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<li id="toc-Pre-colonial_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pre-colonial_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Pre-colonial period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pre-colonial_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-16th_century_to_the_present" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#16th_century_to_the_present"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>16th century to the present</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-16th_century_to_the_present-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Administration_of_the_Sultanate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administration_of_the_Sultanate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Administration of the Sultanate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Administration_of_the_Sultanate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-List_of_Sultans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_Sultans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>List of Sultans</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-List_of_Sultans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Palace" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Palace"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Palace</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Palace-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" 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class="mw-page-title-main">Sultanate of Ternate</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 19 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-19" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">19 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B7%D9%86%D8%A9_%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="سلطنة تيرنات – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سلطنة تيرنات" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ternate_sultanl%C4%B1%C4%9F%C4%B1" title="Ternate sultanlığı – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Ternate sultanlığı" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultanat_de_Ternate" title="Sultanat de Ternate – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Sultanat de Ternate" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultanato_de_Ternate" title="Sultanato de Ternate – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Sultanato de Ternate" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultanat_de_Ternate" title="Sultanat de Ternate – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Sultanat de Ternate" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kesultanan_Ternate" title="Kesultanan Ternate – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kesultanan Ternate" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultanato_di_Ternate" title="Sultanato di Ternate – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Sultanato di Ternate" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kesultanan_Ternate" title="Kesultanan Ternate – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Kesultanan Ternate" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%86%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%81%E0%B5%BD%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D" title="ടെർനേറ്റ് സുൽത്താനേറ്റ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ടെർനേറ്റ് സുൽത്താനേറ്റ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kesultanan_Ternate" title="Kesultanan Ternate – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kesultanan Ternate" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%86%E3%83%AB%E3%83%8A%E3%83%86%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD" title="テルナテ王国 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="テルナテ王国" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Su%C5%82tanat_Ternate" title="Sułtanat Ternate – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Sułtanat Ternate" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5_(%D1%81%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82)" title="Тернате (султанат) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Тернате (султанат)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ternaten_sulttaanikunta" title="Ternaten sulttaanikunta – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ternaten sulttaanikunta" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%87_%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="தெர்னாத்தே சுல்தானகம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="தெர்னாத்தே சுல்தானகம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ternate_Sultanl%C4%B1%C4%9F%C4%B1" title="Ternate Sultanlığı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Ternate Sultanlığı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%81%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Тернатський султанат – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Тернатський султанат" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%89%B9%E5%B0%94%E7%BA%B3%E7%89%B9%E8%8B%8F%E4%B8%B9%E5%9B%BD" title="特尔纳特苏丹国 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="特尔纳特苏丹国" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kesultanan_Ternat%C3%A9" title="Kesultanan Ternaté – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Kesultanan Ternaté" data-language-autonym="Betawi" 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.ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Sultanate of Ternate</div><div class="ib-country-names"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1227789315">.mw-parser-output .script-arabic{font-family:"Scheherazade New","SF Arabic",Amiri,"Noto Naskh Arabic","Droid Arabic Naskh","Noto Sans Arabic","Sakkal Majalla","Harmattan","Arabic Typesetting","Arabic Transparent","Times New Roman",Arial,Calibri,"Microsoft Sans Serif","Segoe UI",serif,sans-serif;font-weight:normal}</style><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">کسلطانن ترناتي</span>‎ <br />Kesultanan Ternate</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">1486–1950</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="noresize" style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px 3px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Ternate_Sultanate.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Ternate"><img alt="Flag of Ternate" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Ternate_Sultanate.png/125px-Flag_of_the_Ternate_Sultanate.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Ternate_Sultanate.png/188px-Flag_of_the_Ternate_Sultanate.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Ternate_Sultanate.png/250px-Flag_of_the_Ternate_Sultanate.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="640" /></a></span></div><div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px 3px 0px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_carried_during_a_Ternatean_king_ceremony,_de_Bry_(1601).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Flag_carried_during_a_Ternatean_king_ceremony%2C_de_Bry_%281601%29.svg/125px-Flag_carried_during_a_Ternatean_king_ceremony%2C_de_Bry_%281601%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="69" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Flag_carried_during_a_Ternatean_king_ceremony%2C_de_Bry_%281601%29.svg/188px-Flag_carried_during_a_Ternatean_king_ceremony%2C_de_Bry_%281601%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Flag_carried_during_a_Ternatean_king_ceremony%2C_de_Bry_%281601%29.svg/250px-Flag_carried_during_a_Ternatean_king_ceremony%2C_de_Bry_%281601%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="786" data-file-height="432" /></a></span></div> </div> <div>Flag</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ternate" title="Ternate">Ternate</a><hr /><a href="/wiki/Fort_Kastela" title="Fort Kastela">Gammalammo</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(royal capital 1575-1606)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Common languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ternate_language" title="Ternate language">Ternate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a> (from 16th to 17th century), and <a href="/wiki/Portugis" title="Portugis">Portuguese based creole</a>.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><div><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni Islam</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Government</th><td class="infobox-data">Sultanate</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Maluku#Sultan" title="List of rulers of Maluku">Sultan</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1486 – 1500 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Zainal_Abidin_of_Ternate" title="Zainal Abidin of Ternate">Zainal Abidin of Ternate</a> (first sultan)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1902 – 1915 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Usman_of_Ternate" title="Muhammad Usman of Ternate">Muhammad Usman Shah</a> (last sultan to rule Ternate)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1929 – 1975 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Jabir_of_Ternate" title="Muhammad Jabir of Ternate">Muhammad Jabir Syah</a> (Honorary Sultan)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 2015 – 2019 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sjarifuddin_Sjah" title="Sjarifuddin Sjah">Sjarifuddin Sjah</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pretender" title="Pretender">Pretender</a> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 2021 – present </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hidayatullah_Mudaffar_Sjah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hidayatullah Mudaffar Sjah (page does not exist)">Hidayatullah Mudaffar Sjah</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pretender" title="Pretender">Pretender</a> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>)</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">History</th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Founded </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1486</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Vassalisation by <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch Empire">Dutch</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1683</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Final ruler dethroned by <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch Empire">Dutch</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1914</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Honorary sultan crowned </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1929</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table style="width:95%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center; border:0; padding-bottom:0"><div id="before-after"></div> <b>Preceded by</b></td> <td style="text-align:center;border:0; padding-bottom:0;"><b>Succeeded by</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:0;"> <table style="width:100%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Pre-Islamic_rulers_of_Ternate" title="Pre-Islamic rulers of Ternate">Kingdom of Gapi</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;border:0;"> <table style="width:92%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies" title="Dutch East Indies">Dutch East Indies</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" 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class="sidebar-title"><div class="sidebar-pretitle" style="margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:69%; font-weight:normal;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Indonesia" title="Category:History of Indonesia">a series</a> on the</div></th> </tr><tr> <th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style=""><a href="/wiki/History_of_Indonesia" title="History of Indonesia">History of <span class="fn org label">Indonesia</span></a></th> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nicolaes_Visscher_Indiae_Orientalis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Nicolaes_Visscher_Indiae_Orientalis.jpg/220px-Nicolaes_Visscher_Indiae_Orientalis.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Nicolaes_Visscher_Indiae_Orientalis.jpg/330px-Nicolaes_Visscher_Indiae_Orientalis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Nicolaes_Visscher_Indiae_Orientalis.jpg/440px-Nicolaes_Visscher_Indiae_Orientalis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2493" data-file-height="2077" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above" style="border:none;"> <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Indonesian_history" title="Timeline of Indonesian history">Timeline</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:none;background:gainsboro;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Indonesia" title="Prehistoric Indonesia">Prehistory</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <b><a href="/wiki/Paleolithic" title="Paleolithic">Paleolithic</a></b></td><td style="text-align:right;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Java_Man" title="Java Man">Java Man</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1,000,000 BP</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Homo_floresiensis" title="Homo floresiensis">Flores Man</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 94,000–12,000 BP</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <b><a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a></b></td><td style="text-align:right;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Toba_catastrophe_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Toba catastrophe theory">Toba catastrophe</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 75,000 BP</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Buni_culture" title="Buni culture">Buni culture</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 400 BCE–500 CE</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:none;background:gainsboro;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indonesian_monarchies" title="List of Indonesian monarchies">Hindu-Buddhist kingdoms</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kutai" title="Kutai">Kutai Kingdom</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 350–1605</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Tarumanagara" title="Tarumanagara">Tarumanagara Kingdom</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 400s–500s</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kantoli" title="Kantoli">Kantoli Kingdom</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 400s–500s</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Heling_kingdom" title="Heling kingdom">Kalingga Kingdom</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 500s–600s</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Melayu_Kingdom" title="Melayu Kingdom">Melayu Kingdom</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 600s–1347</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Srivijaya" title="Srivijaya">Srivijaya Empire</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 600s–1025</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Shailendra_dynasty" title="Shailendra dynasty">Shailendra Dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 600s–900s</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Mataram_kingdom" title="Mataram kingdom">Mataram Kingdom</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 716–1016</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Bali_Kingdom" title="Bali Kingdom">Bali Kingdom</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 914–1908</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Sunda_Kingdom" title="Sunda Kingdom">Sunda Kingdom</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 932–1579</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kahuripan" title="Kahuripan">Kahuripan Kingdom</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1019–1045</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kediri_kingdom" title="Kediri kingdom">Kediri Kingdom</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1045–1221</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Dharmasraya" title="Dharmasraya">Dharmasraya Kingdom</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1183–1347</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Pannai" title="Pannai">Pannai Kingdom</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1000s–1300s</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Singhasari" title="Singhasari">Singhasari Empire</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1222–1292</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Majapahit" title="Majapahit">Majapahit Empire</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1293–1527</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:none;background:gainsboro;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indonesian_monarchies" title="List of Indonesian monarchies">Islamic sultanates</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Spread_of_Islam_in_Indonesia" title="Spread of Islam in Indonesia">Spread of Islam</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 800–1600</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Peureulak_Sultanate" title="Peureulak Sultanate">Peureulak Sultanate</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 840–1292</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Aru_kingdom" title="Aru kingdom">Aru Kingdom</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1225–1613</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Ternate_Sultanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Ternate Sultanate">Ternate Sultanate</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1257–1914</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Samudera_Pasai_Sultanate" title="Samudera Pasai Sultanate">Samudera Pasai Sultanate</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1267–1521</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Pagaruyung_kingdom" title="Pagaruyung kingdom">Pagaruyung Kingdom</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1347–1833</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Bruneian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Bruneian Empire">Bruneian Empire</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1368–1888</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Malacca_Sultanate" title="Malacca Sultanate">Malacca Sultanate</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1400–1511</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Sulu" title="Sultanate of Sulu">Sultanate of Sulu</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1405–1851</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Cirebon" title="Sultanate of Cirebon">Sultanate of Cirebon</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1445–1677</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Demak_Sultanate" title="Demak Sultanate">Demak Sultanate</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1475–1554</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Aceh_Sultanate" title="Aceh Sultanate">Aceh Sultanate</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1496–1903</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sultanate of Ternate</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1486–1914</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Bacan" title="Sultanate of Bacan">Sultanate of Bacan</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1515–1946</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Tidore" title="Sultanate of Tidore">Sultanate of Tidore</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1500s–1967</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Jailolo" title="Sultanate of Jailolo">Sultanate of Jailolo</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1496–1903</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Banten_Sultanate" title="Banten Sultanate">Banten Sultanate</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1526–present</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Banjar_Sultanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Banjar Sultanate">Banjar Sultanate</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1526–1863</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kalinyamat_Sultanate" title="Kalinyamat Sultanate">Kalinyamat Sultanate</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1527–1599</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Mataram_Sultanate" title="Mataram Sultanate">Mataram Sultanate</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1586–1755</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Johor_Sultanate" title="Johor Sultanate">Johor Sultanate</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1528s–1877</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kaimana" title="Kingdom of Kaimana">Kingdom of Kaimana</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1600s–1926</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Jambi_Sultanate" title="Jambi Sultanate">Jambi Sultanate</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1604s–1904</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Palembang_Sultanate" title="Palembang Sultanate">Palembang Sultanate</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1659–1823</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Siak_Sultanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Siak Sultanate">Siak Sultanate</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1725–1946</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Surakarta_Sunanate" title="Surakarta Sunanate">Surakarta Sunanate</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1745–present</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Yogyakarta_Sultanate" title="Yogyakarta Sultanate">Yogyakarta Sultanate</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1755–present</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Deli_Sultanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Deli Sultanate">Deli Sultanate</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1814–1946</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Riau-Lingga_Sultanate" title="Riau-Lingga Sultanate">Riau-Lingga Sultanate</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1824–1911</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:none;background:gainsboro;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indonesian_monarchies" title="List of Indonesian monarchies">Christian kingdoms</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Larantuka" title="Kingdom of Larantuka">Kingdom of Larantuka</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1515–1904</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Siau" title="Kingdom of Siau">Kingdom of Siau</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1510–1956</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bolaang_Mongondow" title="Kingdom of Bolaang Mongondow">Kingdom of Bolaang Mongondow</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1670–1950</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:none;background:gainsboro;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Kongsi_republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Kongsi republic">Chinese Kongsi federations</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Heshun_Confederation" class="mw-redirect" title="Heshun Confederation">Heshun Confederation</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1776–1854</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Lanfang_Republic" title="Lanfang Republic">Lanfang Republic</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1777–1884</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Santiaogou_Republic" title="Santiaogou Republic">Santiaogou Republic</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1777–1853</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:none;background:gainsboro;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">European colonization</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire_in_the_Indonesian_Archipelago" title="Portuguese Empire in the Indonesian Archipelago">Portuguese Insulindia</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1512–1850</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Spanish_East_Indies" title="Spanish East Indies">Spanish East Indies</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1521–1677</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Company_rule_in_the_Dutch_East_Indies" title="Company rule in the Dutch East Indies">Dutch East India Company rule</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1602–1799</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/British_Bencoolen" title="British Bencoolen">British Bencoolen</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1685–1824</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/French_and_British_interregnum_in_the_Dutch_East_Indies" title="French and British interregnum in the Dutch East Indies">French and British interregnum</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1806–1816</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies" title="Dutch East Indies">Dutch East Indies</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1800–1942<br />1945–1949</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:none;background:gainsboro;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Emergence of Indonesia</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_National_Awakening" title="Indonesian National Awakening">National Awakening</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1908–1942</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Dutch_East_Indies" title="Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies">Japanese occupation</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1942–1945</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_National_Revolution" title="Indonesian National Revolution">National Revolution</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1945–1949</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/United_States_of_Indonesia" title="United States of Indonesia">United States of Indonesia</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1949–1950</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:none;background:gainsboro;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Republic of Indonesia</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Liberal_democracy_period_in_Indonesia" title="Liberal democracy period in Indonesia">Liberal democracy</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1950–1959</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Guided_Democracy_in_Indonesia" title="Guided Democracy in Indonesia">Guided Democracy</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1959–1966</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Transition_to_the_New_Order" title="Transition to the New Order">Transition</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1966–1967</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/New_Order_(Indonesia)" title="New Order (Indonesia)">New Order</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1967–1998</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <i><a href="/wiki/Post-Suharto_era_in_Indonesia" title="Post-Suharto era in Indonesia">Reformasi</a></i></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1998–present</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:none;background:gainsboro;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Indonesia" title="Regions of Indonesia">Regions</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Jakarta" title="History of Jakarta">Jakarta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bali" title="History of Bali">Bali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bogor" title="History of Bogor">Bogor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bandung" title="History of Bandung">Bandung</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:none;background:gainsboro;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">By topic</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="History of agriculture in Indonesia">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaeology_of_Indonesia" title="Archaeology of Indonesia">Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Indonesian_rupiah" title="History of the Indonesian rupiah">Currency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Indonesia" title="Economic history of Indonesia">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_education_in_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="History of education in Indonesia">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javanese_historical_texts" title="Javanese historical texts">Javanese historical texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_religion_in_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="History of religion in Indonesia">Religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Buddhism_in_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Buddhism in Indonesia">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity_in_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Christianity in Indonesia">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hinduism_in_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Hinduism in Indonesia">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Islam_in_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Islam in Indonesia">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Indonesia" title="History of the Jews in Indonesia">Judaism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_mass_media_in_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="History of mass media in Indonesia">Mass media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Indonesia" title="Military history of Indonesia">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_sports_in_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="History of sports in Indonesia">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_women_in_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="History of women in Indonesia">Women</a></li></ul> <p><br /> </p> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-bottom:#aaa 1px solid;"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/16px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/24px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/32px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Indonesia" title="Portal:Indonesia">Indonesia portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Indonesia" title="Template:History of Indonesia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Indonesia" title="Template talk:History of Indonesia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Indonesia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Indonesia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Sultanate of Ternate</b> (<a href="/wiki/Jawi_script" title="Jawi script">Jawi</a>: <span title="Malay (macrolanguage)-language text"><span lang="ms-Arab" dir="rtl"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">کسلطانن ترناتي</span>‎</span></span>), previously also known as the <b>Kingdom of Gapi</b><sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is one of the oldest Muslim kingdoms in <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> besides the sultanates of <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Tidore" title="Sultanate of Tidore">Tidore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Jailolo" title="Sultanate of Jailolo">Jailolo</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Bacan" title="Sultanate of Bacan">Bacan</a>. </p><p>The Ternate kingdom was established by <a href="/wiki/Cico_of_Ternate" title="Cico of Ternate">Momole Cico</a>, the first leader of Ternate, with the title <i>Baab Mashur Malamo</i>, traditionally in 1257.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It reached its Golden Age during the reign of Sultan <a href="/wiki/Babullah_of_Ternate" title="Babullah of Ternate">Baabullah</a> (1570–1583) and encompassed most of the eastern part of Indonesia and a part of southern Philippines. Ternate was a major producer of <a href="/wiki/Clove" title="Clove">cloves</a> and a regional power from the 15th to 17th centuries. </p><p>The dynasty founded by Cico continues to the present, as does the Sultanate itself, although it no longer holds any political power. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sultanate_of_Ternate&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pre-colonial_period">Pre-colonial period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sultanate_of_Ternate&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Pre-colonial period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The sultanate was originally named the Kingdom of Gapi,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but later changed the name to be based on that of its capital, <a href="/wiki/Ternate" title="Ternate">Ternate</a>. Originally there were four villages in Ternate and led by clan leaders called Momole. Main activities of the villages were trading spices with Arab, Malay, and Chinese traders. These lucrative trades attracted pirates and because of this, a kingdom emerged. According to one version, Momole Guna of Tobona suggested a forum in which a stronger organization of kingdom is to be adopted. <a href="/wiki/Cico_of_Ternate" title="Cico of Ternate">Momole Cico</a> was elected to be the first Gapi king with regnal name Baab Mashur Malamo.<sup id="cite_ref-Ningsih_2021_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ningsih_2021-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to another version, the ancestor of the Malukan kings was an Arab descendant of the Prophet called Jafar Sadik. Coming to Ternate, he encountered a nymph (<i>bidadari</i>) from heaven (<i>kayangan</i>) called Nurus Safa. Their four sons were the dynastic ancestors of <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Bacan" title="Sultanate of Bacan">Bacan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Jailolo" title="Sultanate of Jailolo">Jailolo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Tidore" title="Sultanate of Tidore">Tidore</a>, and Ternate. The idea of a genealogical unity of the four realms of Maluku has had a large cultural significance that persists until the present. The youngest of the four sons, Baab Mashur Malamo was, according to Ternatan legend, born in heaven, and therefore enjoyed a special status. His descendants were sometimes known as Alam-ma-Kolano, "ruler of all [Maluku]".<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ternate along with neighbouring <a href="/wiki/Tidore" title="Tidore">Tidore</a> were the world's single major producer of cloves, upon which their rulers became among the wealthiest and most powerful sultans in the Indonesian region.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Much of their wealth, however, was wasted fighting each other. Up until the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch Empire">Dutch</a> completed the <a href="/wiki/Colonisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Colonisation">colonisation</a> of <a href="/wiki/Maluku_Islands" title="Maluku Islands">Maluku</a> in the 19th century, the Sultans of Ternate ruled realms that claimed at least nominal influence as far as <a href="/wiki/Ambon_Island" title="Ambon Island">Ambon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sulawesi" title="Sulawesi">Sulawesi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Papua_(Indonesian_province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Papua (Indonesian province)">Papua</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In part as a result of its trade-dependent culture, Ternate was one of the earliest places in the region to which <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> spread, coming from <a href="/wiki/Java_(island)" class="mw-redirect" title="Java (island)">Java</a> in the late 15th century.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Islamic influence in the area can be traced further back to the late 14th century.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Initially, the faith was restricted to Ternate's small ruling family, and spread only slowly to the rest of the population.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The royal family of Ternate converted to Islam during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Marhum_of_Ternate" title="Marhum of Ternate">Marhum</a> (1465–1486), making him the first King of Ternate that embraced Islam;<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> his son and successor, <a href="/wiki/Zainal_Abidin_of_Ternate" title="Zainal Abidin of Ternate">Zainal Abidin</a> (1486–1500) enacted Islamic Law and transformed the kingdom into an Islamic Sultanate; the title <i>Kolano</i> (king) was then replaced with Sultan.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ternate_pedigree.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Ternate_pedigree.jpg/300px-Ternate_pedigree.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="415" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Ternate_pedigree.jpg/450px-Ternate_pedigree.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Ternate_pedigree.jpg/600px-Ternate_pedigree.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3588" data-file-height="4963" /></a><figcaption>Genealogy of the rulers of Ternate</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Drake%27s_arrival_at_Ternate.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Drake%27s_arrival_at_Ternate.jpg/220px-Drake%27s_arrival_at_Ternate.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Drake%27s_arrival_at_Ternate.jpg/330px-Drake%27s_arrival_at_Ternate.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Drake%27s_arrival_at_Ternate.jpg/440px-Drake%27s_arrival_at_Ternate.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2233" data-file-height="1725" /></a><figcaption>Ternatean galleys welcomed the arrival of <a href="/wiki/Francis_Drake" title="Francis Drake">Francis Drake</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The peak of Ternate's power came near the end of the 16th century, under Sultan <a href="/wiki/Babullah_of_Ternate" title="Babullah of Ternate">Baabullah</a> (1570–1583), when it had influence over most of the eastern part of <a href="/wiki/Sulawesi" title="Sulawesi">Sulawesi</a>, the Ambon and <a href="/wiki/Seram" class="mw-redirect" title="Seram">Seram</a> area, <a href="/wiki/Timor" title="Timor">Timor</a> island, parts of southern <a href="/wiki/Mindanao" title="Mindanao">Mindanao</a> and <a href="/wiki/Raja_Ampat_Islands" title="Raja Ampat Islands">Papuan Islands</a>. It frequently engaged in fierce competition for control of its periphery with the nearby Sultanate of Tidore. According to historian <a href="/wiki/Leonard_Y._Andaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Leonard Y. Andaya">Leonard Y. Andaya</a>, Ternate's "dualistic" rivalry with Tidore is a dominant theme in the early history of the Maluku Islands.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ternate was also often a part of the political affairs of Philippine kingdoms. In a punitive expedition, it once destroyed <a href="/wiki/Dapitan_Kingdom" title="Dapitan Kingdom">Bo-ol</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Central_Visayas" title="Central Visayas">Central Visayas</a> region, forcing the Boholanos to re-establish their kingdom in <a href="/wiki/Northern_Mindanao" title="Northern Mindanao">Northern Mindanao</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="16th_century_to_the_present">16th century to the present</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sultanate_of_Ternate&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: 16th century to the present"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Kraton_van_de_Sultan_van_Ternate_TMnr_10021083.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Kraton_van_de_Sultan_van_Ternate_TMnr_10021083.jpg/220px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Kraton_van_de_Sultan_van_Ternate_TMnr_10021083.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Kraton_van_de_Sultan_van_Ternate_TMnr_10021083.jpg/330px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Kraton_van_de_Sultan_van_Ternate_TMnr_10021083.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Kraton_van_de_Sultan_van_Ternate_TMnr_10021083.jpg/440px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Kraton_van_de_Sultan_van_Ternate_TMnr_10021083.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="533" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kraton_(Indonesia)" title="Kraton (Indonesia)">Kraton</a> (palace) of the Sultan of Ternate</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sultanat_of_Ternate_in_1570.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Sultanat_of_Ternate_in_1570.png/220px-Sultanat_of_Ternate_in_1570.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Sultanat_of_Ternate_in_1570.png/330px-Sultanat_of_Ternate_in_1570.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Sultanat_of_Ternate_in_1570.png/440px-Sultanat_of_Ternate_in_1570.png 2x" data-file-width="588" data-file-height="414" /></a><figcaption>Greatest extent of the Sultanate of Ternate c. 1585</figcaption></figure> <p>The first Europeans to stay on Ternate were part of the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portuguese</a> expedition of <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Serr%C3%A3o" title="Francisco Serrão">Francisco Serrão</a> out of <a href="/wiki/Malacca" title="Malacca">Malacca</a>, which was shipwrecked near <a href="/wiki/Seram" class="mw-redirect" title="Seram">Seram</a> and rescued by local residents. Sultan <a href="/wiki/Bayan_Sirrullah" title="Bayan Sirrullah">Bayan Sirrullah</a> of Ternate (1500–1522) heard of their stranding and, seeing a chance to ally himself with a powerful foreign nation, he brought them to Ternate in 1512. The Portuguese were permitted to build a fort on the island, today known as <a href="/wiki/Kastella,_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Kastella, Indonesia">Kastella</a>, construction of which began in 1522, but relations between the Ternateans and Portuguese were strained from the start.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ternate developed closer relations with the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottomans</a> as a result.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An outpost far from Europe generally only attracted the most desperate and avaricious, so that the generally poor behaviour of the Portuguese, combined with feeble attempts at <a href="/wiki/Christianisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianisation">Christianisation</a>, strained relations with Ternate's Muslim ruler.<sup id="cite_ref-RICKLEFSp24_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RICKLEFSp24-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1535 Sultan <a href="/wiki/Tabariji_of_Ternate" title="Tabariji of Ternate">Tabariji</a> was deposed and sent to <a href="/wiki/Goa" title="Goa">Goa</a> by the Portuguese. He converted to Christianity and changed his name to Dom Manuel. After being declared innocent of the charges against him he was sent back to re-assume his throne; however, he died en route in <a href="/wiki/Malacca" title="Malacca">Malacca</a> in 1545. He had though bequeathed the island of <a href="/wiki/Ambon_Island" title="Ambon Island">Ambon</a> to his Portuguese godfather, Jordão de Freitas. Following the murder of Sultan <a href="/wiki/Hairun" title="Hairun">Hairun</a> at the hands of the Portuguese, the Ternatans <a href="/wiki/Portuguese-Ternate_wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Portuguese-Ternate wars">expelled the Portuguese</a> in 1575 after a five-year siege. Ambon became the new centre for Portuguese activities in Maluku. European power in the region was weak and Ternate became an expanding, fiercely Islamic and anti-Portuguese state under the rule of Sultan <a href="/wiki/Babullah_of_Ternate" title="Babullah of Ternate">Baab Ullah</a> (r. 1570–1583) and his son Sultan <a href="/wiki/Saidi_Berkat" title="Saidi Berkat">Saidi Berkat</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-RICKLEFSp25_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RICKLEFSp25-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Lijfwacht_van_de_Sultan_van_Ternate_TMnr_60039372.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Lijfwacht_van_de_Sultan_van_Ternate_TMnr_60039372.jpg/220px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Lijfwacht_van_de_Sultan_van_Ternate_TMnr_60039372.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Lijfwacht_van_de_Sultan_van_Ternate_TMnr_60039372.jpg/330px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Lijfwacht_van_de_Sultan_van_Ternate_TMnr_60039372.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Lijfwacht_van_de_Sultan_van_Ternate_TMnr_60039372.jpg/440px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Lijfwacht_van_de_Sultan_van_Ternate_TMnr_60039372.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="562" /></a><figcaption>The Sultan's guard (1900-1920)</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish</a> forces, aided by Filipinos mainly the <a href="/wiki/Boholano_people" title="Boholano people">Boholanos</a> of the destroyed state of <a href="/wiki/Dapitan_Kingdom" title="Dapitan Kingdom">Bo-ol</a>, who were formerly at war against Ternate, captured the former Portuguese fort from the Ternatans in 1606, deporting the Ternate Sultan and his entourage to <a href="/wiki/Manila" title="Manila">Manila</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish Philippines">Spanish Philippines</a>. The Spanish forced the Ternate ruler, Sultan <a href="/wiki/Saidi_Berkat" title="Saidi Berkat">Said Din Berkat</a> to settle in <a href="/wiki/Manila" title="Manila">Manila</a> and pushed him to accept Christianity.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1607 the Dutch came back to Ternate, where with the help of Ternatans they built a fort in Malayo. The island was divided between the two powers: the Spaniards were allied with Tidore and the Dutch with their Ternaten allies. For the Ternatan rulers, the Dutch were a useful, if not particularly welcome, presence that gave them military advantages against Tidore and the Spanish. Particularly under Sultan <a href="/wiki/Hamza_of_Ternate" title="Hamza of Ternate">Hamzah</a> (1627–1648), Ternate expanded its territory and strengthened its control over the periphery. Dutch influence over the kingdom was limited, though Hamzah and his grandnephew and successor, Sultan <a href="/wiki/Mandar_Syah" title="Mandar Syah">Mandar Syah</a> (1648–1675) did concede some regions to the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_India_Company" title="Dutch East India Company">Dutch East India Company</a> (VOC) in exchange for help controlling rebellions there. The Spaniards abandoned Maluku in 1663.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They took the aristocracy of Moluccan-Portuguese and Filipino-Mexican mixed descent and settled them in <a href="/wiki/Ternate,_Cavite" title="Ternate, Cavite">Ternate, Cavite</a> (Named after their homeland) in the Philippines, when they evacuated Ternate. Till this day, the Ternate community speak Ternateño <a href="/wiki/Chavacano" title="Chavacano">Chavacano</a>, a creole language of Spanish with Ternatean and Portuguese influence. In attempts to frustrate Spain, the Ternateans militarily supported the Sultanates of Mindanao in the Southern Philippines by sending reinforcement, during the <a href="/wiki/Spanish-Moro_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish-Moro Wars">Spanish-Moro Wars</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Desiring to restore Ternate to its former glory and expel the western power, Sultan <a href="/wiki/Sibori_Amsterdam" title="Sibori Amsterdam">Sibori Amsterdam</a> (1675–1691) declared war to the Dutch, but the power of Ternate had greatly reduced over the years, he lost and was forced to concede more of his lands to the Dutch by a treaty in 1683. By this treaty, Ternate had lost its equal position with the Dutch and became a vassal. However, the Sultans of Ternate and its people were never fully under Dutch control until its annexation in 1914.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 18th century Ternate was the site of a VOC governorship, which attempted to control all trade in the northern Moluccas. By the 19th century, the spice trade had declined substantially. Hence the region was less central to the Netherlands colonial state, but the Dutch maintained a presence in the region to prevent another colonial power from occupying it. After the VOC was <a href="/wiki/Nationalization" title="Nationalization">nationalised</a> by the Dutch government in 1800, Ternate became part of the Government of the Moluccas (<i>Gouvernement der Molukken</i>). Ternate <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_the_Spice_Islands" title="Invasion of the Spice Islands">was seized and occupied</a> by <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British</a> forces in 1810 before being returned to Dutch control in 1817. In 1824 it became the capital of a residency (administrative region) covering <a href="/wiki/Halmahera" title="Halmahera">Halmahera</a>, the entire west coast of <a href="/wiki/New_Guinea" title="New Guinea">New Guinea</a>, and the central east coast of <a href="/wiki/Sulawesi" title="Sulawesi">Sulawesi</a>. By 1867 all of Dutch-occupied <a href="/wiki/New_Guinea" title="New Guinea">New Guinea</a> had been added to the residency, but then its region was gradually transferred to <a href="/wiki/Ambon_Island" title="Ambon Island">Ambon (Amboina)</a> before being dissolved into that residency in 1922.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sultan <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Usman_of_Ternate" title="Muhammad Usman of Ternate">Haji Muhammad Usman</a> (1902–1914) made a last attempt to oppose the Dutch by clandestinely endorsing revolts in the region; he failed and was dethroned, his wealth being confiscated, and he was exiled to <a href="/wiki/Bandung" title="Bandung">Bandung</a>, where he lived until 1932. This spelt the end of the traditional Ternatan kingdom, since the administration and settlement pattern were forcibly changed by the Dutch. The throne of Ternate was left vacant from 1914 to 1929, until the board of ministers under the blessing of the Dutch created Crown Prince <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Jabir_of_Ternate" title="Muhammad Jabir of Ternate">Iskandar Muhammad Jabir</a> the next Sultan.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Muhammad Jabir reigned when the Japanese arrived in 1942 and began a hard rule. Two years later he was smuggled to Australia by the Allies. The Sultan played a political role during the <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Indonesian Revolution">Indonesian Revolution</a>, but the tense political situation pushed him to reside in <a href="/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta">Jakarta</a> after 1950. He made attempts to revive the old body of traditions (adat) in the 1960s, but the sultanate lapsed after his death in 1975.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His son Mudaffar was enthroned as a titular head in 1986. He restored many of the old royal traditions, though Ternate society was temporarily disturbed by <a href="/wiki/Maluku_sectarian_conflict" title="Maluku sectarian conflict">sectarian violence in 1999</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sultan <a href="/wiki/Mudaffar_Sjah" title="Mudaffar Sjah">Mudaffar Sjah</a> II died in 2015. The male members of his wife's family, the Dutch Van Gelders, were named Prince of Ternate in 2012, and tried to control the sultanate after Mudaffar's death <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Administration_of_the_Sultanate">Administration of the Sultanate</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sultanate_of_Ternate&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Administration of the Sultanate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The basic unit in Ternatan society was the <i>soa</i>, a territorial unit that consisted of descent groups that originated from a common ancestor. In Ternate, there were four groups of <i>soa</i> called Soa Sio, Soa Sangaji, Soa Heku and Soa Cim. These four were divided into 43 sub-<i>soa</i>. The palace or <i>kadaton</i> of the Sultan was at the center of this social order. The Soa Sio (nine <i>soa</i>) resided close to the ruler. Among the various descent groups, the houses of Marsaoli, Tomaito, Tomagola, and Tamadi were highest in rank, being collectively known as Fala Raha (the Four Houses). Their leaders bore the title <i>kimalaha</i>. When Ternate expanded its territory in the 16th century, Fala Raha leaders set themselves up as governors in various parts of Maluku. The most important was Tomagola whose members governed in the Ambon Quarter and were based on the Hoamoal Peninsula on <a href="/wiki/Ceram_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Ceram Island">Ceram</a> up to 1656.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Detailed records about the administration are known from the 17th century onwards. By that time, the Sultan governed with the help of a council that consisted of eighteen dignitaries called <i>bobato</i>, consisting of the leaders of the nine <i>soas</i> of Soa Sio and the nine of Soa Sangaji. Apart from these, the ruler consulted four officials known as <i>bobato ma dopolo</i>. The most important was the first minister (<i>jogugu</i>), who was ideally a member of Marsaoli, the oldest noble house. He was counted as the authochtonous "lord of the land" in relation to the Sultan who supposedly had foreign origins. Other main officials were the sea lord (<i>kapitan laut</i>) and two magistrates (<i>hukum</i>) who saw it that the commands of the <i>jogugu</i> were followed by the <i>soa</i> leaders. Inside the palace, the secretary or <i>jurutulis</i> had important tasks as archivist and caretaker of communications with other realms. For economic relationships, the <i>syahbandar</i> was an important figure who served as contact between the Sultan and foreign traders.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Sultan was the religious and political headman of the realm. As the main representative of the Islamic community, he was known as <i>amir ul mu'minin</i>, leader of the believers. Under him were various religious dignitaries who were collectively known as <i>bobato akhirat</i>. They included judges (<i>kadi</i>), imams, preachers (<i>khatib</i>) and leaders of prayers (<i>modin</i>). The most important figures were four imams from Soa Sio and Soa Sangaji, who were known as <i>imam jiko</i>, <i>imam jawa</i>, <i>imam sangaji</i>, and <i>imam moti</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Outside of Ternate, the Sultan held suzerainty over a realm shifting in size, usually including parts of <a href="/wiki/Halmahera" title="Halmahera">Halmahera</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buru_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Buru Island">Buru</a>, the Ambon Quarter, the <a href="/wiki/Sula_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Sula Islands">Sula Islands</a>, and the east coast of <a href="/wiki/Sulawesi" title="Sulawesi">Sulawesi</a>. Local Malukan rulers who acknowledged Ternate's rule were called <i>sangaji</i> and must send tribute to the Sultan. Fields in Halmahera and elsewhere which belonged to the royal court, were worked by serfs called <i>ngofangare</i> and non-Muslim locals, so-called Alfurs. These workers provided the court with provisions such as sago, meat, palm wine, betel, wood, and water. Most importantly, they tended and harvested the clove trees, which gave the Sultan most of his income up to the onset of Dutch colonialism.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List_of_Sultans">List of Sultans</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sultanate_of_Ternate&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: List of Sultans"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Kolano of Ternate</th> <th>Reign<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cico_of_Ternate" title="Cico of Ternate">Baab Mashur Malamo</a> [Cico]</td> <td>1257–1277 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pre-Islamic_rulers_of_Ternate#Poit_(1277-1284)" title="Pre-Islamic rulers of Ternate">Poit</a> [Jamin Qadrat]</td> <td>1277–1284 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pre-Islamic_rulers_of_Ternate#Siale_(1284-1298)" title="Pre-Islamic rulers of Ternate">Komala 'Abu Said</a> [Siale]</td> <td>1284–1298 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pre-Islamic_rulers_of_Ternate#Kalabata_(1298-1304)" title="Pre-Islamic rulers of Ternate">Bakuku</a> [Kalabata]</td> <td>1298–1304 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pre-Islamic_rulers_of_Ternate#Komalo_(1304-1317)" title="Pre-Islamic rulers of Ternate">Ngara Malamo</a> [Komala]</td> <td>1304–1317 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pre-Islamic_rulers_of_Ternate#Patsaranga-ma-lamo_(1317-1322)" title="Pre-Islamic rulers of Ternate">Patsaranga Malamo</a> [Aitsi]</td> <td>1317–1322 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pre-Islamic_rulers_of_Ternate#Sidang_Arif_Malamo_(1322-1331)" title="Pre-Islamic rulers of Ternate">Cili Aiya</a> [Sidang Arif Malamo]</td> <td>1322–1331 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pre-Islamic_rulers_of_Ternate#Paji-ma-lamo_(1331-1332)" title="Pre-Islamic rulers of Ternate">Paji Malamo</a> [A'ali]</td> <td>1331–1332 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pre-Islamic_rulers_of_Ternate#Syah_Alam_(1332-1343)" title="Pre-Islamic rulers of Ternate">Shah Alam</a></td> <td>1332–1343 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pre-Islamic_rulers_of_Ternate#Tolu-ma-lamo_(1343-1347)" title="Pre-Islamic rulers of Ternate">Tolu Malamo</a> [Fulu]</td> <td>1343–1347 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pre-Islamic_rulers_of_Ternate#Boheyat_I_(1347-1350)" title="Pre-Islamic rulers of Ternate">Kie Mabiji</a> [Buhayati I]</td> <td>1347–1350 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pre-Islamic_rulers_of_Ternate#Ngolo-ma-Caya_(1350-1357)" title="Pre-Islamic rulers of Ternate">Ngolo-ma-Caya</a> [Muhammad Shah]</td> <td>1350–1357 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pre-Islamic_rulers_of_Ternate#Momole_(1357-1359)" title="Pre-Islamic rulers of Ternate">Mamoli</a> [Momole]</td> <td>1357–1359 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pre-Islamic_rulers_of_Ternate#Gapi-ma-lamo_(1359-1372)" title="Pre-Islamic rulers of Ternate">Gapi Malamo</a> [Muhammad Bakar]</td> <td>1359–1372 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pre-Islamic_rulers_of_Ternate#Gapi_Baguna_I_(1372-1377)" title="Pre-Islamic rulers of Ternate">Gapi Baguna I</a></td> <td>1372–1377 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pre-Islamic_rulers_of_Ternate#Komalo_Pulu_(1377-1432)" title="Pre-Islamic rulers of Ternate">Komala Pulu</a> [Bessi Muhammad Hassan]</td> <td>1377–1432 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Marhum_of_Ternate" title="Marhum of Ternate">Marhum</a> [Gapi Baguna II]</td> <td>1432–1486 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Zainal_Abidin_of_Ternate" title="Zainal Abidin of Ternate">Zainal Abidin</a></td> <td>1486–1500 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bayan_Sirrullah" title="Bayan Sirrullah">Bayan Sirrullah</a></td> <td>1500–1522 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Boheyat" title="Boheyat">Abu Hayat</a></td> <td>1522–1529 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Dayal_of_Ternate" title="Dayal of Ternate">Hidayatullah</a></td> <td>1529–1533 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tabariji_of_Ternate" title="Tabariji of Ternate">Tabariji</a></td> <td>1533–1535 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hairun" title="Hairun">Hairun Jamilu</a></td> <td>1535–1570 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Babullah_of_Ternate" title="Babullah of Ternate">Babullah Datu Shah</a></td> <td>1570–1583 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Saidi_Berkat" title="Saidi Berkat">Said Barakat Shah</a></td> <td>1583–1606 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mudafar_Syah_I" title="Mudafar Syah I">Muzaffar Shah I</a></td> <td>1607–1627 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hamza_of_Ternate" title="Hamza of Ternate">Hamzah</a></td> <td>1627–1648 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mandar_Syah" title="Mandar Syah">Mandar Shah</a> [Manlarsaha]</td> <td>1648–1650 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Manilha</td> <td>1650–1651 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mandar_Syah" title="Mandar Syah">Mandar Shah</a></td> <td>1651–1675 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sibori_Amsterdam" title="Sibori Amsterdam">Sibori Amsterdam</a></td> <td>1675–1689 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Said Fathullah</td> <td>1689–1714 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Amir Iskandar Zulkarnain Saifuddin</td> <td>1714–1751 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ayan Shah</td> <td>1751–1754 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Syah Mardan</td> <td>1755–1763 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Jalaluddin</td> <td>1763–1774 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Harun Shah</td> <td>1774–1781 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Achral</td> <td>1781–1796 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Muhammad Yasin</td> <td>1796–1801 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Muhammad Ali</td> <td>1807–1821 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Muhammad Sarmoli</td> <td>1821–1823 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Muhammad Zain</td> <td>1823–1859 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Muhammad Arsyad</td> <td>1859–1876 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ayanhar</td> <td>1879–1900 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Muhammad Ilham [Kolano Ara Rimoi]</td> <td>1900–1902 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Usman_of_Ternate" title="Muhammad Usman of Ternate">Haji Muhammad Usman Shah</a></td> <td>1902–1915 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Jabir_of_Ternate" title="Muhammad Jabir of Ternate">Iskandar Muhammad Jabir Shah</a></td> <td>1929–1975 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mudaffar_Sjah" title="Mudaffar Sjah">Haji Muzaffar Shah II</a> [Dr Mudaffar Syah]</td> <td>1975–2016 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sjarifuddin_Sjah" title="Sjarifuddin Sjah">Sjarifuddin Sjah</a></td> <td>2016-2019 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Hidayatullah Sjah</td> <td>2021-present </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Palace">Palace</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sultanate_of_Ternate&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Palace"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ternate,_Keraton.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Ternate%2C_Keraton.jpg/220px-Ternate%2C_Keraton.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Ternate%2C_Keraton.jpg/330px-Ternate%2C_Keraton.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Ternate%2C_Keraton.jpg/440px-Ternate%2C_Keraton.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3888" /></a><figcaption>The sultan's palace today</figcaption></figure> <p>The old sultan's palace was abandoned between 1781 and 1813, when construction of the existing palace (<i>kadaton</i>) began.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was restored in a semi-colonial style and is now partly a <a href="/wiki/Museum_sultan_of_Ternate" class="mw-redirect" title="Museum sultan of Ternate">museum as well as the sultan's home</a>. The museum exhibits the genealogy of the Ternatean royal family from 1257, a collection of Portuguese and Dutch helmets, swords and armour, and memorabilia from the previous sultans. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sultanate_of_Ternate&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_archipelago" title="Indonesian archipelago">eastern Indonesian archipelago</a> empire led by Ternate had indeed fallen apart since the middle of the 17th century but the influence of Ternate as a kingdom with a long history continued to be felt until centuries later. Ternate has a very large share in the eastern archipelago culture, especially <a href="/wiki/Sulawesi" title="Sulawesi">Sulawesi</a> (north and east coast) and <a href="/wiki/Maluku_Islands" title="Maluku Islands">Maluku</a>. These influences include religion, customs and language.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As the first kingdom to embrace Islam, Ternate had a large role in the efforts to convert and introduce Islamic Sharia in the eastern part of the archipelago and the southern part of the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>. The form of the organization of the empire and the application of Islamic law which was first introduced by Sultan <a href="/wiki/Zainal_Abidin_of_Ternate" title="Zainal Abidin of Ternate">Zainal Abidin</a> and later implemented by his successors in the 16th century, became the standard followed by all the kingdoms in Maluku without significant changes.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The success of the Ternate people under Sultan Baabullah in expelling Portugal in 1575, was the first indigenous victory of an archipelagic polity over western powers. The 20th-century writer Buya Hamka praised the victory of the Ternate people as it delayed the western occupation of the archipelago for 100 years while at the same time strengthening the position of Islam.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If Ternate had not halted European political and missionary efforts, the eastern part of Indonesia might have become a Christian center like the Philippines. </p><p>The position of Ternate as an influential kingdom also helped raise the degree of Ternate Language as the language of association in various regions which were under its influence. Prof. E.K.W. Masinambow, in his text "Ternate Language in the context of Austronesian and Non-Austronesian languages", suggested that Ternate had the greatest impact on the <a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay language</a> used by the people of eastern Indonesia. 46% of <a href="/wiki/Manado_Malay" title="Manado Malay">Malay</a> vocabulary in <a href="/wiki/Manado" title="Manado">Manado</a> is taken from Ternate. Ternate Malay or <a href="/wiki/North_Moluccan_Malay" title="North Moluccan Malay">North Moluccan Malay</a> language is now widely used in Eastern Indonesia, especially in <a href="/wiki/North_Sulawesi" title="North Sulawesi">North Sulawesi</a>, the east coast of Central and South Sulawesi, Maluku and <a href="/wiki/Western_New_Guinea" title="Western New Guinea">Papua</a> with different dialects. </p><p>Two original letters by Sultan <a href="/wiki/Boheyat" title="Boheyat">Abu Hayat II</a> to the King of Portugal, the first written between 27 April and 8 November 1521 and the second in early 1522, are recognized as the oldest Malay manuscripts in the world after the Tanjung Tanah manuscripts. Abu Hayat's letters are currently stored in the <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Lisbon" title="Museum of Lisbon">Museum of Lisbon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sultanate_of_Ternate&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/47px-P_history.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/62px-P_history.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:History" title="Portal:History">History portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/32px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/48px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/64px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Indonesia" title="Portal:Indonesia">Indonesia portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spice_trade" title="Spice trade">Spice trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese-Ternate_wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Portuguese-Ternate wars">Portuguese-Ternate wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Sunni_Muslim_dynasties" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Sunni Muslim dynasties">List of Sunni Muslim dynasties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Maluku" title="List of rulers of Maluku">List of rulers of Maluku</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sultanate_of_Ternate&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:0-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tirto.id/sejarah-kesultanan-ternate-kerajaan-islam-tertua-di-maluku-utara-edUX">"Sejarah Kesultanan Ternate: Kerajaan Islam Tertua di Maluku Utara"</a>. <i>tirto.id</i> (in Indonesian). 9 July 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 August</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=tirto.id&rft.atitle=Sejarah+Kesultanan+Ternate%3A+Kerajaan+Islam+Tertua+di+Maluku+Utara&rft.date=2019-07-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftirto.id%2Fsejarah-kesultanan-ternate-kerajaan-islam-tertua-di-maluku-utara-edUX&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASultanate+of+Ternate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ningsih_2021-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ningsih_2021_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNingsih2021" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ningsih, Widya Lestari (1 May 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kompas.com/stori/read/2021/05/01/172900179/sejarah-berdirinya-kerajaan-ternate">"Sejarah Berdirinya Kerajaan Ternate Halaman 2"</a>. <i>KOMPAS.com</i> (in Malay)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=KOMPAS.com&rft.atitle=Sejarah+Berdirinya+Kerajaan+Ternate+Halaman+2&rft.date=2021-05-01&rft.aulast=Ningsih&rft.aufirst=Widya+Lestari&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kompas.com%2Fstori%2Fread%2F2021%2F05%2F01%2F172900179%2Fsejarah-berdirinya-kerajaan-ternate&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASultanate+of+Ternate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jäger, Kirsten (2018) <i>Das Sultanat Jailolo: Die Revitaliserierung von "traditionellen" politischen Gemeinwesen in Indonesien</i>. Münster: Lit Verlag, p. 41-6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">* <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://open.lnu.se/index.php/hn/article/view/389/336">Trajectories of the early-modern kingdoms in eastern Indonesia</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWitton2003" class="citation book cs1">Witton, Patrick (2003). <i>Indonesia</i> (7th ed.). Melbourne: Lonely Planet. p. 821. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-74059-154-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-74059-154-2"><bdi>1-74059-154-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indonesia&rft.place=Melbourne&rft.pages=821&rft.edition=7th&rft.pub=Lonely+Planet&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=1-74059-154-2&rft.aulast=Witton&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASultanate+of+Ternate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFederspiel2007" class="citation book cs1">Federspiel, Howard M. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5Qf39DpguysC"><i>Sultans, Shamans, and Saints: Islam and Muslims in Southeast Asia</i></a>. University of Hawaii Press. p. 52. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-3052-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-3052-6"><bdi>978-0-8248-3052-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sultans%2C+Shamans%2C+and+Saints%3A+Islam+and+Muslims+in+Southeast+Asia&rft.pages=52&rft.pub=University+of+Hawaii+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-8248-3052-6&rft.aulast=Federspiel&rft.aufirst=Howard+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5Qf39DpguysC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASultanate+of+Ternate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAzra2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Azyumardi_Azra" title="Azyumardi Azra">Azra, Azyumardi</a> (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ePSkf-DHu5YC&pg=PA26"><i>Islam in the Indonesian World: An Account of Institutional Formation</i></a>. Mizan Pustaka. pp. <span class="nowrap">39–</span>40. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-979-433-430-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-979-433-430-0"><bdi>978-979-433-430-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islam+in+the+Indonesian+World%3A+An+Account+of+Institutional+Formation&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E39-%3C%2Fspan%3E40&rft.pub=Mizan+Pustaka&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-979-433-430-0&rft.aulast=Azra&rft.aufirst=Azyumardi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DePSkf-DHu5YC%26pg%3DPA26&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASultanate+of+Ternate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jahja, Abdjan, et al. (2012) <i>Sejarah sosial Kesultanan Ternate</i>. Yogyakarta: Ombak, p. 67.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Andaya, Leonard Y. (1993) <i>The world of Maluku</i>. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCatubig2003" class="citation journal cs1">Catubig, Jonathan B. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ejournals.ph/article.php?id=5227">"Dapitan Kingdom: A Historical Study on the Bisayan Migration and Settlement in Mindanao, circa 1563"</a>. <i>The Journal of History</i>. <b>49</b> (<span class="nowrap">1–</span>4): 144. <q>The Ternatan king planned a retaliatory attack against the Boholanos. He succeeded with his plans by covertly sending his twenty <i>joangas</i> to Bohol one by one deceitfully saying that "they are traders attending only to the sale of their goods"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+History&rft.atitle=Dapitan+Kingdom%3A+A+Historical+Study+on+the+Bisayan+Migration+and+Settlement+in+Mindanao%2C+circa+1563&rft.volume=49&rft.issue=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1%E2%80%93%3C%2Fspan%3E4&rft.pages=144&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Catubig&rft.aufirst=Jonathan+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fejournals.ph%2Farticle.php%3Fid%3D5227&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASultanate+of+Ternate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Andaya, Leonard Y. (1993), p. 114-7</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeirisonTrinovaEri_Firdaus2020" class="citation journal cs1">Meirison, Meirison; Trinova, Zulvia; Eri Firdaus, Yelmi (20 December 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.37108%2Ftabuah.v24i2.313">"The Ottoman Empire Relations with the Nusantara (Spice Islands)"</a>. <i>Tabuah</i>. <b>24</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">140–</span>147. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.37108%2Ftabuah.v24i2.313">10.37108/tabuah.v24i2.313</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2614-7793">2614-7793</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:238960772">238960772</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Tabuah&rft.atitle=The+Ottoman+Empire+Relations+with+the+Nusantara+%28Spice+Islands%29&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E140-%3C%2Fspan%3E147&rft.date=2020-12-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A238960772%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=2614-7793&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.37108%2Ftabuah.v24i2.313&rft.aulast=Meirison&rft.aufirst=Meirison&rft.au=Trinova%2C+Zulvia&rft.au=Eri+Firdaus%2C+Yelmi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.37108%252Ftabuah.v24i2.313&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASultanate+of+Ternate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RICKLEFSp24-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RICKLEFSp24_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRicklefs1993" class="citation book cs1">Ricklefs, M.C. (1993). <i>A History of Modern Indonesia Since c. 1300, 2nd Edition</i>. London: MacMillan. p. 24. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-333-57689-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-333-57689-6"><bdi>0-333-57689-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Modern+Indonesia+Since+c.+1300%2C+2nd+Edition&rft.place=London&rft.pages=24&rft.pub=MacMillan&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0-333-57689-6&rft.aulast=Ricklefs&rft.aufirst=M.C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASultanate+of+Ternate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RICKLEFSp25-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RICKLEFSp25_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRicklefs1993" class="citation book cs1">Ricklefs, M.C. (1993). <i>A History of Modern Indonesia Since c. 1300, 2nd Edition</i>. London: MacMillan. p. 25. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-333-57689-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-333-57689-6"><bdi>0-333-57689-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Modern+Indonesia+Since+c.+1300%2C+2nd+Edition&rft.place=London&rft.pages=25&rft.pub=MacMillan&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0-333-57689-6&rft.aulast=Ricklefs&rft.aufirst=M.C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASultanate+of+Ternate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bartolome Juan Leonardy y de Argensola, Conquistas de las islas Molucas (Madrid: Alonso Martin, 1909) pp. 351-8; Cesar Majul, Muslims in the Philippines (Quezon City: University of the Philippines Press, 1973) pp. 119-20; Hal, History of Southeast Asia, pp. 249-50.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Hanna,_Willard_A." class="mw-redirect" title="Hanna, Willard A.">Hanna, Willard A.</a> & des Alwi (1990) <i>Turbulent times past in Ternate and Tidore</i>. Banda Naira: Yayasan Warisan dan Budaya Banda Naira, p. 132-73.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/38617032/MAGUINDANAO_AND_TERNATE_CONNECTION_AND_DISCONNECTION_DURING_THE_AGE_OF_EUROPEAN_COLONIZATION_AN_OVERVIEW">MAGUINDANAO AND TERNATE CONNECTION AND DISCONNECTION DURING THE AGE OF EUROPEAN COLONIZATION: AN OVERVIEW By Shane Patrick Sordilla</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hanna, Willard A. & Des Alwi (1990), p. 174-84.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fraassen, Christiaan van (1987) <i>Ternate, de Molukken en de Indonesische Archipel</i>, Vol. I. Leiden: Rijksuniversiteit te Leiden, Vol. I, p. 54-60.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fraassen, Christiaan van (1987), Vol. I, p. 60-1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fraassen, Christiaan van (1987), Vol. I, p. 61-5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sidel, John T. (2007) <i>Riots, pogroms, jihad: Religious violence in Indonesia</i>. Singapore: NUS Press, p. 181-2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Andaya, Leonard Y. (1993), p. 83-4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jäger, Kirsten (2018), p. 50-4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jäger, Kirsten (2018), p. 53.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Andaya, Leonard Y. (1993), p. 65.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fraassen, Christiaan van (1987), Vol. II, p. 2-4, 13-4. All dates up to 1500 are traditional and unverifiable.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fraassen, Christiaan van (1987), Vol. I, p. 102.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Andaya, Leonard Y. (1993).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Andaya, Leonard (1993), p. 57-8, 132-4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.goodnewsfromindonesia.id/2017/07/01/ternate-terima-kasih">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Ternate, Terima kasih"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>www.goodnewsfromindonesia.id</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.goodnewsfromindonesia.id&rft.atitle=%22Ternate%2C+Terima+kasih%22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.goodnewsfromindonesia.id%2F2017%2F07%2F01%2Fternate-terima-kasih&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASultanate+of+Ternate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Blagden, C.O. (1930) "Two Malay Letters from Ternate in the Moluccas, Written in 1521 and 1522", <i>Bulletin of the School of oriental and African Studies</i> 6-1, p. 87-101.<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/607299.pdf">[1]</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 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style="width:1%">Hindu/Buddhist</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dharmasraya" title="Dharmasraya">Dharmasraya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kantoli" title="Kantoli">Kantoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melayu_Kingdom" title="Melayu Kingdom">Malayu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauli" title="Mauli">Mauli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pannai" title="Pannai">Pannai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaskuta_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Samaskuta Kingdom">Samaskuta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanfotsi" title="Sanfotsi">Sanfotsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Srivijaya" title="Srivijaya">Srivijaya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Islamic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aceh_Sultanate" title="Aceh Sultanate">Aceh</a></li> 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class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Bacan" title="Sultanate of Bacan">Bacan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Iha" title="Kingdom of Iha">Iha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Jailolo" title="Sultanate of Jailolo">Jailolo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_South_Maluku" title="Republic of South Maluku">South Maluku</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ternate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Tidore" title="Sultanate of Tidore">Tidore</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_New_Guinea" title="Western New Guinea">Papua</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kaimana" title="Kingdom of Kaimana">Kaimana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salawati_Kingdom" title="Salawati Kingdom">Salawati</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Islam_in_Indonesia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Islam_in_Indonesia" title="Template:Islam in Indonesia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Islam_in_Indonesia" title="Template talk:Islam in Indonesia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Islam_in_Indonesia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Islam in Indonesia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Islam_in_Indonesia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Indonesia" title="Islam in Indonesia">Islam in Indonesia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Branches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam_in_Indonesia" title="Shia Islam in Indonesia">Shia Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmadiyya_in_Indonesia" title="Ahmadiyya in Indonesia">Ahmadiyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kejaw%C3%A8n" title="Kejawèn">Kejawèn</a></li> <li>Old divisions <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abangan" title="Abangan">Abangan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priyayi" title="Priyayi">Priyayi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santri" title="Santri">Santri</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Grand_Istiqlal_Mosque.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Grand_Istiqlal_Mosque.jpg/60px-Grand_Istiqlal_Mosque.jpg" decoding="async" width="60" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Grand_Istiqlal_Mosque.jpg/90px-Grand_Istiqlal_Mosque.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Grand_Istiqlal_Mosque.jpg/120px-Grand_Istiqlal_Mosque.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2250" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Classic era</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muhammad_Arsyad_al-Banjari&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Muhammad Arsyad al-Banjari (page does not exist)">Muhammad Arsyad al-Banjari</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Arsyad_al-Banjari" class="extiw" title="id:Muhammad Arsyad al-Banjari">id</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nawawi_al-Bantani&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nawawi al-Bantani (page does not exist)">Nawawi al-Bantani</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nawawi_al-Bantani" class="extiw" title="id:Nawawi al-Bantani">id</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamzah_Fansuri" title="Hamzah Fansuri">Hamzah Fansuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheikh_Yusuf" class="mw-redirect" title="Sheikh Yusuf">Yusuf al-Makassari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malikussaleh" title="Malikussaleh">Malikussaleh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ismail_al-Khalidi_al-Minangkabawi" title="Ismail al-Khalidi al-Minangkabawi">Ismail al-Khalidi al-Minangkabawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdullah_al-Misri" title="Abdullah al-Misri">Abdullah al-Misri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padri_War" title="Padri War">Padri</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tuanku_Imam_Bonjol" title="Tuanku Imam Bonjol">Tuanku Imam Bonjol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuanku_Rao" title="Tuanku Rao">Tuanku Rao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuanku_Tambusai" title="Tuanku Tambusai">Tuanku Tambusai</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abdus_Samad_al-Palimbani&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abdus Samad al-Palimbani (page does not exist)">Abdus Samad al-Palimbani</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdus_Samad_al-Palimbani" class="extiw" title="id:Abdus Samad al-Palimbani">id</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wali_Sanga" title="Wali Sanga">Wali Sanga</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sunan_Ampel" title="Sunan Ampel">Sunan Ampel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunan_Bonang" title="Sunan Bonang">Sunan Bonang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunan_Drajat" title="Sunan Drajat">Sunan Drajat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunan_Giri" title="Sunan Giri">Sunan Giri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunan_Gunung_Jati" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunan Gunung Jati">Sunan Gunung Jati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malik_Ibrahim" title="Malik Ibrahim">Maulana Malik Ibrahim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunan_Kalijaga" title="Sunan Kalijaga">Sunan Kalijaga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunan_Kudus" title="Sunan Kudus">Sunan Kudus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunan_Murya" title="Sunan Murya">Sunan Murya</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Rauf_al-Sinkili" class="mw-redirect" title="Abd al-Rauf al-Sinkili">Abdurrauf Singkil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Mughayat_Syah" title="Ali Mughayat Syah">Ali Mughayat Syah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuanku_Nan_Tuo" title="Tuanku Nan Tuo">Tuanku Nan Tuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burhanuddin_Ulakan" title="Burhanuddin Ulakan">Burhanuddin Ulakan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usman_bin_Yahya" title="Usman bin Yahya">Usman bin Yahya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National <br />Awakening era</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abdullah_Ahmad_(ulama)" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdullah Ahmad (ulama)">Abdullah Ahmad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Karim_Amrullah" title="Abdul Karim Amrullah">Abdul Karim Amrullah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasyim_Asy%27ari" title="Hasyim Asy'ari">Hasyim Asy'ari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Dahlan" title="Ahmad Dahlan">Ahmad Dahlan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tahir_bin_Jalaluddin" title="Tahir bin Jalaluddin">Tahir bin Jalaluddin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Jamil_Jambek" title="Muhammad Jamil Jambek">Muhammad Jamil Jambek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mas_Mansoer" title="Mas Mansoer">Mas Mansoer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Khatib_al-Minangkabawi" title="Ahmad Khatib al-Minangkabawi">Ahmad Khatib al-Minangkabawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haji_Misbach" class="mw-redirect" title="Haji Misbach">Haji Misbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulaiman_ar-Rasuli" title="Sulaiman ar-Rasuli">Sulaiman ar-Rasuli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Roem" title="Mohammad Roem">Mohammad Roem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rasuna_Said" title="Rasuna Said">Rasuna Said</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agus_Salim" title="Agus Salim">Agus Salim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oemar_Said_Tjokroaminoto" title="Oemar Said Tjokroaminoto">Tjokroaminoto</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Post-<br />independence</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Syafi%27i_Maarif" title="Ahmad Syafi'i Maarif">Ahmad Syafi'i Maarif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azyumardi_Azra" title="Azyumardi Azra">Azyumardi Azra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Bakar_Bashir" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu Bakar Bashir">Abu Bakar Bashir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idham_Chalid" title="Idham Chalid">Idham Chalid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djohan_Effendi" title="Djohan Effendi">Djohan Effendi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdullah_Gymnastiar" title="Abdullah Gymnastiar">Abdullah Gymnastiar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamka" title="Hamka">Hamka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wahid_Hasyim" title="Wahid Hasyim">Wahid Hasyim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sekarmadji_Maridjan_Kartosoewirjo" title="Sekarmadji Maridjan Kartosoewirjo">Kartosoewirjo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nurcholish_Madjid" title="Nurcholish Madjid">Nurcholish Madjid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harun_Nasution" title="Harun Nasution">Harun Nasution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Natsir" title="Mohammad Natsir">Mohammad Natsir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amien_Rais" title="Amien Rais">Amien Rais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Rizieq_Shihab" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Rizieq Shihab">Muhammad Rizieq Shihab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quraish_Shihab" title="Quraish Shihab">Quraish Shihab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma%27ruf_Amin" title="Ma'ruf Amin">Ma'ruf Amin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Said_Aqil_Siradj" title="Said Aqil Siradj">Said Aqil Siradj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Somad" title="Abdul Somad">Abdul Somad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdurrahman_Wahid" title="Abdurrahman Wahid">Abdurrahman Wahid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yazid_bin_Abdul_Qadir_Jawas" title="Yazid bin Abdul Qadir Jawas">Yazid bin Abdul Qadir Jawas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Luthfi_bin_Yahya" title="Muhammad Luthfi bin Yahya">Muhammad Luthfi bin Yahya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Civil society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alkhairaat" title="Alkhairaat">Alkhairaat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campus_Dakwah_Institute" title="Campus Dakwah Institute">Campus Dakwah Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hidayatullah_(Islamic_organization)" title="Hidayatullah (Islamic organization)">Hidayatullah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hizbut_Tahrir_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Hizbut Tahrir Indonesia">Hizbut Tahrir Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_Association_of_Muslim_Intellectuals" title="Indonesian Association of Muslim Intellectuals">Indonesian Association of Muslim Intellectuals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesia_Institute_of_Islamic_Dawah" title="Indonesia Institute of Islamic Dawah">Indonesia Institute of Islamic Dawah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_Islamic_Propagation_Council" title="Indonesian Islamic Propagation Council">Indonesian Islamic Propagation Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_Mujahedeen_Council" title="Indonesian Mujahedeen Council">Indonesian Mujahedeen Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_Ulema_Council" title="Indonesian Ulema Council">Indonesian Ulema Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Irshad_Al-Islamiya" title="Al-Irshad Al-Islamiya">Al-Irshad Al-Islamiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Defenders_Front" title="Islamic Defenders Front">Islamic Defenders Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaringan_Islam_Liberal" title="Jaringan Islam Liberal">Liberal Islam Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majelis_Rasulullah" title="Majelis Rasulullah">Majelis Rasulullah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammadiyah" title="Muhammadiyah">Muhammadiyah</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aisyiyah" title="Aisyiyah">Aisyiyah</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Students%27_Association_(Indonesia)" title="Muslim Students' Association (Indonesia)">Muslim Students' Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nahdlatul_Ulama" title="Nahdlatul Ulama">Nahdlatul Ulama</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ansor_Youth_Movement" title="Ansor Youth Movement">GP Ansor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jam%27iyyah_Ahlith_Thariqah_al-Mu%27tabarah_an-Nahdliyyah" title="Jam'iyyah Ahlith Thariqah al-Mu'tabarah an-Nahdliyyah">JATMAN</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nahdlatul_Wathan" title="Nahdlatul Wathan">Nahdlatul Wathan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PERSIS_(organization)" title="PERSIS (organization)">PERSIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Education_Movement" title="Islamic Education Movement">PERTI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Rabithah_al-Alawiyyah" title="Al-Rabithah al-Alawiyyah">Rabithah Alawiyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarekat_Islam" title="Sarekat Islam">Sarekat Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumatera_Thawalib" title="Sumatera Thawalib">Sumatera Thawalib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wahdah_Islamiyah" title="Wahdah Islamiyah">Wahdah Islamiyah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Political parties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crescent_Star_Party_(Indonesia)" title="Crescent Star Party (Indonesia)">Crescent Star Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_Nahdlatul_Community_Party" title="Indonesian Nahdlatul Community Party">Indonesian Nahdlatul Community Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masyumi_Party" title="Masyumi Party">Masyumi Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Awakening_Party" title="National Awakening Party">National Awakening Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Mandate_Party" title="National Mandate Party">National Mandate Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosperous_Justice_Party" title="Prosperous Justice Party">Prosperous Justice Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ummah_Party" title="Ummah Party">Ummah Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Development_Party" title="United Development Party">United Development Party</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Militia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banser" title="Banser">Banser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darul_Islam_(Indonesia)" title="Darul Islam (Indonesia)">Darul Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaah_Ansharut_Tauhid" title="Jamaah Ansharut Tauhid">Jamaah Ansharut Tauhid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaah_Islamiyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Jamaah Islamiyah">Jamaah Islamiyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laskar_Jihad" title="Laskar Jihad">Laskar Jihad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mujahidin_Indonesia_Timur" class="mw-redirect" title="Mujahidin Indonesia Timur">Mujahidin Indonesia Timur</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pre-<br />independence</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spread_of_Islam_in_Indonesia" title="Spread of Islam in Indonesia">Spread of Islam in Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_embassy_to_Aceh" title="Ottoman embassy to Aceh">Ottoman embassy to Aceh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wali_Sanga" title="Wali Sanga">Wali Sanga</a></li> <li>Islamic Kingdoms in Indonesia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aceh_Sultanate" title="Aceh Sultanate">Aceh Sultanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demak_Sultanate" title="Demak Sultanate">Demak Sultanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kaimana" title="Kingdom of Kaimana">Kingdom of Kaimana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gowa_Sultanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Gowa Sultanate">Gowa Sultanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malacca_Sultanate" title="Malacca Sultanate">Malacca Sultanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mataram_Sultanate" title="Mataram Sultanate">Mataram Sultanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samudera_Pasai_Sultanate" title="Samudera Pasai Sultanate">Samudera Pasai Sultanate</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ternate Sultanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Tidore" title="Sultanate of Tidore">Tidore Sultanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogyakarta_Sultanate" title="Yogyakarta Sultanate">Yogyakarta Sultanate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padri_War" title="Padri War">Padri War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Post-<br />independence</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jakarta_Charter" title="Jakarta Charter">Jakarta Charter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petition_of_Fifty" title="Petition of Fifty">Petition of Fifty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanjung_Priok_massacre" title="Tanjung Priok massacre">Tanjung Priok massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talangsari_incident" title="Talangsari incident">Talangsari incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Aceh" title="Insurgency in Aceh">Insurgency in Aceh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maluku_sectarian_conflict" title="Maluku sectarian conflict">Maluku sectarian conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poso_riots" title="Poso riots">Poso riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatwa_on_Religious_Pluralism,_Liberalism,_and_Secularism" title="Fatwa on Religious Pluralism, Liberalism, and Secularism">Fatwa on Religious Pluralism, Liberalism, and Secularism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Madago_Raya" title="Operation Madago Raya">Operation Tinombala / Madago Raya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_2016_Jakarta_protests" title="December 2016 Jakarta protests">December 2016 Jakarta protests</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adat" title="Adat">Adat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosque_architecture_in_Indonesia" title="Mosque architecture in Indonesia">Architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bedug" title="Bedug">Bedug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajug" title="Tajug">Tajug</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Babad_Tanah_Jawi" title="Babad Tanah Jawi">Babad Tanah Jawi</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Indonesia#Clothing" title="Islam in Indonesia">Costumes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kupiah" title="Kupiah">Kupiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songkok" title="Songkok">Songkok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarong" title="Sarong">Sarong</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ha%E1%B8%8Dra" title="Haḍra">Hadroh</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khaul&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Khaul (page does not exist)">Khaul</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haul_(Islam)" class="extiw" title="id:Haul (Islam)">id</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kauman" title="Kauman">Kauman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebaran" title="Lebaran">Lebaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manaqib" title="Manaqib">Manakiban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mawlid" title="Mawlid">Maulid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mosques_in_Indonesia" title="List of mosques in Indonesia">Mosques</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Istiqlal_Mosque,_Jakarta" title="Istiqlal Mosque, Jakarta">Istiqlal Mosque</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musabaqah_Tilawatil_Quran" title="Musabaqah Tilawatil Quran">Musabaqah Tilawatil Quran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Indonesia#Qasidah_modern" title="Music of Indonesia">Qasidah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebana" title="Rebana">Rebana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salawat" title="Salawat">Sholawatan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saman_(dance)" title="Saman (dance)">Saman</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sejarah_Banten" title="Sejarah Banten">Sejarah Banten</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sekaten" title="Sekaten">Sekaten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serak_Gulo" title="Serak Gulo">Serak Gulo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slametan" title="Slametan">Slametan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suroan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Suroan (page does not exist)">Suroan</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suroan" class="extiw" title="id:Suroan">id</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suronan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Suronan (page does not exist)">Suronan</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Festival_Suronan" class="extiw" title="id:Festival Suronan">id</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabligh_Akbar" title="Tabligh Akbar">Tabligh Akbar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabuik" title="Tabuik">Tabuik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tahlil" title="Tahlil">Tahlilan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Takbiran&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Takbiran (page does not exist)">Takbiran</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takbiran" class="extiw" title="id:Takbiran">id</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tausiyah" title="Tausiyah">Tausiyah</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tirakatan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tirakatan (page does not exist)">Tirakatan</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tirakat" class="extiw" title="id:Tirakat">id</a>]</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tombo_Ati" title="Tombo Ati">Tombo Ati</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wetu_Telu" title="Wetu Telu">Wetu Telu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaqowiyu" title="Yaqowiyu">Yaqowiyu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ya-Sin" title="Ya-Sin">Yasinan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Education</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Al-Munir" title="Al-Munir">Al-Munir</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iqro" title="Iqro">Iqro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamiat_Kheir" title="Jamiat Kheir">Jamiat Kheir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitab_kuning" title="Kitab kuning">Kitab kuning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kota_santri" title="Kota santri">Kota santri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyai" title="Kyai">Kyai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LIPIA" title="LIPIA">LIPIA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pesantren" title="Pesantren">Pesantren</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tafsir_Al-Mishbah" class="mw-redirect" title="Tafsir Al-Mishbah">Tafsir Al-Mishbah</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_Nusantara" title="Islam Nusantara">Islam Nusantara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_Yes,_Islamic_Party_No" title="Islam Yes, Islamic Party No">Islam Yes, Islamic Party No</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_criminal_law_in_Aceh" title="Islamic criminal law in Aceh">Islamic criminal law in Aceh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tablighi_Jamaat" title="Tablighi Jamaat">Jama’ah Tabligh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jemaah_Tarbiyah" title="Jemaah Tarbiyah">Jemaah Tarbiyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernism_(Islam_in_Indonesia)" title="Modernism (Islam in Indonesia)">Modernist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalism_(Islam_in_Indonesia)" title="Traditionalism (Islam in Indonesia)">Traditionalist</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By region</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Aceh" title="Islam in Aceh">Aceh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_West_Sumatra" title="Islam in West Sumatra">West Sumatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_East_Java" title="Islam in East Java">East Java</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Central_Sulawesi" title="Islam in Central Sulawesi">Central Sulawesi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Mosques_in_Indonesia" title="Template:Mosques in Indonesia">Mosques in Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Indonesia" title="Template:History of Indonesia">History of Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:National_Heroes_of_Indonesia" title="Template:National Heroes of Indonesia">National Heroes of Indonesia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Portuguese_Empire" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks plainlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Portuguese_overseas_empire" title="Template:Portuguese overseas empire"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Portuguese_overseas_empire" title="Template talk:Portuguese overseas empire"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Portuguese_overseas_empire" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Portuguese overseas empire"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Portuguese_Empire" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portuguese Empire</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:transparent;text-align:left;"><div id="North_Africa" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">North Africa</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding-left:1.0em;text-align:left;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break col-break-3"> <p><span style="font-size:120%"><b>15th century</b></span> </p> <table style="line-height: 1.5em; border-spacing:0;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1415–1640</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Ceuta" title="Ceuta">Ceuta</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1458–1550</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Ksar_es-Seghir" title="Ksar es-Seghir">Alcácer Ceguer <span style="font-size:85%;">(El Qsar es Seghir)</span></a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1471–1550</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Asilah" title="Portuguese Asilah">Arzila <span style="font-size:85%;">(Asilah)</span></a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1471–1662</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Tangier" title="Portuguese Tangier">Tangier</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1485–1550</td><td> <a href="/wiki/El_Jadida" title="El Jadida">Mazagan <span style="font-size:85%;">(El Jadida)</span></a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1487–16th century</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Ouadane" title="Ouadane">Ouadane</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1488–1541</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Safi,_Morocco" title="Safi, Morocco">Safim <span style="font-size:85%;">(Safi)</span></a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1489</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Graciosa_fortress" title="Graciosa fortress">Graciosa</a></td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td class="col-break col-break-3"> <p><span style="font-size:120%"><b>16th century</b></span> </p> <table style="line-height: 1.5em; border-spacing:0;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1505–1541</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Agadir" title="Agadir">Santa Cruz do Cabo de Gué <span style="font-size:85%;">(Agadir)</span></a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1506–1525</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Essaouira" title="Essaouira">Mogador <span style="font-size:85%;">(Essaouira)</span></a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1506–1525</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Souira_Guedima" title="Souira Guedima">Aguz <span style="font-size:85%;">(Souira Guedima)</span></a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1506–1769</td><td> <a href="/wiki/El_Jadida" title="El Jadida">Mazagan <span style="font-size:85%;">(El Jadida)</span></a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1513–1541</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Azemmour" title="Azemmour">Azamor <span style="font-size:85%;">(Azemmour)</span></a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1515–1541</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Mehdya,_Morocco" title="Mehdya, Morocco">São João da Mamora <span style="font-size:85%;">(Mehdya)</span></a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1577–1589</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Asilah" title="Asilah">Arzila <span style="font-size:85%;">(Asilah)</span></a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>  </p> </td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Portugal_Imp%C3%A9rio_total.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Anachronous map of the Portuguese Empire (1415-1999)"><img alt="Anachronous map of the Portuguese Empire (1415-1999)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Portugal_Imp%C3%A9rio_total.png/300px-Portugal_Imp%C3%A9rio_total.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Portugal_Imp%C3%A9rio_total.png/450px-Portugal_Imp%C3%A9rio_total.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Portugal_Imp%C3%A9rio_total.png/600px-Portugal_Imp%C3%A9rio_total.png 2x" data-file-width="1425" data-file-height="625" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:transparent;text-align:left;"><div id="Sub-Saharan_Africa" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Sub-Saharan Africa</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding-left:1.0em;text-align:left;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break"> <p><span style="font-size:120%"><b>15th century</b></span> </p> <table style="line-height: 1.5em; border-spacing:0;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1455–1633</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Arguin" title="Arguin">Arguim</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1462–1975</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Cape_Verde" title="Portuguese Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1470–1975</td><td> <span style="position:relative; bottom:0.1em;"><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_Island" title="São Tomé Island">São Tomé</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></span></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1471–1975</td><td> <span style="position:relative; bottom:0.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="Príncipe">Príncipe</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></span></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1474–1778</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Annob%C3%B3n" title="Annobón">Annobón</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1478–1778</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Bioko" title="Bioko">Fernando Poo <span style="font-size:85%;">(Bioko)</span></a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1482–1637</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Elmina" title="Elmina">Elmina <span style="font-size:85%;">(São Jorge da Mina)</span></a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1482–1642</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Gold_Coast" title="Portuguese Gold Coast">Portuguese Gold Coast</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1498–1540</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Mascarene_Islands" title="Mascarene Islands">Mascarene Islands</a></td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td class="col-break"> <p><span style="font-size:120%"><b>16th century</b></span> </p> <table style="line-height: 1.5em; border-spacing:0;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1500–1630</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Malindi" title="Malindi">Malindi</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1501–1975</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Mozambique" title="Portuguese Mozambique">Portuguese Mozambique</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1502–1659</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena" title="Saint Helena">Saint Helena</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1503–1698</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Zanzibar" title="Zanzibar">Zanzibar</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1505–1512</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Kilwa_Kisiwani" title="Kilwa Kisiwani">Quíloa <span style="font-size:85%;">(Kilwa)</span></a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1506–1511</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Socotra" title="Socotra">Socotra</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1508–1547<sup><small>2</small></sup></td><td> <a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a><sup><small>3</small></sup></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1557–1578</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Accra" title="Accra">Accra</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1575–1975</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Angola" title="Portuguese Angola">Portuguese Angola</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1588–1974</td><td> <span style="position:relative; bottom:0.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Cacheu" title="Cacheu">Cacheu</a><sup><small>4</small></sup></span></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1593–1698</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Mombasa" title="Mombasa">Mombassa <span style="font-size:85%;">(Mombasa)</span></a></td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td class="col-break"> <p><span style="font-size:120%"><b>17th century</b></span> </p> <table style="line-height: 1.5em; border-spacing:0;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1645–1888</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Ziguinchor" title="Ziguinchor">Ziguinchor</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1680–1961</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Fort_of_S%C3%A3o_Jo%C3%A3o_Baptista_de_Ajud%C3%A1" title="Fort of São João Baptista de Ajudá">São João Baptista de Ajudá, Benin</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1687–1974</td><td> <span style="position:relative; bottom:0.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Bissau" title="Bissau">Bissau</a><sup><small>4</small></sup></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><span style="font-size:120%"><b>18th century</b></span> </p> <table style="line-height: 1.5em; border-spacing:0;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1728–1729</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Mombasa" title="Mombasa">Mombassa <span style="font-size:85%;">(Mombasa)</span></a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1753–1975</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="Portuguese São Tomé and Príncipe">Portuguese São Tomé and Príncipe</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><span style="font-size:120%"><b>19th century</b></span> </p> <table style="line-height: 1.5em; border-spacing:0;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1879–1974</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Guinea" title="Portuguese Guinea">Portuguese Guinea</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1885–1974</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Cabinda_Province" title="Cabinda Province">Portuguese Congo</a><sup><small>5</small></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>  </p> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="plainlist" style="padding:0.5em 0 0.75em 0.25em;font-size:90%;line-height:1.2em;"><ul><li><sup><small>1</small></sup> Part of <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="Portuguese São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a> from 1753.</li><li><sup><small>2</small></sup> Or 1600.</li><li><sup><small>3</small></sup> A factory (<a href="/wiki/Anosy" title="Anosy">Anosy Region</a>) and small temporary coastal bases.</li><li><sup><small>4</small></sup> Part of <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Guinea" title="Portuguese Guinea">Portuguese Guinea</a> from 1879.</li><li><sup><small>5</small></sup> Part of <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Angola" title="Portuguese Angola">Portuguese Angola</a> from the 1920s.</li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:transparent;text-align:left;"><div id="Middle_East_&#91;Persian_Gulf&#93;" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Middle East [Persian Gulf]</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding-left:1.0em;text-align:left;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break col-break-3"> <p><span style="font-size:120%"><b>16th century</b></span> </p> <table style="line-height: 1.5em; border-spacing:0;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1506–1615</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Bandar_Abbas" title="Bandar Abbas">Gamru <span style="font-size:85%;">(Bandar Abbas)</span></a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1507–1643</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Sohar" title="Sohar">Sohar</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1515–1622</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Ormus" title="Ormus">Hormuz <span style="font-size:85%;">(Ormus)</span></a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1515–1648</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Qurayyat,_Oman" title="Qurayyat, Oman">Quriyat</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1515–?</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Qalhat" title="Qalhat">Qalhat</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1515–1650</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Muscat" title="Muscat">Muscat</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1515?–?</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Barka,_Oman" title="Barka, Oman">Barka</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1515–1633?</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Ras_Al_Khaimah" title="Ras Al Khaimah">Julfar (Ras al-Khaimah)</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1521–1602</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Muharraq" title="Muharraq">Muharraq</a> • <a href="/wiki/Manama" title="Manama">Manama</a>)</span></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1521–1529?</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Qatif" title="Qatif">Qatif</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1521?–1551?</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Tarout_Island" title="Tarout Island">Tarut Island</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1550–1551</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Qatif" title="Qatif">Qatif</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1588–1648</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Muttrah" title="Muttrah">Matrah</a></td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td class="col-break col-break-3"> <p><span style="font-size:120%"><b>17th century</b></span> </p> <table style="line-height: 1.5em; border-spacing:0;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1620–?</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Khor_Fakkan" title="Khor Fakkan">Khor Fakkan</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1621?–?</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Seeb" title="Seeb">As Sib</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1621–1622</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Qeshm_Island" title="Qeshm Island">Qeshm</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1623–?</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Khasab" title="Khasab">Khasab</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1623–?</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Al_Badiyah" title="Al Badiyah">Libedia</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1624–?</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Kalba" title="Kalba">Kalba</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1624–?</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Madha" title="Madha">Madha</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1624–1648</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Dibba_Al-Hisn" title="Dibba Al-Hisn">Dibba Al-Hisn</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1624?–?</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Kong,_Iran" title="Kong, Iran">Bandar-e Kong</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>  </p> </td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:transparent;text-align:left;"><div id="South_Asia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">South Asia</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding-left:1.0em;text-align:left;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break col-break-3"> <p><span style="font-size:120%"><b>15th century</b></span> </p> <table style="line-height: 1.5em; border-spacing:0;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1498–1545</td><td> <div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Lakshadweep" title="Lakshadweep">Laccadive Islands<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(Lakshadweep)</span></a></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><span style="font-size:120%"><b>16th century</b></span> <br /><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_India" title="Portuguese India">Portuguese India</a> </p> <table style="line-height: 1.5em; border-spacing:0;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1500–1663</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Kochi" title="Kochi">Cochim <span style="font-size:85%;">(Kochi)</span></a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1501–1663</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Kannur" title="Kannur">Cannanore <span style="font-size:85%;">(Kannur)</span></a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> <div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"> • 1502–1658<br /><span style="padding-left:0.65em;"> </span>1659–1661</div></td><td> <div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Kollam" title="Kollam">Quilon<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(Coulão / Kollam)</span></a></div></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1502–1661</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Pallippuram,_Ernakulam" title="Pallippuram, Ernakulam">Pallipuram <span style="font-size:85%;">(Cochin de Cima)</span></a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1507–1657</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Negapatam" title="Portuguese Negapatam">Negapatam <span style="font-size:85%;">(Nagapatnam)</span></a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1510–1961</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Goa" title="Goa">Goa</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> <div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"> • 1512–1525<br /><span style="padding-left:0.65em;"> </span>1750</div></td><td> <div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Kozhikode" title="Kozhikode">Calicut<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(Kozhikode)</span></a></div></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1518–1619</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Pulicat" title="Pulicat">Portuguese Paliacate outpost <span style="font-size:85%;">(Pulicat)</span></a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1521–1740</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Chaul" title="Chaul">Chaul</a></td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td class="col-break col-break-3"> <table style="line-height: 1.5em; border-spacing:0;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  </td><td> (Portuguese India)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1523–1662</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Mylapore" title="Mylapore">Mylapore</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1528–1666</td><td> <div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_settlement_in_Chittagong" title="Portuguese settlement in Chittagong">Chittagong<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(Porto Grande De Bengala)</span></a></div></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1531–1571</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Chaul" title="Chaul">Chaul</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1531–1571</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Chaliyam" title="Chaliyam">Chalé</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1534–1601</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Salsette_Island" title="Salsette Island">Salsette Island</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1534–1661</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Mumbai" title="Mumbai">Bombay <span style="font-size:85%;">(Mumbai)</span></a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1535</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Ponnani" title="Ponnani">Ponnani</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1535–1739</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Vasai-Virar" title="Vasai-Virar">Baçaím <span style="font-size:85%;">(Vasai-Virar)</span></a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1536–1662</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Kodungallur" title="Kodungallur">Cranganore <span style="font-size:85%;">(Kodungallur)</span></a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1540–1612</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Surat" title="Surat">Surat</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1548–1658</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Thoothukudi" title="Thoothukudi">Tuticorin <span style="font-size:85%;">(Thoothukudi)</span></a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1559–1961</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Daman_and_Diu" title="Daman and Diu">Daman and Diu</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1568–1659</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Mangalore" title="Mangalore">Mangalore</a></td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td class="col-break col-break-3"> <table style="line-height: 1.5em; border-spacing:0;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  </td><td> (Portuguese India)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1579–1632</td><td><a href="/wiki/Hugli-Chuchura" title="Hugli-Chuchura">Hugli</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1598–1610</td><td><a href="/wiki/Machilipatnam" title="Machilipatnam">Masulipatnam <span style="font-size:85%;">(Machilipatnam)</span></a></td></tr></tbody></table> <table style="line-height: 1.5em; border-spacing:0;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1518–1521</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Maldives" title="Maldives">Maldives</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1518–1658</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Ceylon" title="Portuguese Ceylon">Portuguese Ceylon <span style="font-size:85%;">(Sri Lanka)</span></a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1558–1573</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Maldives" title="Maldives">Maldives</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><span style="font-size:120%"><b>17th century</b></span> <br />Portuguese India </p> <table style="line-height: 1.5em; border-spacing:0;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1687–1749</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Mylapore" title="Mylapore">Mylapore</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><span style="font-size:120%"><b>18th century</b></span> <br />Portuguese India </p> <table style="line-height: 1.5em; border-spacing:0;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1779–1954</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Dadra_and_Nagar_Haveli" class="mw-redirect" title="Dadra and Nagar Haveli">Dadra and Nagar Haveli</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>  </p> </td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:transparent;text-align:left;"><div id="East_Asia_and_Oceania" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">East Asia and Oceania</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding-left:1.0em;text-align:left;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break col-break-3"> <p><span style="font-size:120%"><b>16th century</b></span> </p> <table style="line-height: 1.5em; border-spacing:0;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1511–1641</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Malacca" title="Portuguese Malacca">Portuguese Malacca</a> [Malaysia]</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1512–1621</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Maluku_Islands" title="Maluku Islands">Maluku</a> [Indonesia]</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1522–1575</td><td> <span style="padding-left:0.5em;"> </span><a href="/wiki/Ternate" title="Ternate">Ternate</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1576–1605</td><td> <span style="padding-left:0.5em;"> </span><a href="/wiki/Ambon_Island" title="Ambon Island">Ambon</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1578–1650</td><td> <span style="padding-left:0.5em;"> </span><a href="/wiki/Tidore" title="Tidore">Tidore</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1512–1665</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Makassar" title="Makassar">Makassar</a> [Indonesia]</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1515–1859</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Larantuka" title="Kingdom of Larantuka">Larantuka</a> [Indonesia]</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1557–1999</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Macau" title="Portuguese Macau">Macau</a> [China]</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1580–1586</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Nagasaki" title="Portuguese Nagasaki">Nagasaki</a> [Japan]</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><span style="font-size:120%"><b>17th century</b></span> </p> <table style="line-height: 1.5em; border-spacing:0;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1642–1975</td><td> <span style="position:relative; bottom:0.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Timor" title="Portuguese Timor">Portuguese Timor</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/East_Timor" title="East Timor">East Timor</a>)</span><sup><small>1</small></sup></span></td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td class="col-break col-break-3"> <p><span style="font-size:120%"><b>19th century</b></span> <br /><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Macau" title="Portuguese Macau">Portuguese Macau</a> </p> <table style="line-height: 1.5em; border-spacing:0;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1864–1999</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Coloane" title="Coloane">Coloane</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1851–1999</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Taipa" title="Taipa">Taipa</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1890–1999</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Ilha_Verde" title="Ilha Verde">Ilha Verde</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><span style="font-size:120%"><b>20th century</b></span> <br />Portuguese Macau </p> <table style="line-height: 1.5em; border-spacing:0;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1938–1941</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Hengqin" title="Hengqin">Lapa and Montanha <span style="font-size:85%;">(Hengqin)</span></a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>  </p> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="plainlist" style="padding:0.5em 0 0.75em 0.25em;font-size:90%;line-height:1.2em;"><ul><li><sup><small>1</small></sup> 1975 is the year of East Timor's Declaration of Independence and subsequent <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_invasion_of_East_Timor" title="Indonesian invasion of East Timor">invasion by Indonesia</a>. In 2002, East Timor's independence was fully recognized.</li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:transparent;text-align:left;"><div id="North_America_and_North_Atlantic" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">North America and North Atlantic</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding-left:1.0em;text-align:left;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break"> <p><span style="font-size:120%"><b>15th century</b> [Atlantic islands]</span> </p> <table style="line-height: 1.5em; border-spacing:0;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1420</td><td> <i><b><a href="/wiki/Madeira" title="Madeira">Madeira</a></b></i></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1432</td><td> <i><b><a href="/wiki/Azores" title="Azores">Azores</a></b></i></td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td class="col-break"> <p><span style="font-size:120%"><b>16th century</b> [Canada]</span> </p> <table style="line-height: 1.5em; border-spacing:0;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1500–1579?</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_(island)" title="Newfoundland (island)">Terra Nova <span style="font-size:85%;">(Newfoundland)</span></a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1500–1579?</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Labrador" title="Labrador">Labrador</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1516–1579?</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia" title="Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a></td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td class="col-break"> <p>  </p> </td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:transparent;text-align:left;"><div id="South_America_and_Caribbean" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">South America and Caribbean</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding-left:1.0em;text-align:left;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break"> <p><span style="font-size:120%"><b>16th century</b></span> </p> <table style="line-height: 1.5em; border-spacing:0;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1500–1822</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Colonial_Brazil" title="Colonial Brazil">Brazil</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1534–1549</td><td> <span style="padding-left:0.5em;"> </span><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_Colonies_of_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="Captaincy Colonies of Brazil">Captaincy Colonies of Brazil</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1549–1572</td><td> <span style="padding-left:0.5em;"> </span><a href="/wiki/Governorate_General_of_Brazil" title="Governorate General of Brazil">Brazil</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1572–1578</td><td> <span style="padding-left:0.5em;"> </span><a href="/wiki/Governorate_General_of_Bahia" title="Governorate General of Bahia">Bahia</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1572–1578</td><td> <span style="padding-left:0.5em;"> </span><a href="/wiki/Governorate_General_of_Rio_de_Janeiro" title="Governorate General of Rio de Janeiro">Rio de Janeiro</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1578–1607</td><td> <span style="padding-left:0.5em;"> </span><a href="/wiki/Governorate_General_of_Brazil" title="Governorate General of Brazil">Brazil</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1621–1815</td><td> <span style="padding-left:0.5em;"> </span><a href="/wiki/State_of_Brazil" title="State of Brazil">Brazil</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1536–1620</td><td> <a href="/wiki/History_of_Barbados" title="History of Barbados">Barbados</a></td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td class="col-break"> <p><span style="font-size:120%"><b>17th century</b></span> </p> <table style="line-height: 1.5em; border-spacing:0;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1621–1751</td><td> <a href="/wiki/State_of_Maranh%C3%A3o_(colonial)" title="State of Maranhão (colonial)">Maranhão</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1680–1777</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Colonia_del_Sacramento" title="Colonia del Sacramento">Nova Colónia do Sacramento</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><span style="font-size:120%"><b>18th century</b></span> </p> <table style="line-height: 1.5em; border-spacing:0;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1751–1772</td><td> <a href="/wiki/State_of_Gr%C3%A3o-Par%C3%A1_and_Maranh%C3%A3o" title="State of Grão-Pará and Maranhão">Grão-Pará and Maranhão</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1772–1775</td><td> <a href="/wiki/State_of_Gr%C3%A3o-Par%C3%A1_and_Rio_Negro" title="State of Grão-Pará and Rio Negro">Grão-Pará and Rio Negro</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1772–1775</td><td> <a href="/wiki/State_of_Maranh%C3%A3o_and_Piau%C3%AD" title="State of Maranhão and Piauí">Maranhão and Piauí</a></td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td class="col-break"> <p><span style="font-size:120%"><b>19th century</b></span> </p> <table style="line-height: 1.5em; border-spacing:0;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1808–1822</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Cisplatina" title="Cisplatina">Cisplatina <span style="font-size:85%;">(Uruguay)</span></a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1809–1817</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Amap%C3%A1" title="Amapá">Portuguese Guiana <span style="font-size:85%;">(Amapá)</span></a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1822</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Upper_Peru" title="Upper Peru">Upper Peru <span style="font-size:85%;">(Bolivia)</span></a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>  </p> </td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3" style="background:#efefef;padding:0.2em;line-height:1.2em;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armorial_of_Portuguese_colonies" class="mw-redirect" title="Armorial of Portuguese colonies">Armorial of Portuguese colonies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_the_Portuguese_Empire" title="Evolution of the Portuguese Empire">Evolution of the Portuguese Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_colonial_architecture" title="Portuguese colonial architecture">Portuguese colonial architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Portuguese colonization of the Americas">Portuguese colonization of the Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire_in_the_Indonesian_Archipelago" title="Portuguese Empire in the Indonesian Archipelago">Portuguese Empire in the Indonesian Archipelago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_India" title="Portuguese India">Portuguese India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_the_Portuguese_discovery_of_Australia" title="Theory of the Portuguese discovery of Australia">Theory of the Portuguese discovery of Australia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p><span class="metadata coord-missing"></span> </p>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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