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id="toc-Terminology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Classification_and_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classification_and_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Classification and history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Classification_and_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Form" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Form"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Form</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Form-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contemporary_usage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contemporary_usage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Contemporary usage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contemporary_usage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Linguistic_versus_societal_status" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Linguistic_versus_societal_status"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Linguistic versus societal status</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Linguistic_versus_societal_status-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Subdivisions_of_Limburgish" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Subdivisions_of_Limburgish"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Subdivisions of Limburgish</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Subdivisions_of_Limburgish-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Subdivisions of Limburgish subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Subdivisions_of_Limburgish-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Principal_dialects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Principal_dialects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Principal dialects</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Principal_dialects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Expanded" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Expanded"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Expanded</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Expanded-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Meuse-Rhenish" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Meuse-Rhenish"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2.1</span> <span>Meuse-Rhenish</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Meuse-Rhenish-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_Low_Franconian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_Low_Franconian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2.2</span> <span>South Low Franconian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_Low_Franconian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Orthography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Orthography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Orthography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Orthography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phonology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phonology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Phonology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Phonology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Phonology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Phonology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Consonants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consonants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Consonants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consonants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vowels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vowels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Vowels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vowels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Monophthongs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Monophthongs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2.1</span> <span>Monophthongs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Monophthongs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diphthongs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diphthongs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.3</span> <span>Diphthongs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diphthongs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tone" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tone"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.4</span> <span>Tone</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tone-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Particular_local_features" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Particular_local_features"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.4.1</span> <span>Particular local features</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Particular_local_features-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bitonality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bitonality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.4.1.1</span> <span>Bitonality</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bitonality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Steeper_fall" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Steeper_fall"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.4.1.2</span> <span>Steeper fall</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Steeper_fall-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diphthongization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diphthongization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.4.1.3</span> <span>Diphthongization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diphthongization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Samples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Samples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.5</span> <span>Samples</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Samples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Phonetic_transcription_(Hasselt,_West_Limburgish)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phonetic_transcription_(Hasselt,_West_Limburgish)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.5.1</span> <span>Phonetic transcription (Hasselt, West Limburgish)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Phonetic_transcription_(Hasselt,_West_Limburgish)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Orthographic_version_(Hasselt,_West_Limburgish)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Orthographic_version_(Hasselt,_West_Limburgish)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.5.2</span> <span>Orthographic version (Hasselt, West Limburgish)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Orthographic_version_(Hasselt,_West_Limburgish)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phonetic_transcription_(Maastricht,_Central_Limburgish)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phonetic_transcription_(Maastricht,_Central_Limburgish)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.5.3</span> <span>Phonetic transcription (Maastricht, Central Limburgish)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Phonetic_transcription_(Maastricht,_Central_Limburgish)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Orthographic_version_(Maastricht,_Central_Limburgish)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Orthographic_version_(Maastricht,_Central_Limburgish)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.5.4</span> <span>Orthographic version (Maastricht, Central Limburgish)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Orthographic_version_(Maastricht,_Central_Limburgish)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Grammar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grammar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Grammar</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Grammar-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Grammar subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Grammar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Nouns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nouns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Nouns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nouns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Gender" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gender"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1.1</span> <span>Gender</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gender-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Plural" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Plural"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1.2</span> <span>Plural</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Plural-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diminutives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diminutives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1.3</span> <span>Diminutives</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diminutives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Adjectives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adjectives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Adjectives</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adjectives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pronouns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pronouns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.3</span> <span>Pronouns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pronouns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Personal_pronouns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_pronouns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.3.1</span> <span>Personal pronouns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personal_pronouns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Possessive_pronouns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Possessive_pronouns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.3.2</span> <span>Possessive pronouns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Possessive_pronouns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demonstrative_pronouns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demonstrative_pronouns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.3.3</span> <span>Demonstrative pronouns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Demonstrative_pronouns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vocabulary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vocabulary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Vocabulary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vocabulary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" 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Available in 84 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-84" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">84 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limburgs" title="Limburgs – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Limburgs" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%8A%E1%88%9D%E1%89%A1%E1%88%AD%E1%8C%8D%E1%8A%9B" title="ሊምቡርግኛ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ሊምቡርግኛ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limburgisc" title="Limburgisc – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Limburgisc" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%BA%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="اللغة الليمبورغية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="اللغة الليمبورغية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_limburgu%C3%A9s" title="Idioma limburgués – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Idioma limburgués" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_limburgu%C3%A9s" title="Idioma limburgués – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Idioma limburgués" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limburg-g%C3%AD" title="Limburg-gí – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Limburg-gí" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tataramon_na_Limburges" title="Tataramon na Limburges – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Tataramon na Limburges" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Лимбургски език – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Лимбургски език" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limbourgeg" title="Limbourgeg – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Limbourgeg" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limburgu%C3%A8s" title="Limburguès – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Limburguès" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limbur%C5%A1tina" title="Limburština – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Limburština" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9B%CE%B9%CE%BC%CE%B2%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%81%CE%B3%CE%B9%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%AE_%CE%B3%CE%BB%CF%8E%CF%83%CF%83%CE%B1" title="Λιμβουργιανή γλώσσα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Λιμβουργιανή γλώσσα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_limburgu%C3%A9s" title="Idioma limburgués – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Idioma limburgués" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limburga_lingvo" title="Limburga lingvo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Limburga lingvo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limburgera" title="Limburgera – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Limburgera" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AE%DB%8C" title="زبان لیمبورخی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زبان لیمبورخی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limburgish" title="Limburgish – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Limburgish" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limburgiskt_m%C3%A1l" title="Limburgiskt mál – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Limburgiskt mál" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limbourgeois" title="Limbourgeois – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Limbourgeois" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limburchsk" title="Limburchsk – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Limburchsk" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_limburguesa" title="Lingua limburguesa – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Lingua limburguesa" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limburg-ng%C3%AE" title="Limburg-ngî – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Limburg-ngî" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A6%BC%EB%B7%94%EB%A5%B4%ED%9D%90%EC%96%B4" title="림뷔르흐어 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="림뷔르흐어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BC%D5%AB%D5%B4%D5%A2%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80%D5%A3%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%B6" title="Լիմբուրգերեն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Լիմբուրգերեն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limbur%C5%A1ki_jezik" title="Limburški jezik – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Limburški jezik" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limburgana_linguo" title="Limburgana linguo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Limburgana linguo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagsasao_a_Limburges" title="Pagsasao a Limburges – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Pagsasao a Limburges" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Limburg" title="Bahasa Limburg – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bahasa Limburg" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limburg%C3%ADska" title="Limburgíska – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Limburgíska" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_limburghese" title="Lingua limburghese – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lingua limburghese" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%91%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%92%D7%99%D7%AA" title="לימבורגית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="לימבורגית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limbourgek" title="Limbourgek – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Limbourgek" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziman%C3%AA_limburg%C3%AE" title="Zimanê limburgî – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Zimanê limburgî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_Limburgica" title="Lingua Limburgica – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Lingua Limburgica" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limburgie%C5%A1u_valoda" title="Limburgiešu valoda – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Limburgiešu valoda" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limburgesch" title="Limburgesch – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Limburgesch" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limburgie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba" title="Limburgiečių kalba – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Limburgiečių kalba" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengua_limburgheise" title="Lengua limburgheise – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Lengua limburgheise" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limburgs" title="Limburgs – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Limburgs" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limburgan_(lingua)" title="Limburgan (lingua) – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Limburgan (lingua)" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengua_limburghesa" title="Lengua limburghesa – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Lengua limburghesa" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limburgi_nyelv" title="Limburgi nyelv – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Limburgi nyelv" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiteny_limborgiana" title="Fiteny limborgiana – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fiteny limborgiana" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%BA%D9%8A%D9%87" title="الليمبورغيه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="الليمبورغيه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B1%DA%AF%DB%8C" title="لیمبورگی – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="لیمبورگی" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limburgs" title="Limburgs – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Limburgs" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limb%C3%B6rgs" title="Limbörgs – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Limbörgs" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AA%E3%83%B3%E3%83%96%E3%83%AB%E3%83%95%E8%AA%9E" title="リンブルフ語 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="リンブルフ語" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limborags" title="Limborags – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Limborags" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limburgsk" title="Limburgsk – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Limburgsk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pfl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pfl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limburgisch" title="Limburgisch – Palatine German" lang="pfl" hreflang="pfl" data-title="Limburgisch" data-language-autonym="Pälzisch" data-language-local-name="Palatine German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pälzisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%B1%DA%AF%DB%8C" title="لمبرگی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="لمبرگی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenga_limburgh%C3%A8isa" title="Lenga limburghèisa – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Lenga limburghèisa" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limborgsch" title="Limborgsch – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Limborgsch" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_limburski" title="Język limburski – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Język limburski" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_limburguesa" title="Língua limburguesa – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Língua limburguesa" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limba_limburghez%C4%83" title="Limba limburgheză – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Limba limburgheză" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Лимбургский язык – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Лимбургский язык" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%9E%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%A2%E1%B1%B5%E1%B1%A9%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%9C%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%A5_%E1%B1%AF%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B9%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%A4" title="ᱞᱤᱢᱵᱩᱨᱜᱤᱥ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱞᱤᱢᱵᱩᱨᱜᱤᱥ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limburgish_leid" title="Limburgish leid – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Limburgish leid" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limbuurchsk" title="Limbuurchsk – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Limbuurchsk" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gjuha_limburge" title="Gjuha limburge – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Gjuha limburge" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limburgish" title="Limburgish – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Limburgish" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limbur%C4%8Dina" title="Limburčina – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Limburčina" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Лимбуршки језик – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Лимбуршки језик" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limburgin_kieli" title="Limburgin kieli – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Limburgin kieli" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limburgiska" title="Limburgiska – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Limburgiska" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikang_Limburges" title="Wikang Limburges – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Wikang Limburges" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%BF" title="இலிம்பூர்கு மொழி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இலிம்பூர்கு மொழி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limburgca" title="Limburgca – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Limburgca" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B7%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Лімбурзька мова – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Лімбурзька мова" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AE%DB%8C" title="لمبرخی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="لمبرخی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limburgan_kel%27" title="Limburgan kel' – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Limburgan kel'" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%E1%BA%BFng_Limburg" title="Tiếng Limburg – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tiếng Limburg" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limburgi%C3%A4nap%C3%BCk" title="Limburgiänapük – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Limburgiänapük" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limbordjw%C3%A8s_(lingaedje)" title="Limbordjwès (lingaedje) – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Limbordjwès (lingaedje)" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limburgs" title="Limburgs – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Limburgs" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9E%97%E5%A0%A1%E8%AF%AD" title="林堡语 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="林堡语" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9E%97%E5%A0%A1%E6%96%87" title="林堡文 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="林堡文" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limburgki" title="Limburgki – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Limburgki" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limburgs" title="Limburgs – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Limburgs" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zeêuws</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9E%97%E5%A0%A1%E8%AF%AD" title="林堡语 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="林堡语" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Limburgish_language&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Limburgish language">Limburgish language</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">South/Eastern branch of Low Franconian spoken in and around Limburg</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Limburgs" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Limburg_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Limburg (disambiguation)">Limburg</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px 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color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Limburgish</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Limburgan, Limburgian, Limburgic, East Low Franconian, South Low Franconian</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;"><span title="Limburgish-language text"><i lang="li">Limburgs</i></span>, <span title="Limburgish-language text"><i lang="li">Lèmburgs</i></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Pronunciation</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="li-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[ˈlɪm˦bʏʀ(ə)xs,<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈlɛm˦-]</a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Native to</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Limburg_(Netherlands)" title="Limburg (Netherlands)">Limburg</a></li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Limburg_(Belgium)" title="Limburg (Belgium)">Limburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li%C3%A8ge_(province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Liège (province)">Liège</a></li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Rhine-Westphalia" title="North Rhine-Westphalia">North Rhine-Westphalia</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Region</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Limburg_(Netherlands)" title="Limburg (Netherlands)">Limburg (Netherlands)</a> <a href="/wiki/Limburg_(Belgium)" title="Limburg (Belgium)">Limburg (Belgium)</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Ethnicity</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Dutch_people" title="Dutch people">Dutch</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Belgian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Belgian people">Belgians</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Germans" title="Germans">Germans</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Native speakers</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">1.3 million in Netherlands and Belgium<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> (2001)<sup id="cite_ref-e18_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e18-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />unknown number in Germany</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li> <a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/West_Germanic_languages" title="West Germanic languages">West Germanic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Weser%E2%80%93Rhine_Germanic" title="Weser–Rhine Germanic">Weser–Rhine Germanic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Low_Franconian" title="Low Franconian">Low Franconian</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><b>Limburgish</b></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Early form</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Frankish_language" title="Frankish language">Frankish</a> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">Writing system</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Official status</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Recognised minority<br />language in</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="vertical-align:middle;"><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> – Statutory provincial language in Limburg Province (1996, Ratification Act, ECRML, No. 136), effective 1997.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_language_regulators" title="List of language regulators">Regulated by</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">Veldeke Limburg, Raod veur 't Limburgs</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-1" title="ISO 639-1">ISO 639-1</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/langcodes_name.php?iso_639_1=li">li</a></span></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-2" title="ISO 639-2">ISO 639-2</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/langcodes_name.php?code_ID=260">lim</a></span></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/lim" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:lim">lim</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></i></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/limb1263">limb1263</a></code>  <small>Limburgan</small></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Linguasphere_Observatory" title="Linguasphere Observatory">Linguasphere</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hortensj-garden.org/index.php?tnc=1&tr=lsr&nid=52-ACB-al">52-ACB-al</a></code></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Lang_Status_80-VU.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Lang_Status_80-VU.svg/320px-Lang_Status_80-VU.svg.png" decoding="async" width="320" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Lang_Status_80-VU.svg/480px-Lang_Status_80-VU.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Lang_Status_80-VU.svg/640px-Lang_Status_80-VU.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="153" /></a></span><div style="text-align:left;"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span style="font-size:85%;">Limburgish is classified as Vulnerable by the <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> <a href="/wiki/Atlas_of_the_World%27s_Languages_in_Danger" title="Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger">Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span></div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint selfref" style="background-color:#E7E7FF;color:inherit;padding:0.3em 0.5em;text-align:left;line-height:1.3;"><b>This article contains <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> phonetic symbols.</b> Without proper <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA#Rendering_issues" title="Help:IPA">rendering support</a>, you may see <a href="/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character" title="Specials (Unicode block)">question marks, boxes, or other symbols</a> instead of <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> characters. 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class="sidebar-heading" style="text-align: left; font-weight: normal"> <i>Low Saxon dialects</i></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align: left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Low_Saxon" title="Northern Low Saxon">Northern Low Saxon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gronings_dialect" title="Gronings dialect">Gronings</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westphalian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Westphalian language">Westphalian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achterhooks_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Achterhooks dialect">Achterhooks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dr%C3%A8ents_dialects" title="Drèents dialects">Drèents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veluws_dialect" title="Veluws dialect">Veluws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sallaans_dialect" title="Sallaans dialect">Sallaands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stellingwarfs_dialect" title="Stellingwarfs dialect">Stellingwarfs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tweants_dialect" title="Tweants dialect">Tweants</a></li></ul></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="text-align: left; font-weight: normal"> <i>West Low Franconian dialects</i></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align: left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/West_Flemish" title="West Flemish">West Flemish</a>/<a href="/wiki/French_Flemish" title="French Flemish">French Flemish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Flemish" title="East Flemish">East Flemish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeelandic" title="Zeelandic">Zeelandic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Dutch_dialects" title="Central Dutch dialects">Central Dutch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hollandic_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Hollandic dialect">Hollandic</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indonesian_Dutch&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Indonesian Dutch (page does not exist)">Indonesian Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kleverlandish" title="Kleverlandish">Kleverlandish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surinamese_Dutch" title="Surinamese Dutch">Surinamese Dutch</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brabantian_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Brabantian dialect">Brabantian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antwerpian_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Antwerpian dialect">Antwerpian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brusselian_dialect" title="Brusselian dialect">Brusselian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stadsfries_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="Stadsfries dialects">Stadsfries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bildts" title="Bildts">Bildts</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="text-align: left; font-weight: normal"> <i>East Low Franconian dialects</i></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align: left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Limburgish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Limburgish language">Limburgish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Limburgish_dialect" title="Southeast Limburgish dialect">Southeast Limburgish</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 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typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/WIKITONGUES-_Carolien_speaking_Limburgish.webm/220px--WIKITONGUES-_Carolien_speaking_Limburgish.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="224" data-mwtitle="WIKITONGUES-_Carolien_speaking_Limburgish.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:WIKITONGUES-_Carolien_speaking_Limburgish.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/07/WIKITONGUES-_Carolien_speaking_Limburgish.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Carolien_speaking_Limburgish.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/07/WIKITONGUES-_Carolien_speaking_Limburgish.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Carolien_speaking_Limburgish.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/07/WIKITONGUES-_Carolien_speaking_Limburgish.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/07/WIKITONGUES-_Carolien_speaking_Limburgish.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Carolien_speaking_Limburgish.webm.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/07/WIKITONGUES-_Carolien_speaking_Limburgish.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Carolien_speaking_Limburgish.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/07/WIKITONGUES-_Carolien_speaking_Limburgish.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Carolien_speaking_Limburgish.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/07/WIKITONGUES-_Carolien_speaking_Limburgish.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Carolien_speaking_Limburgish.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption>A Limburgish speaker, recorded in <a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Limburgish</b><sup id="cite_ref-pron_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pron-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/Limburgish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Limburgish language">Limburgish</a>: <i lang="li">Limburgs</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="li-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[ˈlɪm˦bʏʀ(ə)xs]</a></span> or <span title="Limburgish-language text"><i lang="li">Lèmburgs</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="li-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[ˈlɛm˦-]</a></span>; <a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a>: <i lang="nl">Limburgs</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="nl-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Dutch" title="Help:IPA/Dutch">[ˈlɪmbʏr(ə)xs]</a></span>; also <b>Limburgian</b>, <b>Limburgic</b> or <b>Limburgan</b><sup id="cite_ref-e18_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e18-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) refers to a group of <a href="/wiki/South_Low_Franconian" title="South Low Franconian">South Low Franconian</a> <a href="/wiki/Variety_(linguistics)" title="Variety (linguistics)">varieties</a> spoken in <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>, characterized by their distance to, and limited participation in the formation of, <a href="/wiki/Standard_Dutch" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard Dutch">Standard Dutch</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/Limburg_(Netherlands)" title="Limburg (Netherlands)">Dutch province of Limburg</a>, all dialects have been given <a href="/wiki/Regional_language" title="Regional language">regional language</a> status, including those comprising ″Limburgish″ as used in this article. </p><p>Limburgish shares many vocabulary and grammatical characteristics with both <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a>. A characteristic feature of many dialects of Limburgish is the occurrence of a <a href="/wiki/Lexical_rule" title="Lexical rule">lexical</a> <a href="/wiki/Pitch_accent_(intonation)" title="Pitch accent (intonation)">pitch accent</a> (<a href="/wiki/Franconian_tone_accent" class="mw-redirect" title="Franconian tone accent">Franconian tone accent</a>), which is shared with the adjacent <a href="/wiki/Central_Franconian" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Franconian">Central Franconian</a> dialects of German.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Limburgish&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The name <i>Limburgish</i> (and variants of it) derives only indirectly from the now Belgian town of <a href="/wiki/Limbourg" title="Limbourg">Limbourg</a> (<i>Laeboer</i> in Limburgish, IPA: /ˈlæːbuʁ/), which was the capital of the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Limburg" title="Duchy of Limburg">Duchy of Limburg</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>. More directly it is derived from the more modern name of the <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Limburg_(1815%E2%80%9339)" class="mw-redirect" title="Province of Limburg (1815–39)">Province of Limburg (1815–39)</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands" title="Kingdom of the Netherlands">Kingdom of the Netherlands</a>, which has been split today into a <a href="/wiki/Limburg_(Belgium)" title="Limburg (Belgium)">Belgian Limburg</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Limburg_(Netherlands)" title="Limburg (Netherlands)">Dutch Limburg</a>. In the area around the old Duchy of Limburg the main language today is French, but there is also a particular cluster of Limburgish (or Limburgish-like, depending on definitions) dialects. The use of <i>Limburgish</i> is first attested at the close of the 19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>People from Limburg usually call their language <i>plat</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> similar as <a href="/wiki/Low_German" title="Low German">Low German</a> speakers do. This <i>plat</i> refers simply to the fact that the language is spoken in the low plains country, as opposed to the use of "High" in "<a href="/wiki/High_German_languages" title="High German languages">High German</a>", which are derived from dialects spoken in the more mountainous southerly regions. The word "plat" is therefore associated both with the <i>platteland</i> (Dutch: "countryside") and can in effect sometimes mean simply "slang" in the sense of any very informal, rustic or locally unique words or expressions. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Terminology">Terminology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Limburgish&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Terminology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Limburgs.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Limburgs.png/220px-Limburgs.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Limburgs.png/330px-Limburgs.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Limburgs.png/440px-Limburgs.png 2x" data-file-width="547" data-file-height="424" /></a><figcaption>Limburgish, using several definitions</figcaption></figure> <p>The term <i>Limburgish</i> can refer to all varieties spoken within either the Belgian or Dutch province of Limburg, the South-East of <a href="/wiki/Flemish_Brabant" title="Flemish Brabant">Flemish Brabant</a>, the North-East of <a href="/wiki/Li%C3%A8ge_Province" title="Liège Province">Liège</a> as well as in combination with the adjacent Rhineland region in a Limburgian-Ripuarian context. </p> <ul><li>In everyday speech, <i>Limburgish</i> refers to the varieties spoken in Dutch and Belgian Limburg. It is likewise legally defined through the Dutch recognition of Limburgish as a regional language under the <a href="/wiki/European_Charter_for_Regional_or_Minority_Languages" title="European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages">European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In traditional Dutch and Belgian dialectology, <i>Limburgish</i> is roughly defined as comprising the dialects between the <a href="/wiki/Uerdingen_line" title="Uerdingen line">Uerdingen line</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Benrath_line" title="Benrath line">Benrath line</a> spoken in Belgium and the Netherlands.</li> <li>Flemish linguist <a href="/wiki/Jan_Goossens_(linguist)" title="Jan Goossens (linguist)">Jan Goossens</a> suggested to expand the definition of <i>Limburgish</i> to include all <a href="/wiki/Low_Franconian" title="Low Franconian">Low Franconian</a> varieties positioned between the <a href="/wiki/Uerdingen_line" title="Uerdingen line">Uerdingen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Benrath_line" title="Benrath line">Benrath line</a>, although this usage has not been adopted by other scholars.</li></ul> <p>Regardless of the exact definition used, the term <i>Limburgish</i> itself is specific to the Netherlands and Belgium, where it used by linguists and speakers alike and is strongly connected to the cultural and regional identity of the inhabitants of both Belgian and Dutch Limburg. This regional identity is notably absent from the speakers of closely related Low Franconian dialects in adjacent parts of Germany, who do not refer to their local dialects as <i>Limburgish</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In German linguistic discourse too, the term is uncommon with German linguists instead tending to use <i>Southern Low Franconian</i> (German: <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Südniederfränkisch</i></span>) to refer to the same dialect grouping. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classification_and_history">Classification and history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Limburgish&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Classification and history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Dutch" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Dutch">History of Dutch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Low_Franconian" title="Low Franconian">Low Franconian</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Rhenish_fan" title="Rhenish fan">Rhenish fan</a></div> <p>The classification of Limburgish is contended by different national traditions. Within the context of historical linguistics, Limburgish is regarded as one of the five main dialects of <a href="/wiki/Middle_Dutch" title="Middle Dutch">Middle Dutch</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Bree_2008,_p._109_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bree_2008,_p._109-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Middelnederlands-Diversiteit_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Middelnederlands-Diversiteit-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although this is not considered to be a homogeneous language, but a retrofit definition based on the region where Dutch is currently an official language.<sup id="cite_ref-Middelnederlands-Diversiteit_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Middelnederlands-Diversiteit-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>German and French<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dialectology considers Limburgish part of the <a href="/wiki/Rhenish_Fan" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhenish Fan">Rhenish Fan</a>. Sometimes it is also called a variety of <a href="/wiki/Meuse-Rhenish" title="Meuse-Rhenish">Meuse-Rhenish</a>, especially among German dialectologists. Belgian/Dutch linguistics considers it in the context of Limburgian-Ripuarian,<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> together with the <a href="/wiki/Ripuarian_language" title="Ripuarian language">Ripuarian</a> varieties. The early medieval Limburgish writer <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_von_Veldeke" title="Heinrich von Veldeke">Heinrich von Veldeke</a> is claimed by the tradition of both Dutch and German dialectology.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From the end of the 20th century on, Limburgish has developed a sense of autonomy from the traditional Dutch-German dipole as Limburgish linguists and functionaries consider it explicitly distinct from Dutch and German,<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as affirmed by the Covenant of the Limburgish language<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which politically decouples Limburgish from Dutch in the eyes of the Dutch government. </p><p>Limburgish developed from <a href="/wiki/Old_Dutch" title="Old Dutch">Old East Low Franconian</a>, which had evolved itself from earlier <a href="/wiki/Weser%E2%80%93Rhine_Germanic" title="Weser–Rhine Germanic">Weser–Rhine Germanic</a>, a language which had been spoken in the Low Countries on both sides of the <a href="/wiki/Lower_Germanic_Limes" title="Lower Germanic Limes">Roman limes</a> since at least the <a href="/wiki/4th_century" title="4th century">4th century</a>. During the <a href="/wiki/High_Middle_Ages" title="High Middle Ages">High Middle Ages</a>, the dialects which would result in Limburgish were influenced by the High German dialects spoken around the city of <a href="/wiki/Cologne" title="Cologne">Cologne</a>, resulting in certain <a href="/wiki/High_German_consonant_shift" title="High German consonant shift">High German features</a> being absorbed by these varieties. It is the adoption of these phonological traits that resulted in Limburgish being classified as East Low Franconian. </p><p>In the past, all Limburgish varieties were therefore sometimes seen as <a href="/wiki/West_Central_German" title="West Central German">West Central German</a>, part of High German.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This difference is caused by a difference in definition: the latter stance defines a High German variety as one that has taken part in any of the first three phases of the High German consonant shift. It is nevertheless most common in linguistics to consider Limburgish as Low Franconian. </p><p>The traditional terminology can be confusing as the differences between the historical groupings Old West Franconian and Old East Franconian (which mainly concern certain vowel variations and the presence of <a href="/wiki/North_Sea_Germanic" title="North Sea Germanic">Ingvaeonic features</a>) is different from the modern modern dialectal dichotomy between Western and Eastern Low Franconian, which is based on the presence or absence of <a href="/wiki/High_German_consonant_shift" title="High German consonant shift">High German features</a> in Low Franconian, which did not occur until the advent of the Middle Dutch period.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The period of High German influence lasted until the 13th century, after which the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Brabant" title="Duchy of Brabant">Duchy of Brabant</a> extended its power, which resulted in a marked Brabantian influence, first among the western (i.e. spoken up to <a href="/wiki/Genk" title="Genk">Genk</a>) Limburgish dialects and then also among the eastern variants.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Currently Limburgish – although being essentially a variety of Low Franconian – still has a considerable distance from Standard Dutch with regards to phonology, morphology and lexicon. Standard Dutch, which developed mostly from West Low Franconian dialects such as <a href="/wiki/Flemish_dialects" title="Flemish dialects">Flemish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brabantic" class="mw-redirect" title="Brabantic">Brabantic</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBelemansKeulen200421_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBelemansKeulen200421-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> serves as the standard language (or <a href="/wiki/Abstand_and_ausbau_languages" title="Abstand and ausbau languages">Dachsprache</a>) for the Limburgish varieties spoken in the Netherlands and Belgium. The speakers of Limburgish or South Low Franconian dialects in Germany use Standard German as their Dachsprache. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Form">Form</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Limburgish&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Form"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Limburgish is far from being homogeneous. In other words, it has numerous <a href="/wiki/Variety_(linguistics)" title="Variety (linguistics)">varieties</a> instead of one single <a href="/wiki/Standard_language" title="Standard language">standard form</a>. Between 1995 and 1999, a uniform standard form called AGL (<i>Algemein Gesjreve Limburgs</i>, "Generally written Limburgish") was developed and proposed, but found too little support.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Today the so-called "Veldeke-spelling" which was first applied in the 1940s is most of the time used to write in a specific Limburgish dialect.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2000 the parliament of the province of Dutch Limburg enacted a measure establishing the Limburgish Language Council (Raod veur 't Limburgs), a committee which advises the Parliament of Dutch Limburg on measures in relation to Limburgish. In 2003 the Limburgish Language Council adopted a standard orthography for Limburgish. On the basis of this standard orthography the Limburgish Academy Foundation (<i>Stiechting Limbörgse Academie</i>) is creating Limburgish-Dutch, Limburgish-English, Dutch-Limburgish and English-Limburgish dictionaries.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Contemporary_usage">Contemporary usage</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Limburgish&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Contemporary usage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Merriejestroat_-_Mariastraat_(11721936006).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Merriejestroat_-_Mariastraat_%2811721936006%29.jpg/220px-Merriejestroat_-_Mariastraat_%2811721936006%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Merriejestroat_-_Mariastraat_%2811721936006%29.jpg/330px-Merriejestroat_-_Mariastraat_%2811721936006%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Merriejestroat_-_Mariastraat_%2811721936006%29.jpg/440px-Merriejestroat_-_Mariastraat_%2811721936006%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2296" data-file-height="1717" /></a><figcaption>Bilingual signs in Maastricht</figcaption></figure> <p>Limburgish is spoken by approximately 1.6 million people in the <a href="/wiki/Low_Countries" title="Low Countries">Low Countries</a> and by many hundreds of thousands in <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> It is especially in the Dutch province of Limburg that Limburgish is used not only in everyday speech, but also often in more formal situations and on the local and regional radio.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to a study by Geert Driessen, in 2011 Limburgish was spoken by 54 percent of the adults and 31 percent of the children.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Limburgish has no real written tradition, except for its early beginnings. <a href="/wiki/Hendrik_van_Veldeke" class="mw-redirect" title="Hendrik van Veldeke">Hendrik van Veldeke</a> wrote in a Middle Limburgish dialect.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Especially in the Netherlands, the cultural meaning of the language is also important. Many song texts are written in a Limburgish dialect, for example during <a href="/wiki/Carnival" title="Carnival">Carnival</a>. <a href="/wiki/Jack_Poels" title="Jack Poels">Jack Poels</a> writes most of his texts for <a href="/wiki/Rowwen_H%C3%A8ze" title="Rowwen Hèze">Rowwen Hèze</a> in Sevenums, a local dialect. </p><p>To what degree Limburgish actually is spoken in Germany today remains a matter of debate. Not depending on the city in these parts of Germany, less than 50% of the population speak a local or regional form of Limburgish. Depending on the city in these parts of Belgium, according to A, Schuck (2001) 50% to 90% of the population speak a local or regional form of Limburgish, which seems to be a clear overestimation.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Moreover, research into some specific variants seems to indicate a gradual process of development towards the national standardised Dutch, especially amongst younger generations.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGussenhovenAarts1999[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_January_2021]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(January_2021)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGussenhovenAarts1999[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_January_2021]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(January_2021)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Belgium, the Limburgish dialects are generally considered to be more endangered than in the Netherlands.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hasselt_Diesterstraat.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Hasselt_Diesterstraat.jpg/220px-Hasselt_Diesterstraat.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Hasselt_Diesterstraat.jpg/330px-Hasselt_Diesterstraat.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Hasselt_Diesterstraat.jpg/440px-Hasselt_Diesterstraat.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1975" data-file-height="1280" /></a><figcaption>Bilingual signs in <a href="/wiki/Hasselt" title="Hasselt">Hasselt</a>, Belgium</figcaption></figure> <p>Since Limburgish is still the mother tongue of many inhabitants in Dutch and Belgian Limburg, Limburgish grammar, vocabulary and pronunciation can have a significant impact on the way locals speak Dutch in public life.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Within the modern communities of these provinces, intermediate <a href="/wiki/Idiolects" class="mw-redirect" title="Idiolects">idiolects</a> are also very common, which combine standard <a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Accent_(dialect)" class="mw-redirect" title="Accent (dialect)">accent</a> and some grammatical and pronunciation tendencies derived from Limburgish. This "Limburgish Dutch" is confusingly also often referred to simply as "Limburgish", although in Belgium such intermediate languages tend to be called <span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl"><a href="/wiki/Tussentaal" class="mw-redirect" title="Tussentaal">tussentaal</a></i></span> ("in-between language"), no matter the exact dialect/language with which standard Dutch is combined.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Linguistic_versus_societal_status">Linguistic versus societal status</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Limburgish&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Linguistic versus societal status"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Weasel plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Weasel" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>contains <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch">weasel words</a>: vague phrasing that often accompanies <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view">biased</a> or <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">unverifiable</a> information</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Such statements should be <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch">clarified or removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2023</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In March 1997 the Dutch government recognised Limburgish as a <a href="/wiki/Regional_language" title="Regional language">regional language</a> (Dutch: <i>streektaal</i>) in the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As such, it receives moderate protection under chapter 2 of the <a href="/wiki/European_Charter_for_Regional_or_Minority_Languages" title="European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages">European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, some linguists have argued that this recognition was highly politically motivated and done more on <a href="/wiki/Sociolinguistics" title="Sociolinguistics">sociolinguistic</a> than purely linguistic grounds. In 1999, the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Language_Union" title="Dutch Language Union">Dutch Language Union</a>, the <i>de facto</i> language authority which asserted that it had not been asked for advice, opposed the recognition.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From the Limburgish side<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Vagueness" title="Wikipedia:Vagueness"><span title="This information is too vague. (June 2023)">vague</span></a></i>]</sup> it has been argued<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (June 2023)">according to whom?</span></a></i>]</sup> that the arguments put forth against the recognition of Limburgish were not based on linguistic considerations, but rather a concern for maintaining the dominance of the Dutch language. </p><p>On the other hand, Limburgish is not recognised by the German and Belgian national governments as an official language. An attempt at recognition, made after Limburgish had been recognised in the Netherlands, failed in the Belgian parliament due to Flemish opposition.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_36-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because in Belgium political power is divided according to linguistic lines, recognizing Limburgish as an official language would have had considerable constitutional implications and undermine the small majority Flemish speakers hold over Walloon speakers in the Belgian State.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (June 2023)">according to whom?</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Subdivisions_of_Limburgish">Subdivisions of Limburgish</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Limburgish&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Subdivisions of Limburgish"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Principal_dialects">Principal dialects</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Limburgish&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Principal dialects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Subdialects of Limburgish in Dutch and Belgian Limburg are:<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">Truierlands</i></span></li> <li><span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">Lommels</i></span> (around <a href="/wiki/Lommel" title="Lommel">Lommel</a>)</li> <li><span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">Brabants-Limburgs</i></span> <ul><li><span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">Noorderkempens</i></span></li> <li><span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">Zuiderkempens</i></span></li> <li><span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">Getelands</i></span></li></ul></li> <li><span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">West-Limburgs</i></span> (<i>West Limburgish</i>) <ul><li><span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">Dommellands</i></span></li> <li><span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">Demerkempens</i></span></li> <li><span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">Beringerlands</i></span> (cp. <a href="/wiki/Beringen,_Belgium" title="Beringen, Belgium">Beringen</a>)</li> <li><span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">Lonerlands</i></span></li></ul></li> <li><span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">Centraal-Limburgs</i></span> (<i>Central Limburgish</i>) <ul><li><span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">Weertlands</i></span></li> <li><span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">Horns</i></span></li> <li><span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">Maaskempens</i></span></li> <li><span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">Centraal-Maaslands</i></span></li> <li><span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">Trichterlands</i></span></li> <li><span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">Bilzerlands</i></span> (cp. <a href="/wiki/Bilzen" title="Bilzen">Bilzen</a>)</li> <li><span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">Tongerlands</i></span> (cp. <a href="/wiki/Tongeren" title="Tongeren">Tongeren</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">Oost-Limburgs</i></span> (<i>East Limburgish</i>) <ul><li><span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">Noordelijk Oost-Limburgs</i></span> (<i>Northern East Limburgish</i>)</li> <li><span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">Zuidelijk Oost-Limburgs</i></span> (<i>Southern East Limburgish</i>)</li></ul></li> <li><span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">Zuid-Gelders Limburgs</i></span> (around Venlo)</li> <li><span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">Noord-Gelders Limburgs</i></span> or <span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">Kleverlands</i></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Expanded">Expanded</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Limburgish&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Expanded"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Limburgish group belongs to the Continental West Germanic <a href="/wiki/Dialect_continuum" title="Dialect continuum">dialect continuum</a>. As usual inside dialect continua, neighboring languages have a maximum of similarities, and speakers being used to the rather small individual lingual differences in their immediate neighborhood perceive them as close, and familiar, while more distant ones become gradually harder to understand with distance. That ends, in the Dutch–German continuum at least, most often with incomprehensible dialects. Isoglosses are so dense in this area that practically every village or town has its own distinct dialect of Limburgish. Large cities such as <a href="/wiki/M%C3%B6nchengladbach" title="Mönchengladbach">Mönchengladbach</a>, <a href="/wiki/Krefeld" title="Krefeld">Krefeld</a>, and <a href="/wiki/D%C3%BCsseldorf" title="Düsseldorf">Düsseldorf</a> have several local dialect varieties. The named cities have in common, that they are large enough to in part extend outside the area of the dialect group. Thus each has one or more quarters outside, having vernacular languages belonging to adjacent groups, such as Kleverlandish or Ripuarian. </p><p>A few sample dialects are: <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dremmener_Platt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dremmener Platt (page does not exist)">Dremmener Platt</a></i></span> of <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Dremmen" title="Dremmen">Dremmen</a></i></span> near <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Heinsberg" title="Heinsberg">Heinsberg</a></i></span>, <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Breyellsch_Platt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Breyellsch Platt (page does not exist)">Breyellsch Platt</a></i></span> of <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Breyell" class="mw-redirect" title="Breyell">Breyell</a></i></span> in <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Nettetal" title="Nettetal">Nettetal</a></i></span>, <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jlabbacher_Platt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jlabbacher Platt (page does not exist)">Jlabbacher Platt</a></i></span> of central <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Mönchengladbach</i></span>, <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jriefrother_Platt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jriefrother Platt (page does not exist)">Jriefrother Platt</a></i></span> of <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Grefrath" title="Grefrath">Grefrath</a></i></span>, <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Viersener_Platt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Viersener Platt (page does not exist)">Viersener Platt</a></i></span> of <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Viersen" title="Viersen">Viersen</a></i></span>, <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/w/index.php?title=F%C3%B6schelner_Platt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Föschelner Platt (page does not exist)">Föschelner Platt</a></i></span> of <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Krefeld-Fischeln&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Krefeld-Fischeln (page does not exist)">Fischeln</a></i></span> in Krefeld, <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Krieewelsch&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Krieewelsch (page does not exist)">Krieewelsch</a></i></span> of central <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Krefeld</i></span>, <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%96dingsch&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ödingsch (page does not exist)">Ödingsch</a></i></span> of <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Krefeld-Uerdingen" class="mw-redirect" title="Krefeld-Uerdingen">Uerdingen</a></i></span> in <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Krefeld</i></span>, <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/w/index.php?title=D%C3%BCsseldorver_Platt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Düsseldorver Platt (page does not exist)">Düsseldorver Platt</a></i></span> of northern and central <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/D%C3%BCsseldorf" title="Düsseldorf">Düsseldorf</a></i></span>, <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rotinger_Platt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rotinger Platt (page does not exist)">Rotinger Platt</a></i></span> of <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Ratingen" title="Ratingen">Ratingen</a></i></span>, <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/w/index.php?title=W%C3%BClfrother_Platt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wülfrother Platt (page does not exist)">Wülfrother Platt</a></i></span> of <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/W%C3%BClfrath" title="Wülfrath">Wülfrath</a></i></span>, <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metmannsch_Platt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Metmannsch Platt (page does not exist)">Metmannsch Platt</a></i></span> of <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Mettmann" title="Mettmann">Mettmann</a></i></span>, <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Solinger_Platt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Solinger Platt (page does not exist)">Solinger Platt</a></i></span> of <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Solingen" title="Solingen">Solingen</a></i></span>, <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Remscheder_Platt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Remscheder Platt (page does not exist)">Remscheder Platt</a></i></span> of <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Remscheid" title="Remscheid">Remscheid</a></i></span>, and many more. </p><p>The group combines <a href="/wiki/Low_Franconian" title="Low Franconian">Low Franconian</a> properties with some <a href="/wiki/Ripuarian_(language)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ripuarian (language)">Ripuarian</a> properties, such as tonal accents, the pronoun "I" translates as <i><span title="Limburgish-language text"><i lang="li">ech</i></span></i> or <i><span title="Limburgish-language text"><i lang="li">iech</i></span></i>, the word "but" most often as <i><span title="Limburgish-language text"><i lang="li">awwer</i></span></i>, all like Ripuarian. Contrasting, "time" is translated as <i><span title="Limburgish-language text"><i lang="li">tied</i></span></i>, "to have" mostly as <i><span title="Limburgish-language text"><i lang="li">hebbe</i></span></i>, "today" as <i><span title="Limburgish-language text"><i lang="li">vandag</i></span></i>, all typical for Low Franconian. </p><p><i><span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">Noord-Limburgs</i></span></i> (also called <i><span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">ik-Limburgs</i></span></i>)<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> is the Dutch term for a group of dialects spoken north of the <a href="/wiki/Uerdingen_line" title="Uerdingen line">Uerdingen line</a>, i.e. from just south of Venlo upward to the North in the Dutch province of <a href="/wiki/Limburg_(Netherlands)" title="Limburg (Netherlands)">Limburg</a>. These dialects share many features with both the <span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl"><a href="/wiki/Kleverlandish" title="Kleverlandish">Kleverlandish</a></i></span> and <a href="/wiki/Brabantian_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Brabantian dialect">Brabantian</a> dialects and are closer to Standard Dutch than the more southern language varieties (see e.g. Hoppenbrouwers 2001). The term <span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">Noord-Limburgs</i></span> is used by Jo Daan for the entire province north of the Uerdingen line, whereas other linguists use it only for the part that has tonality, the language north of this region then being considered <a href="/wiki/Kleverlandish" title="Kleverlandish">Kleverlandish</a>. </p><p>The north border of the Limburgish tonality zone lies a little north of <a href="/wiki/Arcen" title="Arcen">Arcen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Horst_aan_de_Maas" title="Horst aan de Maas">Horst aan de Maas</a> and just above the <i>meej/mich</i> isogloss, also known as the "mich-kwartier". This makes this Limburgish isogloss the northernmost of all. Venlo lies between the <i>meej/mich</i> isogloss and the Uerdingen line, so the Venlo dialect is the only one with both forms <i>ik</i> and <i>mich/dich</i>. All dialects in the Dutch province of Limburg spoken north of the tonality border are Kleverlandish in linguistic respect. </p><p>The dialects spoken in the most southeastern part of the Dutch province of <a href="/wiki/North_Brabant" title="North Brabant">North Brabant</a> (i.e. in and around <a href="/wiki/Budel" title="Budel">Budel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maarheeze" title="Maarheeze">Maarheeze</a>) also have many Limburgish characteristics. An important difference between these dialects and the adjacent ones in the Dutch province of Limburg is, however, that the second-person pronoun <i>gij</i> is here used instead of <i>doe</i>, as in "purely" Brabantian dialects.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Centraal-Limburgs</i> (<i>Central Limburgish</i>) includes the area around <a href="/wiki/Maastricht" title="Maastricht">Maastricht</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sittard-Geleen" title="Sittard-Geleen">Sittard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roermond" title="Roermond">Roermond</a>, the eastern half of Belgian Limburg, and the Belgian <a href="/wiki/Voeren" title="Voeren">Voeren</a> area, and stretches further Northeast. Belgian linguists <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> use a more refined classification. Dutch linguists use the term <i>Oost-Limburgs</i> (<i>East Limburgish</i>) for the form of Limburgish spoken in an area from Belgian <a href="/wiki/Voeren" title="Voeren">Voeren</a> south of <a href="/wiki/Maastricht" title="Maastricht">Maastricht</a> in the Netherlands to the German border. For them, <i>West-Limburgs</i> (<i>West Limburgish</i>) is the variety of Limburgish spoken in <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a> in the area east of the Uerdingen line, for example in and around <a href="/wiki/Hasselt" title="Hasselt">Hasselt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tongeren" title="Tongeren">Tongeren</a>. It includes areas in Dutch Limburg (like <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ool&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ool (page does not exist)">Ool</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Maria_Hoop&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maria Hoop (page does not exist)">Maria Hoop</a> and <a href="/wiki/Montfort,_Netherlands" title="Montfort, Netherlands">Montfort</a>) and Dutch Brabant. The border of <i>West-Limburgs</i> and <i>Oost-Limburgs</i> starts a little south of the area between the villages of 's-Gravenvoeren and Sint-Martens-Voeren in the Belgian municipality of <a href="/wiki/Voeren" title="Voeren">Voeren</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Meuse-Rhenish">Meuse-Rhenish</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Limburgish&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Meuse-Rhenish"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rheinmaaslaendisch.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Rheinmaaslaendisch.svg/220px-Rheinmaaslaendisch.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Rheinmaaslaendisch.svg/330px-Rheinmaaslaendisch.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Rheinmaaslaendisch.svg/440px-Rheinmaaslaendisch.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="674" data-file-height="655" /></a><figcaption>Meuse-Rhenish</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Meuse-Rhenish" title="Meuse-Rhenish">Meuse-Rhenish</a></div> <p>Limburgish is spoken in a considerable part of the German Lower Rhine area. This area extends from the border regions of <a href="/wiki/Cleves" class="mw-redirect" title="Cleves">Cleves</a>, <a href="/wiki/Viersen" title="Viersen">Viersen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Heinsberg" title="Heinsberg">Heinsberg</a>, stretching out to the <a href="/wiki/Rhine" title="Rhine">Rhine</a> river. Modern linguists, both in the Netherlands and in Germany, now often combine these distinct varieties with the Cleves dialects (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Kleverländisch</i></span>). This superordinating group of Low Franconian varieties (between the rivers Meuse and Rhine) is called <a href="/wiki/Meuse-Rhenish" title="Meuse-Rhenish">Meuse-Rhenish</a> (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Rheinmaasländisch</i></span>). </p><p>Both Limburgish and <a href="/wiki/Low_Franconian#Modern_classification" title="Low Franconian">Low Rhenish</a> belong to this greater <a href="/wiki/Meuse" title="Meuse">Meuse</a>-<a href="/wiki/Rhine" title="Rhine">Rhine</a> area, building a large group of <a href="/wiki/Low_Franconian" title="Low Franconian">Low Franconian</a> dialects, including areas in Belgium, the Netherlands and the German Northern <a href="/wiki/Rhineland" title="Rhineland">Rhineland</a>. The northwestern part of this triangle came under the influence of the Dutch standard language, especially since the founding of the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands" title="United Kingdom of the Netherlands">United Kingdom of the Netherlands</a> in 1815. At the same time, the southeastern portion became part of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Kingdom of Prussia</a>, and was subject to <a href="/wiki/High_German" class="mw-redirect" title="High German">High German</a> language domination. At the dialectal level however, mutual understanding is still possible far beyond both sides of the national borders. </p><p>The Meuse-Rhenish dialects can be divided into Northern and Southern varieties. Hence, Limburgish is Southern Meuse-Rhenish as spoken in Belgium, the Netherlands and the German Lower Rhine. The Northern Meuse-Rhenish dialects as spoken in the Netherlands and in Germany (a little eastward along the Rhine) are unambiguously Low Franconian. As discussed above, Limburgish straddles the borderline between "Low Franconian" and "Middle Franconian" varieties. These Southern Meuse-Rhenish dialects are more-or-less mutually intelligible with the Ripuarian dialects, but have not been influenced by the <a href="/wiki/High_German_consonant_shift" title="High German consonant shift">High German consonant shift</a> except in isolated words (R. Hahn 2001).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Template:Harvard_citation_documentation#Wikilink_to_citation_does_not_work" title="Template:Harvard citation documentation"><span title="Template:Harvard citation documentation#Wikilink to citation does not work (June 2024)">citation not found</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="South_Low_Franconian">South Low Franconian</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Limburgish&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: South Low Franconian"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>South Low Franconian (<i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Südniederfränkisch</i></span></i>, <i><span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">Zuidnederfrankisch</i></span></i>) is the term used by dialectologists in Belgium, Germany and the Netherlands to describe the dialect group that encompasses the Limburgish varieties of Belgian and Dutch Limburg, and also the closely related dialects in adjacent areas in Belgium (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Eupen" title="Eupen">Eupen</a> in <a href="/wiki/Li%C3%A8ge_Province" title="Liège Province">Liège Province</a>) and Germany (stretching from the Dutch border to the <a href="/wiki/Bergisches_Land" title="Bergisches Land">Bergisches Land Region</a> near <a href="/wiki/D%C3%BCsseldorf" title="Düsseldorf">Düsseldorf</a> east of the <a href="/wiki/Rhine" title="Rhine">Rhine</a>). </p><p>Goossens (1965) distinguished the following subdialects:<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">ostlimburgisch-ribuarisches Übergangsgebiet</i></span> (<i>East Limburgish - Ripuarian transitional area</i>; Uerdingen, Düsseldorf, Solingen, Remscheid, Mönchengladbach, Eupen)</li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Ostlimburgisch</i></span> (<i>East Limburgish</i>; Panningen, Krefeld, Dülken, Sittard)</li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Zentrallimburgisch</i></span> (<i>Central Limburgish</i>; Maastricht, Vroenhoven)</li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">westlimburgisch-zentrallimburgisches Übergangsgebiet</i></span> (<i>West Limburgish - Central Limburgish transitional area</i>; around and southern of Genk) <ul><li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Tongerländisch</i></span> (Tongeren)</li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Bilzerländisch</i></span> (Genk, Bilzen)</li></ul></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Westlimburgisch</i></span> (<i>West Limburgish</i>; Veldeke, Hasselt, St.-Truiden, Loon)</li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">südbrabantisch-westlimburgisches Übergangsbiet</i></span> (<i>South Brabantian - West Limburgish transitional area</i>) <ul><li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Ostgeteländisch</i></span> (Beringen)</li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Westgeteländisch</i></span> (Tienen)</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Orthography">Orthography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Limburgish&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Orthography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Spelling_2003_for_the_Limburgian_dialects" title="Spelling 2003 for the Limburgian dialects">Spelling 2003 for the Limburgian dialects</a></div> <p>There is no standardized form of Limburgish, nor is there an official standard spelling for the individual Limburgish dialects. The dialect association Veldeke Limburg developed an advisory spelling in 2003 that is endorsed by the Limburgish Language Council and aims at uniformly representing all the sounds that occur within the Limburgish dialects in writing. Although this spelling also does not have official status, it is used within this dialect association as well as for the spelling of bilingual place name signs.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phonology">Phonology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Limburgish&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Phonology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The sound inventory below is based on the variety of West-Limburgs spoken in Montfort. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consonants">Consonants</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Limburgish&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Consonants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2"> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Labial_consonant" title="Labial consonant">Labial</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant">Alveolar</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Postalveolar_consonant" title="Postalveolar consonant">Post-<br />alveolar</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Palatal_consonant" title="Palatal consonant">Palatal</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">Velar</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Uvular_consonant" title="Uvular consonant">Uvular</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Glottal_consonant" title="Glottal consonant">Glottal</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_consonant" title="Nasal consonant">Nasal</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_nasal" title="Voiced palatal nasal">ɲ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_nasal" title="Voiced velar nasal">ŋ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Stop_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Stop consonant">Plosive</a> /<br /><a href="/wiki/Affricate_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Affricate consonant">Affricate</a> </th> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Voicelessness" title="Voicelessness">voiceless</a></small> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_dental_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless dental plosive">t</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless postalveolar affricate">t͡ʃ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_palatal_plosive" title="Voiceless palatal plosive">c</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">ʔ</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">voiced</a></small> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiced bilabial plosive">b</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced dental plosive">d</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiced postalveolar affricate">d͡ʒ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_plosive" title="Voiced palatal plosive">ɟ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">ɡ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Fricative_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Fricative consonant">Fricative</a> </th> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Voicelessness" title="Voicelessness">voiceless</a></small> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiceless labiodental fricative">f</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_dental_sibilant_fricative" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless dental sibilant fricative">s</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">ʃ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_fricative" title="Voiceless velar fricative">x</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_fricative" title="Voiceless glottal fricative">h</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">voiced</a></small> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiced labiodental fricative">v</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_sibilant_fricative" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced dental sibilant fricative">z</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiced postalveolar fricative">ʒ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_fricative" title="Voiced velar fricative">ɣ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_uvular_fricative" title="Voiced uvular fricative">ʁ</a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Approximant_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Approximant consonant">Approximant</a> </th> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Central_consonant" title="Central consonant">central</a></small> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">w</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Lateral_consonant" title="Lateral consonant">lateral</a></small> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_lateral_approximant" title="Voiced palatal lateral approximant">ʎ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɡ/</span> may not show up in the Hasselt dialect, but is common in other Limburgish dialects, e.g. <i>zègke</i> (Dutch: <i>zeggen</i>) "to say".</li> <li>Other Limburgish dialects also have the following sounds: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_palatal_plosive" title="Voiceless palatal plosive">c</a>]</span> (lan<b>dj</b>); <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_nasal" title="Voiced palatal nasal">ɲ</a>]</span> (te<b>nj</b>, teeth).</li> <li><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/w/</span> is realized as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced bilabial approximant">β̞</a>]</span> in Belgian Limburgish.</li> <li><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɫ]</span> is a common allophone of <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/l/</span>, especially in coda position. It is rare in the Montfortian dialect.</li> <li><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ç]</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʝ]</span> are allophones of <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/x/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɣ/</span>, occurring in a front-vowel environment. This is termed <i><a href="/wiki/Hard_and_soft_G_in_Dutch" title="Hard and soft G in Dutch">Soft G</a></i> in Dutch dialectology.</li> <li><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɦ]</span> is an allophone of <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/h/</span>. In some dialects, it may be the usual realization of <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/h/</span>.</li> <li>In most modern dialects, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/r/</span> is <a href="/wiki/Uvular_consonant" title="Uvular consonant">uvular</a>.</li></ul> <p>Overall, Limburgish dialects tend to have more consonants than Dutch. They also tend to have more vowels. According to <a href="/wiki/Peter_Ladefoged" title="Peter Ladefoged">Peter Ladefoged</a>, the vowel inventory of the dialect of Weert is perhaps the richest in the world. It has 28 vowels, among which there are 12 long monophthongs (three of which surface as centering diphthongs), 10 short monophthongs and 6 diphthongs.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In most of the Limburgish dialects spoken to the southeast of <a href="/wiki/Panningen" title="Panningen">Panningen</a>—for example those of Roermond, Sittard and Heerlen—<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">ʃ</a>]</span> appears at the beginning of words in the consonant clusters <i>sp</i>, <i>st</i>, <i>sl</i>, <i>sm</i>, <i>sn</i> and <i>zw</i>. The same sound is realized as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a>]</span> elsewhere (e.g. <i>sjtraot</i>/<i>straot</i>, "street"). This is not the case, however, in the dialects of for example Venlo, Weert, Maastricht, Echt, Montfort and Posterholt. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vowels">Vowels</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Limburgish&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Vowels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Maastrichtian_Limburgish_monophthong_chart.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Maastrichtian_Limburgish_monophthong_chart.svg/220px-Maastrichtian_Limburgish_monophthong_chart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Maastrichtian_Limburgish_monophthong_chart.svg/330px-Maastrichtian_Limburgish_monophthong_chart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Maastrichtian_Limburgish_monophthong_chart.svg/440px-Maastrichtian_Limburgish_monophthong_chart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="982" data-file-height="749" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Monophthong" title="Monophthong">Monophthongs</a> of the Maastrichtian dialect, from <a href="#CITEREFGussenhovenAarts1999">Gussenhoven & Aarts (1999</a>:159)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Maastrichtian_Limburgish_diphthong_chart.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Maastrichtian_Limburgish_diphthong_chart.svg/220px-Maastrichtian_Limburgish_diphthong_chart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Maastrichtian_Limburgish_diphthong_chart.svg/330px-Maastrichtian_Limburgish_diphthong_chart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Maastrichtian_Limburgish_diphthong_chart.svg/440px-Maastrichtian_Limburgish_diphthong_chart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="982" data-file-height="750" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Diphthong" title="Diphthong">Diphthongs</a> of the Maastrichtian dialect, from <a href="#CITEREFGussenhovenAarts1999">Gussenhoven & Aarts (1999</a>:159)</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Monophthongs">Monophthongs</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Limburgish&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Monophthongs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table> <tbody><tr> <td> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"> <caption>Short vowels </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2"> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Front_vowel" title="Front vowel">Front</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Central_vowel" title="Central vowel">Central</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Back_vowel" title="Back vowel">Back</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Unrounded_vowel" class="mw-redirect" title="Unrounded vowel">Unrounded</a></small> </th> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Rounded_vowel" class="mw-redirect" title="Rounded vowel">Rounded</a></small> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Close_vowel" title="Close vowel">Close</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_front_rounded_vowel" title="Close front rounded vowel">y</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">u</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_vowel" title="Close-mid vowel">Close-mid</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-front unrounded vowel">ɪ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_central_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid central rounded vowel">ʏ</a></span> </td> <td rowspan="2"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Mid_central_vowel" title="Mid central vowel">ə</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-back_rounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-back rounded vowel">ʊ</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_vowel" title="Open-mid vowel">Open-mid</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Mid front unrounded vowel">ɛ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front rounded vowel">œ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid back rounded vowel">ɔ</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Open_vowel" title="Open vowel">Open</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Near-open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-open front unrounded vowel">æ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Open back unrounded vowel">ɑ</a></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"> <caption>Long vowels </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2"> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Front_vowel" title="Front vowel">Front</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Central_vowel" title="Central vowel">Central</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Back_vowel" title="Back vowel">Back</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Unrounded_vowel" class="mw-redirect" title="Unrounded vowel">Unrounded</a></small> </th> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Rounded_vowel" class="mw-redirect" title="Rounded vowel">Rounded</a></small> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Close_vowel" title="Close vowel">Close</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">iː</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_front_rounded_vowel" title="Close front rounded vowel">yː</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">uː</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_vowel" title="Close-mid vowel">Close-mid</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">eː</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front rounded vowel">øː</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">oː</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_vowel" title="Open-mid vowel">Open-mid</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front unrounded vowel">ɛː</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front rounded vowel">œː</a></span> <span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_vowel" title="Nasal vowel">œ̃ː</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid back rounded vowel">ɔː</a></span> <span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_vowel" title="Nasal vowel">ɔ̃ː</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Open_vowel" title="Open vowel">Open</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Near-open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-open front unrounded vowel">æː</a></span> <span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_vowel" title="Nasal vowel">æ̃ː</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">aː</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Open back unrounded vowel">ɑː</a></span> <span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_vowel" title="Nasal vowel">ɑ̃ː</a></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ə/</span> only occurs in unstressed syllables.</li> <li><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/øː<span class="wrap"> </span>œː<span class="wrap"> </span>uː/</span> are realised as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[øə<span class="wrap"> </span>œə<span class="wrap"> </span>uə]</span> before alveolar consonants.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diphthongs">Diphthongs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Limburgish&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Diphthongs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The diphthongs <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/iə<span class="wrap"> </span>ø<span class="wrap"> </span>eɪ<span class="wrap"> </span>æɪ<span class="wrap"> </span>uɪ<span class="wrap"> </span>ɔɪ<span class="wrap"> </span>aɪ<span class="wrap"> </span>ou/</span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (December 2022)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> occur, as well as combinations of <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/uː<span class="wrap"> </span>ɔː<span class="wrap"> </span>ɑː/</span> + <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/j/</span>. <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/aɪ/</span> only occurs in French loanwords and <a href="/wiki/Interjection" title="Interjection">interjections</a>. </p><p><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ou/</span> is realized as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[oə]</span> before alveolar consonants. <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/eɪ/</span> can be realized as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[eə]</span> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ejə]</span>. In the dialect of <a href="/wiki/Geleen" title="Geleen">Geleen</a>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/eː/</span> is realized as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[iɛ]</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/oː/</span> as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɔː]</span>. In many dialects such as that of Maastricht and Sittard, the long vowel <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/aː/</span> in Dutch <a href="/wiki/Cognate" title="Cognate">cognates</a> is most of the time realized as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɒː]</span>, as in <i>nao</i> ("after", "to, towards"). The Standard Dutch equivalents are <i>na</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[naː]</span> and <i>naar</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[naːr]</span>. </p><p>In about 50 Belgian Limburgish dialects, the rounded front vowels <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/y,<span class="wrap"> </span>yː,<span class="wrap"> </span>ø,<span class="wrap"> </span>øː,<span class="wrap"> </span>œ,<span class="wrap"> </span>œː,<span class="wrap"> </span>œy/</span> are unrounded to <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/i,<span class="wrap"> </span>iː,<span class="wrap"> </span>ɪ,<span class="wrap"> </span>eː,<span class="wrap"> </span>ɛ<span class="wrap"> </span>~<span class="wrap"> </span>æ,<span class="wrap"> </span>ɛː,<span class="wrap"> </span>ɛi/</span> in most native words. They are retained in French loanwords such as <i>dzjuus</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/dʒys/</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBelemansKeulen200434_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBelemansKeulen200434-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tone">Tone</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Limburgish&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Tone"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Tone_(linguistics)" title="Tone (linguistics)">Tone (linguistics)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Germanic_pitch.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Germanic_pitch.png/220px-Germanic_pitch.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Germanic_pitch.png/330px-Germanic_pitch.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Germanic_pitch.png/440px-Germanic_pitch.png 2x" data-file-width="567" data-file-height="546" /></a><figcaption>Extent (orange) of the region where a pitch accent was historically used in The Benelux, France and Germany</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sleeptoon.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Sleeptoon.png/170px-Sleeptoon.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Sleeptoon.png/255px-Sleeptoon.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Sleeptoon.png/340px-Sleeptoon.png 2x" data-file-width="808" data-file-height="531" /></a><figcaption>Tone contour in dragging tone</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Valtoon.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Valtoon.png/170px-Valtoon.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Valtoon.png/255px-Valtoon.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Valtoon.png/340px-Valtoon.png 2x" data-file-width="625" data-file-height="519" /></a><figcaption>Tone contour in push tone</figcaption></figure> <p>The pitch accent means having two different accents used in stressed syllables. The difference between these two accents is used for differentiating both various grammatical forms of a single <a href="/wiki/Lexeme" title="Lexeme">lexeme</a> and <a href="/wiki/Minimal_pair" title="Minimal pair">minimal tone pairs</a> one from the other.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With specific regards to Limburgish, these two accents are traditionally known as <i>sjtoettoen</i> ("push tone") and <i>sjleiptoen</i> ("dragging tone"). For example, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[daːx˦˨˧]</span> <i>daãg</i> with a dragging tone means "day" in Limburgish, while in many Limburgish dialects <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[daːx˦˨]</span> <i>daàg</i> with a push tone is the plural form, "days" (in addition, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[daːx]</span> can also be articulated in a neutral tone as a third possibility. In this case, it means "bye-bye" ["good day"]). In the preceding example, the difference is grammatical, but not lexical. An example of a lexical difference caused only by tone is the word <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[biː˦˨]</span> <i>biè</i> which is articulated with a push tone and means "bee", which forms a tonal minimal pair with <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[biː˦˨˧]</span> <i>biẽ</i>, which is articulated with a dragging tone and means "at". This contrastive pitch accent also occurs in <a href="/wiki/Central_Franconian" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Franconian">Central Franconian</a> dialects spoken to the southeast of Limburgish. </p><p>Other <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a> pitch accent languages that use <a href="/wiki/Tone_contour" title="Tone contour">tone contours</a> to distinguish the meaning of words that are otherwise phonetically identical include <a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_language" title="Lithuanian language">Lithuanian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Latvian_language" title="Latvian language">Latvian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_language" title="Norwegian language">Norwegian</a>, Standard <a href="/wiki/Slovene_language" title="Slovene language">Slovene</a> (only some speakers), and <a href="/wiki/Serbo-Croatian" title="Serbo-Croatian">Serbo-Croatian</a>. This feature is comparable to <a href="/wiki/Tone_(linguistics)" title="Tone (linguistics)">tone</a> systems as found e.g. in <a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a> or many languages of Africa and Central America, although such "classical" tone languages make much more use of tone distinctions <a href="/wiki/Pitch_accent_(intonation)#AnchorDifference" title="Pitch accent (intonation)">when compared</a> to Limburgish.<sup id="cite_ref-vanOostendorp_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vanOostendorp-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Historically, pitch accent in Limburgish and Central Franconian developed independently from accent systems in other Indo-European languages. While contrastive accent can be reconstructed for <a href="/wiki/Proto_Indo-European" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto Indo-European">Proto Indo-European</a>, it was completely lost in <a href="/wiki/Proto-Germanic" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Germanic">Proto-Germanic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its reemergence in Limburgish (and <a href="/wiki/Central_Franconian" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Franconian">Central Franconian</a>) was phonetically triggered by <a href="/wiki/Vowel_height" class="mw-redirect" title="Vowel height">vowel height</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vowel_length" title="Vowel length">vowel length</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">voicing</a> of a following consonant, and became phonemic with sound changes that must have occurred after 1100 CE such as lengthening of short vowels in open syllables, loss of <a href="/wiki/Schwa" class="mw-redirect" title="Schwa">schwa</a> in final syllables, devoicing of consonants in final position, and <a href="/wiki/Sound_merger" class="mw-redirect" title="Sound merger">merger</a> of vowels that had been distinct before.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Particular_local_features">Particular local features</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Limburgish&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Particular local features"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Bitonality">Bitonality</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Limburgish&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Bitonality"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>It has been proven<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (June 2023)">according to whom?</span></a></i>]</sup> by speech analysis that in the Belgian Limburgish dialect of <a href="/wiki/Borgloon" title="Borgloon">Borgloon</a>, the dragging tone itself is bitonal, while it has also been proved that this is not the case in the adjacent Limburgish dialects of <a href="/wiki/Tongeren" title="Tongeren">Tongeren</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hasselt" title="Hasselt">Hasselt</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Steeper_fall">Steeper fall</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Limburgish&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Steeper fall"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Other research has indicated that the push tone has a steeper fall in the eastern dialects of Limburgish (e.g. those of Venlo, Roermond and Maasbracht) than it has in western dialects. In addition, both the phonetic realisation and the syllable-based distribution of the contrasts between push and dragging tone seem to be <a href="/wiki/Mora_(linguistics)" title="Mora (linguistics)">mora</a>-bound in the eastern dialects only. This has been examined especially by Jörg Peters.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Diphthongization">Diphthongization</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Limburgish&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Diphthongization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Moreover, in some dialects such as that of Sittard and Maastricht, especially the <a href="/wiki/Mid_vowel" title="Mid vowel">mid</a> and <a href="/wiki/High_vowel" class="mw-redirect" title="High vowel">high</a> vowels tend to <a href="/wiki/Diphthongization" class="mw-redirect" title="Diphthongization">diphthongize</a> when they have a push tone. So in the dialect of Sittard <span title="Limburgish-language text"><i lang="li">keize</i></span> means "to choose" while in the dialect of <a href="/wiki/Maasbracht" title="Maasbracht">Maasbracht</a> no diphthongization takes place, so <span title="Limburgish-language text"><i lang="li">keze</i></span> means the same here. This difference has been examined in particular by Ben Hermans and Marc van Oostendorp.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other examples include plural </p> <ul><li><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[stæɪn˦˨˧]</span> <i>steĩn</i> "stone"</li> <li><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[stæɪn˦˨]</span> <i>steìn</i> "stones"</li></ul> <p>and lexical </p> <ul><li><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɡraːf˦˨]</span> "grave"</li> <li><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɡraːf˦˨˧]</span> "hole next to a road"</li></ul> <p>Verbs distinguish mood with tone: </p> <ul><li><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[weːʁ˦˨˧ˈkɪ˦˨və˧]</span> "We conquer!"</li> <li><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[weːʁ˦˨˧ˈkɪ˦˨˧və˧]</span> "May we conquer!"</li></ul> <p>The difference between push tone and dragging tone may also purely mark grammatical <a href="/wiki/Declension" title="Declension">declension</a> without there being any difference in meaning, as in the dialect of Borgloon: <i>gieël</i> ("yellow", with dragging tone) as opposed to <i>en gieël peer</i> ("a yellow pear", with push tone). This tonal shift also occurs when the adjective gets an inflectional ending, as in <i>nen gieëlen appel ("a yellow apple").<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBelemansKeulen200451_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBelemansKeulen200451-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></i> </p><p>In some parts of Limburg, the tonal plural is being replaced with the Dutch forms among the younger generation, so that the plural for <i>daag</i> becomes <i>dage</i> (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[daːʝə]</span>). </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Limburgish&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2008</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Samples">Samples</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Limburgish&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Samples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The sample texts are readings of the first sentence of <a href="/wiki/The_North_Wind_and_the_Sun" title="The North Wind and the Sun">The North Wind and the Sun</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Phonetic_transcription_(Hasselt,_West_Limburgish)"><span id="Phonetic_transcription_.28Hasselt.2C_West_Limburgish.29"></span>Phonetic transcription (Hasselt, West Limburgish)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Limburgish&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Phonetic transcription (Hasselt, West Limburgish)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[də<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈnɔːʀdəʀˌβɛntʃ˨<span class="wrap"> </span>ən<span class="wrap"> </span>də<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈzɔn<span class="wrap"> </span>|<span class="wrap"> </span>βøːʀən<span class="wrap"> </span>ɑn<span class="wrap"> </span>dɪskəˈtɛːʀə<span class="wrap"> </span>|<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈeː˨vəʀ<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈβiə<span class="wrap"> </span>vɔn<span class="wrap"> </span>ɪn<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈtβɛː<span class="wrap"> </span>ət<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈstæʀ˨əkstə<span class="wrap"> </span>βøːʀ<span class="wrap"> </span>||<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈtuːn<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈkum<span class="wrap"> </span>təʀ<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈdʒys<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈei˨mɑnt<span class="wrap"> </span>vʀ̩ˈbɛː˨<span class="wrap"> </span>|<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈdiː<span class="wrap"> </span>nən<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈdɪkə<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈβæʀmə<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈjɑs<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈɑːn˨ɦaː]</span><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeters2006123_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeters2006123-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Orthographic_version_(Hasselt,_West_Limburgish)"><span id="Orthographic_version_.28Hasselt.2C_West_Limburgish.29"></span>Orthographic version (Hasselt, West Limburgish)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Limburgish&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Orthographic version (Hasselt, West Limburgish)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span title="Limburgish-language text"><span lang="li">De naorderwèndj en de zon weuren an disketaere ever wieë von hin twae het sterrekste weur, toên koem ter dzjuus eejmand verbae diê nen dikke, werme jas àànhaa.</span></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Phonetic_transcription_(Maastricht,_Central_Limburgish)"><span id="Phonetic_transcription_.28Maastricht.2C_Central_Limburgish.29"></span>Phonetic transcription (Maastricht, Central Limburgish)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Limburgish&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Phonetic transcription (Maastricht, Central Limburgish)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[də<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈnoːʀ˦dəˌβɪnt˦<span class="wrap"> </span>æn<span class="wrap"> </span>də<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈzɔn<span class="wrap"> </span>ɦɑdən<span class="wrap"> </span>ən<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈdʀœkə<span class="wrap"> </span>dɪsˈkʏsi<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈøː˦vəʀ<span class="wrap"> </span>də<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈvʀɒːx<span class="wrap"> </span>|<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈβeː<span class="wrap"> </span>vaːn<span class="wrap"> </span>ɦynən<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈtβijə<span class="wrap"> </span>də<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈstæʀ˦kstə<span class="wrap"> </span>βɒːʀ<span class="wrap"> </span>|<span class="wrap"> </span>tun<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈʒys<span class="wrap"> </span>iːmɑnt<span class="wrap"> </span>vøːʀˈbɛː˦<span class="wrap"> </span>kɒːm<span class="wrap"> </span>|<span class="wrap"> </span>deː<span class="wrap"> </span>nən<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈdɪkə<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈβæʀmə<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈjɑs<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈɒːnɦɑt]</span><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGussenhovenAarts1999165_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGussenhovenAarts1999165-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Orthographic_version_(Maastricht,_Central_Limburgish)"><span id="Orthographic_version_.28Maastricht.2C_Central_Limburgish.29"></span>Orthographic version (Maastricht, Central Limburgish)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Limburgish&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Orthographic version (Maastricht, Central Limburgish)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span title="Limburgish-language text"><span lang="li" style="font-style: normal;">De noordewind en de zon hadde en drökke discussie euver de vraog wee vaan hunen twieje de sterkste waor, toen zjuus iemand veurbij kaom dee nen dikke, werme jas aonhad.</span></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Grammar">Grammar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Limburgish&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Grammar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Limburgish" title="Special:EditPage/Limburgish">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nouns">Nouns</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Limburgish&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Nouns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Gender">Gender</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Limburgish&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Gender"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Limburgish has three grammatical genders. In some of the Limburgish dialects<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too vague attribution or weasel words. (November 2017)">which?</span></a></i>]</sup>, <span title="Limburgish-language text"><i lang="li">den</i></span> is used before masculine words beginning with <i>b</i>, <i>d</i>, <i>h</i>, <i>t</i> or with a vowel and in many other dialects <span title="Limburgish-language text"><i lang="li">der</i></span> is used before all masculine words. In most dialects, the indefinite article is <span title="Limburgish-language text"><i lang="li">eine(n)</i></span> for masculine nouns, <span title="Limburgish-language text"><i lang="li">ein</i></span> for feminine nouns and <span title="Limburgish-language text"><i lang="li">ei</i></span> or <span title="Limburgish-language text"><i lang="li">'n</i></span> for neuter nouns. Without stress, these forms are most of the time realized as <span title="Limburgish-language text"><i lang="li">ne(n)</i></span>, <span title="Limburgish-language text"><i lang="li">n</i></span> and <span title="Limburgish-language text"><i lang="li">e</i></span>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Plural">Plural</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Limburgish&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Plural"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>For some nouns, Limburgish uses <a href="/wiki/Simulfix" title="Simulfix">simulfixes</a> (i.e. <a href="/wiki/Germanic_umlaut" title="Germanic umlaut">umlaut</a>) to form the plural: </p> <ul><li><span title="Limburgish-language text"><i lang="li">broor</i></span> – <span title="Limburgish-language text"><i lang="li">breur</i></span> (brother – brothers)</li> <li><span title="Limburgish-language text"><i lang="li">sjoon</i></span> – <span title="Limburgish-language text"><i lang="li">sjeun</i></span> (shoe – shoes): note this can also be 'sjoon' with <span title="Limburgish-language text"><i lang="li">sjtoettoen</i></span> (pushing tone).</li></ul> <p>For some nouns, there exists a separate conjugation as well: </p> <ul><li><span title="Limburgish-language text"><i lang="li">thoos</i></span> - <span title="Limburgish-language text"><i lang="li">turrest</i></span> - <span title="Limburgish-language text"><i lang="li">tezennest</i></span> / <span title="Limburgish-language text"><i lang="li">tehurrest</i></span> - <span title="Limburgish-language text"><i lang="li">tozzest</i></span> - <span title="Limburgish-language text"><i lang="li">toerrest</i></span> - <span title="Limburgish-language text"><i lang="li">tehunnest</i></span> (my home - your home - his home / her home - our home - their home)</li></ul> <p>Plural and diminutive nouns based on Umlaut start to prevail east towards Germany. However, towards the west, the phonemic distinction between dragging and pushing tone will stop just before <a href="/wiki/Riemst" title="Riemst">Riemst</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBelemansKeulen200433_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBelemansKeulen200433-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Diminutives">Diminutives</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Limburgish&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Diminutives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The diminutive suffix is most often <i>-ke</i>, as in Brabantian, or <i>-je</i>/<i>-sje</i> after a dental consonant. For some nouns an umlaut is also used and in <i>breurke</i> for 'little brother' and <i>sjeunke</i> for 'little shoe'. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Adjectives">Adjectives</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Limburgish&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Adjectives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to their declension, Limburgish adjectives can be grouped into two classes. Adjectives of the first class get the ending <i>-e</i> in their masculine and feminine singular forms and always in plural, but no ending in their neuter singular form. When combined with a masculine noun in singular adjectives may also end on <i>-en</i>, under the same phonological conditions which apply to articles. To this class belong most adjectives ending on a <span title="Limburgish-language text"><i lang="li">-ch[t]</i></span>, <i>-d</i>, <i>-k</i>, <i>-p</i>, <i>-t</i> or <i>-s</i> preceded by another consonant or with one of the suffixes <span title="Limburgish-language text"><i lang="li">-eg</i></span>, <span title="Limburgish-language text"><i lang="li">-ig</i></span> and <span title="Limburgish-language text"><i lang="li">-isch</i></span>. The other declension class includes most adjectives ending on <i>-f</i>, <i>-g</i>, <i>-j</i>, <i>-l</i>,<i>-m</i>,<i>-n</i>, <i>-ng</i>, <i>-r</i>, <i>-w</i> or <i>-s</i> preceded by a vowel; these adjectives only get the ending <span title="Limburgish-language text"><i lang="li">-e(n)</i></span> in their masculine singular form. </p><p>When used as a <a href="/wiki/Predicate_(grammar)" title="Predicate (grammar)">predicate</a>, Limburgish adjectives never get an ending: <span title="Limburgish-language text"><i lang="li">Dee mins is gek</i></span> (Maastrichtian: "That man is crazy"). Except for neuter adjectives which sometimes get -t: "'t Eint of 't angert", though this is dying out. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pronouns">Pronouns</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Limburgish&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Pronouns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Personal_pronouns">Personal pronouns</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Limburgish&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Personal pronouns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2"></th> <th colspan="4">Subject</th> <th colspan="4">Object </th></tr> <tr style="font-size:90%"> <th>Venlo</th> <th>Roermond </th> <th>Weert </th> <th>Maastricht</th> <th>Venlo</th> <th>Roermond </th> <th>Weert </th> <th>Maastricht </th></tr> <tr> <th>First person singular </th> <td><i>ik</i></td> <td colspan="2"><i>ich</i></td> <td><i>iech</i></td> <td colspan="3" style="text-align:center;"><i>mich</i></td> <td><i>miech</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Second person singular </th> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><i>doe</i> </td> <td>dich</td> <td><i>diech</i></td> <td colspan="3" style="text-align:center;"><i>dich</i></td> <td><i>diech</i> (especially in Maastrichtian) </td></tr> <tr> <th>Third person singular masculine </th> <td colspan="3" style="text-align:center;"><i>hae</i></td> <td><i>heer</i></td> <td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;"><i>häöm</i> (also <i>dem</i> in the dialect of Roermond) </td></tr> <tr> <th>Third person singular feminine </th> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><i>zie, het</i> </td> <td>zeuj</td> <td><i>zie, zij</i></td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><i>häör, häöm</i> </td> <td>heur</td> <td><i>häör</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Third person singular neutral </th> <td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;"><i>het</i></td> <td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;"><i>het</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th>First person plural </th> <td><i>weej</i></td> <td style="text-align:center;"><i>veer</i> </td> <td>vae </td> <td>veer</td> <td colspan="3" style="text-align:center;"><i>ós</i></td> <td><i>us</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Second person plural </th> <td><i>geej</i></td> <td style="text-align:center;"><i>geer</i> </td> <td>gae </td> <td>geer</td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><i>óch</i> </td> <td>uch</td> <td><i>uuch</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Third person plural </th> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><i>zie</i> </td> <td>zeuj</td> <td><i>die</i></td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><i>häör</i> </td> <td colspan="2"><i>hun</i> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Possessive_pronouns">Possessive pronouns</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Limburgish&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Possessive pronouns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th></th> <th>Singular masculine</th> <th>Singular feminine</th> <th>Singular neuter</th> <th>Plural </th></tr> <tr> <th>First person singular </th> <td><i>miene(n)</i></td> <td><i>mien</i></td> <td><i>mie</i></td> <td><i>mien</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Second person singular </th> <td><i>diene(n)</i></td> <td><i>dien</i></td> <td><i>die</i></td> <td><i>dien</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Third person singular masculine </th> <td><i>ziene(n)</i></td> <td><i>zien</i></td> <td><i>zie</i></td> <td><i>zien</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Third person singular neutral </th> <td><i>ziene(n)</i></td> <td><i>zien</i></td> <td><i>zie</i></td> <td><i>zien</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Third person singular feminine </th> <td><i>häöre(n)</i></td> <td><i>häör</i></td> <td><i>häör</i></td> <td><i>häör</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th>First person plural </th> <td><i>ooze(n)</i></td> <td><i>oos</i> (Maastrichtian: <i>eus</i>)</td> <td><i>ós</i> (Maastrichtian: <i>us</i>)</td> <td><i>oos</i> (Maastrichtian: <i>eus</i>) </td></tr> <tr> <th>Second person plural </th> <td><i>eure(n)</i></td> <td><i>eur</i></td> <td><i>eur</i></td> <td><i>eur</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Third person plural </th> <td><i>häöre(n)</i> (easterly) / <i>hunne(n)</i> (westerly)</td> <td><i>häör</i> (easterly) / <i>hun</i> (westerly)</td> <td><i>häör</i> (easterly) / <i>hun</i> (westerly)</td> <td><i>häör</i> (easterly) / <i>hun</i> (westerly) </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In the masculine singular forms of <i>mien</i>, <i>dien</i>, <i>zien</i> and <i>oos</i>, final <i>-n</i> is added under the same phonological conditions which apply to articles and adjectives. Deletion of the final <i>-n</i> in the neuter forms of <i>mien</i>, <i>dien</i>, <i>zien</i> no longer occurs in the dialect of Venlo and is also disappearing in the dialect of Roermond. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Demonstrative_pronouns">Demonstrative pronouns</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Limburgish&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Demonstrative pronouns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The most common demonstrative pronouns in Limburgish are: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Singular masculine</th> <th>Singular feminine</th> <th>Singular neuter</th> <th>Plural</th> <th>Translation </th></tr> <tr> <td><i>deze(n)</i>/<i>dizze(n)</i></td> <td><i>dees</i>/<i>dis</i></td> <td><i>dit</i></td> <td><i>dees</i></td> <td>this/these </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>dae(n)</i> (Maastrichtian: <i>dee</i>)</td> <td><i>die</i></td> <td><i>det</i> (Venlo, Roermond, Weert), <i>dat</i> (Maastricht)</td> <td><i>die</i></td> <td>that/those </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vocabulary">Vocabulary</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Limburgish&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Vocabulary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Most of the modern Limburgish vocabulary is very similar to that of <a href="/wiki/Standard_Dutch" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard Dutch">Standard Dutch</a> or to that of <a href="/wiki/Standard_German" title="Standard German">Standard German</a> due to a heavy influence from the two. However, some<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Vagueness" title="Wikipedia:Vagueness"><span title="This information is too vague. (June 2023)">vague</span></a></i>]</sup> of the basic vocabulary is rooted in neighboring <a href="/wiki/Central_German" title="Central German">Central German</a> dialects. </p><p>Historically, the vocabulary of the varieties of Limburgish spoken within current Belgian territory has been more influenced by <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a> than that of the Limburgish dialects spoken on Dutch and German soil, as appears form words such as <i>briquet</i> ("cigarette-lighter"), <i>camion</i> ("truck") and <i>crevette</i> ("shrimp"). The language has similarities with both German and Dutch, and <a href="/wiki/Hendrik_van_Veldeke" class="mw-redirect" title="Hendrik van Veldeke">Hendrik van Veldeke</a>, a medieval writer from the region, is referred to as both one of the earlier writers in German and one of the earliest writers in Dutch. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Limburgish&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Limburgish_Wikipedia" class="mw-redirect" title="Limburgish Wikipedia">Limburgish Wikipedia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Limburgish" class="mw-redirect" title="Southeast Limburgish">Southeast Limburgish</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Limburgish&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-pron-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pron_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Limburgish</i> is pronounced <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="'b' in 'buy'">b</span><span title="/ɜːr/: 'ur' in 'fur'">ɜːr</span><span title="/ɡ/: 'g' in 'guy'">ɡ</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="/ʃ/: 'sh' in 'shy'">ʃ</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">LIM</span>-bur-ghish</i></a>, whereas <i>Limburgan</i>, <i>Limburgian</i> and <i>Limburgic</i> are <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'b' in 'buy'">b</span><span title="/ɜːr/: 'ur' in 'fur'">ɜːr</span><span title="/ɡ/: 'g' in 'guy'">ɡ</span><span title="/ən/: 'on' in 'button'">ən</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling">lim-<span style="font-size:90%">BUR</span>-gən</i></a>, <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/-<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ɡ/: 'g' in 'guy'">ɡ</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling">-⁠ghee-ən</i></a> and <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/-<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ɡ/: 'g' in 'guy'">ɡ</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling">-⁠gik</i></a>, respectively.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Limburgish&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-e18-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-e18_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-e18_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/lim/">Limburgish</a> at <i><a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a></i> (18th ed., 2015) <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(subscription required)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ethnologue.com/language/lim">"Limburgish"</a>. <i>Ethnologue.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 August</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ethnologue.com&rft.atitle=Limburgish&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ethnologue.com%2Flanguage%2Flim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALimburgish" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoseleyNicolas" class="citation web cs1">Moseley, Christopher; Nicolas, Alexandre. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000187026">"Atlas of the world's languages in danger"</a>. <i>unesdoc.unesco.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-07-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=unesdoc.unesco.org&rft.atitle=Atlas+of+the+world%27s+languages+in+danger&rft.aulast=Moseley&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft.au=Nicolas%2C+Alexandre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Funesdoc.unesco.org%2Fark%3A%2F48223%2Fpf0000187026&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALimburgish" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHammarströmForkeHaspelmathBank2020" class="citation web cs1">Hammarström, Harald; Forke, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian, eds. (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/limb1263">"Limburgan"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a> 4.3</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Glottolog+4.3&rft.atitle=Limburgan&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fglottolog.org%2Fresource%2Flanguoid%2Fid%2Flimb1263&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALimburgish" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Frens Bakker, in: Onze Taal 66, ""Wat is Limburgs?" 1997, page 109: "bij zowel het Nedersaksisch als het Limburgs gaat om een groep nauw verwante dialecten die sterk van de nationale standaardtaal verschillen en nauwelijks hebben bijgedragen aan het ontstaan van die standaardtaal." (Both Low Saxon and Limburgish are a group of closely related dialects that differ greatly from the national standard language and have hardly contributed to the origins of that standard language.)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeters2007" class="citation web cs1">Peters, Jörg (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/254885285">"A bitonal lexical pitch accent in the Limburgian dialect of Borgloon"</a>. <i>ResearchGate</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ResearchGate&rft.atitle=A+bitonal+lexical+pitch+accent+in+the+Limburgian+dialect+of+Borgloon&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Peters&rft.aufirst=J%C3%B6rg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F254885285&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALimburgish" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Frans Debrabandere: Limburgs etymologisch woordenboek: de herkomst van woorden uit beide Limburgen, Davidsfonds, 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaiegh-HaddadLaksMcBride2022" class="citation book cs1">Saiegh-Haddad, Elinor; Laks, Lior; McBride, Catherine (2022). <i>Handbook of Literacy in Diglossia and in Dialectal Contexts: Psycholinguistic, Neurolinguistic, and Educational Perspectives</i>. 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Wiley-Blackwell. p. 178. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4443-3429-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4443-3429-6"><bdi>978-1-4443-3429-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vowels+and+Consonants&rft.pages=178&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-4443-3429-6&rft.aulast=Ladefoged&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft.au=Ferrari+Disner%2C+Sandra&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALimburgish" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeijmansGussenhoven1998" class="citation cs2">Heijmans, Linda; Gussenhoven, Carlos (1998), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gep.ruhosting.nl/carlos/weert.pdf">"The Dutch dialect of Weert"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, <i>Journal of the International Phonetic Association</i>, <b>28</b> (1–2): 109, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100300006307">10.1017/S0025100300006307</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145635698">145635698</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+International+Phonetic+Association&rft.atitle=The+Dutch+dialect+of+Weert&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=1%E2%80%932&rft.pages=109&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0025100300006307&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145635698%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Heijmans&rft.aufirst=Linda&rft.au=Gussenhoven%2C+Carlos&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgep.ruhosting.nl%2Fcarlos%2Fweert.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALimburgish" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBelemansKeulen200434-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBelemansKeulen200434_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBelemansKeulen2004">Belemans & Keulen (2004)</a>, p. 34.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShihSproat" class="citation cs2">Shih, Chilin; Sproat, Richard, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040731120137/http://acl.ldc.upenn.edu/J/J01/J01-3005.pdf"><i>Book Reviews: Prosody: Theory and Experiment. 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Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 84–88.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Germanic+Languages&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=84-88&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Harbert&rft.aufirst=Wayne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALimburgish" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoersma2017" class="citation book cs1">Boersma, Paul (2017). "The history of the Franconian tone contrast". 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Berlin: De Gruyter. pp. 27–97. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9783110341263-003">10.1515/9783110341263-003</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-034126-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-034126-3"><bdi>978-3-11-034126-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+history+of+the+Franconian+tone+contrast&rft.btitle=Segmental+Structure+and+Tone&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pages=27-97&rft.pub=De+Gruyter&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2F9783110341263-003&rft.isbn=978-3-11-034126-3&rft.aulast=Boersma&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpure.uva.nl%2Fws%2Ffiles%2F22421074%2FFranconianToneHistoryAsPublished.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALimburgish" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRiadGussenhoven2007" class="citation book cs1">Riad, Tomas; Gussenhoven, Carlos (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QXEgn1PCQsAC&pg=PA167"><i>Tones and Tunes: Typological studies in word and sentence prosody</i></a>. Walter de Gruyter. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-019057-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-019057-1"><bdi>978-3-11-019057-1</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Lannoo Uitgeverij. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-209-5855-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-209-5855-3"><bdi>978-90-209-5855-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Belgisch-Limburgs&rft.pub=Lannoo+Uitgeverij&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-90-209-5855-3&rft.aulast=Belemans&rft.aufirst=Rob&rft.au=Keulen%2C+Ronny&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzP4_GRBd2z8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALimburgish" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Driessen, Geert (2012): <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.its-nijmegen.nl/pdf/NTR12%20dialect1995-2011.pdf">Ontwikkelingen in het gebruik van Fries, streektalen en dialecten in de periode 1995-2011</a></i>. Nijmegen: ITS.</li> <li>Frins, Jean (2005): <i>Syntaktische Besonderheiten im Aachener Dreilãndereck. Eine Übersicht begleitet von einer Analyse aus politisch-gesellschaftlicher Sicht</i>. Groningen: RUG Repro [Undergraduate Thesis, Groningen University] <span class="languageicon">(in German)</span></li> <li>Frins, Jean (2006): <i>Karolingisch-Fränkisch. Die </i>plattdůtsche<i> Volkssprache im Aachener Dreiländereck</i>. Groningen: RUG Repro [Master's Thesis, Groningen University] <span class="languageicon">(in German)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrootaersGrauls,_J.1930" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Grootaers, L.; Grauls, J. (1930). <i>Klankleer van het Hasselt dialect</i> (in Dutch). 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University of Nijmegen, Centre for Language Studies: 155–166. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100300006526">10.1017/S0025100300006526</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145782045">145782045</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+International+Phonetic+Association&rft.atitle=The+dialect+of+Maastricht&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=155-166&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0025100300006526&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145782045%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Gussenhoven&rft.aufirst=Carlos&rft.au=Aarts%2C+Flor&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgep.ruhosting.nl%2Fcarlos%2Fgussenhoven_aarts.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALimburgish" class="Z3988"></span> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110612092141/http://www.let.kun.nl/gep/carlos/Maastrich2ipa.pdf">"Alternate text"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.let.kun.nl/gep/carlos/Maastrich2ipa.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2011-06-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-07-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Alternate+text&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.let.kun.nl%2Fgep%2Fcarlos%2FMaastrich2ipa.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALimburgish" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGussenhovenvan_der_Vliet,_P.1999" class="citation journal cs1">Gussenhoven, C.; van der Vliet, P. (1999). "The phonology of tone and intonation in the Dutch dialect of Venlo". <i>Journal of Linguistics</i>. <b>35</b>: 99–135. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0022226798007324">10.1017/S0022226798007324</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:18527758">18527758</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Linguistics&rft.atitle=The+phonology+of+tone+and+intonation+in+the+Dutch+dialect+of+Venlo&rft.volume=35&rft.pages=99-135&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0022226798007324&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A18527758%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Gussenhoven&rft.aufirst=C.&rft.au=van+der+Vliet%2C+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALimburgish" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeters2006" class="citation journal cs1">Peters, Jörg (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100306002428">"The dialect of Hasselt"</a>. <i>Journal of the International Phonetic Association</i>. <b>36</b> (1): 117–124. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100306002428">10.1017/S0025100306002428</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+International+Phonetic+Association&rft.atitle=The+dialect+of+Hasselt&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=117-124&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0025100306002428&rft.aulast=Peters&rft.aufirst=J%C3%B6rg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1017%252FS0025100306002428&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALimburgish" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStaelens1989" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Staelens, X. (1989). <i>Dieksjneèèr van 't (H)essels. Nederlands-Hasselts Woordenboek</i> (in Dutch). Hasselt: de Langeman.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dieksjne%C3%A8%C3%A8r+van+%27t+%28H%29essels.+Nederlands-Hasselts+Woordenboek&rft.place=Hasselt&rft.pub=de+Langeman&rft.date=1989&rft.aulast=Staelens&rft.aufirst=X.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALimburgish" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Limburgish&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAarts2019" class="citation cs2">Aarts, Flor (2019), <i>Liergaank Mestreechs: 'ne Cursus euver de Mestreechter Taol</i>, Maastricht: Walters</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Liergaank+Mestreechs%3A+%27ne+Cursus+euver+de+Mestreechter+Taol&rft.place=Maastricht&rft.pub=Walters&rft.date=2019&rft.aulast=Aarts&rft.aufirst=Flor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALimburgish" class="Z3988"></span> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBakkes1999" class="citation cs2">Bakkes, Pierre (1999), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dbnl.org/arch/sijs002hond01_01/pag/sijs002hond01_01.pdf">"Roermond"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, in Kruijsen, Joep; van der Sijs, Nicoline (eds.), <i>Honderd Jaar Stadstaal</i>, Uitgeverij Contact, pp. 251–262</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Roermond&rft.btitle=Honderd+Jaar+Stadstaal&rft.pages=251-262&rft.pub=Uitgeverij+Contact&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Bakkes&rft.aufirst=Pierre&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdbnl.org%2Farch%2Fsijs002hond01_01%2Fpag%2Fsijs002hond01_01.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALimburgish" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJanssens1999" class="citation cs2">Janssens, Guy (1999), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dbnl.org/arch/sijs002hond01_01/pag/sijs002hond01_01.pdf">"Tongeren"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, in Kruijsen, Joep; van der Sijs, Nicoline (eds.), <i>Honderd Jaar Stadstaal</i>, Uitgeverij Contact, pp. 263–271</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Tongeren&rft.btitle=Honderd+Jaar+Stadstaal&rft.pages=263-271&rft.pub=Uitgeverij+Contact&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Janssens&rft.aufirst=Guy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdbnl.org%2Farch%2Fsijs002hond01_01%2Fpag%2Fsijs002hond01_01.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALimburgish" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvan_der_Wijngaard1999" class="citation cs2">van der Wijngaard, Ton (1999), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dbnl.org/arch/sijs002hond01_01/pag/sijs002hond01_01.pdf">"Maastricht"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, in Kruijsen, Joep; van der Sijs, Nicoline (eds.), <i>Honderd Jaar Stadstaal</i>, Uitgeverij Contact, pp. 233–249</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Maastricht&rft.btitle=Honderd+Jaar+Stadstaal&rft.pages=233-249&rft.pub=Uitgeverij+Contact&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=van+der+Wijngaard&rft.aufirst=Ton&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdbnl.org%2Farch%2Fsijs002hond01_01%2Fpag%2Fsijs002hond01_01.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALimburgish" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvan_Oostendorp2001" class="citation book cs1">van Oostendorp, Marc (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/254818745">"The phonology of postvocalic /r/ in Brabant Dutch and Limburg Dutch"</a>. In van de Velde, Hans; van Hout, Roeland (eds.). <i><span></span>'r-atics: Sociolinguistic, phonetic and phonological characteristics of /r/</i>. Brussels: Etudes & Travaux. pp. 113–122. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0777-3692">0777-3692</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+phonology+of+postvocalic+%2Fr%2F+in+Brabant+Dutch+and+Limburg+Dutch&rft.btitle=%27r-atics%3A+Sociolinguistic%2C+phonetic+and+phonological+characteristics+of+%2Fr%2F&rft.place=Brussels&rft.pages=113-122&rft.pub=Etudes+%26+Travaux&rft.date=2001&rft.issn=0777-3692&rft.aulast=van+Oostendorp&rft.aufirst=Marc&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F254818745&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALimburgish" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Limburgish&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/40px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="37" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/60px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/80px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="103" data-file-height="94" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><i><b><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="li:"> Limburgish edition</a></b></i> of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a>, the free encyclopedia</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Limburgish" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Limburgish">Limburgish</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Limburgian_language" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Limburgian language">Limburgian language</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vanoostendorp.nl/fonologie/tongval/t33.html">On Limburgish Tones (in Dutch)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050906124909/http://www.limburgsedialecten.nl/content/nl/ov/gesch/LIM_DIALEC.pdf">Map of dialects spoken in Dutch Limburg</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://li.wiktionary.org/wiki/Wiktionary:Veurblaad">Limburgish Wiktionary – De Limburgse Wiktionair</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.limburgs.org">Limburgish Academy Foundation (Stiechting Limbörgse Academie)</a> with dictionaries Limburgish-Dutch, Limburgish-English, Dutch-Limburgish and English-Limburgish and a history of the Limburgish language</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dialectingenk.be/">Veldeke Genk (in Genk dialect and Dutch)</a></li></ul> <div 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class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brabantian_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Brabantian dialect">Brabantian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Flemish" title="East Flemish">East Flemish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limburgish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Limburgish language">Limburgish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Flemish" title="West Flemish">West Flemish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish" title="Yiddish">Yiddish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Champenois_language" title="Champenois language">Champenois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorrain_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Lorrain dialect">Lorrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picard_language" title="Picard language">Picard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walloon_language" title="Walloon language">Walloon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/French_Sign_Language_family" title="French Sign Language family">Francosign</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flemish_Sign_Language" title="Flemish Sign Language">Flemish Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Belgian_Sign_Language" title="French Belgian Sign Language">French Belgian Sign Language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/German_Sign_Language_family" title="German Sign Language family">Germanosign</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_Sign_Language" title="German Sign Language">German Sign Language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Indo-Aryan languages">Indo-Aryan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sinte_Romani" title="Sinte Romani">Sinte Romani</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_the_Netherlands" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_the_Netherlands" title="Template:Languages of the Netherlands"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_the_Netherlands" title="Template talk:Languages of the Netherlands"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_the_Netherlands" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of the Netherlands"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_the_Netherlands" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Netherlands" title="Languages of the Netherlands">Languages of the Netherlands</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Official</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a> (national)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_in_the_Netherlands" title="English in the Netherlands">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Frisian_language" title="West Frisian language">West Frisian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papiamento" title="Papiamento">Papiamento</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-official</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ambonese_Malay" title="Ambonese Malay">Ambonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_language" title="Indonesian language">Indonesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javanese_language" title="Javanese language">Javanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limburgish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Limburgish language">Limburgish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Low_Saxon" title="Dutch Low Saxon">Low Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minangkabau_language" title="Minangkabau language">Minangkabau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ripuarian_language" title="Ripuarian language">Ripuarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_language" title="Romani language">Romani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Yiddish language">Yiddish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sign language</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Sign_Language" title="Dutch Sign Language">Dutch Sign Language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_and_dialects_of_Benelux" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_and_dialects_of_Benelux" title="Template:Languages and dialects of Benelux"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_and_dialects_of_Benelux" title="Template talk:Languages and dialects of Benelux"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_and_dialects_of_Benelux" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages and dialects of Benelux"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_and_dialects_of_Benelux" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Languages and dialects of <a href="/wiki/Benelux" title="Benelux">Benelux</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Brabantian_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Brabantian dialect">Brabantian</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Central_Dutch_dialects" title="Central Dutch dialects">Central Dutch</a></span> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Hollandic_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Hollandic dialect">Hollandic</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/East_Flemish" title="East Flemish">East Flemish</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Kleverlandish" title="Kleverlandish">Kleverlandish</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/West_Flemish" title="West Flemish">West Flemish</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Zeelandic" title="Zeelandic">Zeelandic</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Stadsfries_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="Stadsfries dialects">Stadsfries</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_in_the_Netherlands" title="English in the Netherlands">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Belgian_French" title="Belgian French">Belgian French</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Champenois_language" title="Champenois language">Champenois</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Lorrain_language" title="Lorrain language">Lorrain</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Picard_language" title="Picard language">Picard</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Walloon_language" title="Walloon language">Walloon</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_German_languages" title="High German languages">High German</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_German" title="Standard German">Standard High German</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Ripuarian_language" title="Ripuarian language">Ripuarian</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Limburgish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low_German" title="Low German">Low German</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Low_Saxon" title="Northern Low Saxon">Northern Low Saxon</a></span> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Gronings_dialect" title="Gronings dialect">Gronings</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Westphalian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Westphalian language">Westphalian</a></span> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Achterhooks" title="Achterhooks">Achterhoeks</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Dr%C3%A8ents_dialects" title="Drèents dialects">Drèents</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Sallaans_dialect" title="Sallaans dialect">Sallands</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Stellingwarfs_dialect" title="Stellingwarfs dialect">Stellingwarfs</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Tweants_dialect" title="Tweants dialect">Tweants</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Urkers_dialect" title="Urkers dialect">Urkers</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Veluws_dialect" title="Veluws dialect">Veluws</a></span></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourgish" title="Luxembourgish">Luxembourgish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papiamento" title="Papiamento">Papiamento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Frisian_language" title="West Frisian language">West Frisian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sign languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_Sign_Language" title="German Sign Language">Deutsche Gebärdensprache, DGS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Belgian_Sign_Language" title="French Belgian Sign Language">Langue des signes Francophone de Belgique, LSFB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Sign_Language" title="Dutch Sign Language">Nederlandse Gebarentaal, NGT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flemish_Sign_Language" title="Flemish Sign Language">Vlaamse Gebarentaal, VGT</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Belgium" title="Languages of Belgium">Languages of Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Netherlands" title="Languages of the Netherlands">Languages of the Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Luxembourg" title="Languages of Luxembourg">Languages of Luxembourg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Germanic_languages" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Germanic_languages" title="Template:Germanic languages"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Germanic_languages" title="Template talk:Germanic languages"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Germanic_languages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Germanic languages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Germanic_languages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>According to contemporary <a href="/wiki/Germanic_philology" title="Germanic philology">philology</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="West" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/West_Germanic_languages" title="West Germanic languages">West</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Frisian_languages" title="Anglo-Frisian languages">Anglo-Frisian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anglic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglic languages">Anglic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dialects_of_English" class="mw-redirect" title="Dialects of English">dialects</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Middle_English" title="Middle English">Middle English</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Modern_English" title="Modern English">Modern English</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Early_Modern_English" title="Early Modern English">Early Modern English</a></i></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><i>Irish Middle English</i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Fingallian" title="Fingallian">Fingallian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kildare_Poems#Linguistic_features" title="Kildare Poems">Kildare</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yola_dialect" title="Yola dialect">Yola</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scots_language" title="Scots language">Scots</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Early_Scots" title="Early Scots">Early Scots</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Middle_Scots" title="Middle Scots">Middle Scots</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Frisian_languages" title="Frisian languages">Frisian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Frisian" title="Old Frisian">Old Frisian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Middle_Frisian" title="Middle Frisian">Middle Frisian</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Frisian_language" title="East Frisian language">East Frisian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Ems <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saterland_Frisian_language" title="Saterland Frisian language">Saterland Frisian</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>Weser</i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Wangerooge_Frisian" title="Wangerooge Frisian">Wangerooge Frisian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wursten_Frisian" title="Wursten Frisian">Wursten Frisian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Harlingerland_Frisian" title="Harlingerland Frisian">Harlingerland Frisian</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/North_Frisian_language" title="North Frisian language">North Frisian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Insular <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Eiderstedt_Frisian" title="Eiderstedt Frisian">Eiderstedt</a></i></li> <li>Föhr–Amrum <ul><li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%B6hr_North_Frisian" title="Föhr North Frisian">Föhr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amrum_North_Frisian" title="Amrum North Frisian">Amrum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heligoland_Frisian" title="Heligoland Frisian">Heligolandic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylt_North_Frisian" title="Sylt North Frisian">Sylt</a></li></ul></li> <li>Mainland <ul><li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%B6kingharde_North_Frisian" title="Bökingharde North Frisian">Bökingharde</a> <ul><li>Mooring</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halligen_Frisian" title="Halligen Frisian">Halligen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goesharde_Frisian" title="Goesharde Frisian">Goesharde</a> <ul><li>Northern</li> <li>Central</li> <li><i>Southern</i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karrharde_Frisian" title="Karrharde Frisian">Karrharde</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Strand_Frisian" title="Strand Frisian">Strand</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiedingharde_Frisian" title="Wiedingharde Frisian">Wiedingharde</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/West_Frisian_languages" title="West Frisian languages">West Frisian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindeloopen_Frisian" title="Hindeloopen Frisian">Hindeloopen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schiermonnikoog_Frisian" title="Schiermonnikoog Frisian">Schiermonnikoog</a></li> <li>Westlauwers–Terschellings <ul><li><a href="/wiki/West_Frisian_language" title="West Frisian language">Mainland West Frisian</a> <ul><li>Clay Frisian</li> <li>Wood Frisian <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Westereendersk" title="Westereendersk">Westereendersk</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terschelling_Frisian" title="Terschelling Frisian">Terschelling</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Low_German" title="Low German">Low German</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Saxon" title="Old Saxon">Old Saxon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Middle_Low_German" title="Middle Low German">Middle Low German</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/West_Low_German" class="mw-redirect" title="West Low German">West Low German</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Low_Saxon" title="Dutch Low Saxon">Dutch Low Saxon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stellingwarfs_dialect" title="Stellingwarfs dialect">Stellingwarfs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tweants_dialect" title="Tweants dialect">Tweants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gronings_dialect" title="Gronings dialect">Gronings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dr%C3%A8ents_dialects" title="Drèents dialects">Drèents</a></li> <li>Gelders-Overijssels <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achterhooks" title="Achterhooks">Achterhooks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sallaans_dialect" title="Sallaans dialect">Sallaans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urkers_dialect" title="Urkers dialect">Urkers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veluws_dialect" title="Veluws dialect">Veluws</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Low_Saxon" title="Northern Low Saxon">Northern Low Saxon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Frisian_Low_Saxon" title="East Frisian Low Saxon">East Frisian Low Saxon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastphalian_language" title="Eastphalian language">Eastphalian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westphalian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Westphalian language">Westphalian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Low_German" title="East Low German">East Low German</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mecklenburgisch-Vorpommersch_dialect" title="Mecklenburgisch-Vorpommersch dialect">Mecklenburgisch-Vorpommersch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brandenburgisch_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Brandenburgisch dialect">Brandenburgisch</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_Pomeranian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Central Pomeranian (page does not exist)">Central Pomeranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Pomeranian" class="mw-redirect" title="East Pomeranian">East Pomeranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low_Prussian_dialect" title="Low Prussian dialect">Low Prussian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plautdietsch" title="Plautdietsch">Plautdietsch / Mennonite Low German</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Low_Franconian" title="Low Franconian">Low Franconian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frankish_language" title="Frankish language">Frankish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Dutch" title="Old Dutch">Old Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Dutch" title="Middle Dutch">Middle Dutch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Standard_language" title="Standard language">Standard variants</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afrikaans" title="Afrikaans">Afrikaans</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kaaps" title="Kaaps">Kaaps</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">West Low Franconian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Dutch_dialects" title="Central Dutch dialects">Central Dutch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hollandic_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Hollandic dialect">Hollandic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Flemish" title="West Flemish">West Flemish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Flemish" title="French Flemish">French Flemish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeelandic" title="Zeelandic">Zeelandic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Flemish" title="East Flemish">East Flemish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brabantian_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Brabantian dialect">Brabantian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kleverlandish" title="Kleverlandish">Kleverlandish</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Surinamese_Dutch" title="Surinamese Dutch">Surinamese Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jersey_Dutch_language" title="Jersey Dutch language">Jersey Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohawk_Dutch" title="Mohawk Dutch">Mohawk Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stadsfries_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="Stadsfries dialects">Stadsfries</a>/<a href="/wiki/Bildts" title="Bildts">Bildts</a>/<a href="/wiki/Amelands" title="Amelands">Amelands</a>/<a href="/w/index.php?title=Midslands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Midslands (page does not exist)">Midslands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/South_Low_Franconian" title="South Low Franconian">East Low Franconian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Limburgish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cover groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bergish_dialects" title="Bergish dialects">Bergish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meuse-Rhenish" title="Meuse-Rhenish">Meuse-Rhenish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/High_German_languages" title="High German languages">High German</a> <br /> (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_High_German" title="Old High German">Old High German</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Middle_High_German" title="Middle High German">Middle High German</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/New_High_German" title="New High German">New High German</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Early_New_High_German" title="Early New High German">Early New High German</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Standard_German" title="Standard German">Standard German</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_Standard_German" title="German Standard German">German Standard German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_German" title="Austrian German">Austrian Standard German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Standard_German" title="Swiss Standard German">Swiss Standard German</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-<a href="/wiki/Standard_language" title="Standard language">standard variants</a><br /> and <a href="/wiki/Creole_language" title="Creole language">creoles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Namibian_German" class="mw-redirect" title="Namibian German">Namibian German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namibian_Black_German" title="Namibian Black German">Namibian Black German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_German" title="Berlin German">Berlinerisch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unserdeutsch" title="Unserdeutsch">Unserdeutsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barossa_German" title="Barossa German">Barossa German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotwelsch" title="Rotwelsch">Rotwelsch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lotegorisch" title="Lotegorisch">Lotegorisch</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yenish_language" title="Yenish language">Yenish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish" title="Yiddish">Yiddish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish_dialects#Eastern_Yiddish" title="Yiddish dialects">Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish_dialects#Western_Yiddish" title="Yiddish dialects">Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Scotland#"Scots-Yiddish"" title="History of the Jews in Scotland">Scots Yiddish</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Klezmer-loshn" title="Klezmer-loshn">Klezmer-loshn</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lachoudisch" title="Lachoudisch">Lachoudisch</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Central_German" title="Central German">Central German</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/West_Central_German" title="West Central German">West Central German</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Franconian_languages" title="Central Franconian languages">Central Franconian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ripuarian_language" title="Ripuarian language">Ripuarian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colognian_dialect" title="Colognian dialect">Colognian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Limburgish_dialect" title="Southeast Limburgish dialect">Southeast Limburgish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moselle_Franconian_language" title="Moselle Franconian language">Moselle Franconian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourgish" title="Luxembourgish">Luxembourgish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transylvanian_Saxon_dialect" title="Transylvanian Saxon dialect">Transylvanian Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunsr%C3%BCckisch_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Hunsrückisch dialect">Hunsrückisch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hunsrik" title="Hunsrik">Hunsrik</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhenish_Franconian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhenish Franconian languages">Rhine Franconian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lorraine_Franconian" title="Lorraine Franconian">Lorraine Franconian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palatine_German_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Palatine German language">Palatine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Volga_Germans#Language" title="Volga Germans">Volga German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Dutch_language" title="Pennsylvania Dutch language">Pennsylvania Dutch</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hessian_dialects" title="Hessian dialects">Hessian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Hessian" title="Central Hessian">Central Hessian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amana_German" title="Amana German">Amana German</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Central_German" title="East Central German">East Central German</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thuringian_dialect" title="Thuringian dialect">Thuringian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Saxon_German" title="Upper Saxon German">Upper Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erzgebirgisch" title="Erzgebirgisch">Erzgebirgisch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lusatian_dialects" title="Lusatian dialects">Lusatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silesian_German" title="Silesian German">Silesian German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Prussian_dialect" title="High Prussian dialect">High Prussian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wymysorys_language" title="Wymysorys language">Wymysorys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alzenau_dialect" title="Alzenau dialect">Halcnovian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Upper_German" title="Upper German">Upper German</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alemannic_German" title="Alemannic German">Alemannic</a> in the broad sense <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Low_Alemannic_German" title="Low Alemannic German">Low Alemannic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alsatian_dialect" title="Alsatian dialect">Alsatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonia_Tovar_dialect" title="Colonia Tovar dialect">Coloniero</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Alemannic_German" title="High Alemannic German">High Alemannic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_German" title="Swiss German">Swiss German</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highest_Alemannic_German" title="Highest Alemannic German">Highest Alemannic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Walser_German" title="Walser German">Walser German</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swabian_German" title="Swabian German">Swabian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bavarian_language" title="Bavarian language">Bavarian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Bavarian" title="Northern Bavarian">Northern Bavarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bavarian" title="Central Bavarian">Central Bavarian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Viennese_German" title="Viennese German">Viennese German</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Bavarian" title="Southern Bavarian">Southern Bavarian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Tyrolean_dialect" title="South Tyrolean dialect">South Tyrolean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cimbrian_language" title="Cimbrian language">Cimbrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%B2cheno_language" title="Mòcheno language">Mòcheno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hutterite_German" title="Hutterite German">Hutterite German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottscheerish" title="Gottscheerish">Gottscheerish</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Franconian_German" title="South Franconian German">South Franconian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Franconian_German" title="East Franconian German">East Franconian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vogtlandian" title="Vogtlandian">Vogtlandian</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lombardic_language" title="Lombardic language">Langobardic</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="North_and_East" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/North_Germanic_languages" title="North Germanic languages">North</a> and <a href="/wiki/East_Germanic_languages" title="East Germanic languages">East</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/North_Germanic_languages" title="North Germanic languages">North</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Norse_language" title="Proto-Norse language">Proto-Norse</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse" title="Old Norse">Old Norse</a></i> <ul><li><i>Old West Norse</i></li> <li><i>Old East Norse</i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Gutnish" title="Old Gutnish">Old Gutnish</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">West</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_language" title="Norwegian language">Norwegian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bergensk" title="Bergensk">Bergensk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kebabnorsk" title="Kebabnorsk">Kebabnorsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sognam%C3%A5l_dialect" title="Sognamål dialect">Sognamål</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tr%C3%B8ndersk" title="Trøndersk">Trøndersk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hallingm%C3%A5l-Valdris" title="Hallingmål-Valdris">Valdris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vestlandsk" title="Vestlandsk">Vestlandsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vikv%C3%A6rsk" class="mw-redirect" title="Vikværsk">Vikværsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bokm%C3%A5l" title="Bokmål">Bokmål</a> (written)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nynorsk" title="Nynorsk">Nynorsk</a> (written)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Norwegian" title="Old Norwegian">Old Norwegian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Middle_Norwegian" title="Middle Norwegian">Middle Norwegian</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faroese_language" title="Faroese language">Faroese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_language" title="Icelandic language">Icelandic</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse#Old_Icelandic" title="Old Norse">Old Icelandic</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/History_of_Icelandic#Middle_Icelandic_(1350–1550)" title="History of Icelandic">Middle Icelandic</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Greenlandic_Norse" title="Greenlandic Norse">Greenlandic Norse</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Norn_language" title="Norn language">Norn</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">East</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_dialects" title="Swedish dialects">Swedish dialects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rinkeby_Swedish" title="Rinkeby Swedish">Rinkebysvenska</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_language" title="Danish language">Danish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Danish_dialects" title="Danish dialects">Danish dialects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insular_Danish" title="Insular Danish">Insular Danish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jutlandic_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Jutlandic dialect">Jutlandic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Jutlandic" title="South Jutlandic">South Jutlandic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Danish" title="East Danish">East Danish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bornholm_dialect" title="Bornholm dialect">Bornholmsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scanian_dialect" title="Scanian dialect">Scanian</a> (historically)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Schleswig_Danish" title="Southern Schleswig Danish">Southern Schleswig Danish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B8tudanskt_accent" title="Gøtudanskt accent">Gøtudanskt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perkerdansk" title="Perkerdansk">Perkerdansk</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/History_of_Danish" title="History of Danish">Old Danish</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/History_of_Danish" title="History of Danish">Middle Danish</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalecarlian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Dalecarlian language">Dalecarlian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elfdalian" title="Elfdalian">Elfdalian</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Gutnish <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gutnish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Gutnish language">Mainland Gutnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A5r%C3%B6m%C3%A5l_dialect" title="Fårömål dialect">Fårö Gutnish</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/East_Germanic_languages" title="East Germanic languages">East</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Gothic_language" title="Gothic language">Gothic</a></i> (<i><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Gothic" title="Crimean Gothic">Crimean Gothic</a></i>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Burgundians#Language" title="Burgundians">Burgundian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vandalic_language" title="Vandalic language">Vandalic</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Philology" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Germanic_philology" title="Germanic philology">Philology</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Maurer_(linguist)" title="Friedrich Maurer (linguist)">Language subgroups</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Germanic_languages" title="North Germanic languages">North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Germanic_languages" title="East Germanic languages">East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Germanic_languages" title="West Germanic languages">West</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elbe_Germanic" title="Elbe Germanic">Elbe (Irminonic)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weser-Rhine_Germanic" class="mw-redirect" title="Weser-Rhine Germanic">Weser-Rhine (Istvaeonic)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Sea_Germanic" title="North Sea Germanic">North Sea (Ingvaeonic)</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Germanic" title="Northwest Germanic">Northwest</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gotho-Nordic" class="mw-redirect" title="Gotho-Nordic">Gotho-Nordic</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/South_Germanic" title="South Germanic">South</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Reconstructed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Germanic_language" title="Proto-Germanic language">Proto-Germanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Germanic_grammar" title="Proto-Germanic grammar">Proto-Germanic grammar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_parent_language" title="Germanic parent language">Germanic parent language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Belgian_language" title="Ancient Belgian language">Ancient Belgian language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Diachronic features</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grimm%27s_law" title="Grimm's law">Grimm's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verner%27s_law" title="Verner's law">Verner's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holtzmann%27s_law" title="Holtzmann's law">Holtzmann's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sievers%27s_law" title="Sievers's law">Sievers's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kluge%27s_law" title="Kluge's law">Kluge's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_substrate_hypothesis" title="Germanic substrate hypothesis">Germanic substrate hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Germanic_gemination" title="West Germanic gemination">West Germanic gemination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_German_consonant_shift" title="High German consonant shift">High German consonant shift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_a-mutation" title="Germanic a-mutation">Germanic a-mutation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_umlaut" title="Germanic umlaut">Germanic umlaut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_spirant_law" title="Germanic spirant law">Germanic spirant law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingvaeonic_nasal_spirant_law" title="Ingvaeonic nasal spirant law">Ingvaeonic nasal spirant law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Vowel_Shift" title="Great Vowel Shift">Great Vowel Shift</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Synchronic features</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_verb" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanic verb">Germanic verb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_strong_verb" title="Germanic strong verb">Germanic strong verb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_weak_verb" title="Germanic weak verb">Germanic weak verb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_verb#Preterite-presents" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanic verb">Preterite-present verb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grammatischer_Wechsel" title="Grammatischer Wechsel">Grammatischer Wechsel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_ablaut" title="Indo-European ablaut">Indo-European ablaut</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><i>Italics</i> indicate <a href="/wiki/Language_death" title="Language death">extinct languages</a></li> <li>Languages between parentheses are <a href="/wiki/Variety_(linguistics)" title="Variety (linguistics)">varieties</a> of the language on their left.</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a 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