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</div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Uses-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Uses subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Food" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Food"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Food</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Food-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cosmetics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cosmetics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Cosmetics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cosmetics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Composition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Composition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Composition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Composition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Rose water</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 50 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-50" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">50 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AF" title="ماء ورد – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ماء ورد" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8E%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A4%D5%A1%D5%BB%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80" title="Վարդաջուր – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Վարդաջուր" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%BClab" title="Gülab – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Gülab" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AA_%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%B2" title="গোলাপ জল – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="গোলাপ জল" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B2" title="गुलाबजल – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="गुलाबजल" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Розова вода – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Розова вода" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aigua_de_roses" title="Aigua de roses – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Aigua de roses" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%B5r_rhosod" title="Dŵr rhosod – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Dŵr rhosod" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosenvand" title="Rosenvand – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Rosenvand" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosenwasser" title="Rosenwasser – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Rosenwasser" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A1%CE%BF%CE%B4%CF%8C%CE%BD%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%BF" title="Ροδόνερο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ροδόνερο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agua_de_rosas" title="Agua de rosas – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Agua de rosas" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rozakvo" title="Rozakvo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Rozakvo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrosa-ur" title="Arrosa-ur – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Arrosa-ur" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A8" title="گلاب – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="گلاب" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eau_de_rose" title="Eau de rose – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Eau de rose" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9E%A5%EB%AF%B8%EC%88%98" title="장미수 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="장미수" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B2" title="गुलाब जल – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="गुलाब जल" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_mawar" title="Air mawar – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Air mawar" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acqua_di_rose" title="Acqua di rose – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Acqua di rose" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%99_%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%93%D7%99%D7%9D" title="מי ורדים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מי ורדים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banyu_mawar" title="Banyu mawar – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Banyu mawar" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D1%81%D1%83%D1%8B" title="Раушан суы – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Раушан суы" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulav" title="Gulav – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Gulav" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aqua_rosacea" title="Aqua rosacea – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Aqua rosacea" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Розова вода – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Розова вода" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%BC" title="റോസ് വാട്ടർ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="റോസ് വാട്ടർ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AF" title="ماء ورد – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ماء ورد" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_mawar" title="Air mawar – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Air mawar" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rozenwater" title="Rozenwater – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Rozenwater" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%90%E3%83%A9%E6%B0%B4" title="バラ水 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="バラ水" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosenvann" title="Rosenvann – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Rosenvann" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atirgul_suvi" title="Atirgul suvi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Atirgul suvi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woda_r%C3%B3%C5%BCana" title="Woda różana – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Woda różana" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81gua_de_rosas" title="Água de rosas – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Água de rosas" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Розовая вода – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Розовая вода" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rose_water" title="Rose water – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Rose water" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0" title="Ружина водица – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Ружина водица" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruusuvesi" title="Ruusuvesi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ruusuvesi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosenvatten" title="Rosenvatten – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Rosenvatten" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tubig-rosas" title="Tubig-rosas – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Tubig-rosas" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D" title="பன்னீர் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பன்னீர்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%89%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8" title="น้ำดอกไม้เทศ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="น้ำดอกไม้เทศ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B1" title="Гулоб – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Гулоб" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%BCl_suyu" title="Gül suyu – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Gül suyu" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Rosewater_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Rosewater (disambiguation)">Rosewater (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output 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.infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox hrecipe adr"><caption class="infobox-title fn"><span>Rose water</span></caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Golab_being_make_in_Meymand_-_Fars_21.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Golab_being_make_in_Meymand_-_Fars_21.jpg/220px-Golab_being_make_in_Meymand_-_Fars_21.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Golab_being_make_in_Meymand_-_Fars_21.jpg/330px-Golab_being_make_in_Meymand_-_Fars_21.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Golab_being_make_in_Meymand_-_Fars_21.jpg/440px-Golab_being_make_in_Meymand_-_Fars_21.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="531" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="padding-bottom:0.25em;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;">Rose water bottles and rose petals</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.65em;">Type</th><td class="infobox-data">Flavoured water</td></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.65em;">Place of origin</th><td class="infobox-data country-name"><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ancient_Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Persia">Ancient Persia</a>)</td></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.65em;">Region or state</th><td class="infobox-data region"><a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.65em;">Main ingredients</th><td class="infobox-data ingredient">Rose petals</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.65em;">Ingredients generally used</th><td class="infobox-data ingredient">Water</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding-top:0.25em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Rose_water" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Rose water">Media: Rose water</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Rose water</b> is a flavoured water made by <a href="/wiki/Steeping" title="Steeping">steeping</a> rose petals in water.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is the <a href="/wiki/Herbal_distillate" title="Herbal distillate">hydrosol</a> portion of the <a href="/wiki/Distillation" title="Distillation">distillate</a> of <a href="/wiki/Rose" title="Rose">rose</a> <a href="/wiki/Petal" title="Petal">petals</a>, a <a href="/wiki/By-product" title="By-product">by-product</a> of the production of <a href="/wiki/Rose_oil" title="Rose oil">rose oil</a> for use in <a href="/wiki/Perfume" title="Perfume">perfume</a>. Rose water is also used to flavour food, as a component in some cosmetic and medical preparations, and for religious purposes throughout <a href="/wiki/Eurasia" title="Eurasia">Eurasia</a>. </p><p><b>Rose syrup</b> (not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Rose_hip" title="Rose hip">rose hip</a> syrup) is a <a href="/wiki/Syrup" title="Syrup">syrup</a> made from rose water, with sugar added. <a href="/wiki/Gulkand" title="Gulkand">Gulkand</a> in <a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South Asia</a> is a syrupy mashed rose mixture. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Central_Iran" title="Central Iran">Central Iran</a> is home to the annual <a href="/wiki/Golabgiri" title="Golabgiri">Golabgiri</a> festival each spring. Thousands of tourists visit the area to celebrate the rose harvest for the production of rosewater.<sup id="cite_ref-Iranica_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Iranica-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> accounts for 90% of world production of rose water.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rose_water&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rosewater_bottle,_Iran,_12th_century,_silver_with_gold_and_niello_-_Freer_Gallery_of_Art_-_DSC05289.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Rosewater_bottle%2C_Iran%2C_12th_century%2C_silver_with_gold_and_niello_-_Freer_Gallery_of_Art_-_DSC05289.JPG/170px-Rosewater_bottle%2C_Iran%2C_12th_century%2C_silver_with_gold_and_niello_-_Freer_Gallery_of_Art_-_DSC05289.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Rosewater_bottle%2C_Iran%2C_12th_century%2C_silver_with_gold_and_niello_-_Freer_Gallery_of_Art_-_DSC05289.JPG/255px-Rosewater_bottle%2C_Iran%2C_12th_century%2C_silver_with_gold_and_niello_-_Freer_Gallery_of_Art_-_DSC05289.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Rosewater_bottle%2C_Iran%2C_12th_century%2C_silver_with_gold_and_niello_-_Freer_Gallery_of_Art_-_DSC05289.JPG/340px-Rosewater_bottle%2C_Iran%2C_12th_century%2C_silver_with_gold_and_niello_-_Freer_Gallery_of_Art_-_DSC05289.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3240" data-file-height="4320" /></a><figcaption>12th century rosewater bottle from Iran (silver with gold and niello, <a href="/wiki/Freer_Gallery_of_Art" title="Freer Gallery of Art">Freer Art Gallery</a>)</figcaption></figure> <p>Since ancient times, roses have been used medicinally, nutritionally, and as a source of perfume.<sup id="cite_ref-Iranica_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Iranica-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Rose perfumes are made from rose oil, also called <i><a href="/wiki/Attar" title="Attar">attar</a> of roses</i>, which is a mixture of <a href="/wiki/Volatility_(chemistry)" title="Volatility (chemistry)">volatile</a> <a href="/wiki/Essential_oil" title="Essential oil">essential oils</a> obtained by steam-distilling the crushed petals of roses. Rose water is a by-product of this process.<sup id="cite_ref-Medievalfood_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Medievalfood-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Before the development of the technique of distilling rose water, rose petals were already used in Persian cuisine to perfume and flavour dishes.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rose water likely originated in Persia,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where it is known as <i>gulāb</i> (<span title="Middle Persian-language text"><span lang="pal" dir="rtl">گلاب</span></span>), from <i>gul</i> (<span title="Middle Persian-language text"><span lang="pal" dir="rtl">گل</span></span> rose) and <i>ab</i> (<span title="Middle Persian-language text"><span lang="pal" dir="rtl">آب</span></span> water). The term was adopted into <a href="/wiki/Medieval_Greek" title="Medieval Greek">Medieval Greek</a> as <i>zoulápin</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The process of creating rose water through <a href="/wiki/Steam_distillation" title="Steam distillation">steam distillation</a> was refined by <a href="/wiki/Alchemy_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Alchemy in the medieval Islamic world">Arab and Persian chemists</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Golden_Age" title="Islamic Golden Age">medieval Islamic world</a>, which led to more efficient and economic uses for perfumery industries.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uses">Uses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rose_water&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Rose_water" title="Special:EditPage/Rose water">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Golab_being_make_in_Qamsar_-_Kashan_26.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Golab_being_make_in_Qamsar_-_Kashan_26.jpg/200px-Golab_being_make_in_Qamsar_-_Kashan_26.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Golab_being_make_in_Qamsar_-_Kashan_26.jpg/300px-Golab_being_make_in_Qamsar_-_Kashan_26.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Golab_being_make_in_Qamsar_-_Kashan_26.jpg/400px-Golab_being_make_in_Qamsar_-_Kashan_26.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="557" /></a><figcaption>A decorative display in a small manufactory of rose water in <a href="/wiki/Kashan" title="Kashan">Kashan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Food">Food</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rose_water&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Food"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Rose water is sometimes added to <a href="/wiki/Lemonade" title="Lemonade">lemonade</a>. It is often added to water to mask unpleasant odours and flavours.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/South_Asian_cuisine" title="South Asian cuisine">South Asian cuisine</a>, rose water is a common ingredient in <a href="/wiki/Indian_sweets" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian sweets">sweets</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Laddu" title="Laddu">laddu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gulab_jamun" title="Gulab jamun">gulab jamun</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Peda" title="Peda">peda</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-IndianCuisine1_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IndianCuisine1-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is also used to flavour <a href="/wiki/Milk" title="Milk">milk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lassi" title="Lassi">lassi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rice_pudding" title="Rice pudding">rice pudding</a>, and other dairy dishes.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Malaysian_cuisine" title="Malaysian cuisine">Malaysia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Singaporean_cuisine" title="Singaporean cuisine">Singapore</a>, sweet red-tinted rose water is mixed with milk, making a sweet pink drink called <a href="/wiki/Bandung_(drink)" title="Bandung (drink)">bandung</a>. </p><p>American and European bakers often used rose water until the 19th century, when <a href="/wiki/Vanilla" title="Vanilla">vanilla</a> became popular. In <a href="/wiki/Yorkshire" title="Yorkshire">Yorkshire</a>, rose water has long been used as a flavouring for the regional specialty, Yorkshire curd tart.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Persian_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian cuisine">Iran</a>, it is added to tea, ice cream, cookies, and other sweets. Rosewater is also used in some savoury dishes, such as Khoresh Gheymé, <a href="/wiki/Shirin_polo" title="Shirin polo">Shirin Polow</a> (cherry rice), <a href="/wiki/Tahchin" title="Tahchin">Tahchin</a> or during the steaming of Persian rice.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Middle_Eastern_cuisine" title="Middle Eastern cuisine">Middle Eastern cuisines</a>, rosewater is used in various dishes, especially in sweets such as <a href="/wiki/Turkish_delight" title="Turkish delight">Turkish delight</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-BBC_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Nougat" title="Nougat">nougat</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Baklava" title="Baklava">baklava</a>. <a href="/wiki/Marzipan" title="Marzipan">Marzipan</a> has long been flavoured with rose water.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a>, rose water is used to flavour a number of different desserts, including the Cypriot version of <a href="/wiki/Muhallebi" title="Muhallebi">muhallebi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Rose water is frequently used as a <a href="/wiki/Halal" title="Halal">halal</a> substitute for red wine and other alcohols in cooking.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The <a href="/wiki/Premier_League" title="Premier League">Premier League</a> offers a rose water-based beverage as an alternative for <a href="/wiki/Champagne" title="Champagne">champagne</a> when awarding Muslim players.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In accordance with the ban on alcohol consumption in Islamic countries, rose water is used instead of champagne on the podium of the <a href="/wiki/Bahrain_Grand_Prix" title="Bahrain Grand Prix">Bahrain Grand Prix</a> and <a href="/wiki/Abu_Dhabi_Grand_Prix" title="Abu Dhabi Grand Prix">Abu Dhabi Grand Prix</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cosmetics">Cosmetics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rose_water&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Cosmetics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Medieval_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval Europe">medieval Europe</a>, rose water was used to wash hands at a meal table during feasts.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rose water is a often used in <a href="/wiki/Perfume" title="Perfume">perfume</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-media_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-media-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rose water <a href="/wiki/Ointment" class="mw-redirect" title="Ointment">ointment</a> is occasionally used as an <a href="/wiki/Emollient" class="mw-redirect" title="Emollient">emollient</a>, and rose water is sometimes used in cosmetics such as <a href="/wiki/Cold_cream" title="Cold cream">cold creams</a>, toners and face wash.<sup id="cite_ref-media_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-media-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some people use rose water as a spray applied directly to the face as a perfume and moisturiser, especially during the winter. It is also often sprinkled in <a href="/wiki/Weddings_in_India" title="Weddings in India">Indian weddings</a> to welcome guests.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rose_water&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Rose water is used in the religious ceremonies of <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> (in the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Rite" title="Byzantine Rite">Byzantine Rite</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> and in the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="Baháʼí Faith">Baháʼí Faith</a> (in <a href="/wiki/Kit%C3%A1b-i-Aqdas" title="Kitáb-i-Aqdas"><i>Kitab-i-Aqdas</i> 1:76</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Composition">Composition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rose_water&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Composition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Depending on the origin and manufacturing method, rose water is obtained from the <a href="/wiki/Sepals" class="mw-redirect" title="Sepals">sepals</a> and <a href="/wiki/Petals" class="mw-redirect" title="Petals">petals</a> of <i><a href="/wiki/Rosa_%C3%97_damascena" title="Rosa × damascena">Rosa × damascena</a></i> through <a href="/wiki/Steam_distillation" title="Steam distillation">steam distillation</a>. The following <a href="/wiki/Monoterpenoid" class="mw-redirect" title="Monoterpenoid">monoterpenoid</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alkane" title="Alkane">alkane</a> components can be identified with <a href="/wiki/GC-MS" class="mw-redirect" title="GC-MS">gas chromatography</a>: mostly <a href="/wiki/Citronellol" title="Citronellol">citronellol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nonadecane" title="Nonadecane">nonadecane</a>, <a href="/wiki/Geraniol" title="Geraniol">geraniol</a> and <a href="/wiki/Phenyl_ethyl_alcohol" class="mw-redirect" title="Phenyl ethyl alcohol">phenyl ethyl alcohol</a>, and also <a href="/wiki/Henicosane" class="mw-redirect" title="Henicosane">henicosane</a>, 9-nonadecen, <a href="/wiki/Eicosane" class="mw-redirect" title="Eicosane">eicosane</a>, <a href="/wiki/Linalool" title="Linalool">linalool</a>, citronellyl acetate, <a href="/wiki/Methyleugenol" class="mw-redirect" title="Methyleugenol">methyleugenol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heptadecane" title="Heptadecane">heptadecane</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pentadecane" title="Pentadecane">pentadecane</a>, <a href="/wiki/Docosane" class="mw-redirect" title="Docosane">docosane</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nerol" title="Nerol">nerol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Disiloxane" title="Disiloxane">disiloxane</a>, <a href="/wiki/Octadecane" title="Octadecane">octadecane</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pentacosane" class="mw-redirect" title="Pentacosane">pentacosane</a>. Usually, <a href="/wiki/Phenylethyl_alcohol" class="mw-redirect" title="Phenylethyl alcohol">phenylethyl alcohol</a> is responsible for the typical odour of rose water but is not always present in rose water products.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rose_water&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Golab_being_make_in_Meymand_-_Fars_11.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Golab_being_make_in_Meymand_-_Fars_11.jpg/200px-Golab_being_make_in_Meymand_-_Fars_11.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Golab_being_make_in_Meymand_-_Fars_11.jpg/300px-Golab_being_make_in_Meymand_-_Fars_11.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Golab_being_make_in_Meymand_-_Fars_11.jpg/400px-Golab_being_make_in_Meymand_-_Fars_11.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="557" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Golab_being_make_in_Qamsar_-_Kashan_18.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Golab_being_make_in_Qamsar_-_Kashan_18.jpg/200px-Golab_being_make_in_Qamsar_-_Kashan_18.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Golab_being_make_in_Qamsar_-_Kashan_18.jpg/300px-Golab_being_make_in_Qamsar_-_Kashan_18.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Golab_being_make_in_Qamsar_-_Kashan_18.jpg/400px-Golab_being_make_in_Qamsar_-_Kashan_18.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="557" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Golab_being_make_in_Qamsar_-_Kashan_09.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Golab_being_make_in_Qamsar_-_Kashan_09.jpg/200px-Golab_being_make_in_Qamsar_-_Kashan_09.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Golab_being_make_in_Qamsar_-_Kashan_09.jpg/300px-Golab_being_make_in_Qamsar_-_Kashan_09.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Golab_being_make_in_Qamsar_-_Kashan_09.jpg/400px-Golab_being_make_in_Qamsar_-_Kashan_09.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="557" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Golab_being_make_in_Meymand_-_Fars_08.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Golab_being_make_in_Meymand_-_Fars_08.jpg/200px-Golab_being_make_in_Meymand_-_Fars_08.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Golab_being_make_in_Meymand_-_Fars_08.jpg/300px-Golab_being_make_in_Meymand_-_Fars_08.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Golab_being_make_in_Meymand_-_Fars_08.jpg/400px-Golab_being_make_in_Meymand_-_Fars_08.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="533" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Golab_being_make_in_Meymand_-_Fars_19.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Golab_being_make_in_Meymand_-_Fars_19.jpg/200px-Golab_being_make_in_Meymand_-_Fars_19.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Golab_being_make_in_Meymand_-_Fars_19.jpg/300px-Golab_being_make_in_Meymand_-_Fars_19.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Golab_being_make_in_Meymand_-_Fars_19.jpg/400px-Golab_being_make_in_Meymand_-_Fars_19.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="557" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rose_water&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Golabgiri" title="Golabgiri">Golabgiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orange_flower_water" title="Orange flower water">Orange flower water</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rose_water&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-BBC-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BBC_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BBC_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/food/rosewater">"Rosewater recipes"</a>. <i>BBC Food</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+Food&rft.atitle=Rosewater+recipes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Ffood%2Frosewater&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARose+water" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Iranica-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Iranica_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Iranica_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/golab">"GOLĀB"</a>. <i>Encyclopaedia Iranica</i>. Vol. XI (online ed.). Encyclopaedia Iranica Foundation. 2012. pp. 58–59. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2330-4804">2330-4804</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=GOL%C4%80B&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+Iranica&rft.pages=58-59&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Encyclopaedia+Iranica+Foundation&rft.date=2012&rft.issn=2330-4804&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fgolab&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARose+water" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tehrantimes.com/news/423182/Rosewater-festivals-draw-visitors-to-central-Iran">"Rosewater festivals draw visitors to central Iran"</a>. <i>Tehran Times</i>. 3 May 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tehran+Times&rft.atitle=Rosewater+festivals+draw+visitors+to+central+Iran&rft.date=2018-05-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tehrantimes.com%2Fnews%2F423182%2FRosewater-festivals-draw-visitors-to-central-Iran&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARose+water" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://financialtribune.com/articles/domestic-economy/98443/iran-meets-90-of-global-rosewater-demand">"Iran Meets 90% of Global Rosewater Demand"</a>. <i>Financial Tribune</i>. 15 June 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Financial+Tribune&rft.atitle=Iran+Meets+90%25+of+Global+Rosewater+Demand&rft.date=2019-06-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffinancialtribune.com%2Farticles%2Fdomestic-economy%2F98443%2Firan-meets-90-of-global-rosewater-demand&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARose+water" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Medievalfood-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Medievalfood_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdamson2004" class="citation book cs1">Adamson, Melitta Weiss (2004-01-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jtgud2P-EGwC&q=rose+water&pg=PA29"><i>Food in Medieval Times</i></a>. Greenwood Publishing. p. 29. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780313321474" title="Special:BookSources/9780313321474"><bdi>9780313321474</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Food+in+Medieval+Times&rft.pages=29&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing&rft.date=2004-01-01&rft.isbn=9780313321474&rft.aulast=Adamson&rft.aufirst=Melitta+Weiss&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Djtgud2P-EGwC%26q%3Drose%2Bwater%26pg%3DPA29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARose+water" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdamson2004" class="citation book cs1">Adamson, Melitta Weiss (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jtgud2P-EGwC&q=rose+water&pg=PA29"><i>Food in Medieval Times</i></a>. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 29. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-32147-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-32147-4"><bdi>978-0-313-32147-4</bdi></a>. <q>Rose petals were already used in Persian cookery to perfume and flavor dishes long before the technique of distilling rose water was developed. The person commonly credited with the discovery of rose water was the tenth-century Persian physician Avicenna.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Food+in+Medieval+Times&rft.pages=29&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-313-32147-4&rft.aulast=Adamson&rft.aufirst=Melitta+Weiss&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Djtgud2P-EGwC%26q%3Drose%2Bwater%26pg%3DPA29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARose+water" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdamson2004" class="citation book cs1">Adamson, Melitta Weiss (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jtgud2P-EGwC&q=rose+water&pg=PA29"><i>Food in Medieval Times</i></a>. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 29. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-32147-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-32147-4"><bdi>978-0-313-32147-4</bdi></a>. <q>Rose petals were already used in Persian cookery to perfume and flavor dishes long before the technique of distilling rose water was developed. The person commonly credited with the discovery of rose water was the tenth-century Persian physician Avicenna.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Food+in+Medieval+Times&rft.pages=29&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-313-32147-4&rft.aulast=Adamson&rft.aufirst=Melitta+Weiss&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Djtgud2P-EGwC%26q%3Drose%2Bwater%26pg%3DPA29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARose+water" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarks2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gil_Marks" title="Gil Marks">Marks, Gil</a> (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gFK_yx7Ps7cC"><i>Encyclopedia of Jewish Food</i></a>. HMH. p. 791. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-544-18631-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-544-18631-6"><bdi>978-0-544-18631-6</bdi></a>. <q>In 800 CE, the Arab scholar Jabir ibn Hayyan in-vented an improved still. About two centuries later, the Bukharan-born physician ibn Sina (980-1037), whose name was latinized as Avicenna, discovered how to use the still to extract the essential oil from flower petals. This allowed for the steam distillation of floral waters, particularly rose water</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Jewish+Food&rft.pages=791&rft.pub=HMH&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-544-18631-6&rft.aulast=Marks&rft.aufirst=Gil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgFK_yx7Ps7cC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARose+water" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoskabadyShafeiSaberiAmini2011" class="citation journal cs1">Boskabady, Mohammad Hossein; Shafei, Mohammad Naser; Saberi, Zahra; Amini, Somayeh (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3586833">"Pharmacological Effects of Rosa Damascena"</a>. <i>Iranian Journal of Basic Medical Sciences</i>. <b>14</b> (4): 295–307. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2008-3866">2008-3866</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3586833">3586833</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23493250">23493250</a>. <q>The origin of Damask rose is the Middle East and some evidences indicate that the origin of rose water is Iran</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Iranian+Journal+of+Basic+Medical+Sciences&rft.atitle=Pharmacological+Effects+of+Rosa+Damascena&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=295-307&rft.date=2011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3586833%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=2008-3866&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23493250&rft.aulast=Boskabady&rft.aufirst=Mohammad+Hossein&rft.au=Shafei%2C+Mohammad+Naser&rft.au=Saberi%2C+Zahra&rft.au=Amini%2C+Somayeh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3586833&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARose+water" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/byzantine-iranian-relations">"Rose water"</a> at <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Iranica" title="Encyclopædia Iranica">Encyclopædia Iranica</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Y._al-Hassan" title="Ahmad Y. al-Hassan">Ahmad Y. al-Hassan</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history-science-technology.com/Articles/articles%2072.html">Transfer Of Islamic Technology To The West, Part III: Technology Transfer in the Chemical Industries</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151229003136/http://www.history-science-technology.com/articles/articles%2072.html">Archived</a> 2015-12-29 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>History of Science and Technology in Islam</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irandriedfruit.com/all-about-rose-and-rose-water/">"All About Rose And Rose Water | how to use | health benefits"</a>. <i>iran dried fruit</i>. 2019-12-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-12-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=iran+dried+fruit&rft.atitle=All+About+Rose+And+Rose+Water+%7C+how+to+use+%7C+health+benefits&rft.date=2019-12-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.irandriedfruit.com%2Fall-about-rose-and-rose-water%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARose+water" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IndianCuisine1-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-IndianCuisine1_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrishna_Gopal_Dubey2010" class="citation book cs1">Krishna Gopal Dubey (27 September 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=U4woRbF8irsC&q=rose+milk+origin+india&pg=PA11"><i>The Indian Cuisine</i></a>. PHI Learning Pvt. p. 11. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788120341708" title="Special:BookSources/9788120341708"><bdi>9788120341708</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Indian+Cuisine&rft.pages=11&rft.pub=PHI+Learning+Pvt.&rft.date=2010-09-27&rft.isbn=9788120341708&rft.au=Krishna+Gopal+Dubey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DU4woRbF8irsC%26q%3Drose%2Bmilk%2Borigin%2Bindia%26pg%3DPA11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARose+water" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdamson2004" class="citation book cs1">Adamson, Melitta Weiss (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jtgud2P-EGwC&q=rose+water+marzipan&pg=PA29"><i>Food in Medieval Times</i></a>. Greenwood Publishing. p. 89. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780313321474" title="Special:BookSources/9780313321474"><bdi>9780313321474</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Food+in+Medieval+Times&rft.pages=89&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9780313321474&rft.aulast=Adamson&rft.aufirst=Melitta+Weiss&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Djtgud2P-EGwC%26q%3Drose%2Bwater%2Bmarzipan%26pg%3DPA29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARose+water" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230423200458/https://heartlandoflegends.com/rodostagma-rosewater/">"Rodostagma - Rosewater"</a>. <i>Heartland of Legends</i>. 17 February 2023. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://heartlandoflegends.com/rodostagma-rosewater/">the original</a> on 23 April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Heartland+of+Legends&rft.atitle=Rodostagma+-+Rosewater&rft.date=2023-02-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fheartlandoflegends.com%2Frodostagma-rosewater%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARose+water" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://in.news.yahoo.com/pl-offers-rosewater-pomegranate-drink-instead-champagne-avoid-075931651.html">"PL offers 'rosewater and pomegranate' drink instead of champagne to avoid offending Muslim players"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Yahoo!_News" class="mw-redirect" title="Yahoo! News">Yahoo! News</a></i>. 26 August 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 October</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Yahoo%21+News&rft.atitle=PL+offers+%27rosewater+and+pomegranate%27+drink+instead+of+champagne+to+avoid+offending+Muslim+players&rft.date=2012-08-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fin.news.yahoo.com%2Fpl-offers-rosewater-pomegranate-drink-instead-champagne-avoid-075931651.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARose+water" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/formula-1/2017/07/30/champagne-sprayed-f1-podium-two-year-absence/">"Champagne to be sprayed on the F1 podium again after two years of sparkling wine"</a>. <i>The Telegraph</i>. 2017-07-30. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0307-1235">0307-1235</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-01-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Champagne+to+be+sprayed+on+the+F1+podium+again+after+two+years+of+sparkling+wine&rft.date=2017-07-30&rft.issn=0307-1235&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fformula-1%2F2017%2F07%2F30%2Fchampagne-sprayed-f1-podium-two-year-absence%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARose+water" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdamson2004" class="citation book cs1">Adamson, Melitta Weiss (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jtgud2P-EGwC&pg=PA29"><i><span></span></i>Food in Medieval Times<i> By Melitta Weiss Adamson</i></a>. Greenwood Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780313321474" title="Special:BookSources/9780313321474"><bdi>9780313321474</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221031165257/https://books.google.be/books?id=jtgud2P-EGwC&pg=PA29&lpg=PA29&dq=rosewater+wash+hands+europe&source=bl&ots=9kkNUphMWa&sig=1PuXlTDI2ZvPUv9FeLtbViCFAZU&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjr8b7Bq4jSAhWDuBQKHe8FCNoQ6AEIPjAJ#v=onepage&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-10-31<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-02-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Food+in+Medieval+Times+By+Melitta+Weiss+Adamson&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9780313321474&rft.aulast=Adamson&rft.aufirst=Melitta+Weiss&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Djtgud2P-EGwC%26pg%3DPA29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARose+water" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-media-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-media_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-media_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/320216.php">"Rose water: Benefits, uses, and side effects"</a>. <i>Medical News Today</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-07-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Medical+News+Today&rft.atitle=Rose+water%3A+Benefits%2C+uses%2C+and+side+effects&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.medicalnewstoday.com%2Farticles%2F320216.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARose+water" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120306211601/http://www.holyapostlesgo.org/HolyWeek.asp">"Journey through Holy Week & Pascha"</a>. Holy Apostles Greek Orthodox Church. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.holyapostlesgo.org/HolyWeek.asp">the original</a> on 6 March 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 June</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Journey+through+Holy+Week+%26+Pascha&rft.pub=Holy+Apostles+Greek+Orthodox+Church&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.holyapostlesgo.org%2FHolyWeek.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARose+water" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBahá'u'lláh2005" class="citation book cs1">Bahá'u'lláh (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/16523"><i>Kitáb-i-Aqdas</i></a>. Project Gutenburg. p. 23 of PDF (1:76).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kit%C3%A1b-i-Aqdas&rft.pages=23+of+PDF+%281%3A76%29&rft.pub=Project+Gutenburg&rft.date=2005&rft.au=Bah%C3%A1%27u%27ll%C3%A1h&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg.org%2Febooks%2F16523&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARose+water" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLoghmani-KhouzaniFini_SabziSafari2007" class="citation journal cs1">Loghmani-Khouzani, H; Fini Sabzi, O; Safari, J H (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120320131725/http://www.scientiairanica.com/PDF/Articles/00000498/loghmani.pdf">"Essential Oil Composition of <i>Rosa damascena</i> Mill Cultivated in Central Iran"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Scientia Iranica</i>. <b>14</b> (4): 316–319. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scientiairanica.com/PDF/Articles/00000498/loghmani.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 20 March 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scientia+Iranica&rft.atitle=Essential+Oil+Composition+of+Rosa+damascena+Mill+Cultivated+in+Central+Iran&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=316-319&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Loghmani-Khouzani&rft.aufirst=H&rft.au=Fini+Sabzi%2C+O&rft.au=Safari%2C+J+H&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scientiairanica.com%2FPDF%2FArticles%2F00000498%2Floghmani.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARose+water" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rose_water&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/rose_water" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/rose water">rose water</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Rose_water" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Rose water">Rose water</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Roses" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background-color:#FFE5F9;background-color:#FF80DF"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Roses" title="Template:Roses"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Roses" title="Template talk:Roses"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Roses" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Roses"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Roses" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Rose" title="Rose">Roses</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background-color:#FFE5F9"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_Rosa_species" title="List of Rosa species">List of <i>Rosa</i> species</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#FFE5F9;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Rose_cultivars" title="Category:Rose cultivars">Rose cultivars</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_%27Abraham_Darby%27" title="Rosa 'Abraham Darby'">Abraham Darby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_%27Alain%27" title="Rosa 'Alain'">Alain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_%27Alb%C3%A9ric_Barbier%27" title="Rosa 'Albéric Barbier'">Albéric Barbier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_%27American_Beauty%27" title="Rosa 'American Beauty'">American Beauty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_%27Angel_Face%27" title="Rosa 'Angel Face'">Angel Face</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_%27Anne_Harkness%27" title="Rosa 'Anne Harkness'">Anne Harkness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_%27Arthur_Bell%27" title="Rosa 'Arthur Bell'">Arthur Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beirut_Rose" title="Beirut Rose">Beirut Rose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_%27Belmonte%27" title="Rosa 'Belmonte'">Belmonte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_%27Blush_Noisette%27" title="Rosa 'Blush Noisette'">Blush Noisette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_%27Bonica_82%27" title="Rosa 'Bonica 82'">Bonica 82</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_%27Bridge_of_Sighs%27" title="Rosa 'Bridge of Sighs'">Bridge of Sighs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_%27Buff_Beauty%27" title="Rosa 'Buff Beauty'">Buff Beauty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_%27Camp_David%27" title="Rosa 'Camp David'">Camp David</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_%27C%C3%A9cile_Br%C3%BCnner%27" title="Rosa 'Cécile Brünner'">Cécile Brünner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_%27Charles_Austin%27" title="Rosa 'Charles Austin'">Charles Austin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_%27Chopin%27" title="Rosa 'Chopin'">Chopin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_%27Chrysler_Imperial%27" title="Rosa 'Chrysler Imperial'">Chrysler Imperial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquista_rose" title="Conquista rose">Conquista rose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_%27Cupcake%27" title="Rosa 'Cupcake'">Cupcake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_%27de_Rescht%27" title="Rosa 'de Rescht'">De Rescht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_%27Diana,_Princess_of_Wales%27" title="Rosa 'Diana, Princess of Wales'">Diana, Princess of Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_%27Double_Delight%27" title="Rosa 'Double Delight'">Double Delight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_%27Duchess_of_Cornwall%27" title="Rosa 'Duchess of Cornwall'">Duchess of Cornwall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_%27Duke_of_Edinburgh%27" title="Rosa 'Duke of Edinburgh'">Duke of Edinburgh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_%27Eden%27" title="Rosa 'Eden'">Eden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_%27Elina%27" title="Rosa 'Elina'">Elina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_%27English_Miss%27" title="Rosa 'English Miss'">English Miss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_%27Garden_Party%27" title="Rosa 'Garden Party'">Garden Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_%27G%C3%A9n%C3%A9ral_Jacqueminot%27" title="Rosa 'Général Jacqueminot'">Général Jacqueminot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_%27Great_Maiden%27s_Blush%27" title="Rosa 'Great Maiden's Blush'">Great Maiden's Blush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_%27Harison%27s_Yellow%27" title="Rosa 'Harison's Yellow'">Harison's Yellow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_%27KORbin%27" title="Rosa 'KORbin'">'KORbin'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_%27Ingrid_Bergman%27" title="Rosa 'Ingrid Bergman'">Ingrid Bergman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_%27Ispahan%27" title="Rosa 'Ispahan'">Ispahan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_%27Jeanie_Deans%27" title="Rosa 'Jeanie Deans'">Jeanie Deans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_%27Joanna_Hill%27" title="Rosa 'Joanna Hill'">Joanna Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julia_Child_rose" title="Julia Child rose">Julia Child rose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_%27Just_Joey%27" title="Rosa 'Just Joey'">'Just Joey'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heidi_Klum_rose" title="Heidi Klum rose">Heidi Klum rose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_%27La_France%27" title="Rosa 'La France'">La France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_%27Line_Renaud%27" title="Rosa 'Line Renaud'">Line Renaud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_%27Louis_de_Fun%C3%A8s%27" title="Rosa 'Louis de Funès'">Louis de Funès rose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_%27Margaret_McGredy%27" title="Rosa 'Margaret McGredy'">Margaret McGredy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_%27Marilyn_Monroe%27" title="Rosa 'Marilyn Monroe'">Marilyn Monroe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_%27Mister_Lincoln%27" title="Rosa 'Mister Lincoln'">Mister Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_%27Mrs_Fred_Danks%27" title="Rosa 'Mrs Fred Danks'">Mrs Fred Danks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_%27Mrs._Harkness%27" title="Rosa 'Mrs. Harkness'">Mrs. Harkness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_%27Nevada%27" title="Rosa 'Nevada'">Nevada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_%27Oklahoma%27" title="Rosa 'Oklahoma'">Oklahoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_%27Old_Blush%27" title="Rosa 'Old Blush'">Old Blush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_Peace" class="mw-redirect" title="Rosa Peace">Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_%27Perle_d%27Or%27" title="Rosa 'Perle d'Or'">Perle d'Or</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_%27Pink_Wonder%27" title="Rosa 'Pink Wonder'">Pink Wonder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_%27Precious_Platinum%27" title="Rosa 'Precious Platinum'">Precious Platinum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_%27Princess_Anne%27" title="Rosa 'Princess Anne'">Princess Anne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_%27Princesse_de_Monaco%27" title="Rosa 'Princesse de Monaco'">Princesse de Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_%27Princess_of_Wales%27" title="Rosa 'Princess of Wales'">Princess of Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_%27Queen_Elizabeth%27" title="Rosa 'Queen Elizabeth'">Queen Elizabeth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_%27Queen_Sirikit%27" title="Rosa 'Queen Sirikit'">Queen Sirikit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_William_rose" title="Royal William rose">Royal William rose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_%27Schoener%27s_Nutkana%27" title="Rosa 'Schoener's Nutkana'">Schoener's Nutkana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_%27Silver_Jubilee%27" title="Rosa 'Silver Jubilee'">Silver Jubilee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_%27Soleil_d%27Or%27" title="Rosa 'Soleil d'Or'">Soleil d'Or'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_%27Souvenir_de_la_Malmaison%27" title="Rosa 'Souvenir de la Malmaison'">Souvenir de la Malmaison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_%27Spice_Twice%27" title="Rosa 'Spice Twice'">Spice Twice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_%27Sun_Flare%27" title="Rosa 'Sun Flare'">Sun Flare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_%27Sunsprite%27" title="Rosa 'Sunsprite'">Sunsprite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_%27Veilchenblau%27" title="Rosa 'Veilchenblau'">Veilchenblau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_%27Violet_Carson%27" title="Rosa 'Violet Carson'">Violet Carson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_%27Wife_of_Bath%27" title="Rosa 'Wife of Bath'">Wife of Bath</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="9" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rosa_%27Rosengr%C3%A4fin_Marie_Henriette%27_(actm).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Rosa_%27Rosengr%C3%A4fin_Marie_Henriette%27_%28actm%29.jpg/120px-Rosa_%27Rosengr%C3%A4fin_Marie_Henriette%27_%28actm%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Rosa_%27Rosengr%C3%A4fin_Marie_Henriette%27_%28actm%29.jpg/180px-Rosa_%27Rosengr%C3%A4fin_Marie_Henriette%27_%28actm%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Rosa_%27Rosengr%C3%A4fin_Marie_Henriette%27_%28actm%29.jpg/240px-Rosa_%27Rosengr%C3%A4fin_Marie_Henriette%27_%28actm%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2619" data-file-height="2619" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#FFE5F9;width:1%">Rose classification</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Floribunda_(rose)" title="Floribunda (rose)">Floribunda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybrid_tea_rose" title="Hybrid tea rose">Hybrid tea rose</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#FFE5F9;width:1%">Uses and products</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cut_flowers" title="Cut flowers">Cut flowers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garden_roses" title="Garden roses">Garden roses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rose_hip" title="Rose hip">Rose hip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rose_hip_seed_oil" title="Rose hip seed oil">Rose hip seed oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rose_hip_soup" title="Rose hip soup">Rose hip soup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rose_oil" title="Rose oil">Rose oil</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Rose water</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#FFE5F9;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_pests_and_diseases_of_roses" title="List of pests and diseases of roses">Threats</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#FFE5F9;width:1%">Diseases</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elsino%C3%AB_rosarum" title="Elsinoë rosarum">Anthracnose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diplocarpon_rosae" title="Diplocarpon rosae">Black spot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leptosphaeria_coniothyrium" title="Leptosphaeria coniothyrium">Canker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oomycete" title="Oomycete">Downy mildew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leotiomycetes" title="Leotiomycetes">Grey mould</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Podosphaera_pannosa" title="Podosphaera pannosa">Powdery mildew</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Phragmidium_mucronatum" title="Phragmidium mucronatum">Phragmidium mucronatum</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Rust_(fungus)" title="Rust (fungus)">rust</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alternaria" title="Alternaria">Sooty moulds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Specific_replant_disease" title="Specific replant disease">Specific replant disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verticillium_dahliae" title="Verticillium dahliae">Verticillium wilt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#FFE5F9;width:1%">Pests</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Helicotylenchus_dihystera" title="Helicotylenchus dihystera">Helicotylenchus nannus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Northern_root-knot_nematode" title="Northern root-knot nematode">Meloidogyne hapla</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pratylenchus_penetrans" title="Pratylenchus penetrans">Pratylenchus penetrans</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pratylenchus_vulnus" title="Pratylenchus vulnus">Pratylenchus vulnus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tylenchorhynchus" title="Tylenchorhynchus">Tylenchorhynchus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Xiphinema_diversicaudatum" title="Xiphinema diversicaudatum">Xiphinema diversicaudatum</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#FFE5F9;width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_rose_symbolism" title="Black rose symbolism">Black rose symbolism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_rose" title="Blue rose">Blue rose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_rose_(epithet)" title="English rose (epithet)">English rose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Rose" title="Golden Rose">Golden Rose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gold-dipped_roses" title="Gold-dipped roses">Gold-dipped roses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kutno_Rose_Festival" title="Kutno Rose Festival">Kutno Rose Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainbow_rose" title="Rainbow rose">Rainbow rose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Rose_of_Lancaster" title="Red Rose of Lancaster">Red Rose of Lancaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosalia_(festival)" title="Rosalia (festival)">Rosalia (festival)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rose_(color)" title="Rose (color)">Rose (color)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rose_Hall_of_Fame" title="Rose Hall of Fame">Rose Hall of Fame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rose_(heraldry)" title="Rose (heraldry)">Rose (heraldry)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rose_of_the_Year" title="Rose of the Year">Rose of the Year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rose_show" title="Rose show">Rose show</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rose_symbolism" title="Rose symbolism">Rose symbolism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thousand-year_Rose" title="Thousand-year Rose">Thousand-year Rose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tudor_rose" title="Tudor rose">Tudor rose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Rose_of_York" title="White Rose of York">White Rose of York</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#FFE5F9;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rose_garden" title="Rose garden">Rose gardens</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alister_Clark_Memorial_Rose_Garden" title="Alister Clark Memorial Rose Garden">Alister Clark Memorial Rose Garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All-American_Rose_Garden" class="mw-redirect" title="All-American Rose Garden">All-American Rose Garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berkeley_Rose_Garden" title="Berkeley Rose Garden">Berkeley Rose Garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Bagatelle" title="Château de Bagatelle">Château de Bagatelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Europa-Rosarium" title="Europa-Rosarium">Europa-Rosarium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exposition_Park_Rose_Garden" title="Exposition Park Rose Garden">Exposition Park Rose Garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fontvieille_Park_and_Princess_Grace_Rose_Garden" title="Fontvieille Park and Princess Grace Rose Garden">Fontvieille Park and Princess Grace Rose Garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garden_Society_of_Gothenburg" title="Garden Society of Gothenburg">Garden Society of Gothenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giardino_delle_Rose" title="Giardino delle Rose">Giardino delle Rose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_Rose_Garden,_Ooty" class="mw-redirect" title="Government Rose Garden, Ooty">Government Rose Garden, Ooty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heritage_Rose_District_of_New_York_City" title="Heritage Rose District of New York City">Heritage Rose District of New York City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hex_Castle" title="Hex Castle">Hex Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Rose_Test_Garden" title="International Rose Test Garden">International Rose Test Garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McGill_Rose_Garden" title="McGill Rose Garden">McGill Rose Garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mottisfont_Abbey" title="Mottisfont Abbey">Mottisfont Abbey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nieuwesteeg_Heritage_Rose_Garden" title="Nieuwesteeg Heritage Rose Garden">Nieuwesteeg Heritage Rose Garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parc_de_la_T%C3%AAte_d%27or" title="Parc de la Tête d'or">Parc de la Tête d'or</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parnell_Rose_Gardens" title="Parnell Rose Gardens">Parnell Rose Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peninsula_Park" title="Peninsula Park">Peninsula Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rome_Rose_Garden" title="Rome Rose Garden">Rome Rose Garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosarium_Uetersen" title="Rosarium Uetersen">Rosarium Uetersen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rose_Garden,_Coburg" title="Rose Garden, Coburg">Rose Garden, Coburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rose_trial_grounds" title="Rose trial grounds">Rose trial grounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosendals_Tr%C3%A4dg%C3%A5rd" title="Rosendals Trädgård">Rosendals Trädgård</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roseraie_du_Val-de-Marne" title="Roseraie du Val-de-Marne">Roseraie de L'Haÿ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_National_Rose_Society_Gardens" title="Royal National Rose Society Gardens">Royal National Rose Society Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%B3%C5%BCanka_Rose_Garden" title="Różanka Rose Garden">Różanka Rose Garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Jose_Municipal_Rose_Garden" title="San Jose Municipal Rose Garden">San Jose Municipal Rose Garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Gardens_of_the_American_Rose_Center" title="The Gardens of the American Rose Center">The Gardens of the American Rose Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villa_Ephrussi_de_Rothschild" title="Villa Ephrussi de Rothschild">Villa Ephrussi de Rothschild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_House_Rose_Garden" title="White House Rose Garden">White House Rose Garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wohl_Rose_Park" title="Wohl Rose Park">Wohl Rose Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zakir_Hussain_Rose_Garden" title="Zakir Hussain Rose Garden">Zakir Hussain Rose Garden</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#FFE5F9;width:1%">Rose competitions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Concours_international_de_roses_nouvelles_de_Bagatelle" title="Concours international de roses nouvelles de Bagatelle">Concours international de roses nouvelles de Bagatelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All-America_Rose_Selections" title="All-America Rose Selections">All-America Rose Selections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rose_of_the_Year" title="Rose of the Year">Rose of the Year</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#FFE5F9;width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Royal_National_Rose_Society" title="Royal National Rose Society">Royal National Rose Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Federation_of_Rose_Societies" title="World Federation of Rose Societies">World Federation of Rose Societies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portland_Gold_Award" title="Portland Gold Award">Portland Gold Award</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#FFE5F9;width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ADR_rose" title="ADR rose">ADR rose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Garden_Rose_Selections" title="American Garden Rose Selections">American Garden Rose Selections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Award_of_Garden_Merit_roses" title="List of Award of Garden Merit roses">List of Award of Garden Merit roses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rose_breeders" title="List of rose breeders">List of rose breeders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rose_cultivars_named_after_people" title="List of rose cultivars named after people">List of rose cultivars named after people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miracle_of_the_roses" title="Miracle of the roses">Miracle of the roses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roses_in_Portland,_Oregon" title="Roses in Portland, Oregon">Roses in Portland, Oregon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background-color:#FFE5F9;background-color:#FFAFEC;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" 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