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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Kings</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Kings-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Kings subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Kings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-As_vassals_of_the_Hyksos" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#As_vassals_of_the_Hyksos"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>As vassals of the Hyksos</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-As_vassals_of_the_Hyksos-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-As_an_independent_Theban_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#As_an_independent_Theban_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>As an independent Theban Kingdom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-As_an_independent_Theban_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Sixteenth Dynasty of Egypt</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 38 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-38" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">38 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/16de_Dinastie_van_Egipte" title="16de Dinastie van Egipte – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="16de Dinastie van Egipte" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%B3%D8%A9_%D8%B9%D8%B4%D8%B1" title="الأسرة المصرية السادسة عشر – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الأسرة المصرية السادسة عشر" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/On_alt%C4%B1nc%C4%B1_s%C3%BClal%C9%99_(Misir)" title="On altıncı sülalə (Misir) – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="On altıncı sülalə (Misir)" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ai-ki%CC%8Dp_T%C4%93-16_%C3%94ng-ti%C3%A2u" title="Ai-ki̍p Tē-16 Ông-tiâu – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Ai-ki̍p Tē-16 Ông-tiâu" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%94%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%95%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Шестнадесета династия на Древен Египет – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Шестнадесета династия на Древен Египет" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/XVIvet_tierniezh_Henegipt" title="XVIvet tierniezh Henegipt – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="XVIvet tierniezh Henegipt" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinastia_XVI_d%27Egipte" title="Dinastia XVI d'Egipte – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Dinastia XVI d'Egipte" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/16._dynastie" title="16. dynastie – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="16. dynastie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/16._Dynastie" title="16. Dynastie – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="16. Dynastie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinast%C3%ADa_XVI_de_Egipto" title="Dinastía XVI de Egipto – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Dinastía XVI de Egipto" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egiptoko_XVI._dinastia" title="Egiptoko XVI. dinastia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Egiptoko XVI. dinastia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B2%D8%AF%D9%87%D9%85_%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B1" title="دودمان شانزدهم مصر – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دودمان شانزدهم مصر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/XVIe_dynastie_%C3%A9gyptienne" title="XVIe dynastie égyptienne – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="XVIe dynastie égyptienne" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/XVI_dinast%C3%ADa_exipcia" title="XVI dinastía exipcia – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="XVI dinastía exipcia" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%B4%EC%A7%91%ED%8A%B8_%EC%A0%9C16%EC%99%95%EC%A1%B0" title="이집트 제16왕조 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="이집트 제16왕조" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinasti_keenam_belas_Mesir" title="Dinasti keenam belas Mesir – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Dinasti keenam belas Mesir" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sext%C3%A1nda_konungs%C3%A6ttin" title="Sextánda konungsættin – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Sextánda konungsættin" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/XVI_dinastia_egizia" title="XVI dinastia egizia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="XVI dinastia egizia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%92%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%9E%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%94%E1%83%A5%E1%83%95%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94_%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ეგვიპტის მეთექვსმეტე დინასტია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ეგვიპტის მეთექვსმეტე დინასტია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/XVI._dinasztia" title="XVI. dinasztia – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="XVI. dinasztia" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%B1%D9%87_%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%87_%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%B1" title="اسره مصريه ستاشر – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="اسره مصريه ستاشر" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/16e_dynastie_van_Egypte" title="16e dynastie van Egypte – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="16e dynastie van Egypte" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A8%E3%82%B8%E3%83%97%E3%83%88%E7%AC%AC16%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D" title="エジプト第16王朝 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="エジプト第16王朝" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/16._egyptiske_dynasti" title="16. egyptiske dynasti – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="16. egyptiske dynasti" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/XVI_dinastia_eg%C3%ADpcia" title="XVI dinastia egípcia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="XVI dinastia egípcia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_XVI-a_Dinastie_Egiptean%C4%83" title="A XVI-a Dinastie Egipteană – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="A XVI-a Dinastie Egipteană" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/XVI_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="XVI династия – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="XVI династия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0estnajsta_egip%C4%8Danska_dinastija" title="Šestnajsta egipčanska dinastija – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Šestnajsta egipčanska dinastija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Шеснаеста египатска династија – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Шеснаеста египатска династија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0esnaesta_dinastija_Egipta" title="Šesnaesta dinastija Egipta – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Šesnaesta dinastija Egipta" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptin_16._dynastia" title="Egyptin 16. dynastia – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Egyptin 16. dynastia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptens_sextonde_dynasti" title="Egyptens sextonde dynasti – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Egyptens sextonde dynasti" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%8E%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="எகிப்தின் பதினாறாம் வம்சம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="எகிப்தின் பதினாறாம் வம்சம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A8%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%8C" title="ราชวงศ์ที่สิบหกแห่งอียิปต์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ราชวงศ์ที่สิบหกแห่งอียิปต์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%86%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%96%D1%8F_%D1%94%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D1%84%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B2" title="Шістнадцята династія єгипетських фараонів – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Шістнадцята династія єгипетських фараонів" 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searchaux" style="display:none">Ancient Egyptian dynasty</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043282317">.mw-parser-output .ib-country{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country td,.mw-parser-output .ib-country th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-header{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-names{padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-name-style{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Sixteenth Dynasty of Egypt</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">1649 BC–1582 BC</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Egypt_Hyksos_Period.png" class="mw-file-description" title="The political situation in Egypt during the existence of the 16th Dynasty from c. 1650 until c. 1590 BC."><img alt="The political situation in Egypt during the existence of the 16th Dynasty from c. 1650 until c. 1590 BC." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Egypt_Hyksos_Period.png/250px-Egypt_Hyksos_Period.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="510" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Egypt_Hyksos_Period.png/375px-Egypt_Hyksos_Period.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Egypt_Hyksos_Period.png/500px-Egypt_Hyksos_Period.png 2x" data-file-width="1578" data-file-height="3220" /></a></span><div class="ib-country-map-caption">The political situation in Egypt during the existence of the 16th Dynasty from c. 1650 until c. 1590 BC.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Thebes,_Egypt" title="Thebes, Egypt">Thebes</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Common languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_language" title="Egyptian language">Egyptian language</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_religion" title="Ancient Egyptian religion">ancient Egyptian religion</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Government</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchy" title="Absolute monarchy">Absolute monarchy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Historical era</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Second_Intermediate_Period_of_Egypt" title="Second Intermediate Period of Egypt">Second Intermediate Period of Egypt</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Established </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1649 BC</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Disestablished </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1582 BC</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table style="width:95%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center; border:0; padding-bottom:0"><div id="before-after"></div> <b>Preceded by</b></td> <td style="text-align:center;border:0; padding-bottom:0;"><b>Succeeded by</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:0;"> <table style="width:100%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Fourteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Fourteenth Dynasty of Egypt">Fourteenth Dynasty of Egypt</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Thirteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Thirteenth Dynasty of Egypt">Thirteenth Dynasty of Egypt</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;border:0;"> <table style="width:92%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Seventeenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Seventeenth Dynasty of Egypt">Seventeenth Dynasty of Egypt</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/Periodization_of_ancient_Egypt" title="Periodization of ancient Egypt">Periods</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dynasties_of_ancient_Egypt" title="Dynasties of ancient Egypt">dynasties</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">ancient Egypt</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above" style="border:none;padding-top:0;font-weight:normal;"> <div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">All years are <a href="/wiki/Before_Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Before Christ">BC</a></div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Early_Dynastic_Period_(Egypt)" title="Early Dynastic Period (Egypt)">Early</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="nowrap" style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:58%;text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Egypt" title="Prehistoric Egypt">Pre-dynastic period</a></td><td style="width:1.3em;text-align:center;"></td><td style="text-align:right;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:58%;text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/First_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="First Dynasty of Egypt">First Dynasty</a></td><td style="width:1.3em;text-align:center;"> I</td><td style="text-align:right;"> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 3150–2890</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:58%;text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Second_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Second Dynasty of Egypt">Second Dynasty</a></td><td style="width:1.3em;text-align:center;"> II</td><td style="text-align:right;"> 2890–2686</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Old_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Old Kingdom of Egypt">Old Kingdom</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="nowrap" style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:58%;text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Third_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Third Dynasty of Egypt">Third Dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:center;"> III</td><td style="text-align:right;"> 2686–2613</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:58%;text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Fourth Dynasty of Egypt">Fourth Dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:center;"> IV</td><td style="text-align:right;"> 2613–2498</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:58%;text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Fifth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Fifth Dynasty of Egypt">Fifth Dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:center;"> V</td><td style="text-align:right;"> 2498–2345</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:58%;text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Sixth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Sixth Dynasty of Egypt">Sixth Dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:center;"> VI</td><td style="text-align:right;"> 2345–2181</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/First_Intermediate_Period_of_Egypt" title="First Intermediate Period of Egypt">First Intermediate</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="nowrap" style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:58%;text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Seventh_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Seventh Dynasty of Egypt">Seventh Dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:center;"> VII</td><td style="text-align:right;"> spurious</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:58%;text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Eighth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Eighth Dynasty of Egypt">Eighth Dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:center;"> VIII</td><td style="text-align:right;"> 2181–2160</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:58%;text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Ninth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Ninth Dynasty of Egypt">Ninth Dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:center;"> IX</td><td style="text-align:right;"> 2160–2130</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:58%;text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Tenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Tenth Dynasty of Egypt">Tenth Dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:center;"> X</td><td style="text-align:right;"> 2130–2040</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:58%;text-align:left;"> Early <a href="/wiki/Eleventh_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Eleventh Dynasty of Egypt">Eleventh Dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:center;"> XI</td><td style="text-align:right;"> 2134–2061</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Middle Kingdom of Egypt">Middle Kingdom</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="nowrap" style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:58%;text-align:left;"> Late <a href="/wiki/Eleventh_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Eleventh Dynasty of Egypt">Eleventh Dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:center;"> XI</td><td style="text-align:right;"> 2061–1991</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:58%;text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Twelfth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twelfth Dynasty of Egypt">Twelfth Dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:center;"> XII</td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1991–1803</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:58%;text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Thirteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Thirteenth Dynasty of Egypt">Thirteenth Dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:center;"> XIII</td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1803–1649</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Second_Intermediate_Period_of_Egypt" title="Second Intermediate Period of Egypt">Second Intermediate</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="nowrap" style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:58%;text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Fourteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Fourteenth Dynasty of Egypt">Fourteenth Dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:center;"> XIV</td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1705–1690</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:58%;text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Fifteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Fifteenth Dynasty of Egypt">Fifteenth Dynasty</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hyksos" title="Hyksos">Hyksos</a>)</td><td style="text-align:center;"> XV</td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1674–1535</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:58%;text-align:left;"> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sixteenth Dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:center;"> XVI</td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1660–1600</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:58%;text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Abydos_Dynasty" title="Abydos Dynasty">Abydos Dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:center;"></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1650–1600</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:58%;text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Seventeenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Seventeenth Dynasty of Egypt">Seventeenth Dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:center;"> XVII</td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1580–1549</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="New Kingdom of Egypt">New Kingdom</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="nowrap" style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:58%;text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Eighteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt">Eighteenth Dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:center;"> XVIII</td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1549–1292</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:58%;text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Nineteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Nineteenth Dynasty of Egypt">Nineteenth Dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:center;"> XIX</td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1292–1189</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:58%;text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Twentieth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twentieth Dynasty of Egypt">Twentieth Dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:center;"> XX</td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1189–1077</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Third_Intermediate_Period_of_Egypt" title="Third Intermediate Period of Egypt">Third Intermediate</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="nowrap" style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:58%;text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Twenty-first_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-first Dynasty of Egypt">Twenty-first Dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:center;"> XXI</td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1069–945</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:58%;text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Twenty-second_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-second Dynasty of Egypt">Twenty-second Dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:center;"> XXII</td><td style="text-align:right;"> 945–720</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:58%;text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Twenty-third_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-third Dynasty of Egypt">Twenty-third Dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:center;"> XXIII</td><td style="text-align:right;"> 837–728</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:58%;text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Twenty-fourth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-fourth Dynasty of Egypt">Twenty-fourth Dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:center;"> XXIV</td><td style="text-align:right;"> 732–720</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:58%;text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Twenty-fifth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-fifth Dynasty of Egypt">Twenty-fifth Dynasty</a> (<a href="/wiki/Twenty-fifth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-fifth Dynasty of Egypt">Nubian</a>)</td><td style="text-align:center;"> XXV</td><td style="text-align:right;"> 732–653</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Late_Period_of_ancient_Egypt" title="Late Period of ancient Egypt">Late Period</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="nowrap" style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:58%;text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Twenty-sixth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-sixth Dynasty of Egypt">Twenty-sixth Dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:center;"> XXVI</td><td style="text-align:right;"> 672–525</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:58%;text-align:left;"> <div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Twenty-seventh_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-seventh Dynasty of Egypt">Twenty-seventh Dynasty<br />(1st Persian Period)</a></div></td><td style="text-align:center;"> XXVII</td><td style="text-align:right;"> 525–404</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:58%;text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Twenty-eighth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-eighth Dynasty of Egypt">Twenty-eighth Dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:center;"> XXVIII</td><td style="text-align:right;"> 404–398</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:58%;text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Twenty-ninth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-ninth Dynasty of Egypt">Twenty-ninth Dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:center;"> XXIX</td><td style="text-align:right;"> 398–380</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:58%;text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Thirtieth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Thirtieth Dynasty of Egypt">Thirtieth Dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:center;"> XXX</td><td style="text-align:right;"> 380–343</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:58%;text-align:left;"> <div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Thirty-first_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Thirty-first Dynasty of Egypt">Thirty-first Dynasty<br />(2nd Persian Period)</a></div></td><td style="text-align:center;"> XXXI</td><td style="text-align:right;"> 343–332</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_period" title="Hellenistic period">Hellenistic Egypt</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="nowrap" style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:58%;text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Argead_dynasty" title="Argead dynasty">Thirty-second Dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:center;"> XXXII</td><td style="text-align:right;"> 332–305</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:58%;text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Thirty-third_Dynasty_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Thirty-third Dynasty of Egypt">Thirty-third Dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:center;"> XXXIII</td><td style="text-align:right;"> 305–30</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Roman_Egypt" title="Roman Egypt">Roman Egypt</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="nowrap" style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:58%;text-align:left;"> <div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Roman_pharaoh" title="Roman pharaoh">Thirty-fourth Dynasty<br />(Roman Pharaohs)</a></div></td><td style="text-align:center;"> XXXIV</td><td style="text-align:right;"> 30 BC – 313 AD</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Egypt">Byzantine Egypt</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="nowrap" style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:58%;text-align:left;"> <div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Roman_pharaoh#History" title="Roman pharaoh">Thirty-fifth Dynasty</a><br />(<i>speculated</i>)</div></td><td style="text-align:center;"> XXXV</td><td style="text-align:right;"> 379 AD – 641 AD</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border:none;padding-top:0;font-weight:normal;"> <div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">See also: <i><a href="/wiki/Template:Pharaohs" title="Template:Pharaohs">List of pharaohs by period and dynasty</a></i><br /><i><a href="/wiki/Periodization_of_ancient_Egypt" title="Periodization of ancient Egypt">Periodization of ancient Egypt</a></i></div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ancient_Egypt_dynasties_sidebar" title="Template:Ancient Egypt dynasties sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ancient_Egypt_dynasties_sidebar" title="Template talk:Ancient Egypt dynasties sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient_Egypt_dynasties_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient Egypt dynasties sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Sixteenth Dynasty</b> of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">ancient Egypt</a> (notated <b>Dynasty XVI</b>)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was a <a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">dynasty</a> of <a href="/wiki/Pharaoh" title="Pharaoh">pharaohs</a> that ruled the Theban region in <a href="/wiki/Upper_Egypt" title="Upper Egypt">Upper Egypt</a><sup id="cite_ref-Bourriau2_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bourriau2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for 70 years.<sup id="cite_ref-Ryholt_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ryholt-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This dynasty, together with the <a href="/wiki/15th_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="15th Dynasty">15th</a> and <a href="/wiki/17th_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="17th Dynasty">17th</a> dynasties, are often combined under the group title, <a href="/wiki/Second_Intermediate_Period" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Intermediate Period">Second Intermediate Period</a> (c. 1650–1550 BC), a period that saw the division of <a href="/wiki/Upper_and_Lower_Egypt" title="Upper and Lower Egypt">Upper and Lower Egypt</a> between the pharaohs at <a href="/wiki/Thebes,_Egypt" title="Thebes, Egypt">Thebes</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Hyksos" title="Hyksos">Hyksos</a> kings of the 15th Dynasty based at <a href="/wiki/Avaris" title="Avaris">Avaris</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Identification">Identification</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sixteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Identification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Of the two chief versions of <a href="/wiki/Manetho" title="Manetho">Manetho</a>'s <i>Aegyptiaca</i>, the Sixteenth Dynasty is described by the more reliable<sup id="cite_ref-Bourriau_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bourriau-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Sextus_Julius_Africanus" title="Sextus Julius Africanus">Africanus</a> (supported by <a href="/wiki/George_Syncellus" title="George Syncellus">Syncellus</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as "shepherd [<i><a href="/wiki/Hyksos" title="Hyksos">hyksos</a></i>] kings", but by <a href="/wiki/Eusebius_of_Caesarea" class="mw-redirect" title="Eusebius of Caesarea">Eusebius</a> as <a href="/wiki/Thebes,_Egypt" title="Thebes, Egypt">Theban</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bourriau_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bourriau-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Kim_Ryholt" title="Kim Ryholt">Ryholt</a> (1997), followed by Bourriau (2003), in reconstructing the <a href="/wiki/Turin_King_List" title="Turin King List">Turin canon</a>, interpreted a list of Thebes-based kings to constitute <a href="/wiki/Manetho" title="Manetho">Manetho</a>'s Sixteenth Dynasty, although this is one of Ryholt's "most debatable and far-reaching" conclusions.<sup id="cite_ref-Bourriau_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bourriau-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For this reason other scholars do not follow Ryholt and see only <i>insufficient</i> evidence for the interpretation of the Sixteenth Dynasty as Theban.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sixteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The continuing war against <a href="/wiki/Fifteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Fifteenth Dynasty of Egypt">15th Dynasty</a> dominated the short-lived 16th Dynasty. The armies of the 15th Dynasty, winning town after town from their southern enemies, continually encroached on the 16th Dynasty territory, eventually threatening and then conquering Thebes itself. In his study of the Second Intermediate Period, the Egyptologist Kim Ryholt has suggested that Dedumose I sued for a truce in the latter years of the dynasty,<sup id="cite_ref-Ryholt_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ryholt-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but one of his predecessors, <a href="/wiki/Nebiryraw_I" title="Nebiryraw I">Nebiryraw I</a>, may have been more successful and seems to have enjoyed a period of peace in his reign.<sup id="cite_ref-Ryholt_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ryholt-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Famine" title="Famine">Famine</a>, which had plagued Upper Egypt during the late <a href="/wiki/Thirteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Thirteenth Dynasty of Egypt">13th Dynasty</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Fourteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Fourteenth Dynasty of Egypt">14th Dynasty</a>, also blighted the 16th Dynasty, most evidently during and after the reign of <a href="/wiki/Neferhotep_III" title="Neferhotep III">Neferhotep III</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ryholt_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ryholt-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kings">Kings</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sixteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Kings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Various chronological orderings and lists of kings have been proposed by scholars for this dynasty. These lists fall broadly in two categories: those assuming that the 16th Dynasty comprised vassals of the Hyksos, as advocated by <a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_von_Beckerath" title="Jürgen von Beckerath">Jürgen von Beckerath</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Helck" title="Wolfgang Helck">Wolfgang Helck</a>; and those assuming that the 16th Dynasty was an independent Theban kingdom, as recently proposed by <a href="/wiki/Kim_Ryholt" title="Kim Ryholt">Kim Ryholt</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="As_vassals_of_the_Hyksos">As vassals of the Hyksos</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sixteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: As vassals of the Hyksos"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The traditional list of rulers of the 16th Dynasty regroups kings believed to be vassals of the Hyksos, some of which have semitic names such as <a href="/wiki/Semqen" title="Semqen">Semqen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anat-her" title="Anat-her">Anat-her</a>. The list of kings differs from scholar to scholar and it is here given as per <a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_von_Beckerath" title="Jürgen von Beckerath">Jürgen von Beckerath</a>'s Dynasty XV/XVI in his <i>Handbuch der ägyptischen Königsnamen</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-beck_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-beck-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wolfgang Helck, who also believes that the 16th Dynasty was an Hyksos vassal state, proposed a slightly different list of kings.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many of the rulers listed here in the 16th Dynasty under the hypothesis that they were vassals of the Hyksos are put in the 14th Dynasty in the hypothesis that the 16th Dynasty was an independent Theban kingdom. The chronological ordering is largely uncertain. </p> <table class="wikitable" style="margin:1em auto;"> <caption><b>Dynasty XV/XVI</b> as vassals of the Hyksos<sup id="cite_ref-beck_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-beck-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th style="width:270px">Name of king</th> <th style="width:120px">Dates</th> <th style="width:300px">Comments </th></tr> <tr> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/Anat-her" title="Anat-her">'Anat-Har</a></div></td> <td></td> <td>Possibly a prince of the 15th Dynasty or a Canaanite chieftain contemporary with the 12th Dynasty </td></tr> <tr> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/Aperanat" title="Aperanat">'Aper-'Anati</a></div></td> <td></td> <td>May belong to the early 15th Dynasty </td></tr> <tr> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/Semqen" title="Semqen">Semqen</a></div></td> <td></td> <td>May belong to the early 15th Dynasty </td></tr> <tr> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/Sakir-Har" title="Sakir-Har">Sakir-Har</a></div></td> <td></td> <td>May belong to the early 15th Dynasty </td></tr> <tr> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Apepi</div></td> <td></td> <td>May be identical with the Hyksos ruler <a href="/wiki/Apepi_(pharaoh)" class="mw-redirect" title="Apepi (pharaoh)">Apepi</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/Sheshi" title="Sheshi">Maaibre Sheshi</a></div></td> <td></td> <td>May belong to the early 14th Dynasty </td></tr> <tr> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/Yaqub-Har" title="Yaqub-Har">Yaqub-Har</a></div></td> <td></td> <td>May belong to the late 14th Dynasty </td></tr> <tr> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/Ya%27ammu_Nubwoserre" title="Ya'ammu Nubwoserre">Jamu</a></div></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/Yakbim_Sekhaenre" title="Yakbim Sekhaenre">Jakebmu</a></div></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/Amu_(pharaoh)" title="Amu (pharaoh)">Amu</a></div></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/Pepi_III" title="Pepi III">Sneferankhre Pepi III</a></div></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hepu_(pharaoh)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hepu (pharaoh) (page does not exist)">Hepu</a></div></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anati&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anati (page does not exist)">Anati</a></div></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/Bebnum" title="Bebnum">Bebnum</a></div></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/Nebmaatre" title="Nebmaatre">Nebmaatre</a></div></td> <td></td> <td>May belong to the 17th Dynasty </td></tr> <tr> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/Aahotepre" class="mw-redirect" title="Aahotepre">Aahotepre</a></div></td> <td></td> <td>Possibly the same person as 'Ammu </td></tr> <tr> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anetrire&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anetrire (page does not exist)">Anetrire</a></div></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Meribre&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Meribre (page does not exist)">Meribre</a></div></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nubankhre&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nubankhre (page does not exist)">Nubankhre</a></div></td> <td></td> <td>Kingship contested </td></tr> <tr> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/Nikare_II" title="Nikare II">Nikare II</a></div></td> <td></td> <td>Kingship contested </td></tr> <tr> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">[...]kare</div></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">[...]kare</div></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">[...]kare</div></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/Sharek" title="Sharek">Sharek</a></div></td> <td></td> <td>May belong to the 15th Dynasty, only attested in later sources </td></tr> <tr> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/Wazad" title="Wazad">Wazad</a></div></td> <td></td> <td>Most likely belongs to the 14th Dynasty </td></tr> <tr> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/Qar_(pharaoh)" class="mw-redirect" title="Qar (pharaoh)">Qur</a></div></td> <td></td> <td>Possibly Qareh, may belong to the 14th Dynasty </td></tr> <tr> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/Sheneh_(pharaoh)" title="Sheneh (pharaoh)">Shenes</a></div></td> <td></td> <td>Likely to be <i>Sheneh</i> rather than Shenes; may belong to the 14th Dynasty </td></tr> <tr> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Inek&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Inek (page does not exist)">Inek</a></div></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">'A[...]</div></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/%27Apepi" title="'Apepi">'Ap[epi]</a></div></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Hibe</div></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Aped</div></td> <td>Uncertain reading </td></tr> <tr> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Hapi</div></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shemsu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shemsu (page does not exist)">Shemsu</a></div></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Meni[...]</div></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Werqa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Werqa (page does not exist)">Werqa</a></div></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="As_an_independent_Theban_Kingdom">As an independent Theban Kingdom</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sixteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: As an independent Theban Kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In his 1997 study of the Second Intermediate Period, the Danish Egyptologist <a href="/wiki/Kim_Ryholt" title="Kim Ryholt">Kim Ryholt</a> argues that the 16th Dynasty was an independent Theban kingdom. From Ryholt's reconstruction of the Turin canon, 15 kings can be associated to the dynasty, several of whom are attested by contemporary sources.<sup id="cite_ref-Bourriau2_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bourriau2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While most likely rulers based in Thebes itself, some may have been local rulers from other important Upper Egyptian towns, including <a href="/wiki/Abydos,_Egypt" title="Abydos, Egypt">Abydos</a>, <a href="/wiki/El_Kab" class="mw-redirect" title="El Kab">El Kab</a> and <a href="/wiki/Edfu" title="Edfu">Edfu</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bourriau2_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bourriau2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the reign of Nebiriau I, the realm controlled by the 16th Dynasty extended at least as far north as <a href="/wiki/Hu,_Egypt" title="Hu, Egypt">Hu</a> and south to Edfu.<sup id="cite_ref-Ryholt_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ryholt-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Not listed in the Turin canon (after Ryholt) is <a href="/wiki/Wepwawetemsaf" title="Wepwawetemsaf">Wepwawetemsaf</a>, who left a <a href="/wiki/Stele" title="Stele">stele</a> at Abydos and was likely a local kinglet of the <a href="/wiki/Abydos_Dynasty" title="Abydos Dynasty">Abydos Dynasty</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bourriau2_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bourriau2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ryholt gives the list of kings of the 16th Dynasty as shown in the table below.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Others, such as Helck, Vandersleyen, Bennett combine some of these rulers with the <a href="/wiki/Seventeenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Seventeenth Dynasty of Egypt">Seventeenth Dynasty of Egypt</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The list of rulers is given here as per <a href="/wiki/Kim_Ryholt" title="Kim Ryholt">Kim Ryholt</a> and is supposedly in chronological order: </p> <table class="wikitable" style="margin:1em auto;"> <caption><b>Dynasty XVI</b> as an independent Theban kingdom<sup id="cite_ref-ryholt_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ryholt-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th style="width:270px">Name of king </th> <th>Image</th> <th style="width:120px">Dates</th> <th style="width:300px">Comments </th></tr> <tr> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><i>Unknown</i></div> </td> <td></td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">1649–1648 BC</div></td> <td>Name lost in a lacuna of the Turin canon </td></tr> <tr> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/Djehuti" class="mw-redirect" title="Djehuti">Sekhemre-sementawi Djehuti</a></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Block_Djehuti_by_Khruner.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Block_Djehuti_by_Khruner.jpg/114px-Block_Djehuti_by_Khruner.jpg" decoding="async" width="114" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Block_Djehuti_by_Khruner.jpg/171px-Block_Djehuti_by_Khruner.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Block_Djehuti_by_Khruner.jpg/228px-Block_Djehuti_by_Khruner.jpg 2x" data-file-width="618" data-file-height="927" /></a></span></td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">1648–1645 BC</div></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/Sobekhotep_VIII" title="Sobekhotep VIII">Sekhemre-seusertawi Sobekhotep VIII</a></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Stele_Sekhemre_Seusertawy_by_Khruner.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Stele_Sekhemre_Seusertawy_by_Khruner.png/114px-Stele_Sekhemre_Seusertawy_by_Khruner.png" decoding="async" width="114" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Stele_Sekhemre_Seusertawy_by_Khruner.png/172px-Stele_Sekhemre_Seusertawy_by_Khruner.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Stele_Sekhemre_Seusertawy_by_Khruner.png/229px-Stele_Sekhemre_Seusertawy_by_Khruner.png 2x" data-file-width="454" data-file-height="488" /></a></span></td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">1645–1629 BC</div></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/Neferhotep_III" title="Neferhotep III">Sekhemre-seankhtawi Neferhotep III</a></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Stele_JE_59635_by_Khruner.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Stele_JE_59635_by_Khruner.png/112px-Stele_JE_59635_by_Khruner.png" decoding="async" width="112" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Stele_JE_59635_by_Khruner.png/169px-Stele_JE_59635_by_Khruner.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Stele_JE_59635_by_Khruner.png/225px-Stele_JE_59635_by_Khruner.png 2x" data-file-width="436" data-file-height="852" /></a></span></td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">1629–1628 BC</div></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/Seankhenre_Mentuhotepi" title="Seankhenre Mentuhotepi">Seankhenre Mentuhotepi</a></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Sphinx_Seankhenre_by_Khruner.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Sphinx_Seankhenre_by_Khruner.jpg/114px-Sphinx_Seankhenre_by_Khruner.jpg" decoding="async" width="114" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Sphinx_Seankhenre_by_Khruner.jpg/171px-Sphinx_Seankhenre_by_Khruner.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Sphinx_Seankhenre_by_Khruner.jpg/228px-Sphinx_Seankhenre_by_Khruner.jpg 2x" data-file-width="754" data-file-height="1131" /></a></span></td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">1628–1627 BC</div></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/Nebiryraw_I" title="Nebiryraw I">Sewadjenre Nebiryraw I</a></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Sewadjenra_Scarab_Petrie.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Sewadjenra_Scarab_Petrie.png/114px-Sewadjenra_Scarab_Petrie.png" decoding="async" width="114" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3e/Sewadjenra_Scarab_Petrie.png 1.5x" data-file-width="149" data-file-height="152" /></a></span></td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">1627–1601 BC</div></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/Nebiriau_II" title="Nebiriau II">Nebiriau II</a></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Statuette_Harpocrates_Mariette.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Statuette_Harpocrates_Mariette.jpg/115px-Statuette_Harpocrates_Mariette.jpg" decoding="async" width="115" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Statuette_Harpocrates_Mariette.jpg/172px-Statuette_Harpocrates_Mariette.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Statuette_Harpocrates_Mariette.jpg/229px-Statuette_Harpocrates_Mariette.jpg 2x" data-file-width="297" data-file-height="445" /></a></span></td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">1601 BC</div></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/Semenre" title="Semenre">Semenre</a></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Axehead_Semenenre_by_Khruner.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Axehead_Semenenre_by_Khruner.jpg/107px-Axehead_Semenenre_by_Khruner.jpg" decoding="async" width="107" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Axehead_Semenenre_by_Khruner.jpg/161px-Axehead_Semenenre_by_Khruner.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Axehead_Semenenre_by_Khruner.jpg/214px-Axehead_Semenenre_by_Khruner.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1394" data-file-height="2091" /></a></span></td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">1601–1600 BC</div></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/Seuserenre_Bebiankh" class="mw-redirect" title="Seuserenre Bebiankh">Seuserenre Bebiankh</a></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Dagger_Bebiankh_by_Khruner.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Dagger_Bebiankh_by_Khruner.jpg/110px-Dagger_Bebiankh_by_Khruner.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Dagger_Bebiankh_by_Khruner.jpg/165px-Dagger_Bebiankh_by_Khruner.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Dagger_Bebiankh_by_Khruner.jpg/220px-Dagger_Bebiankh_by_Khruner.jpg 2x" data-file-width="906" data-file-height="1359" /></a></span></td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">1600–1588 BC</div></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/Sekhemre_Shedwast" class="mw-redirect" title="Sekhemre Shedwast">Sekhemre Shedwaset</a></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Fragment_Sobekemsaf_Petrie.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Fragment_Sobekemsaf_Petrie.jpg/111px-Fragment_Sobekemsaf_Petrie.jpg" decoding="async" width="111" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Fragment_Sobekemsaf_Petrie.jpg/167px-Fragment_Sobekemsaf_Petrie.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Fragment_Sobekemsaf_Petrie.jpg/222px-Fragment_Sobekemsaf_Petrie.jpg 2x" data-file-width="465" data-file-height="146" /></a></span></td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">1588 BC</div></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><i>Unknown</i></div> </td> <td></td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">1588–1582 BC</div></td> <td>Five kings lost in a lacuna of the Turin canon </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Additional kings are classified as belonging to this dynasty per Kim Ryholt but their chronological position is uncertain. They may correspond to the last five lost kings on the Turin canon:<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="margin:1em auto;"> <caption><b>Dynasty XVI</b> as an independent Theban kingdom (uncertain order) </caption> <tbody><tr> <th style="width:270px">Name of king </th> <th>Image</th> <th style="width:120px">Dates</th> <th style="width:300px">Comments </th></tr> <tr> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/Dedumose_I" title="Dedumose I">Djedhotepre Dedumose I</a></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Djedhotepre_Dedumose_stele.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Djedhotepre_Dedumose_stele.png/109px-Djedhotepre_Dedumose_stele.png" decoding="async" width="109" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Djedhotepre_Dedumose_stele.png/163px-Djedhotepre_Dedumose_stele.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Djedhotepre_Dedumose_stele.png/217px-Djedhotepre_Dedumose_stele.png 2x" data-file-width="553" data-file-height="783" /></a></span></td> <td></td> <td>May have tried to sue the Hyksos for peace </td></tr> <tr> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/Dedumose_II" title="Dedumose II">Djedneferre Dedumose II</a></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Djedneferre_Dedumose.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Djedneferre_Dedumose.png/113px-Djedneferre_Dedumose.png" decoding="async" width="113" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Djedneferre_Dedumose.png/170px-Djedneferre_Dedumose.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Djedneferre_Dedumose.png/226px-Djedneferre_Dedumose.png 2x" data-file-width="402" data-file-height="554" /></a></span></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/Djedankhre_Montemsaf" title="Djedankhre Montemsaf">Djedankhre Montemsaf</a></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:DjedankhraScarabPetrie.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/DjedankhraScarabPetrie.png/111px-DjedankhraScarabPetrie.png" decoding="async" width="111" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bc/DjedankhraScarabPetrie.png 1.5x" data-file-width="166" data-file-height="150" /></a></span></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/Merankhre_Mentuhotep" title="Merankhre Mentuhotep">Merankhre Mentuhotep VI</a></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Mentuhotep_VI.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Mentuhotep_VI.jpg/110px-Mentuhotep_VI.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="239" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Mentuhotep_VI.jpg/166px-Mentuhotep_VI.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Mentuhotep_VI.jpg/221px-Mentuhotep_VI.jpg 2x" data-file-width="612" data-file-height="1323" /></a></span></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/Senusret_IV" title="Senusret IV">Seneferibre Senusret IV</a></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Senusret_IV.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Senusret_IV.png/110px-Senusret_IV.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="337" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Senusret_IV.png/166px-Senusret_IV.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4e/Senusret_IV.png 2x" data-file-width="220" data-file-height="669" /></a></span></td> <td></td> <td>Left a colossal statue of himself in Karnak<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sixteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kuhrt 1995: 118</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bourriau2-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bourriau2_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bourriau2_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bourriau2_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bourriau2_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bourriau 2003: 191</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ryholt-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ryholt_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ryholt_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ryholt_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ryholt_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ryholt_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ryholt 1997: 305</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bourriau-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bourriau_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bourriau_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bourriau_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bourriau 2003: 179</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cory 1876</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">see for example, Quirke, in Maree: <i>The Second Intermediate Period (Thirteenth - Seventeenth Dynasties, Current Research, Future Prospects</i>, Leuven 2011, Paris — Walpole, MA. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9042922280" title="Special:BookSources/978-9042922280">978-9042922280</a>, p. 56, n. 6</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-beck-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-beck_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-beck_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_von_Beckerath" title="Jürgen von Beckerath">Jürgen von Beckerath</a>: <i>Handbuch der ägyptischen Königsnamen</i>, Münchner ägyptologische Studien, Heft 49, Mainz : P. von Zabern, 1999, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-8053-2591-6" title="Special:BookSources/3-8053-2591-6">3-8053-2591-6</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wolfgang Helck, Eberhard Otto, Wolfhart Westendorf, Stele - Zypresse: Volume 6 of Lexikon der Ägyptologie, Otto Harrassowitz Verlag, 1986, Page 1383</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Darrell D. Baker: The Encyclopedia of the Pharaohs: Volume I - Predynastic to the Twentieth Dynasty 3300–1069 BC, Stacey International, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-905299-37-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-905299-37-9">978-1-905299-37-9</a>, 2008, pp. 256-257</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.digitalegypt.ucl.ac.uk/chronology/2interkings/kings2intermediateryholt.html">Kings of the Second Intermediate Period 16th dynasty (after Ryholt 1997)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chris Bennet, A Genealogical Chronology of the Seventeenth Dynasty, Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt, Vol. 39 (2002), pp. 123-155</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ryholt-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ryholt_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Kim_Ryholt" title="Kim Ryholt">Kim Ryholt</a>: <i>The Political Situation in Egypt during the Second Intermediate Period, c. 1800 - 1550 BC</i>, Copenhagen: Museum Tusculanum Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/8772894210" title="Special:BookSources/8772894210">8772894210</a>, 1997.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.digitalegypt.ucl.ac.uk/chronology/2interkings/kings2intermediateryholt.html">Kim Ryholt's 16th dynasty</a> on Digital Egypt for Universities</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Georges Legrain: <i>Statues et statuettes de rois et de particuliers</i>, in <i>Catalogue général des antiquités égyptiennes du Musée du Caire</i>, Le Caire, 1906. I, 171 pp., 79 pls, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cfeetk.cnrs.fr/fichiers/Documents/Ressources-PDF/documents/K780-LEGRAIN.pdf">available copyright-free online</a>, published in 1906, see p. 18 and p. 109</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sixteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBourriau2003" class="citation cs2">Bourriau, Janine (2003) [2000], "The Second Intermediate Period", in <a href="/wiki/Ian_Shaw_(Egyptologist)" title="Ian Shaw (Egyptologist)">Shaw, Ian</a> (ed.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=092jP1lBhtoC"><i>The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt</i></a>, Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-280458-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-280458-8"><bdi>0-19-280458-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Second+Intermediate+Period&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+History+of+Ancient+Egypt&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-19-280458-8&rft.aulast=Bourriau&rft.aufirst=Janine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D092jP1lBhtoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASixteenth+Dynasty+of+Egypt" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCory1876" class="citation cs2">Cory, Isaac Preston (1876), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IwsDAAAAMAAJ&q=corey's+ancient+fragments"><i>Cory's Ancient fragments of the Phoenician, Carthaginian, Babylonian, Egyptian and other authors</i></a>, Reeves & Turner, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780598986382" title="Special:BookSources/9780598986382"><bdi>9780598986382</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cory%27s+Ancient+fragments+of+the+Phoenician%2C+Carthaginian%2C+Babylonian%2C+Egyptian+and+other+authors&rft.pub=Reeves+%26+Turner&rft.date=1876&rft.isbn=9780598986382&rft.aulast=Cory&rft.aufirst=Isaac+Preston&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIwsDAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Dcorey%27s%2Bancient%2Bfragments&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASixteenth+Dynasty+of+Egypt" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKuhrt1995" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Am%C3%A9lie_Kuhrt" title="Amélie Kuhrt">Kuhrt, Amélie</a> (1995), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=K-wOAAAAQAAJ"><i>The Ancient Near East: c. 3000–330 BC</i></a>, London: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415013536" title="Special:BookSources/9780415013536"><bdi>9780415013536</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ancient+Near+East%3A+c.+3000%E2%80%93330+BC&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=9780415013536&rft.aulast=Kuhrt&rft.aufirst=Am%C3%A9lie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DK-wOAAAAQAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASixteenth+Dynasty+of+Egypt" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRyholt1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kim_Ryholt" title="Kim Ryholt">Ryholt, K. S. B.</a> (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ANRi7cM5ZwsC&q=thinis"><i>The Political Situation in Egypt during the Second Intermediate Period, c. 1800–1550 BC</i></a>. Copenhagen: <a href="/wiki/Museum_Tusculanum_Press" title="Museum Tusculanum Press">Museum Tusculanum Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/8772894210" title="Special:BookSources/8772894210"><bdi>8772894210</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Political+Situation+in+Egypt+during+the+Second+Intermediate+Period%2C+c.+1800%E2%80%931550+BC&rft.place=Copenhagen&rft.pub=Museum+Tusculanum+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=8772894210&rft.aulast=Ryholt&rft.aufirst=K.+S.+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DANRi7cM5ZwsC%26q%3Dthinis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASixteenth+Dynasty+of+Egypt" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Fifteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Fifteenth Dynasty of Egypt">Fifteenth Dynasty</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Egyptian_dynasties" class="mw-redirect" title="List of ancient Egyptian dynasties">Dynasty of Egypt</a> </b><br />1649–1582 BC </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Seventeenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Seventeenth Dynasty of Egypt">Seventeenth Dynasty</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sixteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt&oldid=1255576530">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sixteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt&oldid=1255576530</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sixteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Category:Sixteenth Dynasty of Egypt">Sixteenth Dynasty of Egypt</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:States_and_territories_established_in_the_17th_century_BC" title="Category:States and territories established in the 17th century BC">States and territories established in the 17th century BC</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:States_and_territories_disestablished_in_the_16th_century_BC" title="Category:States and territories disestablished in the 16th century BC">States and territories disestablished in the 16th century BC</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:16th_century_BC_in_Egypt" title="Category:16th century BC in Egypt">16th century BC in Egypt</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:17th_century_BC_in_Egypt" title="Category:17th century BC in Egypt">17th century BC in Egypt</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:2nd_millennium_BC_in_Egypt" title="Category:2nd millennium BC in Egypt">2nd millennium BC in Egypt</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:2nd-millennium_BC_disestablishments_in_Egypt" title="Category:2nd-millennium BC disestablishments in Egypt">2nd-millennium BC disestablishments in Egypt</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:2nd-millennium_BC_establishments_in_Egypt" title="Category:2nd-millennium BC establishments in Egypt">2nd-millennium BC establishments in Egypt</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Dynasties_of_ancient_Egypt" title="Category:Dynasties of ancient Egypt">Dynasties of ancient Egypt</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hyksos" title="Category:Hyksos">Hyksos</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 5 November 2024, at 17:17<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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