – arapski" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="محراث" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arapski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AB" title="محراث – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="محراث" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%99%E0%A6%B2" title="নাঙল – asamski" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="নাঙল" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="asamski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ar%C3%A1u_(pres%C3%A9u)" title="Aráu (preséu) – asturijski" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Aráu (preséu)" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arma" title="Arma – ajmara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Arma" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="ajmara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kotan" title="Kotan – azerbejdžanski" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Kotan" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbejdžanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="کوتان – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="کوتان" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%BA%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Һабан – baškirski" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Һабан" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="baškirski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pfluag" title="Pfluag – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Pfluag" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pl%C5%ABgs" title="Plūgs – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Plūgs" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arado" title="Arado – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Arado" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B3" title="Плуг – bjeloruski" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Плуг" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="bjeloruski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B3" title="Плуг – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Плуг" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B3" title="Плуг – bugarski" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Плуг" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bugarski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B0" title="हर – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="हर" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2" title="হাল – bengalski" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="হাল" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengalski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arar" title="Arar – bretonski" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Arar" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="bretonski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B7%D0%B0h%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Анзаhан – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Анзаhан" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arada" title="Arada – katalonski" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Arada" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalonski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%86" title="گاسن – centralnokurdski" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="گاسن" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="centralnokurdski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pluh" title="Pluh – češki" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Pluh" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="češki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C5%82ug" title="Pług – kašubijanski" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Pług" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="kašubijanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kaszëbsczi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%83%C3%A7" title="Акапуç – čuvaški" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Акапуç" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="čuvaški" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aradr" title="Aradr – velški" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Aradr" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="velški" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plov" title="Plov – danski" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Plov" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="danski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pflug" title="Pflug – njemački" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Pflug" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="njemački" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haleti" title="Haleti – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Haleti" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%86%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%84%CF%81%CE%BF" title="Άροτρο – grčki" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Άροτρο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="grčki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plough" title="Plough – engleski" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Plough" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="engleski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plugilo" title="Plugilo – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Plugilo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arado" title="Arado – španski" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Arado" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="španski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ader" title="Ader – estonski" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Ader" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estonski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golde" title="Golde – baskijski" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Golde" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="baskijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A2%D9%87%D9%86" title="گاوآهن – perzijski" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="گاوآهن" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="perzijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aura_(maanviljely)" title="Aura (maanviljely) – finski" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Aura (maanviljely)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charrue" title="Charrue – francuski" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Charrue" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francuski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A9achta" title="Céachta – irski" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Céachta" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crann-treabhaidh" title="Crann-treabhaidh – škotski galski" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Crann-treabhaidh" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="škotski galski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arado" title="Arado – galicijski" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Arado" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galicijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yvymbovoha" title="Yvymbovoha – gvarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Yvymbovoha" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="gvarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%97%D7%A8%D7%A9%D7%94" title="מחרשה – hebrejski" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מחרשה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebrejski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B2" title="हल – hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="हल" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Har" title="Har – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Har" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plug" title="Plug – hrvatski" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Plug" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="hrvatski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eke" title="Eke – mađarski" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Eke" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="mađarski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B3%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%A1%D5%B6" title="Գութան – armenski" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Գութան" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armenski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aratro" title="Aratro – interlingva" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Aratro" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="interlingva" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bajak" title="Bajak – indonezijski" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bajak" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonezijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arado" title="Arado – iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Arado" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plugilo" title="Plugilo – ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Plugilo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pl%C3%B3gur" title="Plógur – islandski" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Plógur" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aratro" title="Aratro – italijanski" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Aratro" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italijanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%97%E3%83%A9%E3%82%A6" title="プラウ – japanski" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="プラウ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waluku" title="Waluku – javanski" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Waluku" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="javanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%92%E1%83%A3%E1%83%97%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="გუთანი – gruzijski" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="გუთანი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="gruzijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D2%9B%D0%B0" title="Соқа – kazaški" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Соқа" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazaški" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%87%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%81" title="ನೇಗಿಲು – kanada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ನೇಗಿಲು" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="kanada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9F%81%EA%B8%B0" title="쟁기 – korejski" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="쟁기" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="korejski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%B2%D9%86%D8%A0" title="البٲنؠ – kašmirski" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="البٲنؠ" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="kašmirski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arader" title="Arader – kornski" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Arader" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="kornski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE" title="Соко – kirgiški" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Соко" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kirgiški" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aratrum" title="Aratrum – latinski" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Aratrum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latinski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plou" title="Plou – luksemburški" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Plou" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="luksemburški" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ploog" title="Ploog – limburški" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Ploog" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="limburški" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Araa" title="Araa – lombardski" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Araa" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="lombardski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pl%C5%ABgas" title="Plūgas – litvanski" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Plūgas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="litvanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkls" title="Arkls – latvijski" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Arkls" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="latvijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8F%D1%80%D1%8F%D0%B4" title="Кяряд – mokša" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Кяряд" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="mokša" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angadinomby" title="Angadinomby – malgaški" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Angadinomby" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="malgaški" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B3" title="Плуг – makedonski" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Плуг" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="makedonski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA" title="കലപ്പ – malajalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="കലപ്പ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malajalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mnw mw-list-item"><a href="https://mnw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%91%E1%80%B2" title="ထဲ – Mon" lang="mnw" hreflang="mnw" data-title="ထဲ" data-language-autonym="ဘာသာမန်" data-language-local-name="Mon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ဘာသာမန်</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0" title="नांगर – marati" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="नांगर" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="marati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bajak" title="Bajak – malajski" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bajak" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malajski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%91%E1%80%9A%E1%80%BA" title="ထယ် – burmanski" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ထယ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="burmanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arate" title="Arate – napolitanski" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Arate" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="napolitanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ploog" title="Ploog – donjonjemački" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Ploog" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="donjonjemački" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B" title="हलो – nepalski" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="हलो" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="nepalski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE" title="वासा – nevari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="वासा" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="nevari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ploeg_(werktuig)" title="Ploeg (werktuig) – nizozemski" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Ploeg (werktuig)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="nizozemski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plog" title="Plog – norveški (Nynorsk)" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Plog" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norveški (Nynorsk)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plog" title="Plog – norveški (Bokmal)" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Plog" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norveški (Bokmal)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tch%C3%A9thue" title="Tchéthue – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Tchéthue" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Araire" title="Araire – oksitanski" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Araire" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="oksitanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%99%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%97%E0%AC%B3" title="ଲଙ୍ଗଳ – odija" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଲଙ୍ଗଳ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="odija" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%B2" title="ਹਲ – pandžapski" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਹਲ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="pandžapski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarul" title="Sarul – pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Sarul" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C5%82ug" title="Pług – poljski" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Pług" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="poljski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sl%C3%B2ira" title="Slòira – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Slòira" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%81%DD%AA" title="ہݪ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ہݪ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arado" title="Arado – portugalski" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Arado" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugalski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%27aklla" title="T'aklla – kečua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="T'aklla" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="kečua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plug" title="Plug – rumunski" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Plug" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumunski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rsk mw-list-item"><a href="https://rsk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B3" title="Плуг – Pannonian Rusyn" lang="rsk" hreflang="rsk" data-title="Плуг" data-language-autonym="Руски" data-language-local-name="Pannonian Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Руски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B3" title="Плуг – ruski" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Плуг" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="ruski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B3" title="Плуг – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Плуг" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A6%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%9E" title="ᱱᱟᱦᱮᱞ – santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱱᱟᱦᱮᱞ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aratu" title="Aratu – sicilijanski" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Aratu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="sicilijanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleuch" title="Pleuch – škotski" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Pleuch" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="škotski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%B1" title="هر – sindi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="هر" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="sindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plug" title="Plug – srpskohrvatski" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Plug" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="srpskohrvatski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plow" title="Plow – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Plow" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pluh" title="Pluh – slovački" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Pluh" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovački" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%81%D9%84" title="ہل – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="ہل" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سرائیکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plug" title="Plug – slovenski" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Plug" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="slovenski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurima_neMombe" title="Kurima neMombe – šona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Kurima neMombe" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="šona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parmenda" title="Parmenda – albanski" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Parmenda" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B3" title="Плуг – srpski" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Плуг" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="srpski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plouch" title="Plouch – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Plouch" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuluku" title="Wuluku – sundanski" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Wuluku" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="sundanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plog" title="Plog – švedski" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Plog" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="švedski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plau" title="Plau – svahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Plau" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="svahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%8F%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D" title="ஏர் – tamilski" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஏர்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamilski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%97%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%BF" title="నాగలి – telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="నాగలి" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%96%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99" title="การไถดิน – tajlandski" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การไถดิน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="tajlandski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Araro" title="Araro – tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Araro" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saban" title="Saban – turski" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Saban" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Сабан – tatarski" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Сабан" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tatarski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B3" title="Плуг – ukrajinski" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Плуг" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrajinski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%81%D9%84" title="ہل – urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ہل" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plug" title="Plug – uzbečki" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Plug" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="uzbečki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Versoro" title="Versoro – venecijanski" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Versoro" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="venecijanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A0y" title="Cày – vijetnamski" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Cày" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vijetnamski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tcherowe" title="Tcherowe – valun" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Tcherowe" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="valun" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arado" title="Arado – varej" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Arado" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="varej" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%8A%81" title="犁 – Wu kineski" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="犁" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu kineski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A7%D7%A2%D7%A8" title="אקער – jidiš" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="אקער" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="jidiš" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%8A%81" title="犁 – kineski" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="犁" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="kineski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%B4e" title="Lôe – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Lôe" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%8A%82" title="犂 – kantonski" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="犂" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="kantonski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q11464#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Uredi međujezičke linkove" class="wbc-editpage">Uredi veze</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Imenski prostori"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Plug" title="Prikaži stranicu sa sadržajem [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Stranica</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Razgovor:Plug" rel="discussion" title="Razgovor o sadržaju [r]" 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">S Wikipedije, slobodne enciklopedije</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="bs" dir="ltr"><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Oranje_kod_Naupara_4.2004.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Oranje_kod_Naupara_4.2004.jpg/250px-Oranje_kod_Naupara_4.2004.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Oranje_kod_Naupara_4.2004.jpg/375px-Oranje_kod_Naupara_4.2004.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Oranje_kod_Naupara_4.2004.jpg/500px-Oranje_kod_Naupara_4.2004.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1532" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>Savremeno (mašinsko) oranje plugom koji vuče <a href="/wiki/Traktor" title="Traktor">traktor</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Plug</b> je sprava za osnovnu obradu zemljišta. Postoje različite vrste plugova, od kojih je najčešći raoni plug. Pored raonih postoje i: diskosni (radni deo je disk), tanjirasti (radni deo tanjir), čizel plugovi (radni deo u obliku motičica). U slučaju da na izvesnoj dubini postoji vodonepropusni sloj pre oranja (ili zajedno sa njim) vrši se podrivanje različitim tipovima podrivača. </p><p>Plugove su tradicionalno vukle radne životinje kao što su <a href="/wiki/Konj" title="Konj">konji</a> ili <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vo (stranica ne postoji)">volovi</a>, dok ih u današnje vrijeme vuku traktori. Plugovi su pravljeni od drveta, željezera, ili čeličnih okvira sa pričvršćenom oštricom za sečenje i prevrtanje zemlje. Plug predstavlja jedan od najvećih poljoprivrednih pronalazaka u ljudskoj historiji. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historija">Historija</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plug&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Uredi odlomak "Historija"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plug&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Historija"><span>uredi izvor</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Maler_der_Grabkammer_des_Sennudem_001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Maler_der_Grabkammer_des_Sennudem_001.jpg/200px-Maler_der_Grabkammer_des_Sennudem_001.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Maler_der_Grabkammer_des_Sennudem_001.jpg/300px-Maler_der_Grabkammer_des_Sennudem_001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Maler_der_Grabkammer_des_Sennudem_001.jpg/400px-Maler_der_Grabkammer_des_Sennudem_001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1337" /></a><figcaption>Oranje sa drvenim ralom čiju zapreg čine dva vola, naslikano u grobnici u <a href="/wiki/Stari_Egipat" title="Stari Egipat">Starom Egiptu</a> (oko 1200 god. p. n. e.).</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Petroglypgh_Group_Nordic_Bronze_Age_009.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Petroglypgh_Group_Nordic_Bronze_Age_009.svg/220px-Petroglypgh_Group_Nordic_Bronze_Age_009.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Petroglypgh_Group_Nordic_Bronze_Age_009.svg/330px-Petroglypgh_Group_Nordic_Bronze_Age_009.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Petroglypgh_Group_Nordic_Bronze_Age_009.svg/440px-Petroglypgh_Group_Nordic_Bronze_Age_009.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="425" data-file-height="283" /></a><figcaption>Ralo koje vuku volovi, izrezbareno u kamenu, nordijsko bronzano doba (oko 1100 god p. n. e.), <a href="/wiki/%C5%A0vedska" title="Švedska">Švedska</a>. U to doba, na Bliskom istoku i <a href="/wiki/Mala_Azija" class="mw-redirect" title="Mala Azija">Maloj Aziji</a> postojale su razvijene države, poput: Egipta, <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamija" class="mw-redirect" title="Mesopotamija">Vavilonije</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asirija" title="Asirija">Asirije</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mitani&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mitani (stranica ne postoji)">Mitanije</a> i <a href="/wiki/Hetiti" title="Hetiti">Hetitsko carstvo</a>, a na <a href="/wiki/Peloponez" title="Peloponez">Peloponezu</a>, odnosno Balkanu razvija se <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mikena&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mikena (stranica ne postoji)">Mikena</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Počeci zemljoradnje nastali su u doba <a href="/wiki/Neolit" title="Neolit">Neolita</a> na <a href="/wiki/Bliski_istok" title="Bliski istok">Bliskom istoku</a> u području plodnog zemljišta oko 9000—8000. godine p. n. e. gajenjem <a href="/wiki/Je%C4%8Dam" title="Ječam">ječma</a> i <a href="/wiki/P%C5%A1enica" title="Pšenica">pšenice</a>. Na <a href="/wiki/Balkan" title="Balkan">Balkanu</a> zemljoradnja je nastala oko 6500—5500. godine p. n. e.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nastanak zemljoradnje bio je u vezi sa korišćenjem raznovrsnog alata, oruđa. Doba zaprežne obrade zemlje sa ralom i plugom u vezi je sa pripitomljavanjem životinja. Prvi primijerci rala razvili su se od oruđa, odnosno od ručnog rala i <a href="/w/index.php?title=Motika&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Motika (stranica ne postoji)">motike</a>, u doba srednjeg Neolita, na Bliskom istoku. Najraniji dokazi pronađeni na Bliskom istoku datiraju oko 6000 godine p. n. e. <a href="/wiki/%C5%BDeljezo" title="Željezo">Željezne</a> verzije javljaju se oko 2300 godine p. n. e. kako u <a href="/wiki/Asirija" title="Asirija">Asiriji</a> tako i u vrijeme 3. dinastije u Starom Egiptu. Smatra se da je vrlo ubrzo od rala, koja je jednostavnija i primitivnija sprava za obradu zemlje, nastao i razvio plug. </p><p>Velika razlika između rala i pluga je u tome, što se ralom zemlja samo razredi, vrlo plitko razroji zemlja, dok sečivo pluga ide mnogo dublje i plugom zemlja se prebacuje, što omogućava da se seje dublje. U <a href="/wiki/Bronzano_doba" title="Bronzano doba">bronzanom dobu</a> dolazi do rasprostiranja rala u nove krajeve. Na teritoriji današnje <a href="/wiki/Srbija" title="Srbija">Republike Srbije</a> nedaleko od velikih rijeka, kod <a href="/wiki/Po%C5%BEarevac" title="Požarevac">Požarevca</a> i <a href="/wiki/Novi_Be%C4%8Dej" title="Novi Bečej">Novog Bečeja</a>, pronađeni su <a href="/wiki/Bronza" title="Bronza">bronzani</a> raonici, koji su datirani na oko 1100 – 1000 godina p. n. e. <a href="/wiki/%C5%BDeljezno_doba" title="Željezno doba">Željezno doba</a> karakteriše upotreba željeznog raonika. Ovi raonici masovnije se upotrebljavani u mlađem željeznom dobu kada se u <a href="/wiki/Evropa" title="Evropa">Evropi</a> javljaju prvi plugovi. Ralo i plug sa željeznim raonikom preuzela je <a href="/wiki/Stara_Gr%C4%8Dka" class="mw-redirect" title="Stara Grčka">Stara Grčka</a> a potom i <a href="/wiki/Rimsko_carstvo" class="mw-redirect" title="Rimsko carstvo">Stari Rim</a> i ono je sa izvesnim poboljašanjima egzistiralo ceo <a href="/wiki/Srednji_vijek" title="Srednji vijek">Srednji vijek</a>, zadržavši se na Balkanskom poluostrvu do sredine 20. vijeka. </p><p>Na osnovu arheoloških istraživanja na tlu današnje Srbije otkriveni su iz rimskog periodu brojni simetrični raonici i svega nekoliko asimetričnih raonika što govori da se na Balkanu po svemu sudeći u to doba daleko više koristilo ralo za oranje nego plug. U Srbiji se nalazi jedan od najvećih i najbolje očuvanih arheoloških lokaliteta poljoprivrednog imanja na Balkanu iz perioda Rimskog carstva "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anine_(arheolo%C5%A1ki_lokalitet)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anine (arheološki lokalitet) (stranica ne postoji)">Anine</a>" u selu <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C4%86elije_(Lajkovac)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ćelije (Lajkovac) (stranica ne postoji)">Ćelije</a> kod <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lajkovac&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lajkovac (stranica ne postoji)">Lajkovca</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ovakva poljoprivredna imanja koja su na svom obodu obično imala ekonomske objekte i vile rustike fomirali su blizu gradova i fortifikacija najčešće municipalne aristokrate i isluženi legionari - veterani, a poznato je da su rimske provincije na Balkanu bile dom legionara koje su iznedrili brojne tzv. "careve-vojnike" koji nisu bili baš previše popularni u <a href="/wiki/Rim" title="Rim">Rimu</a> zbog svog provincijskog porijekla. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Ora%C4%8D,_ralo_i_volovi,_freska.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Ora%C4%8D%2C_ralo_i_volovi%2C_freska.jpg/190px-Ora%C4%8D%2C_ralo_i_volovi%2C_freska.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Ora%C4%8D%2C_ralo_i_volovi%2C_freska.jpg/285px-Ora%C4%8D%2C_ralo_i_volovi%2C_freska.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Ora%C4%8D%2C_ralo_i_volovi%2C_freska.jpg/380px-Ora%C4%8D%2C_ralo_i_volovi%2C_freska.jpg 2x" data-file-width="423" data-file-height="360" /></a><figcaption>Oranje sa dvostranim ralom čiju zapregu čine dva vola. Slikar je preneglasio dimenzije raonika kao i materijal od kojeg je ralo napravljenl, raonik od metala, a ostali delovi od drveta. Deo kompozicije <i>Prinošenje žrtve Kaina i Avelja</i>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Visoki_De%C4%8Dani&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Visoki Dečani (stranica ne postoji)">Visoki Dečani</a>, Srednjovjekovna Srbija, oko <a href="/wiki/1343" class="mw-redirect" title="1343">1343</a>. godine.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (Također pogledaj: <a href="/wiki/Bu%C5%A1a" title="Buša">Buša</a>)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Okovani_drveni_plug_sa_stocnom_vucom.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Okovani_drveni_plug_sa_stocnom_vucom.jpg/250px-Okovani_drveni_plug_sa_stocnom_vucom.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Okovani_drveni_plug_sa_stocnom_vucom.jpg/330px-Okovani_drveni_plug_sa_stocnom_vucom.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Okovani_drveni_plug_sa_stocnom_vucom.jpg/500px-Okovani_drveni_plug_sa_stocnom_vucom.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Drveno ralo i jaram teljig "bosanski jaram“, koji ima gredu "šiva“ i dva savijena pruta "šivice", Etnografski muzej. Najstariji oblik koji je sačuvan na Balkanu do 20. vijeka.</figcaption></figure> <p>U Srbiji su na osnovu arheoloških istraživanja pronađena 49 raonika iz perioda 9 - 16. vijek. U Srbiji, osim arheoloških istraživanja, značajno mjesto predstavljaju srednjovjekovni živopisi za proučavanje zemljoradnje. Riječ ralije pominje se u Dečanskoj hrisovulji kralja <a href="/w/index.php?title=Stefan_Du%C5%A1an&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stefan Dušan (stranica ne postoji)">Dušana</a>. Pisani podatak o ralu kao spravi za oranje sačuvan je i u prijevodu <a href="/wiki/Bizantija" class="mw-redirect" title="Bizantija">bizantijskog</a> Zemljoradničkog zakona. Minijatura volova kako vuku ralo prikazana je u tzv. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Minhenski_psaltir&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Minhenski psaltir (stranica ne postoji)">Minhenskom psaltiru</a> despota <a href="/wiki/Stefan_Lazarevi%C4%87" title="Stefan Lazarević">Stefana</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Po svemu sudeći, u srednjovjekovnoj Srbiji dominantnija sprava za oranje je bila ralo. Također, tokom <a href="/wiki/Osmanlijsko_Carstvo" class="mw-redirect" title="Osmanlijsko Carstvo">osmanlijskog perioda</a> u Srbiji i Balkanu za oranje se više koristilo ralo nego plug. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Amerika" title="Amerika">Amerika</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ju%C5%BEna_Afrika" class="mw-disambig" title="Južna Afrika">južna Afrika</a>, <a href="/wiki/Australija" title="Australija">Australija</a> i <a href="/wiki/Okeanija" title="Okeanija">Okeanija</a> nisu poznavale plug sve do evropske <a href="/wiki/Kolonizacija" title="Kolonizacija">kolonizacije</a> ovih oblasti. Prvi plugovi su bili izrađeni od drveta, a za vuču je služila <a href="/wiki/Stoka" title="Stoka">stoka</a> (volovi, bivoli, deve, jakovi, konji itd). Iako su već antički narodi okivali plugove, tek je 19. vijek, odnosno <a href="/w/index.php?title=Prva_industrijska_revolucija&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Prva industrijska revolucija (stranica ne postoji)">Prva industrijska revolucija</a> donela značajan napredak u njihovoj konstrukciji. Jednu od prvih manufaktura za proizvodnju plugova osnovao je <a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Ronsomere&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert Ronsomere (stranica ne postoji)">Robert Ronsomere</a> u <a href="/wiki/Engleska" title="Engleska">Engleskoj</a> 1789. godine. Već 1803. godine Ronsomer konstruiše raonik od livenog željeza kod koga se oštrice oštre same tokom oranja. Iako je ovaj plug bio otporniji nego prethodni nije se moga upotrebljavati na svakoj vrsti zemljišta, pogotovo ne na pijeskovitom tipu zemljišta. Naredno unapređenje konstruisao je 1819. godine <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jethro_Wood&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jethro Wood (stranica ne postoji)">Jethro Wood</a> koji je napravio prvi plug sastavljen iz djelova čime su se lako mogli da mjenjaju pošto se istroše. Džon Lejn 1833. godine konstruisao je drveni plug čije oštrica kod raonika je bila od <a href="/wiki/%C4%8Celik" title="Čelik">čelika</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Meyers_b12_s0972a.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Meyers_b12_s0972a.jpg/250px-Meyers_b12_s0972a.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Meyers_b12_s0972a.jpg/330px-Meyers_b12_s0972a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Meyers_b12_s0972a.jpg/500px-Meyers_b12_s0972a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1659" /></a><figcaption>Fabrički plugovi 1885-1890 (američki, engleski, njemački i austrijski)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:StateLibQld_1_175327_Steam_plough_operating_on_Hamleigh_plantation,_Ingham_District,_ca._1888.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/StateLibQld_1_175327_Steam_plough_operating_on_Hamleigh_plantation%2C_Ingham_District%2C_ca._1888.jpg/200px-StateLibQld_1_175327_Steam_plough_operating_on_Hamleigh_plantation%2C_Ingham_District%2C_ca._1888.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/StateLibQld_1_175327_Steam_plough_operating_on_Hamleigh_plantation%2C_Ingham_District%2C_ca._1888.jpg/300px-StateLibQld_1_175327_Steam_plough_operating_on_Hamleigh_plantation%2C_Ingham_District%2C_ca._1888.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/StateLibQld_1_175327_Steam_plough_operating_on_Hamleigh_plantation%2C_Ingham_District%2C_ca._1888.jpg/400px-StateLibQld_1_175327_Steam_plough_operating_on_Hamleigh_plantation%2C_Ingham_District%2C_ca._1888.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="698" /></a><figcaption>Faulerov parni plug (parna lokomobila sa plugom na uže), <a href="/wiki/Australija" title="Australija">Australija</a>, 1888. godine</figcaption></figure> <p>Međutim, tek je <a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Deere&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Deere (stranica ne postoji)">John Deere</a> 1837. godine proizveo prvi čelični plug čija će prodaja u početku biti veoma skromna, da bi 1855. proizvodnja dostigla čak 13 hiljada primjeraka. Fabrike za izradu plugova osnovana su: Dž & F, Hodžart, Engleska, 1837.; H. F. Eskert, <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>, 1846.; Eberhard, <a href="/wiki/Ulm" title="Ulm">Ulm</a>, 1854.; Rudolf Sak, <a href="/wiki/Lajpcig" class="mw-redirect" title="Lajpcig">Lajpcig</a>, 1863. Fabrički metalni plugovi potisnuli su postepeno iz upotrebe stare drvene i drveno-metalne plugove tek krajem 19. vijeka. U Srbiji i u pasivnim krajevima novoformirane <a href="/wiki/Kraljevina_Jugoslavija" title="Kraljevina Jugoslavija">Jugoslavije</a> (osim <a href="/wiki/Vojvodina" title="Vojvodina">Vojvodine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slovenija" title="Slovenija">Slovenije</a> i <a href="/wiki/Slavonija" title="Slavonija">Slavonije</a>) masovnija upotreba fabričkih plugova počinje tek nakon <a href="/wiki/Prvi_svjetski_rat" title="Prvi svjetski rat">Prvog svjetskog rata</a>. Tada na osnovu ratne reparacije iz Njemačke nabavlja se veliki broj fabričkih metalnih plugova. </p><p>Prve zanatske radionice za izradu plugova i druge poljoprivredne mehanizacije na tlu današnje Republike Srbije osnovane su tokom industrijalizacije u <a href="/wiki/Austro-Ugarska" title="Austro-Ugarska">Austrugarskoj</a> krajem 19. vijeka. Manufakture su osnovane u <a href="/w/index.php?title=Crvenka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Crvenka (stranica ne postoji)">Crvenki</a>, <a href="/wiki/Novi_Sad" title="Novi Sad">Novom Sadu</a> i <a href="/wiki/Zrenjanin" title="Zrenjanin">Velikom Bečkereku</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-аутоматски_генерисано1_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-аутоматски_генерисано1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prva ozbiljnija metalska preduzeća formirana su ipak u Kraljevini Jugoslaviji.<sup id="cite_ref-аутоматски_генерисано1_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-аутоматски_генерисано1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Zanimljivo da su u <a href="/wiki/Sombor" title="Sombor">somborskom</a> ataru 1872. godine bila 952 drvena i samo 103 željezna pluga.<sup id="cite_ref-аутоматски_генерисано2_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-аутоматски_генерисано2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dok su se koristili drveni plugovi, u narodu poznati kao pemci, u jaram je prezano po šest ili osam volova. Za oranje jednog jutra zemlje volovima je bilo potrebno od 10 do 12 sati teškog rada.<sup id="cite_ref-аутоматски_генерисано2_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-аутоматски_генерисано2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Više od 80 odsto od svih grla najviše korišćena rasa bila je <a href="/w/index.php?title=Podolsko_gove%C4%8De&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Podolsko goveče (stranica ne postoji)">podolsko goveče</a>. </p><p>U prvoj polovini 19. vijeka u <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kne%C5%BEevina_Srbija&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kneževina Srbija (stranica ne postoji)">Kneževini Srbiji</a> ukrštaju se panonsko stepsko podolsko goveče i balkansko planinsko goveče - <a href="/wiki/Bu%C5%A1a" title="Buša">buša</a> čime su nastali najbolji zapati <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kolubarsko_gove%C4%8De&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kolubarsko goveče (stranica ne postoji)">kolubarskih goveda</a>. Pored kolubarskih goveda, u Srbiji su se izdvajala još i tamnavski i resavski soj goveda. Sva ova goveda odlikuju se izdržljivošću i sposobnosti za vuču. Nakon otvaranje pruge <a href="/wiki/Beograd" title="Beograd">Beograd</a> - <a href="/wiki/Ni%C5%A1" title="Niš">Niš</a> krajem 19. vijeka uvezene su brojne plemenite rase goveda (marijahovska, labudska, bernska, pincgavska, algajska, holandska, frajburška i simentalska) među kojima je prepoznata kao proizvodno vredna <a href="/wiki/%C5%A0vajcarska" class="mw-redirect" title="Švajcarska">švajcarska</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Simentalko_gove%C4%8De&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Simentalko goveče (stranica ne postoji)">simentalska rasa goveda</a>, koja će postati dominantna kombinovana rasa goveda tokom postojanja Jugoslavije u 20. vijeku. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Muzej_poljoprivrede_-_objekti_-_Paviljon_1_-_enterijer_-_03.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Muzej_poljoprivrede_-_objekti_-_Paviljon_1_-_enterijer_-_03.jpg/330px-Muzej_poljoprivrede_-_objekti_-_Paviljon_1_-_enterijer_-_03.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Muzej_poljoprivrede_-_objekti_-_Paviljon_1_-_enterijer_-_03.jpg/500px-Muzej_poljoprivrede_-_objekti_-_Paviljon_1_-_enterijer_-_03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Muzej_poljoprivrede_-_objekti_-_Paviljon_1_-_enterijer_-_03.jpg/960px-Muzej_poljoprivrede_-_objekti_-_Paviljon_1_-_enterijer_-_03.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5152" data-file-height="2400" /></a><figcaption>Deo tematske izložbe Alatke i oruđa za oranje - Oraće sprave - zaprežni fabrički metalni plugovu u <a href="/w/index.php?title=Poljoprivredni_muzej_u_Kulpinu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poljoprivredni muzej u Kulpinu (stranica ne postoji)">Poljoprivrednom muzeju u Kulpinu</a> kod <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ba%C4%8Dki_Petrovac&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bački Petrovac (stranica ne postoji)">Bačkog Petrovac</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Prvi parni plug, odnosno plug koji vuče uz pomoć užeta parna lokomobila (<a href="/wiki/Parna_ma%C5%A1ina" title="Parna mašina">parna mašina</a>) postavljena na jedan kraj oranice patentiran je u Engleskoj 1856. godine. Prvu generaciju parnih plugova počele su da proizvode kompanije, <a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Fowler&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Fowler (stranica ne postoji)">John Fowler</a> i Hauard Kasali, čime je otpočelo mašinsko doba obrade zemlje. Zanimljivo da je vjeleposednik Šulhof iz banatskog sela <a href="/w/index.php?title=Denta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Denta (stranica ne postoji)">Denta</a> blizu <a href="/wiki/Vr%C5%A1ac" title="Vršac">Vršca</a> kupio engleski parni plug Fowler 1861. godine. Bio je to prvi parni plug u Austriji i Ugarskoj.<sup id="cite_ref-аутоматски_генерисано3_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-аутоматски_генерисано3-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nosioci i pobornici privrednog razvoja u <a href="/wiki/Banat" title="Banat">Banatu</a> i novoformiranoj Austrougarskoj su bili bogati vjeleposednici.<sup id="cite_ref-аутоматски_генерисано3_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-аутоматски_генерисано3-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> U to doba, razvoj kapitalizma dovodi do usavršavanja poljoprivredne mehanizacije. U Britaniji, čitav ovaj inovativni period poznat je po nazivu <a href="/w/index.php?title=Viktorijansko_doba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Viktorijansko doba (stranica ne postoji)">Viktorijansko doba</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Etnografski_muzej_Beograd_Kolega2357_25.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Etnografski_muzej_Beograd_Kolega2357_25.jpg/250px-Etnografski_muzej_Beograd_Kolega2357_25.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="356" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Etnografski_muzej_Beograd_Kolega2357_25.jpg/330px-Etnografski_muzej_Beograd_Kolega2357_25.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Etnografski_muzej_Beograd_Kolega2357_25.jpg/500px-Etnografski_muzej_Beograd_Kolega2357_25.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2204" data-file-height="3920" /></a><figcaption>Gedža ore sa ralom koje vuku les volovi (1930-ih?).</figcaption></figure> <p>Prvi moderne fabričke poljoprivredne mašine u Srbiju nabavljene su 1870-ih zalaganjem prosvjetitelja i pregaoca Dr <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C4%90or%C4%91e_Radi%C4%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Đorđe Radić (stranica ne postoji)">Đorđa Radića</a>, rodom iz Velikog Bečkereka, člana Srpskog učenog društva i prvog doktora poljoprivrednih nauka.<sup id="cite_ref-automatski_generisano1_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-automatski_generisano1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bio je jedan od osnivača Društva za poljsku privredu i urednik stručnih poljoprivrednih listova <i>Seljak</i>, <i>Težak</i> i <i>Domaćin</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-аутоматски_генерисано4_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-аутоматски_генерисано4-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On je u Kneževinu Srbiju uvezao prve <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vr%C5%A1ilica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vršilica (stranica ne postoji)">vršalice</a>, željezne Burgove plugove i druge poljoprivredne mašine, ali i nove rase goveda.<sup id="cite_ref-automatski_generisano1_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-automatski_generisano1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dr Radić otvara opitno poljoprivredno dobro i Ratarsku školu u <a href="/wiki/Kraljevo" title="Kraljevo">Kraljevu</a> 1882. godine.<sup id="cite_ref-аутоматски_генерисано4_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-аутоматски_генерисано4-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Krajem 19. vijeka, u Kraljevini Srbiji, broj plugova prijemašuje ralo. Tako je 1893. godine popisano 106.841 plug i 63.070 rala. Do početka Prvog svjetskog rata, u <a href="/wiki/Kraljevina_Srbija" title="Kraljevina Srbija">Kraljevini Srbiji</a> dominantniji plug je bio tradicionalne izrade, a već od kraja 19. vijeka javljaju se fabrički plugovi, koje u početku masovnije prvo koriste, iznajmljuju i promovišu okružne poljoprivredne stanice, kao i napredna ekonomska poljoprivredna dobra i zadruge. Skoro 100 godina nakon otvaranja prve engleske manufakture, u <a href="/wiki/Kraljevo" title="Kraljevo">Kraljevu</a> otvaraju prvu fabriku (manufakturu) poljoprivrednih sprava Aksentije Bogdanović i Srećko Vasić. U njoj su izrađivani liveni i kovani plugovi, okopači, brazdači, drljače, krupače, vjetrenjače (rešeta) za vjejanje na gumnu.<sup id="cite_ref-аутоматски_генерисано4_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-аутоматски_генерисано4-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Milovan_Gli%C5%A1i%C4%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Milovan Glišić (stranica ne postoji)">Milovan Glišić</a> objavljuje 1885. godine u listu <i>Domaćica</i> seosku pripovetku <a href="/w/index.php?title=Prva_brazda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Prva brazda (stranica ne postoji)">Prva brazda</a>, koju je napisao prema istinitom događaju. U najvećem broju sela u brdsko-planinskim predelima ralo se izgubilo između 1900. i 1940. godine. Vjeran prikaz oranja sa ralom i volovima ovjekovečen je u scenama filma <a href="/w/index.php?title=Radopolje&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Radopolje (stranica ne postoji)">Radopolje</a> iz 1963. godine u kome lik orača Ilije igra <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rade_Markovi%C4%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rade Marković (stranica ne postoji)">Rade Marković</a>. Danas se uglavnom proizvode plugovi koji se koriste za <a href="/wiki/Traktor" title="Traktor">traktorsku</a> vuču. </p> <div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:608px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="overflow:auto"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Rosa_Bonheur_-_Ploughing_in_Nevers_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Oranje u Neveru, ulje na platnu 133×260 cm, Roza Boner, 1849, Muzej Orse, Pariz."><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Rosa_Bonheur_-_Ploughing_in_Nevers_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/600px-Rosa_Bonheur_-_Ploughing_in_Nevers_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="600" height="307" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Rosa_Bonheur_-_Ploughing_in_Nevers_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/900px-Rosa_Bonheur_-_Ploughing_in_Nevers_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Rosa_Bonheur_-_Ploughing_in_Nevers_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/1200px-Rosa_Bonheur_-_Ploughing_in_Nevers_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5414" data-file-height="2769" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Rosa_Bonheur_-_Ploughing_in_Nevers_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" title="Datoteka:Rosa Bonheur - Ploughing in Nevers - Google Art Project.jpg"> </a></div><center><i>Oranje u <a href="/w/index.php?title=Never&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Never (stranica ne postoji)">Neveru</a></i>, ulje na platnu 133×260 cm, Roza Boner, <a href="/wiki/1849" class="mw-redirect" title="1849">1849</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Muzej_Orse&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Muzej Orse (stranica ne postoji)">Muzej Orse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pariz" title="Pariz">Pariz</a>.</center></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ralo">Ralo</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plug&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Uredi odlomak "Ralo"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plug&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Ralo"><span>uredi izvor</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ralo je drvena sprava za oranje čiji su osnovni delovi: raonik (lemeš), gredelj (oje), plaz na koji je pričvršćen raonik i ručica. Glavna karakteristika rala je simetrični raonik koji je horizontalno položen na zemlju preko plaza i podseca je tako da ona pada na obe strane raonika. Ralo se najduže zadržalo u planinskim i brdskim predelima zbog karakteristike samog planinskog tla - plitkog sloja zemlje. Ralo plitko ore i ima jednu ručicu sa kojom se lakše reguliše ugao pod kojim se obrađuje zemlja. Ralo je vuklo par volova – les volova. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Plug">Plug</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plug&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Uredi odlomak "Plug"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plug&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Plug"><span>uredi izvor</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Etnografski_muzej_Beograd_Kolega2357_149.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Etnografski_muzej_Beograd_Kolega2357_149.jpg/230px-Etnografski_muzej_Beograd_Kolega2357_149.jpg" decoding="async" width="230" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Etnografski_muzej_Beograd_Kolega2357_149.jpg/345px-Etnografski_muzej_Beograd_Kolega2357_149.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Etnografski_muzej_Beograd_Kolega2357_149.jpg/460px-Etnografski_muzej_Beograd_Kolega2357_149.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3920" data-file-height="2204" /></a><figcaption>Stari tradicionali zaprežni drveni plug u Etnografskom muzeju u Beogradu.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Muzej_Poljoprivrede_-_zemljoradnja_-_alati_za_obradu_zemlje8.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Muzej_Poljoprivrede_-_zemljoradnja_-_alati_za_obradu_zemlje8.jpg/230px-Muzej_Poljoprivrede_-_zemljoradnja_-_alati_za_obradu_zemlje8.jpg" decoding="async" width="230" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Muzej_Poljoprivrede_-_zemljoradnja_-_alati_za_obradu_zemlje8.jpg/345px-Muzej_Poljoprivrede_-_zemljoradnja_-_alati_za_obradu_zemlje8.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Muzej_Poljoprivrede_-_zemljoradnja_-_alati_za_obradu_zemlje8.jpg/460px-Muzej_Poljoprivrede_-_zemljoradnja_-_alati_za_obradu_zemlje8.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4990" data-file-height="3743" /></a><figcaption>Različiti fabrički metalni zaprežni plugovi u <a href="/w/index.php?title=Poljoprivredni_muzej_u_Kulpinu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poljoprivredni muzej u Kulpinu (stranica ne postoji)">Poljoprivrednom muzeju u Kulpinu</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Plug je složenija sprava od rala i njegovi djelovi su: gredelj (oje), plaz, raonik (lemeš), dve ručice, crtalo (prednje sečivo), kozlac, daska, a može da ima i oraća kolica. Plugovi su se delili na plugove sa kolečkama i plugovi bez kolečke. Na kolečkama se razilikuje mali točak, koji ide po oranici, i veliki točak, koji ide u uzoranu brazdu. Glavna karakteristika pluga je asimetrični raonik, koji imao oblik približno pravouglog trougla, čija je najduža strana (hipotenuza) oštrica koja seče zemlju. Crtalo ili prednje sečivo podseca zemlju i obeležava širinu koju će raonik da zahvati. Svi delovi su od drveta, osim raonika, crtala i lanaca za povezivanje grede sa kolicima koji su jedini metalni delovi. Raonici od gvožđa su veoma dugo u upotrebi. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Dvorac_Dun%C4%91erski,_Kulpin,_64,_ma%C5%A1ine.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Dvorac_Dun%C4%91erski%2C_Kulpin%2C_64%2C_ma%C5%A1ine.jpg/230px-Dvorac_Dun%C4%91erski%2C_Kulpin%2C_64%2C_ma%C5%A1ine.jpg" decoding="async" width="230" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Dvorac_Dun%C4%91erski%2C_Kulpin%2C_64%2C_ma%C5%A1ine.jpg/345px-Dvorac_Dun%C4%91erski%2C_Kulpin%2C_64%2C_ma%C5%A1ine.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Dvorac_Dun%C4%91erski%2C_Kulpin%2C_64%2C_ma%C5%A1ine.jpg/460px-Dvorac_Dun%C4%91erski%2C_Kulpin%2C_64%2C_ma%C5%A1ine.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Stari zaprežni fabrički metalni plugovi iz prve polovine 20. vijeka, Poljoprivredni muzej u Kulpinu, kod Bačkog Petrovca.</figcaption></figure> <p>Za oranje drvenim plugom bilo je potrebno više pari volova. U proseku se radilo sa tri, ali se dešavalo da se radilo sa dva i sa pet pari volova, zavisno od njihove jačine, vrste zemljišta i useva koji se sejao. Drveni plug su pravili sami seljaci ili seoski majstori. Pravljen je najčešće od hrastovine. Najteže je bilo pronaći krivo drvo za gredelj i dvostrukim plazom. Drveni plug daleko dublje ore od rala zbog čega se više koristio u ravničarskim predelima. Glavna karakteristika drveno-metalnog pluga je gvozdena glava, koja se kupovala kod gvožđara, a drvene delove su pravili seoski majstori ili samouki seljaci. Prelaskom na fabričke metalne plugove, koje su znatno lakše za rad, počinju da se upotrebljavaju krave u oranju i one vremenom potiskuju volove. Konje u oranju sa metalnim plugom upotrebljavaju bogatiji seljaci. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Raoni_plug">Raoni plug</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plug&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Uredi odlomak "Raoni plug"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plug&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Raoni plug"><span>uredi izvor</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Osnovni radni dio raonog pluga, plužno telo, vrši deformaciju, drobljenje, prevrtanje, mješanje i premeštanje zemljišne plastice (trake zemljišta na koju nailazi plužno telo). Plužno telo se sastoji iz: raonika, plužne daske, plaza i kozlaca. Na plužno telo i ram pluga postavljaju se pomoćni radni delovi: crtalo, pretplužnik, pero, a ređe podrivač. Pri radu pluga horizontalno odsecanje plastice vrši raonik, a vertikalno, prednja ivica plužnog tela ili crtalo ako je prisutno. Plužna daska odrezanu plasticu okreće i odlaže na stranu prislanjajući je na prethodno izoranu. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dijelovi_raonog_pluga">Dijelovi raonog pluga</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plug&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Uredi odlomak "Dijelovi raonog pluga"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plug&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Dijelovi raonog pluga"><span>uredi izvor</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Delovi_pluga.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Delovi_pluga.jpg/250px-Delovi_pluga.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="402" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Delovi_pluga.jpg/375px-Delovi_pluga.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Delovi_pluga.jpg/500px-Delovi_pluga.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1824" data-file-height="2932" /></a><figcaption>Dijelovi pluga (objašnjenje oznaka dijelova je u tekstu).</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Raonik (A):</b> najčešće se koriste dva tipa: trapezoidni i raonik u obliku dleta. Raonik se učvršćuje na kozlac pomoću zavrtnjeva sa upuštenom glavom kako bi bili u ravni radne površine. Ivica oštrice raonika sa pravcem kretanja pluga sklapa ugao od 35-42°. Pošto raonik pruža najveći otpor od svih delova pluga (oko 50%) izrađuje se od specijalnih kvalitetnih čelika, a pre upotrebe se mora dobro otkovati i naoštriti. </p><p><b>Plužna daska (B):</b> odnosno njena radna površina podeljena je na dva dela: prednji „grudi“ i zadnji „krilo“. Izrađuje se od troslojnog čelika, tako da je srednji sloj mekši, što obezbeđuje elastičnost. Po radnoj površini plužna daska se cementira u cilju smanjenja otpora (oko 10% od svih delova pluga) i lepljenja zemlje. Postoje četiri osnovna tipa plužnih dasaka: cilindrična daska, poluspiralna daska, spiralna i kulturna. Prvi tip dobro drobi, ali slabije prevrće plasticu; druga dva tipa dobro prevrću, ali slabo drobe plasticu; dok posljednji tip kod koga su grudi cilindroidne, a krilo blago spiralno, objedinjuje dobre osobine prva tri tipa. </p><p><b>Plaz (C):</b> je pravougaona čelična ploča na donjem delu kozlaca uz zid brazde. On prima bočne sile pritiska plastice na površinu raonika i plužne daske i sprečava pomeranje plužnog tela prema neoranom delu. Kraj plaza najviše se troši pa su česti plazovi sa izmenjivom petom. Kozlac (D): vezuje raonik, plužnu dasku i plaz sa ramom pluga (E). Mogu biti visoki i niski u zavisnosti od tipa rama (ravan ili savijen). Deo kozlaca na koji se vezuju plužna daska i raonik naziva se sedlo. Ono je izdubljeno prema zakrivljenosti raonika i daske. Sa suprotne strane istog kraja je mesto za pričvršćivanje plaza, a na suprotnom kraju kozlac se vezuje za ram uz pomoć zavrtnjeva ili stege. </p><p><b>Crtalo (F):</b> je radni deo pluga za vertikalno, uzdužno obrezivanje plastice. Postoje diskosna (češća) i crtala u obliku sečiva (samo za vrlo duboka oranja). Crtalo se pomeranjem kolenastog nosača postavlja 1–2 cm bočno u odnosu na raonik ka neobrađenoj površini da plužno telo ne zapinje o zid brazde. </p><p><b>Pretplužnik:</b> je sličan plužnom telu, samo je manji i nema plaz. Pretplužnik se postavlja na 25–30 cm ispred vrha glavnog plužnog tela. Korišćenjem pretplužnika gornji sloj plastice sa biljnom masom se reže i baca na dno brazde, a plužno telo tad bolje drobi plasticu. </p><p><b>Pero (G):</b> je čelična letva koja se sa zadnje strane vezuje za kraj plužne daske. Pero nastavlja rad plužne daske - oblikovanje izorane plastice. </p><p><b>Podrivač:</b> se retko postavlja jer zahteva komplikovaniju i jaču konstrukciju pluga. Uloga podrivača je razbijanje patosa brazde, odnosno rastresanje podoraničnog sloja nestrukturnih zemljišta. Postavljaju se tako da rade 5–15 cm dublje od plužnog tela. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Podela_raonih_plugova">Podela raonih plugova</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plug&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Uredi odlomak "Podela raonih plugova"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plug&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Podela raonih plugova"><span>uredi izvor</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Plug_za_glatko_oranje_-_polunoseni_trobrazdni_obrtac.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Plug_za_glatko_oranje_-_polunoseni_trobrazdni_obrtac.JPG/250px-Plug_za_glatko_oranje_-_polunoseni_trobrazdni_obrtac.JPG" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Plug_za_glatko_oranje_-_polunoseni_trobrazdni_obrtac.JPG/375px-Plug_za_glatko_oranje_-_polunoseni_trobrazdni_obrtac.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Plug_za_glatko_oranje_-_polunoseni_trobrazdni_obrtac.JPG/500px-Plug_za_glatko_oranje_-_polunoseni_trobrazdni_obrtac.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Plug za glatko oranje - trobrazdni obrtač. Poljoprivredni sajam u Novom Sadu 2006. godine.</figcaption></figure> <p>Postoji nekoliko osnovnih podela raonih plugova. Prema načinu premeštanja plastice mogu biti: ravnjaci (plastica se premešta na desnu stranu pa se poorana površina ore na slog ili razor) i raoni plugovi za glatko oranje (sa podjednakim brojem levih i desnih plužnih tela koji izmenom mogu da odlažu plasticu desno ili levo). U okviru drugog tipa u zavisnosti od konstrukcijskog rešenja razlikuju se: obrtači (smenjivanje levih i desnih plužnih tela vrši se obrtanjem pluga po horizontalnoj osi za 180° ili 90°, balansni (smenjivanje se vrši tako što se leva plužna tela podižu a desna spuštaju, i obrnuto), plugovi sa dva rama (imaju dva posebna rama koji se naizmenično spuštaju i podižu). </p><p>Prema načinu dizanja plugova pri okretanju na uvratini i transportu plugovi se dele na: vučene (ram sa radnim delovima se diže a točkovi pluga ostaju na zemlji; imaju dva glavna točka levi - ledinaš i desni -brazdaš, a mogu imati i zadnji točak), nošene (dižu se hidrauličnim uređajem traktora; bez točkova su ili imaju jedan, zadnji, koji se diže sa plugom) i polunošene (prednji deo se diže hidrauličnim uređajem a zadnji spuštanjem zadnjeg točka; imaju jedan ili dva zadnja točka i ponekad ledinaš). Vučeni plugovi su sve manje u upotrebi. Ako se kao kriterijum uzme broj plužnih tela plugovi se dele na jednobrazdne i višebrazdne(od 2 do 5 plužnih tela, ređe 6-8) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literatura">Literatura</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plug&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Uredi odlomak "Literatura"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plug&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: Literatura"><span>uredi izvor</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r3303350">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite id="CITEREFBray1984" class="citation cs2">Bray, Francesca (1984), <i>Science and Civilization in China 6</i></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Science+and+Civilization+in+China+6&rft.date=1984&rft.aulast=Bray&rft.aufirst=Francesca&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fbs.wikipedia.org%3APlug" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Liam Brunt, "Mechanical Innovation in the Industrial Revolution: The Case of Plough Design". <i>Economic History Review</i> (2003) 56#3, pp. 444–477 <a href="/w/index.php?title=JSTOR_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="JSTOR (identifier) (stranica ne postoji)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3698571">3698571</a></li> <li>P. Hill and K. Kucharski, "Early Medieval Ploughing at Whithorn and the Chronology of Plough Pebbles", <i>Transactions of the Dumfriesshire and Galloway Natural History and Antiquarian Society</i>, Vol. LXV, 1990, pp 73–83</li> <li>V. Sankaran Nair, <i>Nanchinadu: Harbinger of Rice and Plough Culture in the Ancient World</i></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r3303350" /><cite id="CITEREFWainwrightWesley_F._BucheleStephen_J._MarleyWilliam_I._Baldwin1983" class="citation journal cs1">Wainwright, Raymond P.; Wesley F. Buchele; Stephen J. Marley; William I. Baldwin (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lib.dr.iastate.edu/abe_eng_pubs/134/">"A Variable Approach-Angle Moldboard Plow"</a>. <i>Transactions of the ASAE</i>. <b>26</b> (2): 392–396. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifikator)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.13031%2F2013.33944">10.13031/2013.33944</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Transactions+of+the+ASAE&rft.atitle=A+Variable+Approach-Angle+Moldboard+Plow&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=392-396&rft.date=1983&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.13031%2F2013.33944&rft.aulast=Wainwright&rft.aufirst=Raymond+P.&rft.au=Wesley+F.+Buchele&rft.au=Stephen+J.+Marley&rft.au=William+I.+Baldwin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flib.dr.iastate.edu%2Fabe_eng_pubs%2F134%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fbs.wikipedia.org%3APlug" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Steven Stoll, <i>Larding the Lean Earth: Soil and Society in Nineteenth-Century America</i> (New York: Hill and Wang, 2002)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reference">Reference</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plug&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Uredi odlomak "Reference"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plug&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section's source code: Reference"><span>uredi izvor</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r3312388">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2" style=""> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.politika.rs/sr/clanak/362834/Novo-otkrice-o-praistoriji-Evrope-nadeno-u-Srbiji">Novo otkriće o prahistoriji Evrope nađeno u Srbiji (Politika, Nenad Vučetić, 5.09.2016.)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.politika.rs/sr/clanak/413426/Arheoloski-lokalitet-Anine-dostupan-turistima">Arheološki lokalitet Anine dostupan turistima (Politika, S. Ćirić, 16.10.2018.)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://epub.ff.uns.ac.rs/index.php/istr/article/view/491/510">Srednjovjekovni nalazi raonika i prikaz rala na dečanskim freskama</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180723122648/http://epub.ff.uns.ac.rs/index.php/istr/article/view/491/510">Arhivirano</a> 23. 7. 2018. na <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Vesna R. Manojlović Nikolić, Filozofski fakultet - Odsek za historiju, Univerzitet u Novom Sadu, 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ace.hu/am/2013_3/AM-13-03-NM.pdf">Ploughing In Medieval Times On The Territory of Present-Day Serbia</a>, Nemanja Marković and Jelena Bulatović, Institute of Archaeology, Belgrade, 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-аутоматски_генерисано1-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-аутоматски_генерисано1_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-аутоматски_генерисано1_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kulpin.net/files/06.05.2012-iz_istorije_kulpinskog_muzeja.pdf">Časopis za historiju poljoprivrede, Kulpin, 2010.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-аутоматски_генерисано2-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-аутоматски_генерисано2_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-аутоматски_генерисано2_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nationalgeographic.rs/galerija/6382/reportaze/galerije/7914-srbija-nekada-vas-foto-arhiv-12-fotografija-koje-svedoce-o-proslosti.html">Nacionalna geografija - Zvanični kanal</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-аутоматски_генерисано3-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-аутоматски_генерисано3_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-аутоматски_генерисано3_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jasatomic.org/istorija-razvoja-poljoprivrednih-masina-u-banatu-od-1718-do-1918-10/">Historijski razvoj poljoprivrednih mašina Banatu od 1718 do 1918 (Jožef Sabo, 2011)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-automatski_generisano1-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-automatski_generisano1_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-automatski_generisano1_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kpolisa.com/KP2-3/KP2-3-VII-3-Drobac.pdf">Uloga i mjesto Dr Đorđa Radića u srpskoj privredi XIX vijeka</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200717023716/https://kpolisa.com/KP2-3/KP2-3-VII-3-Drobac.pdf">Arhivirano</a> 17. 7. 2020. na <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. pp. 5/511, Milorad Drobac, naučni saradnik Instituta za ekonomiku poljoprivrede u Beogradu.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-аутоматски_генерисано4-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-аутоматски_генерисано4_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-аутоматски_генерисано4_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-аутоматски_генерисано4_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.academia.edu/31122330/ИЗВЕШТАЈ_СРЕТЕНА_Л._ПОПОВИЋА_ИЗ_1886._ГОДИНЕ_О_РАТАРСКОЈ_ШКОЛИ_У_КРАЉЕВУ_REPORT_OF_SRETEN_L._POPOVIĆ_FROM_1886_ABOUT_THE_AGRICULTURAL_SCHOOL_IN_KRALJEVO_">Izveštaj Sretena L. Popovića iz 1886. godine o Ratarskoj školi u Kraljevu</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.politika.rs/sr/clanak/394815/Skola-o-kojoj-se-govori-a-o-cijem-se-imanju-cuti">Škola o kojoj se govori, a o čijem se imanju ćuti (Politika, Miroljub Dugalić, 19.12.2017.)</a></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vanjski_linkovi">Vanjski linkovi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plug&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Uredi odlomak "Vanjski linkovi"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plug&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section's source code: Vanjski linkovi"><span>uredi izvor</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://agroplus.rs/zanimljivosti-169/">Veselin Lazić: Iz historije poljoprivrede - Rad sa zaprežnim oruđima</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200716174332/https://agroplus.rs/zanimljivosti-169/">Arhivirano</a> 16. 7. 2020. na <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rts.rs/page/stories/sr/story/125/drustvo/2225769/uz-druzenje-i-trubace-ni-oranje-ne-pada-tesko-.html">Oranje sa konjima u Srbiji - prilog RTS-a</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OYwlLcDHMbE">Oranje sa konjima i mulama u Sjevernoj Karolini</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IcWuVXUvj9w">Tri traktora, 24 brazde</a></li></ul> <p><br /> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r3627399">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:#f9f9f9;display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r3486241">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><figure class="mw-halign-none" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Logo Commonsa"><img alt="Logo Commonsa" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/60px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a><figcaption>Logo Commonsa</figcaption></figure></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Plough" class="extiw" title="commons:Plough">Plough</a></b> na Wikimedia Commonsu.</div></div> </div></div><noscript><img src="https://auth.wikimedia.org/loginwiki/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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