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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Family_and_education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Family_and_education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Family and education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Family_and_education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Academic_career" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Academic_career"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Academic career</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Academic_career-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Émile_Durkheim_and_Marcel_Mauss:_the_uncle_and_the_nephew" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Émile_Durkheim_and_Marcel_Mauss:_the_uncle_and_the_nephew"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Émile Durkheim and Marcel Mauss: the uncle and the nephew</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Émile_Durkheim_and_Marcel_Mauss:_the_uncle_and_the_nephew-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Theoretical_views" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theoretical_views"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Theoretical views</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Theoretical_views-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Theoretical views subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Theoretical_views-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Marcel_Mauss_and_Émile_Durkheim" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marcel_Mauss_and_Émile_Durkheim"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Marcel Mauss and Émile Durkheim</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marcel_Mauss_and_Émile_Durkheim-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Gift" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Gift"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span><i>The Gift</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Gift-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mauss_and_Hubert" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mauss_and_Hubert"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Mauss and Hubert</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mauss_and_Hubert-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Critiques" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Critiques"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Critiques</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Critiques-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Selected_works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Selected_works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Selected works</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Selected_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Marcel Mauss</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 41 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-41" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">41 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%84_%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3" title="مارسيل موس – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مارسيل موس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%84_%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3" title="مارسل موس – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="مارسل موس" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81" title="Марсел Мос – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Марсел Мос" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcel_Mauss" title="Marcel Mauss – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Marcel Mauss" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcel_Mauss" title="Marcel Mauss – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Marcel Mauss" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcel_Mauss" title="Marcel Mauss – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Marcel Mauss" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcel_Mauss" title="Marcel Mauss – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Marcel Mauss" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%B1%CF%81%CF%83%CE%AD%CE%BB_%CE%9C%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Μαρσέλ Μος – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μαρσέλ Μος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcel_Mauss" title="Marcel Mauss – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Marcel Mauss" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcel_Mauss" title="Marcel Mauss – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Marcel Mauss" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcel_Mauss" title="Marcel Mauss – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Marcel Mauss" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%84_%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3" title="مارسل موس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مارسل موس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcel_Mauss" title="Marcel Mauss – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Marcel Mauss" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcel_Mauss" title="Marcel Mauss – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Marcel Mauss" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A7%88%EB%A5%B4%EC%85%80_%EB%AA%A8%EC%8A%A4" title="마르셀 모스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="마르셀 모스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcel_Mauss" title="Marcel Mauss – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Marcel Mauss" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcel_Mauss" title="Marcel Mauss – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Marcel Mauss" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%A1%D7%9C_%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%A1" title="מרסל מוס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מרסל מוס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcel_Mauss" title="Marcel Mauss – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Marcel Mauss" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsels_Moss" title="Marsels Moss – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Marsels Moss" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcel_Mauss" title="Marcel Mauss – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Marcel Mauss" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcel_Mauss" title="Marcel Mauss – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Marcel Mauss" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81" title="Марсел Мос – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Марсел Мос" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%84_%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3" title="مرسيل موس – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="مرسيل موس" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcel_Mauss" title="Marcel Mauss – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Marcel Mauss" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B8" title="मार्सेल मोस – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="मार्सेल मोस" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9E%E3%83%AB%E3%82%BB%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BB%E3%83%A2%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B9" title="マルセル・モース – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="マルセル・モース" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcel_Mauss" title="Marcel Mauss – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Marcel Mauss" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcel_Mauss" title="Marcel Mauss – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Marcel Mauss" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcel_Mauss" title="Marcel Mauss – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Marcel Mauss" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcel_Mauss" title="Marcel Mauss – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Marcel Mauss" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81,_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Мосс, Марсель – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Мосс, Марсель" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcel_Mauss" title="Marcel Mauss – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Marcel Mauss" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcel_Mauss" title="Marcel Mauss – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Marcel Mauss" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcel_Mauss" title="Marcel Mauss – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Marcel Mauss" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsel_Maus" title="Marsel Maus – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Marsel Maus" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcel_Mauss" title="Marcel Mauss – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Marcel Mauss" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcel_Mauss" title="Marcel Mauss – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Marcel Mauss" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcel_Mauss" title="Marcel Mauss – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Marcel Mauss" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">French sociologist and anthropologist (1872-1950)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output 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div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Marcel Mauss</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:M.Mauss_1872-1950.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/M.Mauss_1872-1950.jpg/220px-M.Mauss_1872-1950.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="284" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/M.Mauss_1872-1950.jpg/330px-M.Mauss_1872-1950.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/M.Mauss_1872-1950.jpg/440px-M.Mauss_1872-1950.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2543" data-file-height="3285" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1872-05-10</span>)</span>10 May 1872<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/%C3%89pinal" title="Épinal">Épinal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vosges_(department)" title="Vosges (department)">Vosges</a>, France</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">10 February 1950<span style="display:none">(1950-02-10)</span> (aged 77)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>, France</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alma mater</th><td class="infobox-data">Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/The_Gift_(essay)" title="The Gift (essay)"><i>The Gift</i></a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><b>Scientific career</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Fields</th><td class="infobox-data category"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sociology" title="Sociology">Sociology</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Anthropology" title="Anthropology">anthropology</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Institutions</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_des_hautes_%C3%A9tudes_en_sciences_sociales" class="mw-redirect" title="École des hautes études en sciences sociales">École des hautes études en sciences sociales</a> (EHESS)</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Signature</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="infobox-signature skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Signature_de_Marcel_Mauss.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Signature_de_Marcel_Mauss.svg/150px-Signature_de_Marcel_Mauss.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Signature_de_Marcel_Mauss.svg/225px-Signature_de_Marcel_Mauss.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Signature_de_Marcel_Mauss.svg/300px-Signature_de_Marcel_Mauss.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="117" /></a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Marcel Israël Mauss</b> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">French:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="fr-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">[mos]</a></span>; 10 May 1872 – 10 February 1950) was a French <a href="/wiki/Sociologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Sociologist">sociologist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anthropologist" title="Anthropologist">anthropologist</a> known as the "father of French ethnology".<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The nephew of <a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Durkheim" title="Émile Durkheim">Émile Durkheim</a>, Mauss, in his academic work, crossed the boundaries between sociology and <a href="/wiki/Anthropology" title="Anthropology">anthropology</a>. Today, he is perhaps better recognised for his influence on the latter discipline, particularly with respect to his analyses of topics such as <a href="/wiki/Magic_(paranormal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Magic (paranormal)">magic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sacrifice" title="Sacrifice">sacrifice</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gift_exchange" class="mw-redirect" title="Gift exchange">gift exchange</a> in different cultures around the world. Mauss had a significant influence upon <a href="/wiki/Claude_L%C3%A9vi-Strauss" title="Claude Lévi-Strauss">Claude Lévi-Strauss</a>, the founder of <a href="/wiki/Structural_anthropology" title="Structural anthropology">structural anthropology</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His most famous work is <i><a href="/wiki/The_Gift_(essay)" title="The Gift (essay)">The Gift</a></i> (1925). </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marcel_Mauss&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Family_and_education">Family and education</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marcel_Mauss&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Family and education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mauss was born in <a href="/wiki/%C3%89pinal" title="Épinal">Épinal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vosges_(department)" title="Vosges (department)">Vosges</a>, to a Jewish family, his father a merchant and his mother an embroidery shop owner. Unlike his younger brother, Mauss did not join the family business and instead he joined the socialist and cooperative movement in the Vosges. Following the death of his grandfather, the Mauss and Durkheim families grew close and at this time Mauss began to feel concerned about his education and took initiatives in order to learn. Mauss obtained a religious education and was bar mitzvahed, yet by the age of eighteen he stopped practicing his religion.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mauss studied <a href="/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy">philosophy</a> at <a href="/wiki/Bordeaux" title="Bordeaux">Bordeaux</a>, where his maternal uncle <a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Durkheim" title="Émile Durkheim">Émile Durkheim</a> was teaching at the time. In the 1890s, Mauss began his lifelong study of <a href="/wiki/Linguistics" title="Linguistics">linguistics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indology" title="Indology">Indology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>, and the '<a href="/wiki/History_of_religions" class="mw-redirect" title="History of religions">history of religions</a> and uncivilized peoples' at the <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">École pratique des hautes études</i></span><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. He passed the <i><a href="/wiki/Agr%C3%A9gation" title="Agrégation">agrégation</a></i> in 1893. He was also the first cousin of the much younger Claudette (née Raphael) Bloch, a marine biologist and mother of <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Bloch" title="Maurice Bloch">Maurice Bloch</a>, who became a noted anthropologist. Instead of taking the usual route of teaching at a <a href="/wiki/Lyc%C3%A9e" class="mw-redirect" title="Lycée">lycée</a> following college, Mauss moved to Paris and took up the study of <a href="/wiki/Comparative_religion" title="Comparative religion">comparative religion</a> and Sanskrit. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Academic_career">Academic career</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marcel_Mauss&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Academic career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>His first publication in 1896 marked the beginning of a prolific career that would produce several landmarks in sociological literature. Like many members of the <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">L'Année sociologique</i></span> group, Mauss was attracted to socialism, especially that espoused by <a href="/wiki/Jean_Jaur%C3%A8s" title="Jean Jaurès">Jean Jaurès</a>. He was particularly engaged around the anti-semitic political events of the <a href="/wiki/Dreyfus_affair" title="Dreyfus affair">Dreyfus affair</a>. Towards the end of the century, he helped edit such left-wing papers as <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Le Populaire</i></span>, <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">L'Humanité</i></span> and <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Le Mouvement socialiste</i></span>, the last in collaboration with <a href="/wiki/Georges_Sorel" title="Georges Sorel">Georges Sorel</a>. </p><p>In 1901, Mauss began drawing more on ethnography, and his work began to develop characteristics now associated with formal anthropology. </p><p>Mauss served in the French army during World War I from 1914 to 1919 as an interpreter.<sup id="cite_ref-Scott_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scott-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The military service was liberating from Mauss's intense academics, as he stated, "I'm doing wonderfully. I just wasn't made for the intellectual life and I am enjoying the life war is giving me" (Fournier 2006: 175). While liberating, he also dealt with the devastation and violence of the war as many of his friends and colleagues died in the war, and his uncle Durkheim died shortly before its end. Mauss began to write a book "On Politics" that remained unfinished, but the early 1920s emphasized his energy for politics through criticism of the Bolshevik's coercive resort to violence and their destruction of the <a href="/wiki/Market_economy" title="Market economy">market economy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Marcel_Mauss:_In_Pursuit_of_the_Who_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marcel_Mauss:_In_Pursuit_of_the_Who-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Like many other followers of Durkheim, Mauss took refuge in administration. He secured Durkheim's legacy by founding institutions to carry out research, such as <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Institut Français de Sociologie</i></span> (1924) and <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Institut d'Ethnologie</i></span> in 1926. These institutions stimulated the development of fieldwork-based anthropology by young academics. Among the students he influenced were <a href="/wiki/George_Devereux" title="George Devereux">George Devereux</a>, Jeanne Cuisinier, <a href="/wiki/Alfred_M%C3%A9traux" title="Alfred Métraux">Alfred Metraux</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marcel_Griaule" title="Marcel Griaule">Marcel Griaule</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georges_Dum%C3%A9zil" title="Georges Dumézil">Georges Dumezil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Denise_Paulme" title="Denise Paulme">Denise Paulme</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michel_Leiris" title="Michel Leiris">Michel Leiris</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germaine_Dieterlen" title="Germaine Dieterlen">Germaine Dieterlen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Louis_Dumont" title="Louis Dumont">Louis Dumont</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9-Georges_Haudricourt" title="André-Georges Haudricourt">Andre-Georges Haudricourt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Soustelle" title="Jacques Soustelle">Jacques Soustelle</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Germaine_Tillion" title="Germaine Tillion">Germaine Tillion</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Scott_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scott-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1901, Mauss was appointed to the Chair of the History of Religions of Non-Civilized Peoples at the <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">École pratique des hautes études</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two years later in 1931 Mauss was elected as the first holder of the Chair of Sociology in the <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Collège de France</i></span>, and soon after he married his secretary in 1934 who soon was bedridden after a poisonous gas incident. Later, in 1940, Mauss was forced out of his job as the Chair of Sociology and out of Paris due to the German occupation and anti-Semitic legislation passed. Mauss remained socially isolated following the war and died in 1950.<sup id="cite_ref-Marcel_Mauss:_In_Pursuit_of_the_Who_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marcel_Mauss:_In_Pursuit_of_the_Who-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Émile_Durkheim_and_Marcel_Mauss:_the_uncle_and_the_nephew"><span id=".C3.89mile_Durkheim_and_Marcel_Mauss:_the_uncle_and_the_nephew"></span>Émile Durkheim and Marcel Mauss: the uncle and the nephew</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marcel_Mauss&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Émile Durkheim and Marcel Mauss: the uncle and the nephew"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Moïse Durkheim and Mélanie Isidor, the parents of <a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Durkheim" title="Émile Durkheim">Émile Durkheim</a>, had four children: Rosine (1848-1930), Félix (1850-1889), Céline (1851-1931), and Émile (1858-1917).<sup id="cite_ref-:1_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Marcel Israël Mauss was one of the two children of Rosine Mauss and Gerson Mauss, alongside his younger brother Camille Henri Mauss.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both the uncle and nephew were born in <a href="/wiki/%C3%89pinal" title="Épinal">Épinal, France</a>, with a fourteen-year age difference.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Religion is a keyword in the family life of both Mauss and Durkheim, with Moïse Durkheim being the <a href="/wiki/Rabbi" title="Rabbi">rabbi</a> of Épinal and chief rabbi of Vosges.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although both Mauss and Durkheim later set themselves away from religious beliefs and practices, this contributed to their mutual interest in studying the history and sociology of religion.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1887, Émile Durkheim was appointed to the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Bordeaux" title="University of Bordeaux">Université de Bordeaux</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was later joined by his nephew in 1890, who was preparing for his degree in philosophy at Bordeaux.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During their time at <a href="/wiki/Bordeaux" title="Bordeaux">Bordeaux</a>, Durkheim constantly interacted with Mauss through letters, guiding him in academic work and personal life. Between 1893 and 1894, when Mauss started to prepare for <i><a href="/wiki/Agr%C3%A9gation" title="Agrégation">Agrégation</a></i>, Durkheim, a philosophy <i>agrégé</i> and a member of the exam board, tutored Mauss for the exam.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Durkheim also helped connect Mauss with <a href="/wiki/Octave_Hamelin" title="Octave Hamelin">Octave Hamelin</a>, who became Mauss's close friend and an important tutor.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Durkheim defined his correspondence with Mauss as:<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>“This correspondence which I would have liked to have been more regular was precisely intended to allow me to follow you and to prevent you from working without a goal. One must always have in view a project to carry out.”</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Émile Durkheim, Letter from Émile Durkheim to Marcel Mauss, June 18, 1894.</cite></div></blockquote> <p>During their time in Bordeaux, Durkheim was a strict and responsible tutor to Mauss. In their interactions through letters, Durkheim frequently demands Mauss to provide timely updates on his studies and his interactions with Rosine and his tutors.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_9-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He stressed his responsibility to train him:<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>“I’m the one [your mother] asked to train you. I trained you according to my ideals. One must accept the consequences of what one desired. She is free to regret it, but she cannot hold it against you.”</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Émile Durkheim, Letter from Émile Durkheim to Marcel Mauss, 1899.</cite></div></blockquote> <p>The interactions between Durkheim and Mauss were not one-way help and guidance.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When working on his book <i><a href="/wiki/Suicide_(Durkheim_book)" title="Suicide (Durkheim book)">Suicide</a></i>, Durkheim asked Mauss to help him annotate articles on suicide cases in the German army, England and Wales, and Spain, with a special focus on ranks and years of service in the army, gender, and professions.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mauss then helped Durkheim compile the statistical tables in <i>Suicide</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_9-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Durkheim, being a controversial figure in academia at the time, also seeks information about himself and other scholars’ interests in <i><a href="/wiki/L%27Ann%C3%A9e_sociologique" title="L'Année sociologique">L’Année Sociologique</a></i> from Mauss, although stressing it to be “secondary” when compared to updating on what Mauss was doing:<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>“Its [Mauss's correspondence with Durkheim] purpose is to keep me informed of what you are doing, not to give me studied reports on what is happening in Paris. You must write to me for the sake of writing to me, so that I do not lose sight of you and not to send me chronicles. That, secondarily, you tell me everything that is happening, nothing better, since it is in my interest to be informed, but that is secondary. Now here we are at the end of the year and I know nothing of what you have done. I expect that you will stop your malpractices. What did Brochard tell you about your work? How are your other projects going? That is what I want to be informed about. After that, when you know something about me, you will tell me.”</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Émile Durkheim, Letter from Émile Durkheim to Marcel Mauss, May 15, 1894, Bordeaux.</cite></div></blockquote> <p>Mauss started assisting Durkheim in organizing and launching the <i>L’Année Sociologique</i> between 1895 and 1902.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mauss helped his uncle to recruit potential collaborators, including <a href="/wiki/Paul_Fauconnet" title="Paul Fauconnet">Paul Fauconnet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henri_Hubert" title="Henri Hubert">Henri Hubert</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Albert_Millaud" title="Albert Millaud">Albert Milhaud</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Durkheim envisioned the role of his nephew to be the “linchpin” in the formation of the journal and the broader theoretical transformation it would bring.<b><sup id="cite_ref-:1_8-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></b><sup id="cite_ref-:4_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mauss was assigned to work on the <a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_religion" title="Sociology of religion">religious sociology</a> section, the most important section for Durkheim, as he envisioned the journal to “create religious sociology” and to “make religion, no longer economics, the matrix of <a href="/wiki/Social_fact" title="Social fact">social facts</a>.”<sup id="cite_ref-:1_8-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:5_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other than recruitment, Mauss was assigned by Durkheim to work up a “list of important works that he think it would be useful to have” and “catalog them by subject.”<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The collaboration between the uncle and nephew was not always smooth. Durkheim frequently scolded Mauss in their correspondence about his punctuality and over-complication:<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:5_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>“We are thus approaching the month of July. Do you not feel the march of time? Two months have passed since Easter. That is a long time to draw up a list of books.”</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Émile Durkheim, Letter from Émile Durkheim to Marcel Mauss, June 19, 1897.</cite></div></blockquote><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>“Your list is arriving; it is a real desolation for me. For I see that you do not at all represent to yourself what there is to do, and instead of helping me to resolve the difficulties, you complicate them in such proportions, that, seeing the obstacles reappear as I believed to have overcome them, I had a moment of discouragement.”</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Émile Durkheim, Letter from Émile Durkheim to Marcel Mauss, monday morning, June, 1897.</cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Theoretical_views">Theoretical views</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marcel_Mauss&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Theoretical views"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Marcel_Mauss_and_Émile_Durkheim"><span id="Marcel_Mauss_and_.C3.89mile_Durkheim"></span>Marcel Mauss and Émile Durkheim</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marcel_Mauss&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Marcel Mauss and Émile Durkheim"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Marcel Mauss's studies under his uncle Durkheim at Bordeaux led to their doing work together on Primitive Classification which was published in <i>L'Année Sociologique</i>. In this work, Mauss and Durkheim attempted to create a French version of the <a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_knowledge" title="Sociology of knowledge">sociology of knowledge</a>, illustrating the various paths of human thought taken by different cultures, in particular how space and time are connected back to societal patterns. They focused their study on tribal societies in order to achieve depth. </p><p>While Mauss called himself a Durkheimian, he interpreted the school of Durkheim as his own. His early works reflect the dependence on Durkheim's school, yet as more works, including unpublished texts were read, Mauss preferred to start many projects and often not finish them. Mauss concerned himself more with politics than his uncle, as a member of the Collectivistes, French workers party, and Revolutionary socialist workers party. His political involvement led up to and after World War I.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Gift"><i>The Gift</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marcel_Mauss&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: The Gift"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mauss has been credited for his analytic framework which has been characterized as more supple, more appropriate for the application of empirical studies, and more fruitful than his earlier studies with Durkheim. His work fell into two categories, one being major ethnological works on exchange as a symbolic system, body techniques and the category of the person, and the second being social science methodology.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his <i><a href="/wiki/The_Gift_(essay)" title="The Gift (essay)">The Gift</a></i>, Mauss argued that gifts are never truly free, rather, human history is full of examples of gifts bringing about reciprocal exchange. The famous question that drove his inquiry into the anthropology of the gift was: "What power resides in the object given that causes its recipient to pay it back?".<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The answer is simple: the gift is a "total prestation" (see <a href="/wiki/Law_of_obligations" title="Law of obligations">law of obligations</a>), imbued with "spiritual mechanisms", engaging the honour of both giver and receiver (the term "total prestation" or "<a href="/wiki/Total_social_fact" class="mw-redirect" title="Total social fact">total social fact</a>" (<i>fait social total</i>) was coined by his student <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Leenhardt" title="Maurice Leenhardt">Maurice Leenhardt</a> after <a href="/wiki/Social_fact" title="Social fact">Durkheim's <i>social fact</i></a>). Such transactions transcend the divisions between the spiritual and the material in a way that, according to Mauss, is almost "magical". The giver does not merely give an object but also part of himself, for the object is indissolubly tied to the giver: "the objects are never completely separated from the men who exchange them" (1990:31). Because of this bond between giver and gift, the act of giving creates a social bond with an obligation to reciprocate on the part of the recipient. Not to reciprocate means to lose honour and status, but the spiritual implications can be even worse: in <a href="/wiki/Polynesia" title="Polynesia">Polynesia</a>, failure to reciprocate means to lose <i><a href="/wiki/Mana_(Oceanian_mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mana (Oceanian mythology)">mana</a></i>, one's spiritual source of authority and wealth. To cite Goldman-Ida's summary, "Mauss distinguished between three obligations: giving, the necessary initial step for the creation and maintenance of social relationships; receiving, for to refuse to receive is to reject the social bond; and reciprocating in order to demonstrate one's own liberality, honour, and wealth" (2018:341). Mauss describes how society is blinded by ideology, and therefore a system of prestations survives in societies when regarding the economy. Institutions are founded on the unity of individuals and society, and capitalism rests on an unsustainable influence on an individual's wants. Rather than focusing on money, Mauss describes the need to focus on faits sociaux totaux, total social facts, which are legal, economic, religious, and aesthetic facts which challenge the sociological method.<sup id="cite_ref-Marcel_Mauss:_In_Pursuit_of_the_Who_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marcel_Mauss:_In_Pursuit_of_the_Who-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An important notion in Mauss's conceptualization of <a href="/wiki/Gift_exchange" class="mw-redirect" title="Gift exchange">gift exchange</a> is what Gregory (1982, 1997) refers to as "<a href="/wiki/Inalienable_right" class="mw-redirect" title="Inalienable right">inalienability</a>". In a <a href="/wiki/Commodity_economy" class="mw-redirect" title="Commodity economy">commodity economy</a>, there is a strong distinction between objects and persons through the notion of <a href="/wiki/Private_property" title="Private property">private property</a>. Objects are sold, meaning that the <a href="/wiki/Ownership_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Ownership rights">ownership rights</a> are fully transferred to the new owner. The object has thereby become "<a href="/wiki/Alienation_(property_law)" title="Alienation (property law)">alienated</a>" from its original owner. In a <a href="/wiki/Gift_economy" title="Gift economy">gift economy</a>, however, the objects that are given are unalienated from the givers; they are "loaned rather than sold and ceded". It is the fact that the identity of the giver is invariably bound up with the object given that causes the gift to have a power which compels the recipient to reciprocate. Because gifts are unalienable they must be returned; the act of giving creates a gift-debt that has to be repaid. Because of this, the notion of an expected return of the gift creates a relationship over time between two individuals. In other words, through gift-giving, a social bond evolves that is assumed to continue through space and time until the future moment of exchange. Gift exchange therefore leads to a mutual interdependence between giver and receiver. According to Mauss, the "free" gift that is not returned is a contradiction because it cannot create social ties. Following the Durkheimian quest for understanding <a href="/wiki/Social_cohesion" class="mw-redirect" title="Social cohesion">social cohesion</a> through the concept of <a href="/wiki/Social_solidarity" class="mw-redirect" title="Social solidarity">solidarity</a>, Mauss's argument is that solidarity is achieved through the social bonds created by gift exchange. Mauss emphasizes that exchanging gifts resulted from the will of attaching other people – 'to put people under obligations', because "in theory such gifts are voluntary, but in fact they are given and repaid under obligation".<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mauss_and_Hubert">Mauss and Hubert</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marcel_Mauss&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Mauss and Hubert"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mauss also focused on the topic of sacrifice. The book <i>Sacrifice and its Function</i> which he wrote with <a href="/wiki/Henri_Hubert" title="Henri Hubert">Henri Hubert</a> in 1899 argued that sacrifice is a process involving sacralising and desacralising. This was when the "former directed the holy towards the person or object, and the latter away from a person or object."<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mauss and Hubert proposed that the body is better understood not as a natural given. Instead, it should be seen as the product of specific training in attributes, deportments, and habits. Furthermore, the body techniques are biological, sociological, and psychological and in doing an analysis of the body, one must apprehend these elements simultaneously. They defined the person as a category of thought, the articulation of particular embodiment of law and morality. Mauss and Hubert believed that a person was constituted by personages (a set of roles) which were executed through the behaviors and exercise of specific body techniques and attributes. </p><p> Mauss and Hubert wrote another book titled <i>A General Theory of Magic</i> in 1902 [see external links for PDF]. They studied magic in 'primitive' societies and how it has manifested into our thoughts and social actions. They argue that social facts are subjective and therefore should be considered magic, but society is not open to accepting this. In the book, Mauss and Hubert state: </p><blockquote><p>In magic, we have officers, actions, and representations: we call a person who accomplishes magical actions a <i>magician</i>, even if he is not professional; <i>magical representations</i> are those ideas and beliefs which correspond to magical actions; as for these actions, with regard to which we have defined the other elements of magic, we shall call them <i>magical rites</i>. At this stage it is important to distinguish between these activities and other social practices with which they might be confused.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p>They go on to say that only social occurrences can be considered magical. Individual actions are not magic because if the whole community does not believe in efficacy of a group of actions, it is not social and therefore, cannot be magical. </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marcel_Mauss&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While Mauss is known for several of his own works – most notably his masterpiece <i>Essai sur le Don</i> ('<a href="/wiki/The_Gift_(essay)" title="The Gift (essay)">The Gift</a>') – much of his best work was done in collaboration with members of the <i>Année Sociologique</i>, including Durkheim (<i>Primitive Classification</i>), Henri Hubert (<i>Outline of a General Theory of Magic</i> and <i>Essay on the Nature and Function of Sacrifice</i>), <a href="/wiki/Paul_Fauconnet" title="Paul Fauconnet">Paul Fauconnet</a> (<i>Sociology</i>) and others. </p><p>Mauss influenced French anthropology and social science. He did not have a great number of students like many other Sociologists did, however, he taught ethnographic method to first generation French anthropology students. In addition to this, Mauss's ideas have had a significant impact on Anglophile post-structuralist perspectives in anthropology, cultural studies, and cultural history. He modified post-structuralist and post-Foucauldian intellectuals because he combines an ethnographic approach with contextualization that is historical, sociological, and psychological. </p><p>Mauss served as an important link between the sociology of Durkheim and contemporary French sociologists. Some of these sociologists include: <a href="/wiki/Claude_L%C3%A9vi-Strauss" title="Claude Lévi-Strauss">Claude Levi Strauss</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Bourdieu" title="Pierre Bourdieu">Pierre Bourdieu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marcel_Granet" title="Marcel Granet">Marcel Granet</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Louis_Dumont" title="Louis Dumont">Louis Dumont</a>. The essay on <i>The Gift</i> is the origin for anthropological studies of <a href="/wiki/Reciprocity_(cultural_anthropology)" title="Reciprocity (cultural anthropology)">reciprocity</a>. His analysis of the <a href="/wiki/Potlatch" title="Potlatch">Potlatch</a> has inspired <a href="/wiki/Georges_Bataille" title="Georges Bataille">Georges Bataille</a> (<i>The Accursed Share</i>), then the <a href="/wiki/Situationists" class="mw-redirect" title="Situationists">situationists</a> (the name of the first situationist journal was <i>Potlatch</i>). This term has been used by many interested in <a href="/wiki/Gift_economy" title="Gift economy">gift economies</a> and <a href="/wiki/Open-source_software" title="Open-source software">open-source software</a>, although this latter use sometimes differs from Mauss's original formulation. See also <a href="/wiki/Lewis_Hyde" title="Lewis Hyde">Lewis Hyde</a>'s revolutionary critique of Mauss in "Imagination and the Erotic Life of Property". He also impacted the <a href="/wiki/Mouvement_Anti-Utilitariste_dans_les_Sciences_Sociales" title="Mouvement Anti-Utilitariste dans les Sciences Sociales">Mouvement Anti-Utilitariste dans les Sciences Sociales</a> and <a href="/wiki/David_Graeber" title="David Graeber">David Graeber</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Graeber_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Graeber-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Critiques">Critiques</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marcel_Mauss&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Critiques"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mauss's views on the nature of gift exchange have had critics. Main critiques against Mauss stem from beliefs that Mauss's essay is analyzing all primitive and archaic societies, but rather his essay is used to apply to one society and relationships within.<sup id="cite_ref-Panoff_1970_60–70_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Panoff_1970_60–70-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> French anthropologist <a href="/wiki/Alain_Testart" title="Alain Testart">Alain Testart</a> (1998), for example, argues that there are "free" gifts, such as passers-by giving money to beggars, e.g. in a large Western city. Donor and receiver do not know each other and are unlikely ever to meet again. In this context, the donation certainly creates no obligation on the side of the beggar to reciprocate; neither the donor nor the beggar have such an expectation. Testart argues that only the latter can actually be enforced. He feels that Mauss overstated the magnitude of the obligation created by social pressures, particularly in his description of the <a href="/wiki/Potlatch" title="Potlatch">potlatch</a> amongst <a href="/wiki/North_American_Indians" class="mw-redirect" title="North American Indians">North American Indians</a>. </p><p>Gift Economy theorist <a href="/wiki/Genevieve_Vaughan" title="Genevieve Vaughan">Genevieve Vaughan</a> (1997) criticizes the French school of thought based on Mauss, exemplified by Jacques Godbout and Serge Latouche and the <i>Mouvement Anti-utilittarisse des Sciences Sociales,</i> for defining gift-giving as consisting of "three moments: giving, receiving, and giving back. The insistence upon reciprocity hides the communicative character of simple giving and receiving without reciprocity and does not allow this group to make a clear distinction between gift-giving and exchange as two opposing paradigms."<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In subsequent works, for example, <i>The Gift in the Heart of Language: The Maternal Source of Meaning</i> (2015)<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Vaughan elaborated on gift-giving as a relation between giver and receiver that takes its form from the primal human experience of mothering and being mothered. </p><p>Another example of a non-reciprocal "free" gift is provided by British anthropologist <a href="/wiki/James_Laidlaw_(anthropologist)" title="James Laidlaw (anthropologist)">James Laidlaw</a> (2000). He describes the social context of Indian <a href="/wiki/Jain" class="mw-redirect" title="Jain">Jain</a> renouncers, a group of itinerant celibate renouncers living an ascetic life of spiritual purification and salvation. The <a href="/wiki/Ahimsa_in_Jainism" title="Ahimsa in Jainism">Jainist interpretation</a> of the doctrine of <i><a href="/wiki/Ahimsa" title="Ahimsa">ahimsa</a></i> (an extremely rigorous application of principles of <a href="/wiki/Nonviolence" title="Nonviolence">nonviolence</a>) influences the diet of Jain renouncers and compels them to avoid preparing food, as this could potentially involve violence against microscopic organisms. Since Jain renouncers do not work, they rely on food donations from lay families within the Jain community. However, the former must not appear to be having any wants or desires, and only very hesitantly and apologetically receives the food prepared by the latter. "Free" gifts therefore challenge the aspects of the Maussian notion of the gift unless the moral and non-material qualities of gifting are considered. These aspects are, of course, at the heart of the gift, as demonstrated in books such as Annette Weiner's (1992) <i>Inalienable Possessions: The Paradox of Keeping While Giving</i>. </p><p>Mauss's view on sacrifice was also controversial at the time. This was because it conflicted with the psychologisation of individuals and social behavior. In addition to this, Mauss's terms like persona and habitus have been used among some sociological approaches. French philosopher <a href="/wiki/Georges_Bataille" title="Georges Bataille">Georges Bataille</a> used The Gift to draw new conclusions based on economic anthropology, in this case, an interpretation of how money is increasingly being wasted in society.<sup id="cite_ref-Panoff_1970_60–70_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Panoff_1970_60–70-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They have also been included in recent sociological and cultural studies by <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Bourdieu" title="Pierre Bourdieu">Pierre Bourdieu</a>. Bourdieu used Mauss's concept habitus through sociological concepts of socialization the embodiment of consciousness, an example being muscle memory. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Selected_works">Selected works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marcel_Mauss&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Selected works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Essai sur la nature et la fonction du sacrifice</i>, (with <a href="/wiki/Henri_Hubert" title="Henri Hubert">Henri Hubert</a>) 1898.</li> <li><i>La sociologie: objet et méthode</i>, (with Paul Fauconnet) 1901.</li> <li><i>De quelques formes primitives de classification</i>, (with <a href="/wiki/Durkheim" class="mw-redirect" title="Durkheim">Durkheim</a>) 1902.</li> <li><i>Esquisse d'une théorie générale de la magie</i>, (with <a href="/wiki/Henri_Hubert" title="Henri Hubert">Henri Hubert</a>) 1902.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Gift_(essay)" title="The Gift (essay)">Essai sur le don</a></i>, 1925.</li> <li><i>Les techniques du corps</i>, 1934. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://classiques.uqac.ca/classiques/mauss_marcel/socio_et_anthropo/6_Techniques_corps/Techniques_corps.html">Marcel Mauss, "Les techniques du corps" (1934)</a> <i>Journal de Psychologie</i> 32 (3–4). Reprinted in Mauss, <i>Sociologie et anthropologie</i>, 1936, Paris: PUF.</li> <li><i>Sociologie et anthropologie</i>, (selected writings) 1950.</li> <li><i>Manuel d'ethnographie</i>. 1967. Editions Payot & Rivages. (<i>Manual of Ethnography</i> 2009. Translated by N. J. Allen. Berghan Books.)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marcel_Mauss&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 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href="/wiki/Kula_ring" title="Kula ring">Kula ring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Becker" title="Ernest Becker">Ernest Becker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_George_Frazer" title="James George Frazer">James George Frazer</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marcel_Mauss&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHughesReader1998" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Hughes, Alex; Reader, Keith, eds. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VQKFAgAAQBAJ&dq=%22father+of+french+ethnology%22&pg=PA16">"anthropology and ethnology"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia of Contemporary French Culture</i>. London and New York: Routledge. p. 16. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-78865-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-78865-1"><bdi>978-1-134-78865-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=anthropology+and+ethnology&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Contemporary+French+Culture&rft.place=London+and+New+York&rft.pages=16&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-1-134-78865-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVQKFAgAAQBAJ%26dq%3D%2522father%2Bof%2Bfrench%2Bethnology%2522%26pg%3DPA16&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarcel+Mauss" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Moebius, Stephan; Nungesser, Frithjof (2014): ‚La filiation est directe‘ – L’influence de Marcel Mauss sur l’œuvre de Claude Lévi-Strauss. In: Eric Brian, Stephan Moebius, Frithjof Nungesser and Florence Weber (Eds.): Relire Mauss/Relektüren von Marcel Mauss. Trivium. Revue franco-allemande de sciences humaines et sociales. Deutsch-französische Zeitschrift für Geistes- und Sozialwissenschaften. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://trivium.revues.org/4836">http://trivium.revues.org/4836</a> . See also Barth, Fredrik (2005). <i>One Discipline, Four Ways: British, German, French, and American Anthropology</i>. University of Chicago Press, p.<span class="nowrap"> </span>208.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFournier1994" class="citation book cs1">Fournier, Marcel (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Xjl_1f4O8QQC&q=Marcel+Mauss&pg=PR5"><i>Marcel Mauss: A Biography</i></a>. France: Arthème Fayard. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0691117772" title="Special:BookSources/0691117772"><bdi>0691117772</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Marcel+Mauss%3A+A+Biography&rft.place=France&rft.pub=Arth%C3%A8me+Fayard&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0691117772&rft.aulast=Fournier&rft.aufirst=Marcel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXjl_1f4O8QQC%26q%3DMarcel%2BMauss%26pg%3DPR5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarcel+Mauss" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSica" class="citation book cs1">Sica, Alan. <i>Social Thought: From Enlightenment to the Present</i>. p. 306.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Social+Thought%3A+From+Enlightenment+to+the+Present&rft.pages=306&rft.aulast=Sica&rft.aufirst=Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarcel+Mauss" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Scott-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Scott_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Scott_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScott" class="citation book cs1">Scott, John. <i>Fifty Key Sociologists: The Formative Theorists</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fifty+Key+Sociologists%3A+The+Formative+Theorists&rft.aulast=Scott&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarcel+Mauss" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Marcel_Mauss:_In_Pursuit_of_the_Who-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Marcel_Mauss:_In_Pursuit_of_the_Who_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marcel_Mauss:_In_Pursuit_of_the_Who_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marcel_Mauss:_In_Pursuit_of_the_Who_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHart2007" class="citation book cs1">Hart, Keith (2007). <i>Marcel Mauss: In Pursuit of the Whole</i>. Anthropology, Goldsmiths University of London.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Marcel+Mauss%3A+In+Pursuit+of+the+Whole&rft.pub=Anthropology%2C+Goldsmiths+University+of+London&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Hart&rft.aufirst=Keith&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarcel+Mauss" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCashmoreRojek" class="citation book cs1">Cashmore, Ellis; Rojek. <i>Dictionary of Cultural Theorists</i>. Chris.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Cultural+Theorists&rft.pub=Chris&rft.aulast=Cashmore&rft.aufirst=Ellis&rft.au=Rojek&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarcel+Mauss" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_8-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_8-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_8-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDurkheim1998" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Durkheim, Émile (1998). Besnard, Philippe; Fournier, Marcel (eds.). <i>Lettres à Marcel Mauss</i> [<i>Letters to Marcel Mauss</i>]. Sociologies (in French) (1re éd ed.). Paris: PUF. pp. 2–3, 5, 12, 23, 25, 41, 42. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-13-049099-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-13-049099-9"><bdi>978-2-13-049099-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lettres+%C3%A0+Marcel+Mauss&rft.place=Paris&rft.series=Sociologies&rft.pages=2-3%2C+5%2C+12%2C+23%2C+25%2C+41%2C+42&rft.edition=1re+%C3%A9d&rft.pub=PUF&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-2-13-049099-9&rft.aulast=Durkheim&rft.aufirst=%C3%89mile&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarcel+Mauss" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_9-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_9-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_9-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFournier2006" class="citation book cs1">Fournier, Marcel (2006). <i>Marcel Mauss: a biography</i>. Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press. pp. 13, 18, 24, 28, 37, 53. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-11777-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-11777-5"><bdi>978-0-691-11777-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Marcel+Mauss%3A+a+biography&rft.place=Princeton%2C+NJ&rft.pages=13%2C+18%2C+24%2C+28%2C+37%2C+53&rft.pub=Princeton+Univ.+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-691-11777-5&rft.aulast=Fournier&rft.aufirst=Marcel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarcel+Mauss" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">“David Emile Durkheim in the Paris, France, Births, Marriages, and Deaths, 1555-1929.” 2021. Ancestry.com Operations, Inc. Actes de naissance, de mariage et de décès. Archives de Paris. https://www.ancestrylibrary.com/discoveryui-content/view/3298914:62058?tid=&pid=&queryid=23224436-a30b-4dab-96f2-45f16bd68a80&_phsrc=Otr50&_phstart=successSource.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Durkheim, Émile. 1907. “Lettre Au Directeur,” 1907. In <i>Textes</i>, by Émile Durkheim, 1:404.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Durkheim, Émile. Letter from Émile Durkheim to Marcel Mauss, December 10, 1893. In <i>Lettres à Marcel Mauss</i>, edited by Philippe Besnard and Marcel Fournier. Sociologies. Paris: Presses universitaires de France. pp. 25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Durkheim, Émile. Letter from Émile Durkheim to Marcel Mauss, June 18, 1894. In <i>Lettres à Marcel Mauss</i>, edited by Philippe Besnard and Marcel Fournier. Sociologies. Paris: Presses universitaires de France. pp. 34-36.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Durkheim, Émile. Letter from Émile Durkheim to Marcel Mauss, 1899. In <i>Marcel Mauss: A Biography</i>, by Marcel Fournier. Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press. pp. 20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMauss1979" class="citation journal cs1">Mauss, Marcel (1979). Besnard, Philippe (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3321272">"L'œuvre de Mauss par lui-même"</a>. <i>Revue française de sociologie</i>. <b>20</b> (1): 209–220. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3321272">10.2307/3321272</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0035-2969">0035-2969</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3321272">3321272</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Revue+fran%C3%A7aise+de+sociologie&rft.atitle=L%27%C5%93uvre+de+Mauss+par+lui-m%C3%AAme&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=209-220&rft.date=1979&rft.issn=0035-2969&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3321272%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3321272&rft.aulast=Mauss&rft.aufirst=Marcel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3321272&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarcel+Mauss" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Durkheim, Émile. Letter from Émile Durkheim to Marcel Mauss, 1896. In <i>Lettres à Marcel Mauss</i>, edited by Philippe Besnard and Marcel Fournier. Sociologies. Paris: Presses universitaires de France. pp. 43.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Durkheim, Émile. Letter from Émile Durkheim to Marcel Mauss, 1896. In <i>Lettres à Marcel Mauss</i>, edited by Philippe Besnard and Marcel Fournier. Sociologies. Paris: Presses universitaires de France. pp. 44.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Durkheim, Émile. Letter from Émile Durkheim to Marcel Mauss, February-March, 1894. In <i>Lettres à Marcel Mauss</i>, edited by Philippe Besnard and Marcel Fournier. Sociologies. Paris: Presses universitaires de France. pp. 28-31.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Durkheim, Émile. Letter from Émile Durkheim to Marcel Mauss, May 15, 1894, Bordeaux. In <i>Lettres à Marcel Mauss</i>, edited by Philippe Besnard and Marcel Fournier. Sociologies. Paris: Presses universitaires de France. pp. 31-32.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Durkheim, Émile. Letter from Émile Durkheim to Marcel Mauss, Late November-Early December, 1896. In <i>Lettres à Marcel Mauss</i>, edited by Philippe Besnard and Marcel Fournier. Sociologies. Paris: Presses universitaires de France. pp. 48.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLukes1990" class="citation book cs1">Lukes, Steven (1990). <i>Emile Durkheim: his life and work ; a historical and critical study</i>. Stanford, Calif: Stanford Univ. Pr. p. 74. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-1283-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-1283-5"><bdi>978-0-8047-1283-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Emile+Durkheim%3A+his+life+and+work+%3B+a+historical+and+critical+study&rft.place=Stanford%2C+Calif&rft.pages=74&rft.pub=Stanford+Univ.+Pr&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-8047-1283-5&rft.aulast=Lukes&rft.aufirst=Steven&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarcel+Mauss" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Durkheim, Émile. Letter from Émile Durkheim to Marcel Mauss, June, 1897. In <i>Lettres à Marcel Mauss</i>, edited by Philippe Besnard and Marcel Fournier. Sociologies. Paris: Presses universitaires de France. pp. 70-74.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:5_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Durkheim, Émile. Letter from Émile Durkheim to Marcel Mauss, monday morning, June, 1897. In <i>Lettres à Marcel Mauss</i>, edited by Philippe Besnard and Marcel Fournier. Sociologies. Paris: Presses universitaires de France. pp. 67-70.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Durkheim, Émile. Letter from Émile Durkheim to Marcel Mauss, May, 1897. In <i>Lettres à Marcel Mauss</i>, edited by Philippe Besnard and Marcel Fournier. Sociologies. Paris: Presses universitaires de France. pp. 56.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Durkheim, Émile. Letter from Émile Durkheim to Marcel Mauss, June 19, 1897. In <i>Lettres à Marcel Mauss</i>, edited by Philippe Besnard and Marcel Fournier. Sociologies. Paris: Presses universitaires de France. pp. 66.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFournier1994" class="citation book cs1">Fournier, Marcel (1994). <i>Marcel Mauss: A Biography</i>. Italy: Arthème Fayard.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Marcel+Mauss%3A+A+Biography&rft.place=Italy&rft.pub=Arth%C3%A8me+Fayard&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=Fournier&rft.aufirst=Marcel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarcel+Mauss" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCashmoreRojek" class="citation book cs1">Cashmore, Ellis; Rojek, Chris. <i>Dictionary of Cultural Theorists</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Cultural+Theorists&rft.aulast=Cashmore&rft.aufirst=Ellis&rft.au=Rojek%2C+Chris&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarcel+Mauss" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMauss2002" class="citation book cs1">Mauss, Marcel (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libcom.org/files/Mauss%20-%20The%20Gift.pdf"><i>The Gift: The Form and Reason for Exchanges in Archaic Societies</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. London: Routledge. p. 4. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-203-71568-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-203-71568-0"><bdi>978-0-203-71568-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Gift%3A+The+Form+and+Reason+for+Exchanges+in+Archaic+Societies&rft.place=London&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-203-71568-0&rft.aulast=Mauss&rft.aufirst=Marcel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flibcom.org%2Ffiles%2FMauss%2520-%2520The%2520Gift.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarcel+Mauss" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150208184420/http://mcser-org.ervinhatibi.com/journal/index.php/mjss/article/view/5567/5370">"D. Walczak. 2015. The process of exchange, solidarity and sustainable development in building a community of responsibility. Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences, 6 (1S1), p. 506"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mcser-org.ervinhatibi.com/journal/index.php/mjss/article/view/5567/5370">the original</a> on 8 February 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=D.+Walczak.+2015.+The+process+of+exchange%2C+solidarity+and+sustainable+development+in+building+a+community+of+responsibility.+Mediterranean+Journal+of+Social+Sciences%2C+6+%281S1%29%2C+p.+506.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmcser-org.ervinhatibi.com%2Fjournal%2Findex.php%2Fmjss%2Farticle%2Fview%2F5567%2F5370&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarcel+Mauss" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCashmoreRojek" class="citation book cs1">Cashmore, Ellis; Rojek, Chris. <i>Dictionary of Cultural Theorists</i>. p. 350.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Cultural+Theorists&rft.pages=350&rft.aulast=Cashmore&rft.aufirst=Ellis&rft.au=Rojek%2C+Chris&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarcel+Mauss" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSica" class="citation book cs1">Sica, Alan. <i>Social Thought from the Enlightenment to the Present</i>. p. 308.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Social+Thought+from+the+Enlightenment+to+the+Present&rft.pages=308&rft.aulast=Sica&rft.aufirst=Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarcel+Mauss" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Graeber-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Graeber_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">[Graeber, D., Toward an Anthropological Theory of Value, pp 160–161, Palgrave Macmillan, 2001]</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Panoff_1970_60–70-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Panoff_1970_60–70_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Panoff_1970_60–70_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPanoff1970" class="citation journal cs1">Panoff, Michel (1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2798804">"Marcel Mauss's "The Gift" Revisited"</a>. <i>Man</i>. <b>5</b> (1): 60–70. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2798804">10.2307/2798804</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0025-1496">0025-1496</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2798804">2798804</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Man&rft.atitle=Marcel+Mauss%27s+%22The+Gift%22+Revisited&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=60-70&rft.date=1970&rft.issn=0025-1496&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2798804%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2798804&rft.aulast=Panoff&rft.aufirst=Michel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2798804&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarcel+Mauss" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVaughan1997" class="citation book cs1">Vaughan, Genevieve (1997). <i>For-Giving: A Feminist Criticism of ExchangeP</i>. Austin, Texas: Plain View Press (first edition); Anomaly Press (4th printing, 2002). p. 54. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-911051-94-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-911051-94-5"><bdi>0-911051-94-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=For-Giving%3A+A+Feminist+Criticism+of+ExchangeP&rft.place=Austin%2C+Texas&rft.pages=54&rft.pub=Plain+View+Press+%28first+edition%29%3B+Anomaly+Press+%284th+printing%2C+2002%29&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-911051-94-5&rft.aulast=Vaughan&rft.aufirst=Genevieve&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarcel+Mauss" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVaughan2015" class="citation book cs1">Vaughan, Genevieve (2015). <i>The Gift in the Heart of Language: The Maternal Source of Meaning</i>. UK: Mimesis International. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8869770128" title="Special:BookSources/978-8869770128"><bdi>978-8869770128</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Gift+in+the+Heart+of+Language%3A+The+Maternal+Source+of+Meaning&rft.place=UK&rft.pub=Mimesis+International&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-8869770128&rft.aulast=Vaughan&rft.aufirst=Genevieve&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarcel+Mauss" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marcel_Mauss&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Derrida" title="Jacques Derrida">Derrida, J.</a>, 1992 [1991]. <i>Given Time I. Counterfeit Money</i>. Chicago & London: University of Chicago Press.</li> <li>Cannell, Fenella (2006) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wO0pTd_UzlkC"><i>The anthropology of Christianity</i></a>, <i>Introduction</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chris_Gregory" title="Chris Gregory">Chris Gregory</a> 1982. <i>Gifts and Commodities</i>. London.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Batsheva_Goldman-Ida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Batsheva Goldman-Ida (page does not exist)">Goldman-Ida, B.</a>, 2018. <i>Hasidic Art and the Kabbalah</i>. Leiden & Boston: Brill Press. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NoJ1DwAAQBAJ&q=hasidic+art+and+the+kabbalah">Hasidic Art and the Kabbalah</a></li> <li>[<a class="external free" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Gregory">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Gregory</a> <a href="/wiki/Chris_Gregory" title="Chris Gregory">Chris Gregory</a>, C. A. 1997. <i>Savage money: the anthropology and politics of commodity exchange</i>. Amsterdam: Harwood Academic.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/1467-9655.00036">Laidlaw, J. 2000. ‘A free gift makes no friends’ <i>Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute</i> 6:617–634.</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeacock1954" class="citation journal cs1">Leacock, Seth (February 1954). "The Ethnological Theory of Marcel Mauss". <i><a href="/wiki/American_Anthropologist" title="American Anthropologist">American Anthropologist</a></i>. <b>56</b> (1): 58–73. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1525%2Faa.1954.56.1.02a00060">10.1525/aa.1954.56.1.02a00060</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1548-1433">1548-1433</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Anthropologist&rft.atitle=The+Ethnological+Theory+of+Marcel+Mauss&rft.volume=56&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=58-73&rft.date=1954-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1525%2Faa.1954.56.1.02a00060&rft.issn=1548-1433&rft.aulast=Leacock&rft.aufirst=Seth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarcel+Mauss" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Mauss, M. 1990 (1922). <i>The Gift: forms and functions of exchange in archaic societies</i>. London: Routledge.</li> <li>Mauss, Marcel 2006. <i>Techniques, technology, and civilisation</i>. Edited and introduced by Nathan Schlanger. New York: Berghahn Books. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57181-662-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57181-662-7">978-1-57181-662-7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_Testart" title="Alain Testart">Testart, A.</a> 1998. 'Uncertainties of the 'Obligation to Reciprocate': A Critique of Mauss' in <i>Marcel Mauss: A Centenary Tribute</i>. James, W. and Allen, N. J. (eds.). New York: Berghahn Books.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annette_Weiner" title="Annette Weiner">Weiner, Annette</a> (1992). <a href="/wiki/Inalienable_Possessions" class="mw-redirect" title="Inalienable Possessions">Inalienable Possessions</a>: The Paradox of Keeping While Giving. Berkeley, University of California Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-07604-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-07604-4">0-520-07604-4</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151003041426/http://www.puf.com/Autres_Collections:Marcel_Mauss._L%27anthropologie_de_l%27un_et_du_multiple">Dianteill, Erwan, ed., <i>Marcel Mauss – L’anthropologie de l’un et du multiple</i>, Paris, PUF, collection " Débats philosophiques ", 2013.</a></li> <li>Dzimira, Sylvain, <i>Marcel Mauss, savant et politique</i>, La Découverte, 2007 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.revuedumauss.com.fr/Pages/DZI.html#Anchor-19-11481">lire en ligne la préface de Marcel Fournier, le sommaire et l'intro.</a>).</li> <li>Fournier, Marcel. 1994. <i>Marcel Mauss</i>. Fayard: Paris (the definitive biography in French). see <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060904122645/http://www.pupress.princeton.edu/titles/8038.html">Marcel Mauss: A Biography, PUP, 2005</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080325114817/http://socialtext.dukejournals.org/content/vol25/issue2_91/index.dtl">Ferguson, Kennan. 2007. 'The Gift of Freedom.' <i>Social Text</i>. 25:2 39–52.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Graeber" title="David Graeber">Graeber, David</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.freewords.org/graeber.html">Give it away</a>, an essay</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_L%C3%A9vi-Strauss" title="Claude Lévi-Strauss">Lévi-Strauss, C.</a> 1987 [1950]. <i>Introduction to the Work of Marcel Mauss</i>. London: Routledge.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pascal_Michon" title="Pascal Michon">Michon, Pascal</a> 2015. <i>Marcel Mauss retrouvé. Origines de l'anthropologie du rythme</i>. Paris: Rhuthmos.</li> <li><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephan_Moebius" class="extiw" title="de:Stephan Moebius">Stephan Moebius</a> Moebius, Stephan]/<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://soziologie.uni-halle.de/professuren/theorie/christian-papilloud/?lang=en">Christian Papilloud</a>|Papilloud, Christian]] (Ed.). 2005. <i>Gift – Marcel Mauss' Kulturtheorie der Gabe</i>. Wiesbaden: VS.</li> <li>Moebius, Stephan. 2006. <i>Marcel Mauss</i>. Konstanz</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marcel_Mauss&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output 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Mauss</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Marcel-Mauss">Marcel Mauss</a> in the <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.anthrobase.com/Dic/eng/pers/mauss_marcel.htm">Marcel Mauss</a> at <i>Anthrobase</i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bokship.org/comingup/loveinthemorning/MAUSSMAGIC2.pdf"><i>A General Theory of Magic</i></a> – 1992 translation</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://classiques.uqac.ca/classiques/mauss_marcel/mauss_marcel.html">Collection of French writing provided by the University of Quebec</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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land">Customary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooperative" title="Cooperative">Cooperative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_property" title="Private property">Private</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_property" title="Public property">Public</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-ownership" title="Self-ownership">Self</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_ownership" title="Social ownership">Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_ownership" title="State ownership">State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unowned_property" title="Unowned property">Unowned</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By nature</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Croft_(land)" title="Croft (land)">Croft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estate_in_land" title="Estate in land">Estate (landed)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intangible_property" title="Intangible property">Intangible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intellectual_property" title="Intellectual property">Intellectual</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_intellectual_property" title="Indigenous intellectual property">indigenous</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_property" title="Personal property">Personal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangible_property" title="Tangible property">Tangible</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Real_property" title="Real property">real</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Commons" title="Commons">Commons</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Common_land" title="Common land">Common land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common-pool_resource" title="Common-pool resource">Common-pool resource</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_commons_(economics)" title="Digital commons (economics)">Digital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_commons" title="Global commons">Global</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_commons" title="Information commons">Information</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knowledge_commons" title="Knowledge commons">Knowledge</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Theory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bundle_of_rights" title="Bundle of rights">Bundle of rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commodity" title="Commodity">Commodity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fictitious_commodities" title="Fictitious commodities">fictitious commodities</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_good_(economics)" title="Common good (economics)">Common good (economics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Excludability" title="Excludability">Excludability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_possession_theory_of_property" title="First possession theory of property">First possession</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Original_appropriation" title="Original appropriation">appropriation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homestead_principle" title="Homestead principle">homestead principle</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free-rider_problem" title="Free-rider problem">Free-rider problem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Game_theory" title="Game theory">Game theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgism" title="Georgism">Georgism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gift_economy" title="Gift economy">Gift economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_theory_of_property" title="Labor theory of property">Labor theory of property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_rent" title="Law of rent">Law of rent</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rent-seeking" title="Rent-seeking">rent-seeking</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_plunder" class="mw-redirect" title="Legal plunder">Legal plunder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_rights_and_legal_rights" title="Natural rights and legal rights">Natural rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ownership" title="Ownership">Ownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Property_rights_(economics)" title="Property rights (economics)">Property rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Primogeniture" title="Primogeniture">primogeniture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usufruct" title="Usufruct">usufruct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_property_rights" title="Women's property rights">women's</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_property" title="Right to property">Right to property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rivalry_(economics)" title="Rivalry (economics)">Rivalry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tragedy_of_the_commons" title="Tragedy of the commons">Tragedy of the commons</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tragedy_of_the_anticommons" title="Tragedy of the anticommons">anticommons</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Applications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acequia" title="Acequia"><i>Acequia</i> (watercourse)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ejido" title="Ejido"><i>Ejido</i> (agrarian land)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estate_(law)" title="Estate (law)">Estate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Estate_(law)" title="Estate (law)">legal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literary_estate" title="Literary estate">literary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_estate" title="Real estate">real</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_types_of_formally_designated_forests" title="List of types of formally designated forests">Forest types</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Huerta" title="Huerta">Huerta</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inheritance" title="Inheritance">Inheritance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Executor" title="Executor">executor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_tenure" title="Land tenure">Land tenure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Property_law" title="Property law">Property law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alienation_(property_law)" title="Alienation (property law)">alienation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Easement" title="Easement">easement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restraint_on_alienation" title="Restraint on alienation">restraint on alienation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_estate" title="Real estate">real estate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Title_(property)" title="Title (property)">title</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rights</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_rights" title="Air rights">Air</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exclusive_economic_zone" title="Exclusive economic zone">Fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Scheduled_Tribes_and_Other_Traditional_Forest_Dwellers_(Recognition_of_Forest_Rights)_Act,_2006" title="The Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition of Forest Rights) Act, 2006">Forest-dwelling (India)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_to_roam" title="Freedom to roam">Freedom to roam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grazing_rights" title="Grazing rights">Grazing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pannage" title="Pannage">pannage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunting" title="Hunting">Hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_law#Land_rights" title="Land law">Land</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aboriginal_title" title="Aboriginal title">aboriginal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_land_rights" title="Indigenous land rights">indigenous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squatting" title="Squatting">squatting</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Littoral_rights" title="Littoral rights">Littoral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mineral_rights" title="Mineral rights">Mineral</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Bergregal" title="Bergregal">Bergregal</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_of_way_(transit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Right of way (transit)">Right of way (transit)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_of_way_(property_access)" class="mw-redirect" title="Right of way (property access)">Right of way (property access)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_right" title="Water right">Water</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prior-appropriation_water_rights" title="Prior-appropriation water rights">prior-appropriation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riparian_water_rights" title="Riparian water rights">riparian</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Accumulation_by_dispossession" title="Accumulation by dispossession">Disposession</a>/<br /><a href="/wiki/Redistribution_of_income_and_wealth" title="Redistribution of income and wealth">redistribution</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bioprospecting" title="Bioprospecting">Bioprospecting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biopiracy" title="Biopiracy">biopiracy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collectivization_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Collectivization in the Soviet Union">Collectivization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eminent_domain" title="Eminent domain">Eminent domain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enclosure" title="Enclosure">Enclosure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eviction" title="Eviction">Eviction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expropriation" class="mw-redirect" title="Expropriation">Expropriation</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Farhud" title="Farhud">Farhud</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_displacement" title="Forced displacement">Forced migration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Population_transfer" title="Population transfer">population transfer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Repatriation" title="Repatriation">repatriation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal,_unreported_and_unregulated_fishing" title="Illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing">Illegal fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_logging" title="Illegal logging">Illegal logging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_Back" title="Land Back">Land Back</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_reform" title="Land reform">Land reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_plunder" class="mw-redirect" title="Legal plunder">Legal plunder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piracy" title="Piracy">Piracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poaching" title="Poaching">Poaching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primitive_accumulation_of_capital" title="Primitive accumulation of capital">Primitive accumulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privatization" title="Privatization">Privatization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regulatory_taking" class="mw-redirect" title="Regulatory taking">Regulatory taking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">Slavery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bride_buying" title="Bride buying">bride buying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking" title="Human trafficking">human trafficking</a></li> <li>spousal <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Husband-selling" class="mw-redirect" title="Husband-selling">husband-selling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wife_selling" title="Wife selling">wife selling</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wage_slavery" title="Wage slavery">wage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax" title="Tax">Tax</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inheritance_tax" title="Inheritance tax">inheritance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poll_tax" title="Poll tax">poll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_tax" title="Progressive tax">progressive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Property_tax" title="Property tax">property</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theft" title="Theft">Theft</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scholars<br /><span class="nobold">(<i>key work</i>)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Bastiat" title="Frédéric Bastiat">Frédéric Bastiat</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Law_(Bastiat_book)" title="The Law (Bastiat book)">The Law</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Coase" title="Ronald Coase">Ronald Coase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Friedrich Engels</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Origin_of_the_Family,_Private_Property_and_the_State" title="The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State">The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_George" title="Henry George">Henry George</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Progress_and_Poverty" title="Progress and Poverty">Progress and Poverty</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garrett_Hardin" title="Garrett Hardin">Garrett Hardin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Harvey" title="David Harvey">David Harvey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">John Locke</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Two_Treatises_of_Government" title="Two Treatises of Government">Two Treatises of Government</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Das_Kapital" title="Das Kapital">Das Kapital</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Marcel Mauss</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Gift_(essay)" title="The Gift (essay)">The Gift</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">John Stuart Mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elinor_Ostrom" title="Elinor Ostrom">Elinor Ostrom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Polanyi" title="Karl Polanyi">Karl Polanyi</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Great_Transformation_(book)" title="The Great Transformation (book)">The Great Transformation</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre-Joseph_Proudhon" title="Pierre-Joseph Proudhon">Pierre-Joseph Proudhon</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Property_is_theft!" class="mw-redirect" title="Property is theft!">What Is Property?</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Ricardo" title="David Ricardo">David Ricardo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Rothbard" title="Murray Rothbard">Murray N. Rothbard</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Ethics_of_Liberty" title="The Ethics of Liberty">The Ethics of Liberty</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Jean-Jacques Rousseau</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Social_Contract" title="The Social Contract">The Social Contract</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Adam Smith</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Wealth_of_Nations" title="The Wealth of Nations">The Wealth of Nations</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, 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aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q295393#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q295393#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q295393#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000120957932">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/27068461">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/47500/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJy4gkDbV9bHqc3pdgwBfq">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/119085445">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79145891">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11915289d">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11915289d">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00449210">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Mauss, Marcel"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/CFIV063260">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35335844">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn19990005493&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX826771">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/69514">Portugal</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/1419754">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p068487630">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90135625">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000118300&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=85239">Greece</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC200206979">Korea</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810655363105606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007265285305171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058513921206706">Catalonia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/13981046">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA01184587?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/916155">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd119085445.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/119085445">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027019330">IdRef</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marcel_Mauss&oldid=1260316852">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marcel_Mauss&oldid=1260316852</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1872_births" title="Category:1872 births">1872 births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1950_deaths" title="Category:1950 deaths">1950 deaths</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:19th-century_French_anthropologists" 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