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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_career" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_career"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Early career </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_career-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pre_War_Paris_and_rise_to_fame" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pre_War_Paris_and_rise_to_fame"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Pre War Paris and rise to fame </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pre_War_Paris_and_rise_to_fame-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_War_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 World War II </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_War_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Post War </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Civil_rights_activism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Civil_rights_activism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Civil rights activism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Civil_rights_activism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Personal life </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Personal_life-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Personal life subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Personal_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Relationships" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relationships"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Relationships </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relationships-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Children" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Children"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Children </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Children-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_years_and_death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_years_and_death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Later years and death </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_years_and_death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Legacy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Legacy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Panthéon_in_Paris" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Panthéon_in_Paris"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Panthéon in Paris </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Panthéon_in_Paris-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works_portraying_or_inspired_by_Baker" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works_portraying_or_inspired_by_Baker"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Works portraying or inspired by Baker </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Works_portraying_or_inspired_by_Baker-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Works portraying or inspired by Baker subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Works_portraying_or_inspired_by_Baker-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Film_and_television" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Film_and_television"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Film and television </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Film_and_television-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Stage </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Literature </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4 Music </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Artworks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Artworks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.5 Artworks </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Artworks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Film_credits" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Film_credits"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Film credits </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Film_credits-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Documentaries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Documentaries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Documentaries </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Documentaries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Josephine Baker</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 75 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-75" aria-hidden="true" > 75 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephine_Baker" title="Josephine Baker – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Josephine Baker" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%86_%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%83%D8%B1" title="جوزفين بيكر – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جوزفين بيكر" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9phine_Baker" title="Joséphine Baker – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Joséphine Baker" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Arpetan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jozefina_Beyker" title="Jozefina Beyker – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Jozefina Beyker" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%98%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%81%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%A8%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%B1" title="ژوزفین بیکر – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ژوزفین بیکر" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0" title="জোসেফিন বেকার – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="জোসেফিন বেকার" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%84%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Жазефіна Бейкер – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Жазефіна Бейкер" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BA%D1%8A%D1%80" title="Джозефин Бейкър – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Джозефин Бейкър" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephine_Baker" title="Josephine Baker – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Josephine Baker" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9phine_Baker" title="Joséphine Baker – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Joséphine Baker" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Жозефина Бейкер – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Жозефина Бейкер" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephine_Bakerov%C3%A1" title="Josephine Bakerová – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Josephine Bakerová" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephine_Baker" title="Josephine Baker – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Josephine Baker" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephine_Baker" title="Josephine Baker – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Josephine Baker" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9phine_Baker" title="Joséphine Baker – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Joséphine Baker" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%96%CE%BF%CE%B6%CE%B5%CF%86%CE%AF%CE%BD_%CE%9C%CF%80%CE%AD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%B5%CF%81" title="Ζοζεφίν Μπέικερ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ζοζεφίν Μπέικερ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9phine_Baker" title="Joséphine Baker – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Joséphine Baker" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephine_Baker" title="Josephine Baker – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Josephine Baker" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9phine_Baker" title="Joséphine Baker – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Joséphine Baker" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%98%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%81%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%A8%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%B1" title="ژوزفین بیکر – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ژوزفین بیکر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephine_Baker" title="Josephine Baker – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Josephine Baker" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9phine_Baker" title="Joséphine Baker – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Joséphine Baker" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephine_Baker" title="Josephine Baker – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Josephine Baker" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephine_Baker" title="Josephine Baker – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Josephine Baker" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephine_Baker" title="Josephine Baker – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Josephine Baker" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A1%B0%EC%84%B8%ED%95%80_%EB%B2%A0%EC%9D%B4%EC%BB%A4" title="조세핀 베이커 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="조세핀 베이커" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BA%D5%B8%D5%A6%D5%A5%D6%86%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D4%B2%D5%A5%D5%B5%D6%84%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Ժոզեֆին Բեյքեր – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ժոզեֆին Բեյքեր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephine_Baker" title="Josephine Baker – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Josephine Baker" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephine_Baker" title="Josephine Baker – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Josephine Baker" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephine_Baker" title="Josephine Baker – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Josephine Baker" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Igbo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephine_Baker" title="Josephine Baker – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Josephine Baker" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephine_Baker" title="Josephine Baker – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Josephine Baker" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9phine_Baker" title="Joséphine Baker – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Joséphine Baker" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%27%D7%95%D7%96%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%9F_%D7%91%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%A8" title="ג'וזפין בייקר – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ג'וזפין בייקר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephine_Baker" title="Josephine Baker – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Josephine Baker" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Джозефин Бейкер – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Джозефин Бейкер" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9phine_Baker" title="Joséphine Baker – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Joséphine Baker" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephine_Baker" title="Josephine Baker – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Josephine Baker" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iosephina_Baker" title="Iosephina Baker – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Iosephina Baker" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%BEozef%C4%ABne_Beikere" title="Džozefīne Beikere – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Džozefīne Beikere" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephine_Baker" title="Josephine Baker – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Josephine Baker" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9phine_Baker" title="Joséphine Baker – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Joséphine Baker" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gi%C3%BCsepina_Baker" title="Giüsepina Baker – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Giüsepina Baker" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephine_Baker" title="Josephine Baker – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Josephine Baker" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%AB%E0%B5%88%E0%B5%BB_%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%BC" title="ജോസഫൈൻ ബേക്കർ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ജോസഫൈൻ ബേക്കർ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%86_%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%83%D8%B1" title="جوزفين بيكر – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جوزفين بيكر" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephine_Baker" title="Josephine Baker – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Josephine Baker" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephine_Baker" title="Josephine Baker – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Josephine Baker" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A7%E3%82%BB%E3%83%95%E3%82%A3%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%83%99%E3%83%BC%E3%82%AB%E3%83%BC" title="ジョセフィン・ベーカー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ジョセフィン・ベーカー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9phine_Baker" title="Joséphine Baker – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Joséphine Baker" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9phine_Baker" title="Joséphine Baker – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Joséphine Baker" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephine_Baker" title="Josephine Baker – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Josephine Baker" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephine_Baker" title="Josephine Baker – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Josephine Baker" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9phine_Baker" title="Joséphine Baker – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Joséphine Baker" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephine_Baker" title="Josephine Baker – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Josephine Baker" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephine_Baker" title="Josephine Baker – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Josephine Baker" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephine_Baker" title="Josephine Baker – Colognian" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Josephine Baker" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="Colognian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ripoarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephine_Baker" title="Josephine Baker – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Josephine Baker" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%80,_%D0%96%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Бейкер, Жозефина – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Бейкер, Жозефина" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephine_Baker" title="Josephine Baker – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Josephine Baker" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephine_Baker" title="Josephine Baker – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Josephine Baker" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephine_Baker" title="Josephine Baker – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Josephine Baker" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephine_Baker" title="Josephine Baker – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Josephine Baker" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Жозефина Бекер – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Жозефина Бекер" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephine_Baker" title="Josephine Baker – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Josephine Baker" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9phine_Baker" title="Joséphine Baker – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Joséphine Baker" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9phine_Baker" title="Joséphine Baker – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Joséphine Baker" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephine_Baker" title="Josephine Baker – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Josephine Baker" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%84%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Жозефіна Бейкер – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Жозефіна Бейкер" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%81%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%A8%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%B1" title="جوزفین بیکر – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="جوزفین بیکر" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephine_Baker" title="Josephine Baker – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Josephine Baker" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E7%91%9F%E8%8A%AC%C2%B7%E8%B4%9D%E5%85%8B" title="约瑟芬·贝克 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="约瑟芬·贝克" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephine_Baker" title="Josephine Baker – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Josephine Baker" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B4%84%E7%91%9F%E8%8A%AC%E7%A2%A7%E5%98%89" title="約瑟芬碧嘉 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="約瑟芬碧嘉" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li 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<div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">American-born French dancer, singer, resistance member and actress (1906–1975)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other people named Josephine Baker, see <a href="/wiki/Josephine_Baker_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Josephine Baker (disambiguation)">Josephine Baker (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Josephine Baker</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Baker_Harcourt_1940_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Baker_Harcourt_1940_2.jpg/220px-Baker_Harcourt_1940_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="308" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Baker_Harcourt_1940_2.jpg/330px-Baker_Harcourt_1940_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Baker_Harcourt_1940_2.jpg/440px-Baker_Harcourt_1940_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="540" data-file-height="756" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">Baker in 1940</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Freda Josephine McDonald</div> (1906-06-03)June 3, 1906 <div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/St._Louis" title="St. Louis">St. Louis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Missouri" title="Missouri">Missouri</a>, US</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">April 12, 1975(1975-04-12) (aged 68) <div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>, France</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Monaco_Cemetery" title="Monaco Cemetery">Monaco Cemetery</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nationality</th><td class="infobox-data category">American (renounced) French (1937–1975)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupation(s)</th><td class="infobox-data role"><a href="/wiki/Vedette_(cabaret)" title="Vedette (cabaret)">Vedette</a>, singer, dancer, actress, <a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_activist" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil rights activist">civil rights activist</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_Resistance" title="French Resistance">French Resistance</a> agent</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Years active</th><td class="infobox-data">1921–1975</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouses</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style></li></ul> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;">Willie Wells</div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1919; <abbr title="divorced">div.</abbr> 1919)</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1151524712"></li></ul> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;">William Baker</div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1921; <abbr title="divorced">div.</abbr> 1925)</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1151524712"></li></ul> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;">Jean Lion</div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1937; <abbr title="divorced">div.</abbr> 1940)</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1151524712"></li></ul> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Jo_Bouillon" title="Jo Bouillon">Jo Bouillon</a></div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1947; <abbr title="divorced">div.</abbr> 1961)</div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Partner(s)</th><td class="infobox-data">Robert Brady (1973–1975)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">12; <a href="/wiki/Jean-Claude_Baker" title="Jean-Claude Baker">Jean-Claude Baker</a> presented himself as her foster son (contested by the Baker children<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a>)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546">Musical career</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Genres</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cabaret" title="Cabaret">Cabaret</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_hall" title="Music hall">music hall</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/French_pop" class="mw-redirect" title="French pop">French pop</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/French_jazz" title="French jazz">French jazz</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Instrument</th><td class="infobox-data note">Vocals</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Labels</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Columbia_Records" title="Columbia Records">Columbia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Mercury_Records" title="Mercury Records">Mercury</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/RCA_Records" title="RCA Records">RCA Victor</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Musical artist</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Signature</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Signature_de_Jos%C3%A9phine_Baker_-_Archives_nationales_(France).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Signature_de_Jos%C3%A9phine_Baker_-_Archives_nationales_%28France%29.png/150px-Signature_de_Jos%C3%A9phine_Baker_-_Archives_nationales_%28France%29.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Signature_de_Jos%C3%A9phine_Baker_-_Archives_nationales_%28France%29.png/225px-Signature_de_Jos%C3%A9phine_Baker_-_Archives_nationales_%28France%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Signature_de_Jos%C3%A9phine_Baker_-_Archives_nationales_%28France%29.png/300px-Signature_de_Jos%C3%A9phine_Baker_-_Archives_nationales_%28France%29.png 2x" data-file-width="864" data-file-height="602" /></a></td></tr></tbody></table> Freda Josephine Baker (<a href="/wiki/Birth_name#Maiden_and_married_names" title="Birth name">née</a> McDonald; June 3, 1906 – April 12, 1975), naturalized as Joséphine Baker, was an American-born French dancer, singer, and actress. Her career was centered primarily in Europe, mostly in France. She was the first black woman to star in a major motion picture, the 1927 French silent film <a href="/wiki/Siren_of_the_Tropics" title="Siren of the Tropics">Siren of the Tropics</a>, directed by Mario Nalpas and <a href="/wiki/Henri_%C3%89ti%C3%A9vant" title="Henri Étiévant">Henri Étiévant</a>.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> During her early career, Baker was among the most celebrated performers to headline the revues of the <a href="/wiki/Folies_Berg%C3%A8re" title="Folies Bergère">Folies Bergère</a> in <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>. Her performance in its 1927 revue Un vent de folie caused a sensation in the city. Her costume, consisting only of a short skirt of artificial bananas and a beaded necklace, became an iconic image and a symbol both of the <a href="/wiki/Jazz_Age" title="Jazz Age">Jazz Age</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Roaring_Twenties" title="Roaring Twenties">Roaring Twenties</a>. Baker was celebrated by artists and intellectuals of the era, who variously dubbed her the "Black Venus", the "Black Pearl", the "Bronze Venus", and the "Creole Goddess".<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> Born in <a href="/wiki/St._Louis,_Missouri" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Louis, Missouri">St. Louis, Missouri</a>, she renounced her U.S. citizenship and became a <a href="/wiki/French_nationality_law#Dual_citizenship" title="French nationality law">French national</a> after her marriage to French industrialist Jean Lion in 1937.<a href="#cite_note-Kelleher-5">[5]</a> She raised her children in France. Baker aided the <a href="/wiki/French_Resistance" title="French Resistance">French Resistance</a> during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>.<a href="#cite_note-QR-6">[6]</a> After the war, she was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Resistance_Medal" title="Resistance Medal">Resistance Medal</a> by the <a href="/wiki/French_Committee_of_National_Liberation" title="French Committee of National Liberation">French Committee of National Liberation</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Croix_de_guerre_1939%E2%80%931945" class="mw-redirect" title="Croix de guerre 1939–1945">Croix de Guerre</a> by the <a href="/wiki/French_military" class="mw-redirect" title="French military">French military</a>, and was named a <a href="/wiki/Chevalier_of_the_Legion_of_Honour" class="mw-redirect" title="Chevalier of the Legion of Honour">Chevalier of the Legion of Honour</a> by General <a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Charles de Gaulle">Charles de Gaulle</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Remembering_Josephine_Baker-7">[7]</a> Baker sang: "I have two loves: my country and Paris."<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> On November 30, 2021, Baker was inducted into the <a href="/wiki/Panth%C3%A9on" title="Panthéon">Panthéon</a> in Paris, the first black woman to receive one of the highest honors in France.<a href="#cite_note-Angelique_Chrisafis-9">[9]</a> As her resting place remains in <a href="/wiki/Monaco_Cemetery" title="Monaco Cemetery">Monaco Cemetery</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Cenotaph" title="Cenotaph">cenotaph</a> was installed in vault 13 of the crypt in the Panthéon.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> Baker, who refused to perform for <a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation_in_the_United_States" title="Racial segregation in the United States">segregated</a> audiences in the United States, is also noted for her contributions to the <a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">civil rights movement</a>. In 1968, she was offered unofficial leadership in the movement in the United States by <a href="/wiki/Coretta_Scott_King" title="Coretta Scott King">Coretta Scott King</a>, following <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">Martin Luther King Jr.</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Assassination of Martin Luther King Jr.">assassination</a>. After thinking it over, Baker declined the offer out of concern for the welfare of her children.<a href="#cite_note-jeanclaude2a-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bouillon-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Josephine_Baker&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jos%C3%A9phine_Baker_enfant_-_m%C3%A9daillon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Jos%C3%A9phine_Baker_enfant_-_m%C3%A9daillon.jpg/220px-Jos%C3%A9phine_Baker_enfant_-_m%C3%A9daillon.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="308" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Jos%C3%A9phine_Baker_enfant_-_m%C3%A9daillon.jpg/330px-Jos%C3%A9phine_Baker_enfant_-_m%C3%A9daillon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Jos%C3%A9phine_Baker_enfant_-_m%C3%A9daillon.jpg/440px-Jos%C3%A9phine_Baker_enfant_-_m%C3%A9daillon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1110" data-file-height="1555" /></a><figcaption>Baker, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1908</figcaption></figure> Josephine Baker was born Freda Josephine McDonald in <a href="/wiki/St._Louis,_Missouri" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Louis, Missouri">St. Louis, Missouri</a>.<a href="#cite_note-jeanclaude2a-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-bm-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-va-15">[15]</a> Baker's ancestry is unknown—her mother, Carrie, was adopted in <a href="/wiki/Little_Rock,_Arkansas" title="Little Rock, Arkansas">Little Rock, Arkansas</a>, in 1886 by Richard and Elvira McDonald, both of whom were former <a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">slaves</a> of African and <a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native American</a> descent.<a href="#cite_note-jeanclaude2a-11">[11]</a> Baker's estate identifies vaudeville drummer Eddie Carson as her natural father despite evidence to the contrary.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> In 1993, Josephine Baker's foster son <a href="/wiki/Jean-Claude_Baker" title="Jean-Claude Baker">Jean-Claude Baker</a> published a biography titled Josephine: The hungry Heart, which was the culmination of decades of exhaustive research into Baker's life and career. In the book, he discusses at length the circumstances surrounding Baker's birth: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">The records of the city of St. Louis tell an almost unbelievable story. They show that (Baker's mother) Carrie McDonald ... was admitted to the (exclusively white) Female Hospital on May 3, 1906, diagnosed as pregnant. She was discharged on June 17, her baby, Freda J. McDonald having been born two weeks earlier. Why six weeks in the hospital? Especially for a black woman (of that time) who would customarily have had her baby at home with the help of a midwife? ... The father was identified (on the birth certificate) simply as "Edw"... I think Josephine's father was white—so did Josephine, so did her family...people in St. Louis say that (Baker's mother) had worked for a German family (around the time she became pregnant)... I have unraveled many mysteries associated with Josephine Baker, but the most painful mystery of her life, the mystery of her father's identity, I could not solve. The secret died with Carrie, who refused to the end to talk about it. She let people think Eddie Carson was the father, and Carson played along, (but) Josephine knew better.<a href="#cite_note-jeanclaude2a-11">[11]</a></blockquote> Josephine McDonald spent her early life on 212 Targee Street (known by some St. Louis residents as Johnson Street) in the <a href="/wiki/Chestnut_Valley" title="Chestnut Valley">Chestnut Valley</a> neighborhood of St. Louis, a racially mixed low-income area near Union Station, consisting mainly of rooming houses, brothels, and apartments without indoor plumbing.<a href="#cite_note-jeanclaude2a-11">[11]</a> She was poorly dressed, hungry as a child, and developed <a href="/wiki/Street_smarts" class="mw-redirect" title="Street smarts">street smarts</a> playing in the railroad yards of <a href="/wiki/St._Louis_Union_Station" title="St. Louis Union Station">Union Station</a>.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> Her mother married Arthur Martin, "a kind but perpetually unemployed man", with whom she had a son and two more daughters.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> She took in laundry to make ends meet, and, at eight years old, Josephine began working as a live-in domestic for white families in St. Louis.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> One woman <a href="/wiki/Child_abuse" title="Child abuse">abused</a> her, burning Josephine's hands when the young girl put too much soap in the laundry.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> In 1917, when she was 11, a terrified Josephine McDonald witnessed <a href="/wiki/East_St._Louis_riots" class="mw-redirect" title="East St. Louis riots">racial violence in East St. Louis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> In a speech years later, she recalled what she had seen:<blockquote>I can still see myself standing on the west bank of the Mississippi looking over into East St. Louis and watching the glow of the burning of Negro homes lighting the sky. We children stood huddled together in bewilderment ... frightened to death with the screams of the Negro families running across this bridge with nothing but what they had on their backs as their worldly belongings... So with this vision I ran and ran and ran...<a href="#cite_note-:4-22">[22]</a></blockquote> By age 12, she had dropped out of school.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> At 13, she worked as a waitress at the Old Chauffeur's Club at 3133 Pine Street. She also lived as a <a href="/wiki/Street_child" class="mw-redirect" title="Street child">street child</a> in the slums of St. Louis, sleeping in cardboard shelters, scavenging for food in garbage cans,<a href="#cite_note-Appel-24">[24]</a> making a living with <a href="/wiki/Street_performance" title="Street performance">street-corner dancing</a>. It was at the Old Chauffeur's Club that Josephine met Willie Wells, whom she married at age 13, but the marriage lasted less than a year. Following her divorce from Wells, she found work with a street performance group called the Jones Family Band.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> In her teens, she struggled to have a healthy relationship with her mother, who opposed her becoming an entertainer and scolded her for not tending to her second husband, William Howard Baker, whom she had married in 1921, at age 15.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> She soon left him when her vaudeville troupe was booked into a New York City venue. They divorced in 1925, during a period when her career success was beginning. Still, she continued to use his last name professionally for the rest of her life.<a href="#cite_note-jeanclaude2a-11">[11]</a> Though Baker was often on the road, returning with gifts and money for her mother and younger half-sister, larger career opportunities drew her farther afield, to France.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Career">Career</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Josephine_Baker&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Career">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_career">Early career</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Josephine_Baker&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Early career">edit</a>]</div> Baker's unrelenting badgering of a local show manager led to her recruitment for the St. Louis Chorus <a href="/wiki/Vaudeville" title="Vaudeville">vaudeville</a> act. At the age of 13, she headed to New York City<a href="#cite_note-:4-22">[22]</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Harlem_Renaissance" title="Harlem Renaissance">Harlem Renaissance</a> and performed at the Plantation Club, <a href="/wiki/Florence_Mills" title="Florence Mills">Florence Mills</a>'s old stomping ground. After several auditions, she secured a role in the <a href="/wiki/Chorus_line" title="Chorus line">chorus line</a> of a touring production of the groundbreaking and hugely successful <a href="/wiki/Broadway_theatre" title="Broadway theatre">Broadway</a> revue "<a href="/wiki/Shuffle_Along" title="Shuffle Along">Shuffle Along</a>" (1921)<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> that helped bring public attention to Florence Mills, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Robeson" title="Paul Robeson">Paul Robeson</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Adelaide_Hall" title="Adelaide Hall">Adelaide Hall</a>.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> In "Shuffle Along", Baker was a dancer at the end of a chorus line. Fearing she might be overshadowed by the others, she used her position to introduce a hint of comedy into her routine, making her stand out from her fellow dancers. She began in "Shuffle Along" with one of the U.S. touring companies, but, once she came of age, she was transferred to the <a href="/wiki/Broadway_theatre" title="Broadway theatre">Broadway</a> production, where she remained for several months, until the show closed, in 1923. Next, Baker was cast in "<a href="/wiki/The_Chocolate_Dandies" title="The Chocolate Dandies">The Chocolate Dandies</a>", a revue that opened on September 1, 1924. Again, she was relegated to the chorus line. The show ran for 96 performances, finally closing in November 1925. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pre_War_Paris_and_rise_to_fame">Pre War Paris and rise to fame</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Josephine_Baker&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Pre War Paris and rise to fame">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Baker_Banana.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Baker_Banana.jpg/220px-Baker_Banana.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="347" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Baker_Banana.jpg/330px-Baker_Banana.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Baker_Banana.jpg/440px-Baker_Banana.jpg 2x" data-file-width="981" data-file-height="1548" /></a><figcaption>Baker in her banana costume, 1927</figcaption></figure> Baker sailed to Paris in 1925 and opened on October 2 in "<a href="/wiki/Revue_n%C3%A8gre" class="mw-redirect" title="Revue nègre">la Revue nègre</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revue_n%C3%A8gre" class="extiw" title="fr:Revue nègre">fr</a>]" at <a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_des_Champs-%C3%89lys%C3%A9es" title="Théâtre des Champs-Élysées">Théâtre des Champs-Élysées</a>.<a href="#cite_note-JBwebsite-31">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> She was 19 at the time. In a 1974 interview with <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>, she explained that her first <a href="/wiki/Breakthrough_role" title="Breakthrough role">big break</a> came in this bustling European city. "No, I didn't get my first break on Broadway. I was only in the chorus in 'Shuffle Along' and 'Chocolate Dandies.' I became famous first in France in the twenties. I just couldn't stand America and I was one of the first <a href="/wiki/Colored" title="Colored">coloured</a> Americans to move to Paris. Oh yes, <a href="/wiki/Bricktop" class="mw-redirect" title="Bricktop">Bricktop</a> was there as well. Me and her were the only two, and we had a marvellous time. Of course, everyone who was anyone knew Bricky. And they got to know Miss Baker as well."<a href="#cite_note-Guardian-33">[33]</a> In Paris, she became an instant success for her <a href="/wiki/Burlesque" title="Burlesque">erotic dancing</a> and for appearing practically nude onstage. After a successful tour of Europe, she broke her contract and returned to France in 1926 to star at the <a href="/wiki/Folies_Berg%C3%A8re" title="Folies Bergère">Folies Bergère</a>, setting the standard for her future acts.<a href="#cite_note-jeanclaude2a-11">[11]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Aankomst_Josephine_Baker-524881.ogv/220px--Aankomst_Josephine_Baker-524881.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="165" data-durationhint="55" data-mwtitle="Aankomst_Josephine_Baker-524881.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Aankomst_Josephine_Baker-524881.ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/51/Aankomst_Josephine_Baker-524881.ogv/Aankomst_Josephine_Baker-524881.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="384" data-height="288" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/51/Aankomst_Josephine_Baker-524881.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-width="384" data-height="288" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/51/Aankomst_Josephine_Baker-524881.ogv/Aankomst_Josephine_Baker-524881.ogv.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="192" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/51/Aankomst_Josephine_Baker-524881.ogv/Aankomst_Josephine_Baker-524881.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /></video><figcaption>Arrival of Baker in <a href="/wiki/The_Hague" title="The Hague">The Hague</a>, 1928</figcaption></figure> Baker performed the Danse Sauvage, wearing little more than a skirt of strung-together artificial bananas. Her success coincided with the 1925 <a href="/wiki/Exposition_des_Arts_D%C3%A9coratifs" class="mw-redirect" title="Exposition des Arts Décoratifs">Exposition des Arts Décoratifs</a>, which gave birth to the term "<a href="/wiki/Art_Deco" title="Art Deco">Art Deco</a>", as well as a renewed interest in non-Western art forms, including those of <a href="/wiki/African_art" title="African art">African</a> origin, which Baker would represent. In later shows in Paris, she was often accompanied on stage by her pet <a href="/wiki/Cheetah" title="Cheetah">cheetah</a>, "Chiquita", donning a <a href="/wiki/Diamond" title="Diamond">diamond</a> collar. Chiquita frequently escaped into the <a href="/wiki/Orchestra_pit" title="Orchestra pit">orchestra pit</a>, terrorizing the musicians and adding another element of excitement to the show.<a href="#cite_note-jeanclaude2a-11">[11]</a> After a while, Baker became the most successful American entertainer in France. <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Hemingway" title="Ernest Hemingway">Ernest Hemingway</a> called her "the most sensational woman anyone ever saw."<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> The author spent hours talking with her in Parisian bars. <a href="/wiki/Picasso" class="mw-redirect" title="Picasso">Picasso</a> depicted her alluring beauty. <a href="/wiki/Jean_Cocteau" title="Jean Cocteau">Jean Cocteau</a> became friendly with her and helped vault her to international stardom.<a href="#cite_note-Guardian-33">[33]</a> Baker endorsed a "Bakerfix" hair gel, as well as bananas, shoes, and cosmetics, among other products.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBergfelderHarrisStreet2007191–198-36">[36]</a> In 1929, Baker became the first African-American star to visit <a href="/wiki/Yugoslavia" title="Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a>, which she included on a tour through <a href="/wiki/Central_Europe" title="Central Europe">Central Europe</a> via the <a href="/wiki/Orient_Express" title="Orient Express">Orient Express</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Belgrade" title="Belgrade">Belgrade</a>, she performed at Luxor Balkanska, then the city's most luxurious venue. In a nod to local culture, she included a <a href="/wiki/Pirot_carpet" title="Pirot carpet">Pirot kilim</a> in her routine, and donated some of the show's proceeds to poor children of <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Zagreb" title="Zagreb">Zagreb</a>, adoring crowds greeted her at the train station, but opposition from local <a href="/wiki/Clergy" title="Clergy">clergy</a> and morality police led to the cancellation of some of her shows.<a href="#cite_note-:3-37">[37]</a> During her travels in Yugoslavia, Baker was accompanied by "Count" Giuseppe Pepito Abatino.<a href="#cite_note-:3-37">[37]</a> At the start of her career in France, Abatino, a <a href="/wiki/Sicily#Demographics" title="Sicily">Sicilian</a> former <a href="/wiki/Stonemason" class="mw-redirect" title="Stonemason">stonemason</a> who passed himself off as a <a href="/wiki/Count" title="Count">count</a>, persuaded her to let him manage her.<a href="#cite_note-:1-38">[38]</a> He became not only Baker's manager, but her lover as well. The two could not marry because she was not yet divorced from her second husband, Willie Baker.&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(September_2021)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJules-Rosette2007[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_September_2021]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(September_2021)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-39">[39]</a> During this period, she released her most successful song, "J'ai deux amours" (1931).<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> The song expresses the sentiment that "I have two loves, my country and Paris." In a 2007 book, Tim Bergfelder, Sue Harris, and Sarah Street claimed that "by the 1930's, Baker's assimilation into French popular culture had been completed by her association with the song."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBergfelderHarrisStreet2007193-41">[41]</a> She starred in four films, which found success only in Europe: the <a href="/wiki/Silent_film" title="Silent film">silent film</a> <a href="/wiki/Siren_of_the_Tropics" title="Siren of the Tropics">Siren of the Tropics</a> (1927), <a href="/wiki/Zouzou_(film)" title="Zouzou (film)">Zouzou</a> (1934) and <a href="/wiki/Princesse_Tam_Tam" class="mw-redirect" title="Princesse Tam Tam">Princesse Tam Tam</a> (1935). She starred in Fausse Alerte in 1940.<a href="#cite_note-Encyclopedia-42">[42]</a> Bergfelder, Harris, and Street wrote that the silent film Siren of the Tropics "rehearses the 'primitive-to-Parisienne' narrative that would become the staple of Baker's cinema career, and exploited in particular her comic stage persona based on loose-limbed athleticism and artful clumsiness."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBergfelderHarrisStreet2007193-41">[41]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Sound_film" title="Sound film">sound films</a> "Zouzou" (1934) and "Princesse Tam Tam" were both <a href="/wiki/Star_vehicle" title="Star vehicle">star vehicles</a> for Baker.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBergfelderHarrisStreet2007193–197-43">[43]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Louis_Gaudin_-_Casino_de_Paris_-_Josephine_Baker_1930.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Louis_Gaudin_-_Casino_de_Paris_-_Josephine_Baker_1930.jpg/170px-Louis_Gaudin_-_Casino_de_Paris_-_Josephine_Baker_1930.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="229" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Louis_Gaudin_-_Casino_de_Paris_-_Josephine_Baker_1930.jpg/255px-Louis_Gaudin_-_Casino_de_Paris_-_Josephine_Baker_1930.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Louis_Gaudin_-_Casino_de_Paris_-_Josephine_Baker_1930.jpg/340px-Louis_Gaudin_-_Casino_de_Paris_-_Josephine_Baker_1930.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1188" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>Drawing by Louis Gaudin, depicting Baker being presented a <a href="/wiki/Flower_bouquet" title="Flower bouquet">flower bouquet</a> by a cheetah</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jos%C3%A9phine_Baker_par_Jean_Chassaing.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Jos%C3%A9phine_Baker_par_Jean_Chassaing.jpg/220px-Jos%C3%A9phine_Baker_par_Jean_Chassaing.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="314" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Jos%C3%A9phine_Baker_par_Jean_Chassaing.jpg/330px-Jos%C3%A9phine_Baker_par_Jean_Chassaing.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Jos%C3%A9phine_Baker_par_Jean_Chassaing.jpg/440px-Jos%C3%A9phine_Baker_par_Jean_Chassaing.jpg 2x" data-file-width="13282" data-file-height="18964" /></a><figcaption>A stylized depiction of Baker in a poster by Jean Chassaing, from 1931.</figcaption></figure> Under the management of Abatino, Baker's stage and public persona, as well as her singing voice, were transformed. In 1934, she took the lead in a revival of <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Offenbach" title="Jacques Offenbach">Jacques Offenbach</a>'s opera <a href="/wiki/La_cr%C3%A9ole" title="La créole">La créole</a>, which premiered in December of that year for a six-month run at the <a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_Marigny" title="Théâtre Marigny">Théâtre Marigny</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Champs-%C3%89lys%C3%A9es" title="Champs-Élysées">Champs-Élysées</a> of Paris. In preparation for her performances, she went through months of training with a vocal coach. In the words of <a href="/wiki/Shirley_Bassey" title="Shirley Bassey">Shirley Bassey</a>, who has cited Baker as her primary influence, "... she went from a petite danseuse sauvage with a decent voice to la grande diva magnifique... I swear in all my life I have never seen, and probably never shall see again, such a spectacular singer and performer."<a href="#cite_note-:2-44">[44]</a> Despite her popularity in <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, Baker never attained the equivalent reputation in <a href="/wiki/America" class="mw-redirect" title="America">America</a>. Her star turn in a 1936 revival of "<a href="/wiki/Ziegfeld_Follies_of_1936" title="Ziegfeld Follies of 1936">Ziegfeld Follies</a>" on <a href="/wiki/Broadway_theatre" title="Broadway theatre">Broadway</a> was not commercially successful, and later in the run she was replaced by <a href="/wiki/Gypsy_Rose_Lee" title="Gypsy Rose Lee">Gypsy Rose Lee</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Schroeder-45">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a><a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a> magazine referred to her as a "Negro wench ... whose dancing and singing might be topped anywhere outside of Paris", while other critics said her voice was "too thin" and "dwarf-like" to fill the <a href="/wiki/Winter_Garden_Theatre" title="Winter Garden Theatre">Winter Garden Theatre</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Schroeder-45">[45]</a> She returned to Europe heartbroken.<a href="#cite_note-JBwebsite-31">[31]</a> This contributed to Baker's becoming a legal citizen of France and giving up her American citizenship.<a href="#cite_note-jeanclaude2a-11">[11]</a> Baker returned to Paris in 1937, married the French industrialist Jean Lion, and became a French citizen.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> They were married in the French town of <a href="/wiki/Cr%C3%A8vec%C5%93ur-le-Grand" title="Crèvecœur-le-Grand">Crèvecœur-le-Grand</a>, in a wedding presided over by the mayor, Jammy Schmidt. Between 1933 and 1937, Baker was a guest at the start of the <a href="/wiki/Tour_de_France" title="Tour de France">Tour de France</a> on four occasions.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_War_II">World War II</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Josephine_Baker&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: World War II">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Baker_Harcourt_1948.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Baker_Harcourt_1948.jpg/220px-Baker_Harcourt_1948.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="302" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Baker_Harcourt_1948.jpg/330px-Baker_Harcourt_1948.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Baker_Harcourt_1948.jpg/440px-Baker_Harcourt_1948.jpg 2x" data-file-width="473" data-file-height="650" /></a><figcaption>Baker in uniform, 1948</figcaption></figure> In September 1939, when France declared war on Germany in response to the invasion of Poland, Baker was recruited by the <a href="/wiki/Deuxi%C3%A8me_Bureau" title="Deuxième Bureau">Deuxième Bureau</a>, the French military intelligence agency, as an "honorable correspondent". Baker worked with Jacques Abtey, the head of French <a href="/wiki/Counterintelligence" title="Counterintelligence">counterintelligence</a> in Paris. She socialized with the Germans at embassies, ministries, night clubs, charming them while secretly gathering information. Her café-society fame enabled her to rub shoulders with those in the know, from high-ranking Japanese officials to Italian and <a href="/wiki/Vichy" title="Vichy">Vichy</a> bureaucrats, reporting to Abtey what she heard. She attended parties and gathered information at the Italian embassy without raising suspicion.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERose1989182–269-49">[49]</a> When the Germans invaded France, Baker left Paris and went to the <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_des_Milandes" title="Château des Milandes">Château des Milandes</a>, her home in the <a href="/wiki/Dordogne" title="Dordogne">Dordogne</a> <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9partement" class="mw-redirect" title="Département">département</a> in the south of France. She housed people who were eager to help the <a href="/wiki/Free_French" class="mw-redirect" title="Free French">Free French</a> effort led by <a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Charles de Gaulle">Charles de Gaulle</a> and supplied them with visas.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> As an entertainer, Baker had an excuse for moving around Europe, visiting neutral nations such as Portugal, as well as some in South America. She carried information for transmission to England, about airfields, harbors, and German troop concentrations in the West of France. Notes were written in invisible ink on Baker's sheet music.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERose1989232–269-51">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> As described in Jazz Cleopatra, "She specialized in gatherings at <a href="/wiki/Embassies" class="mw-redirect" title="Embassies">embassies</a> and ministries, charming people as she had always done, but at the same time trying to remember interesting items to transmit".<a href="#cite_note-:3-37">[37]</a> Later in 1941, she and her entourage went to the <a href="/wiki/French_colonies" class="mw-redirect" title="French colonies">French colonies</a> in North Africa. The stated reason was Baker's health (since she was recovering from another case of pneumonia), but the real reason was to continue helping the Resistance. From a base in Morocco, she made tours of Spain. She pinned notes with the information she gathered inside her underwear (counting on her celebrity to avoid a strip search). She met the <a href="/wiki/Thami_El_Glaoui" title="Thami El Glaoui">Pasha of Marrakech</a>, whose support helped her through a miscarriage (the last of several). After the miscarriage, she developed an infection so severe it required a <a href="/wiki/Hysterectomy" title="Hysterectomy">hysterectomy</a>. The infection spread and she developed <a href="/wiki/Peritonitis" title="Peritonitis">peritonitis</a> and then <a href="/wiki/Sepsis" title="Sepsis">sepsis</a>. After her recovery (which she continued to fall in and out of), she started touring to entertain British, French, and American soldiers in North Africa. The Free French had no organized entertainment network for their troops, so Baker and her entourage managed for the most part on their own. They allowed no civilians and charged no admission.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERose1989200-53">[53]</a> After the war, Baker was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Resistance_Medal" title="Resistance Medal">Resistance Medal</a> by the <a href="/wiki/French_Committee_of_National_Liberation" title="French Committee of National Liberation">French Committee of National Liberation</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Croix_de_guerre_1939%E2%80%931945" class="mw-redirect" title="Croix de guerre 1939–1945">Croix de Guerre</a> by the <a href="/wiki/French_military" class="mw-redirect" title="French military">French military</a>, and was named a <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9gion_d%27honneur" class="mw-redirect" title="Légion d'honneur">Chevalier of the Légion d'honneur</a> by General <a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Charles de Gaulle">Charles de Gaulle</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Remembering_Josephine_Baker-7">[7]</a> Baker's last marriage, to French composer and conductor <a href="/wiki/Jo_Bouillon" title="Jo Bouillon">Jo Bouillon</a>, ended around the time she adopted her 11th child.&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(September_2021)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJules-Rosette2007[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_September_2021]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(September_2021)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-39">[39]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post_War">Post War</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Josephine_Baker&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Post War">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Josephine_Baker_1950.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Josephine_Baker_1950.jpg/220px-Josephine_Baker_1950.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="305" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/70/Josephine_Baker_1950.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="325" data-file-height="450" /></a><figcaption>Baker in <a href="/wiki/Havana" title="Havana">Havana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a>, in 1950</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Josephine_Baker_in_Amsterdam,_Bestanddeelnr_906-3468.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Josephine_Baker_in_Amsterdam%2C_Bestanddeelnr_906-3468.jpg/210px-Josephine_Baker_in_Amsterdam%2C_Bestanddeelnr_906-3468.jpg" decoding="async" width="210" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Josephine_Baker_in_Amsterdam%2C_Bestanddeelnr_906-3468.jpg/315px-Josephine_Baker_in_Amsterdam%2C_Bestanddeelnr_906-3468.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Josephine_Baker_in_Amsterdam%2C_Bestanddeelnr_906-3468.jpg/420px-Josephine_Baker_in_Amsterdam%2C_Bestanddeelnr_906-3468.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2873" data-file-height="2907" /></a><figcaption>Baker in <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a>, 1954</figcaption></figure> In 1949, a reinvented Baker returned in triumph to the Folies Bergère. Bolstered by recognition of her wartime heroism, Baker the performer assumed a new gravitas, unafraid to take on serious music or subject matter. The engagement was a rousing success and reestablished Baker as one of Paris' pre-eminent entertainers. In 1951, Baker was invited back to the United States for a nightclub engagement in Miami. After winning a public battle over desegregating the club's audience, Baker followed up her sold-out run at the club with a national tour. Rave reviews and enthusiastic audiences accompanied her everywhere, climaxed by a parade in Harlem in honor of her new title: <a href="/wiki/NAACP" title="NAACP">NAACP</a>'s "Woman of the Year".<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> In 1952, Baker was hired to crown the Queen of the Cavalcade of Jazz for the famed eighth <a href="/wiki/Cavalcade_of_Jazz" title="Cavalcade of Jazz">Cavalcade of Jazz</a> concert held at <a href="/wiki/Wrigley_Field_(Los_Angeles)" title="Wrigley Field (Los Angeles)">Wrigley Field</a> in Los Angeles, which was produced by <a href="/wiki/Leon_Hefflin,_Sr." class="mw-redirect" title="Leon Hefflin, Sr.">Leon Hefflin, Sr.</a> on June 1. Also featured to perform that day were <a href="/wiki/Roy_Brown_(blues_musician)" title="Roy Brown (blues musician)">Roy Brown</a> and His Mighty Men, <a href="/wiki/Anna_Mae_Winburn" title="Anna Mae Winburn">Anna Mae Winburn</a> and Her Sweethearts, <a href="/wiki/Toni_Harper" title="Toni Harper">Toni Harper</a>, <a href="/wiki/Louis_Jordan" title="Louis Jordan">Louis Jordan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Witherspoon" title="Jimmy Witherspoon">Jimmy Witherspoon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jerry_Wallace" title="Jerry Wallace">Jerry Wallace</a>.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> An incident at the <a href="/wiki/Stork_Club" title="Stork Club">Stork Club</a> in October 1951 interrupted and overturned her plans. Baker criticized the club's unwritten policy of discouraging Black patrons, then scolded columnist <a href="/wiki/Walter_Winchell" title="Walter Winchell">Walter Winchell</a>, an old ally, for not rising to her defense. Winchell responded swiftly with a series of harsh public rebukes, including accusations of <a href="/wiki/Communist" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist">Communist</a> sympathies (a serious charge at the time). The ensuing publicity resulted in the termination of Baker's work visa, forcing her to cancel all her engagements and return to France. It was almost a decade before U.S. officials allowed her back into the country.<a href="#cite_note-firestorm-58">[58]</a> In January 1966, <a href="/wiki/Fidel_Castro" title="Fidel Castro">Fidel Castro</a> invited Baker to perform at the "Teatro Musical de La Habana" in <a href="/wiki/Havana" title="Havana">Havana</a>, Cuba, at the seventh-anniversary celebrations of his revolution. Her spectacular show in April broke attendance records. In 1968, Baker visited Yugoslavia and made appearances in Belgrade and in <a href="/wiki/Skopje" title="Skopje">Skopje</a>. In her later career, Baker faced financial troubles. She commented, "Nobody wants me, they've forgotten me"; but family members encouraged her to continue performing. In 1973 she performed at <a href="/wiki/Carnegie_Hall" title="Carnegie Hall">Carnegie Hall</a> to a standing ovation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERose1989251-59">[59]</a> The following year, she appeared in a <a href="/wiki/Royal_Variety_Performance" title="Royal Variety Performance">Royal Variety Performance</a> at the <a href="/wiki/London_Palladium" title="London Palladium">London Palladium</a>, and then at the <a href="/wiki/Red_Cross_of_Monaco" title="Red Cross of Monaco">Monegasque Red Cross Gala</a>, celebrating her 50 years in French show business. Advancing years and exhaustion began to take their toll; she sometimes had trouble remembering lyrics, and her speeches between songs tended to ramble. She still continued to captivate audiences of all ages.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERose1989257-60">[60]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Civil_rights_activism">Civil rights activism</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Josephine_Baker&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Civil rights activism">edit</a>]</div> Although based in France, Baker supported the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_Rights_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="American Civil Rights Movement">American Civil Rights Movement</a> during the 1950s. When she arrived in New York with her husband Jo, they were refused reservations at 36 hotels because of racial discrimination. This led her to write several articles about segregation in the United States. She also traveled in the South, giving a talk at <a href="/wiki/Fisk_University" title="Fisk University">Fisk University</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Historically_black_college" class="mw-redirect" title="Historically black college">historically black college</a> in <a href="/wiki/Nashville,_Tennessee" title="Nashville, Tennessee">Nashville, Tennessee</a>, on "France, North Africa and the Equality of the Races in France".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERose1989209-61">[61]</a> She refused to perform for segregated audiences in the United States, although she was offered $10,000 by a Miami club;<a href="#cite_note-QR-6">[6]</a> the club eventually met her demands. Her insistence on mixed audiences helped to integrate live entertainment shows in the <a href="/wiki/Las_Vegas_Valley" title="Las Vegas Valley">Las Vegas Valley</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Bouillon-12">[12]</a> After this incident, she began receiving threatening phone calls from people claiming to be from the <a href="/wiki/Ku_Klux_Klan" title="Ku Klux Klan">Ku Klux Klan</a> but said publicly that she was not afraid of them.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERose1989212-62">[62]</a> In 1951, Baker made charges of racism against <a href="/wiki/Sherman_Billingsley" title="Sherman Billingsley">Sherman Billingsley</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Stork_Club" title="Stork Club">Stork Club</a> in Manhattan, where she had been refused service.<a href="#cite_note-firestorm-58">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> Actress <a href="/wiki/Grace_Kelly" title="Grace Kelly">Grace Kelly</a>, who was at the club at the time, rushed over to Baker, took her by the arm and stormed out with her entire party, vowing never to return (although she returned on 3 January 1956 with <a href="/wiki/Prince_Rainier_of_Monaco" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince Rainier of Monaco">Prince Rainier of Monaco</a>). The two women became close friends after the incident.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> When Baker was near bankruptcy, Kelly—by then the <a href="/wiki/Princess_consort" title="Princess consort">princess consort</a>—offered her a villa and financial assistance. (During his work on the "Stork Club" book, author and "<a href="/wiki/New_York_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Times">New York Times</a>" reporter Ralph Blumenthal was contacted by <a href="/wiki/Jean-Claude_Baker" title="Jean-Claude Baker">Jean-Claude Baker</a>, one of Baker's sons. He indicated that he had read his mother's <a href="/wiki/FBI" class="mw-redirect" title="FBI">FBI</a> file and, using comparison of the file to the tapes, said he thought the Stork Club incident was overblown.<a href="#cite_note-Society-65">[65]</a>) Baker also worked with the <a href="/wiki/NAACP" title="NAACP">NAACP</a>.<a href="#cite_note-QR-6">[6]</a> Her reputation as a crusader grew to such an extent that the NAACP had Sunday, May 20, 1951, declared "Josephine Baker Day". She was presented with life membership with the NAACP by <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize">Nobel Peace Prize</a> winner <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Bunche" title="Ralph Bunche">Ralph Bunche</a>. The honor she was paid spurred her to further her crusading efforts with the "<a href="/wiki/Willie_McGee_(convict)" title="Willie McGee (convict)">Save Willie McGee</a>" rally. McGee was a black man in Mississippi convicted of raping a white woman in 1945 on the basis of dubious evidence, and sentenced to death.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDittmer199421-66">[66]</a> Baker attended rallies for McGee and wrote letters to <a href="/wiki/Fielding_Wright" class="mw-redirect" title="Fielding Wright">Fielding Wright</a>, the governor of Mississippi, asking him to spare McGee's life.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDittmer199421-66">[66]</a> Despite her efforts, McGee was executed in 1951.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDittmer199421-66">[66]</a> As the decorated war hero who was bolstered by the racial equality she experienced in Europe, Baker became increasingly regarded as controversial; some black people even began to shun her, fearing that her outspokenness and racy reputation from her earlier years would hurt the cause.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERose1989205-67">[67]</a> In 1963, she spoke at the <a href="/wiki/March_on_Washington" class="mw-redirect" title="March on Washington">March on Washington</a> at the side of Rev. <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">Martin Luther King Jr.</a><a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> Baker was the only official female speaker. While wearing her <a href="/wiki/Free_French" class="mw-redirect" title="Free French">Free French</a> uniform emblazoned with her medal of the Légion d'honneur, she introduced the "Negro Women for Civil Rights".<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> <a href="/wiki/Rosa_Parks" title="Rosa Parks">Rosa Parks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Daisy_Bates_(civil_rights_activist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Daisy Bates (civil rights activist)">Daisy Bates</a> were among those she acknowledged, and both gave brief speeches.<a href="#cite_note-Baker-70">[70]</a> Not everyone involved wanted Baker present at the March; some thought her time overseas had made her a woman of France, one who was disconnected from the Civil Rights issues going on in America. In her speech, one of the things Baker said: <blockquote>I have walked into the palaces of kings and queens, and into the houses of presidents and much more. But I could not walk into a hotel in America and get a cup of coffee, and that made me mad. And when I get mad, you know that I open my big mouth. And then look out, 'cause when Josephine opens her mouth, they hear it all over the world ...<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a></blockquote> After King's assassination, his widow <a href="/wiki/Coretta_Scott_King" title="Coretta Scott King">Coretta Scott King</a> approached Baker in the Netherlands to ask if she would take her husband's place as leader of the Civil Rights Movement. After many days of thinking it over, Baker declined, saying her children were "too young to lose their mother."<a href="#cite_note-Baker-70">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Josephine_Baker&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Personal life">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Relationships">Relationships</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Josephine_Baker&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Relationships">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:JosephineBaker1964NL.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/JosephineBaker1964NL.jpg/220px-JosephineBaker1964NL.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/JosephineBaker1964NL.jpg/330px-JosephineBaker1964NL.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/JosephineBaker1964NL.jpg/440px-JosephineBaker1964NL.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2464" data-file-height="2087" /></a><figcaption>Baker with ten of her adopted children, 1964</figcaption></figure> Baker's first marriage was to American <a href="/wiki/Pullman_porter" title="Pullman porter">Pullman porter</a> Willie Wells when she was only 13 years old. The union was reportedly very unhappy, and the couple divorced soon after marrying. Another short-lived marriage followed in 1921, to William Howard Baker. Since her career was already taking off under that last name, she retained it after the divorce. Jean-Claude Baker wrote that Josephine was <a href="/wiki/Bisexual_community" title="Bisexual community">bisexual</a> and had several relationships with women.<a href="#cite_note-Garber-74">[74]</a> In 1925, she began an extramarital relationship with the <a href="/wiki/Belgians" title="Belgians">Belgian</a> novelist <a href="/wiki/Georges_Simenon" title="Georges Simenon">Georges Simenon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> On an ocean liner, in 1929, en route from South America to France, Baker had an affair with the Swiss-French architect <a href="/wiki/Le_Corbusier" title="Le Corbusier">Le Corbusier</a> (Charles-Édouard Jeanneret).<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> In 1937, Baker married Frenchman Jean Lion, but they separated in 1940. She married French composer and conductor Jo Bouillon in 1947, and their union lasted 14 years before also ending in <a href="/wiki/Divorce" title="Divorce">divorce</a>. Later, she was involved with the artist Robert Brady for a time, but they never married.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> Speculation exists that Baker was also involved in sexual liaisons, if not relationships, with blues singer <a href="/wiki/Clara_Smith" title="Clara Smith">Clara Smith</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ada_%22Bricktop%22_Smith" title="Ada "Bricktop" Smith">Ada "Bricktop" Smith</a>, French novelist <a href="/wiki/Colette" title="Colette">Colette</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Frida_Kahlo" title="Frida Kahlo">Frida Kahlo</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Garber-74">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Children">Children</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Josephine_Baker&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Children">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Afhalen_van_Josephine_Baker_in_Frankrijk_Josephine_in_haar_tuin_Les_Milandes,_Bestanddeelnr_912-6479.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Afhalen_van_Josephine_Baker_in_Frankrijk_Josephine_in_haar_tuin_Les_Milandes%2C_Bestanddeelnr_912-6479.jpg/220px-Afhalen_van_Josephine_Baker_in_Frankrijk_Josephine_in_haar_tuin_Les_Milandes%2C_Bestanddeelnr_912-6479.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Afhalen_van_Josephine_Baker_in_Frankrijk_Josephine_in_haar_tuin_Les_Milandes%2C_Bestanddeelnr_912-6479.jpg/330px-Afhalen_van_Josephine_Baker_in_Frankrijk_Josephine_in_haar_tuin_Les_Milandes%2C_Bestanddeelnr_912-6479.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Afhalen_van_Josephine_Baker_in_Frankrijk_Josephine_in_haar_tuin_Les_Milandes%2C_Bestanddeelnr_912-6479.jpg/440px-Afhalen_van_Josephine_Baker_in_Frankrijk_Josephine_in_haar_tuin_Les_Milandes%2C_Bestanddeelnr_912-6479.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2617" data-file-height="2627" /></a><figcaption>Baker at the <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_des_Milandes" title="Château des Milandes">Château des Milandes</a>, 1961</figcaption></figure> During her participation in the <a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">civil rights movement</a>, Baker began to adopt children, forming a family which she often referred to as "The Rainbow Tribe". Baker wanted to prove that "children of different <a href="/wiki/Ethnicities" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnicities">ethnicities</a> and <a href="/wiki/Religions" class="mw-redirect" title="Religions">religions</a> could still be brothers." She often took the children with her cross-country, and when they were at <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_des_Milandes" title="Château des Milandes">Château des Milandes</a>, she arranged tours so visitors could walk the grounds and see how natural and happy the children were in "The Rainbow Tribe".<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> Her estate featured hotels, a farm, rides, and the children singing and dancing for the audience. She charged an admission fee to visitors who entered and partook in the activities, which included watching the children play.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> She created dramatic backstories for them, picking them with clear intent in mind: at one point, she wanted and planned to adopt a <a href="/wiki/Jewish" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish">Jewish</a> baby, but she settled for a French one. She also raised them in different religions in order to further her model for the world, taking two children from <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a> and raising one child as a <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslim</a> and raising the other child as a <a href="/wiki/Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic">Catholic</a>. One member of the Tribe, Jean-Claude Baker, said: "She wanted a doll".<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> Baker raised two daughters, French-born Marianne and <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Moroccan</a>-born Stellina, and 10 sons, <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japanese</a>-born Janot (born Teruya) and Akio,<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombian</a>-born Luis, <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finnish</a>-born Jari (now Jarry), French-born Jean-Claude, Noël, and Moïse, <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algerian</a>-born Brahim (later Brian), <a href="/wiki/Ivory_Coast" title="Ivory Coast">Ivorian</a>-born Koffi, and <a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuelan</a>-born Mara.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> Later on, Josephine Baker would become the legal guardian of another boy, also named <a href="/wiki/Jean-Claude_Baker" title="Jean-Claude Baker">Jean-Claude</a>, and considered him an unofficial addition to the Rainbow Tribe. For some time, Baker lived with her children and an enormous staff in the château in <a href="/wiki/Dordogne" title="Dordogne">Dordogne</a>, France, with her fourth husband, Jo Bouillon. Bouillon claimed that Baker bore one child, though it was stillborn in 1941, an incident that precipitated an emergency hysterectomy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJules-Rosette2007190-86">[86]</a> Baker forced Jarry to leave the château and live with his adoptive father, Jo Bouillon, in <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a>, at the age of 15, after discovering that he was <a href="/wiki/Gay" title="Gay">gay</a>.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> Moïse died of cancer in 1999, and Noël was diagnosed with schizophrenia and is in a psychiatric hospital as of 2009.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> <a href="/wiki/Jean-Claude_Baker" title="Jean-Claude Baker">Jean-Claude Baker</a>, the unofficial addition to the Rainbow Tribe, committed <a href="/wiki/Suicide" title="Suicide">suicide</a> in 2015, aged 71.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Later_years_and_death">Later years and death</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Josephine_Baker&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Later years and death">edit</a>]</div> In her later years Baker converted to <a href="/wiki/Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholicism">Catholicism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Gale-91">[91]</a> In 1968, Baker lost her château owing to unpaid debts; afterwards <a href="/wiki/Princess_Grace" class="mw-redirect" title="Princess Grace">Princess Grace</a> offered her an apartment in <a href="/wiki/Roquebrune-Cap-Martin" title="Roquebrune-Cap-Martin">Roquebrune</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Monaco" title="Monaco">Monaco</a>.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> Baker was back on stage at the <a href="/wiki/Olympia_(Paris)" title="Olympia (Paris)">Olympia</a> in <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a> in 1968, in <a href="/wiki/Belgrade" title="Belgrade">Belgrade</a> and at <a href="/wiki/Carnegie_Hall" title="Carnegie Hall">Carnegie Hall</a> in 1973 and at the Royal Variety Performance at the <a href="/wiki/London_Palladium" title="London Palladium">London Palladium</a> and at the "Gala du Cirque" in Paris in 1974. On April 8, 1975, Baker starred in a retrospective revue at the <a href="/wiki/Bobino" title="Bobino">Bobino</a> in Paris, "Joséphine à Bobino 1975" celebrating her 50 years in show business. The revue, financed by <a href="/wiki/Prince_Rainier" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince Rainier">Prince Rainier</a>, Princess Grace, and <a href="/wiki/Jacqueline_Kennedy_Onassis" title="Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis">Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis</a>, opened to rave reviews. Demand for seating was such that fold-out chairs had to be added to accommodate spectators. The opening-night audience included <a href="/wiki/Sophia_Loren" title="Sophia Loren">Sophia Loren</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mick_Jagger" title="Mick Jagger">Mick Jagger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shirley_Bassey" title="Shirley Bassey">Shirley Bassey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diana_Ross" title="Diana Ross">Diana Ross</a> and <a href="/wiki/Liza_Minnelli" title="Liza Minnelli">Liza Minnelli</a>.<a href="#cite_note-AABaker-93">[93]</a> Four days later, Baker was found lying peacefully in her bed surrounded by newspapers with glowing reviews of her performance. She was in a coma after suffering a <a href="/wiki/Cerebral_hemorrhage" class="mw-redirect" title="Cerebral hemorrhage">cerebral hemorrhage</a>. She was taken to <a href="/wiki/Piti%C3%A9-Salp%C3%AAtri%C3%A8re_Hospital" title="Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital">Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital</a>, where she died, aged 68, on April 12, 1975.<a href="#cite_note-AABaker-93">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-obit-94">[94]</a> Baker received a full <a href="/wiki/Catholic_funeral" title="Catholic funeral">Catholic funeral</a> at <a href="/wiki/L%27%C3%89glise_de_la_Madeleine" class="mw-redirect" title="L'Église de la Madeleine">L'Église de la Madeleine</a>, attracting more than 20,000 mourners.<a href="#cite_note-Gale-91">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> The only American-born woman to receive full French military honors at her funeral, Baker's funeral was the occasion of a huge procession. After a family service at <a href="/wiki/Saint-Charles_Church,_Monaco" title="Saint-Charles Church, Monaco">Saint-Charles Church</a> in <a href="/wiki/Monte_Carlo" title="Monte Carlo">Monte Carlo</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Company1975-96">[96]</a> Baker was interred at the <a href="/wiki/Monaco_Cemetery" title="Monaco Cemetery">Cimetière de Monaco</a>.<a href="#cite_note-AABaker-93">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-desbornesmonacocimetiere-97">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-amisperemonaco-98">[98]</a> Baker was a <a href="/wiki/Freemason" class="mw-redirect" title="Freemason">Freemason</a>.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Josephine_Baker&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Legacy">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Place_Jos%C3%A9phine_Baker_(Paris)_-_panneau.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Place_Jos%C3%A9phine_Baker_%28Paris%29_-_panneau.JPG/220px-Place_Jos%C3%A9phine_Baker_%28Paris%29_-_panneau.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Place_Jos%C3%A9phine_Baker_%28Paris%29_-_panneau.JPG/330px-Place_Jos%C3%A9phine_Baker_%28Paris%29_-_panneau.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Place_Jos%C3%A9phine_Baker_%28Paris%29_-_panneau.JPG/440px-Place_Jos%C3%A9phine_Baker_%28Paris%29_-_panneau.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption>Place Joséphine Baker in <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a></figcaption></figure> "Place Joséphine Baker" (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Josephine_Baker&params=48.84135_N_2.32375_E_region:FR_dim:50&title=place+Jos%C3%A9phine+Baker">48°50′29″N 2°19′26″E / 48.84135°N 2.32375°E / 48.84135; 2.32375 (place Joséphine Baker)</a>) in the <a href="/wiki/Montparnasse_Quarter" class="mw-redirect" title="Montparnasse Quarter">Montparnasse Quarter</a> of Paris was named in her honor. She has also been inducted into the <a href="/wiki/St._Louis_Walk_of_Fame" title="St. Louis Walk of Fame">St. Louis Walk of Fame</a>,<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> and on March 29, 1995, into the <a href="/wiki/Hall_of_Famous_Missourians" title="Hall of Famous Missourians">Hall of Famous Missourians</a>.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> St. Louis's Channing Avenue was renamed Josephine Baker Boulevard,<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> and a wax sculpture of Baker is on permanent display at <a href="/wiki/The_Griot_Museum_of_Black_History" title="The Griot Museum of Black History">The Griot Museum of Black History</a>. In 2015, she was inducted into the <a href="/wiki/Legacy_Walk" title="Legacy Walk">Legacy Walk</a> in <a href="/wiki/Chicago,_Illinois" class="mw-redirect" title="Chicago, Illinois">Chicago, Illinois</a>.<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> The Piscine Joséphine Baker is a swimming pool along the banks of the Seine in Paris named after her.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> Writing in the online BBC Magazine in late 2014, Darren Royston, historical dance teacher at <a href="/wiki/RADA" class="mw-redirect" title="RADA">RADA</a>, credited Baker with being the <a href="/wiki/Beyonc%C3%A9" title="Beyoncé">Beyoncé</a> of her day, and bringing the Charleston to Britain.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> Two of Baker's sons, Jean-Claude and Jarry (Jari), grew up to go into business together, running the restaurant Chez Josephine on Theatre Row, <a href="/wiki/42nd_Street_(Manhattan)" title="42nd Street (Manhattan)">42nd Street</a>, New York City. It celebrates Baker's life and works.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ch%C3%A2teau_des_Millandes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Ch%C3%A2teau_des_Millandes.jpg/220px-Ch%C3%A2teau_des_Millandes.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Ch%C3%A2teau_des_Millandes.jpg/330px-Ch%C3%A2teau_des_Millandes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Ch%C3%A2teau_des_Millandes.jpg/440px-Ch%C3%A2teau_des_Millandes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3488" data-file-height="2616" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_des_Milandes" title="Château des Milandes">Château des Milandes</a>, which Baker rented from 1940, before purchasing in 1947.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_des_Milandes" title="Château des Milandes">Château des Milandes</a>, a castle near Sarlat in the <a href="/wiki/Dordogne" title="Dordogne">Dordogne</a>, was Baker's home where she raised her twelve children. It is open to the public and displays her stage outfits including her banana skirt (of which there are apparently several). It also displays many family photographs and documents as well as her <a href="/wiki/Legion_of_Honour" title="Legion of Honour">Legion of Honour</a> medal. Most rooms are open for the public to walk through including bedrooms with the cots where her children slept, a huge kitchen, and a dining room where she often entertained large groups. The bathrooms were designed in art deco style but most rooms retained the French chateau style.<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> Baker continued to influence celebrities more than a century after her birth. In a 2003 interview with USA Today, <a href="/wiki/Angelina_Jolie" title="Angelina Jolie">Angelina Jolie</a> cited Baker as "a model for the multiracial, multinational family she was beginning to create through adoption."<a href="#cite_note-Kraut-109">[109]</a> Beyoncé performed Baker's banana dance at the <a href="/wiki/Fashion_Rocks" title="Fashion Rocks">Fashion Rocks</a> concert at <a href="/wiki/Radio_City_Music_Hall" title="Radio City Music Hall">Radio City Music Hall</a> in September 2006.<a href="#cite_note-Kraut-109">[109]</a> As a commemoration of Baker’s one hundredth birthday, a multi-media performance was written and shown in 2006. The following year, Josephine Baker: A Life of Le Jazz Hot! was recorded from the Baker inspired production by Imani Winds.<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> Writing on the 110th anniversary of her birth, <a href="/wiki/Vogue_(magazine)" title="Vogue (magazine)">Vogue</a> described how her 1926 "danse sauvage" in her famous banana skirt "brilliantly manipulated the white male imagination" and "radically redefined notions of race and gender through style and performance in a way that continues to echo throughout fashion and music today, from <a href="/wiki/Prada" title="Prada">Prada</a> to Beyoncé."<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> On June 3, 2017, the 111th anniversary of her birth, <a href="/wiki/Google" title="Google">Google</a> released an animated <a href="/wiki/Google_Doodle" title="Google Doodle">Google Doodle</a>, which consists of a slideshow chronicling her life and achievements.<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> On Thursday, November 22, 2018, a documentary entitled Josephine Baker: The Story of an Awakening, directed by Ilana Navaro, premiered at the Beirut Art Film Festival. It contains rarely seen archival footage, including some never before discovered, with music and narration.<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> In August 2019, Baker was one of those inducted in the <a href="/wiki/Rainbow_Honor_Walk" title="Rainbow Honor Walk">Rainbow Honor Walk</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Walk_of_fame" class="mw-redirect" title="Walk of fame">walk of fame</a> in San Francisco's <a href="/wiki/Castro_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Castro District">Castro District</a> noting <a href="/wiki/LGBTQ" title="LGBTQ">LGBTQ</a> people who have "made significant contributions in their fields".<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated7-116">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated5-117">[117]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Staatliche_Museen_zu_Berlin" title="Staatliche Museen zu Berlin">Staatliche Museen zu Berlin</a> (Berlin State Museums) hosted an exhibition "Josephine Baker: Icon in Motion" from January 26 through April 28, 2024.<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> The show displays photographs, film, and drawings covering her entertainment career through her involvement in civil rights. The exhibit includes Baker inspired works by her contemporaries.<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> Josephine Baker appears on the French 20-cent euro coins released in March 2024.<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Panthéon_in_Paris">Panthéon in Paris</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Josephine_Baker&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Panthéon in Paris">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jos%C3%A9phine_Baker_au_Panth%C3%A9on_-_illustration_de_Jip%C3%A9Dan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Jos%C3%A9phine_Baker_au_Panth%C3%A9on_-_illustration_de_Jip%C3%A9Dan.jpg/220px-Jos%C3%A9phine_Baker_au_Panth%C3%A9on_-_illustration_de_Jip%C3%A9Dan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Jos%C3%A9phine_Baker_au_Panth%C3%A9on_-_illustration_de_Jip%C3%A9Dan.jpg/330px-Jos%C3%A9phine_Baker_au_Panth%C3%A9on_-_illustration_de_Jip%C3%A9Dan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Jos%C3%A9phine_Baker_au_Panth%C3%A9on_-_illustration_de_Jip%C3%A9Dan.jpg/440px-Jos%C3%A9phine_Baker_au_Panth%C3%A9on_-_illustration_de_Jip%C3%A9Dan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>Baker in the <a href="/wiki/Panth%C3%A9on" title="Panthéon">Panthéon</a></figcaption></figure> In May 2021, an online petition was set up by writer Laurent Kupferman asking that Joséphine Baker be honoured by being reburied at the <a href="/wiki/Panth%C3%A9on" title="Panthéon">Panthéon</a> in Paris or being granted Panthéon honours, which would make her only the sixth woman at the mausoleum alongside <a href="/wiki/Simone_Veil" title="Simone Veil">Simone Veil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Genevi%C3%A8ve_de_Gaulle-Anthonioz" title="Geneviève de Gaulle-Anthonioz">Geneviève de Gaulle-Anthonioz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marie_Curie" title="Marie Curie">Marie Curie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germaine_Tillion" title="Germaine Tillion">Germaine Tillion</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sophie_Berthelot" title="Sophie Berthelot">Sophie Berthelot</a>.<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> In August 2021 the French President, <a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Macron" title="Emmanuel Macron">Emmanuel Macron</a>, announced that Baker's remains would be reburied at the Panthéon in November 2021, following the petition and continued requests from Baker's family since 2013.<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> Her son Claude Bouillon-Baker, however, told <a href="/wiki/Agence_France-Presse" title="Agence France-Presse">Agence France-Presse</a> that her body would remain in Monaco and only a plaque would be installed at the Panthéon.<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> It was later announced that a symbolic casket containing soil from various locations where Baker had lived, including St. Louis, Paris, the South of France and Monaco, would be carried by the <a href="/wiki/French_Air_and_Space_Force" title="French Air and Space Force">French Air and Space Force</a> in a parade in Paris before a ceremony at the Panthéon where the casket was interred.<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> The ceremony took place on Tuesday, November 30, 2021, and Baker thus became the first black woman to be honored in the secular temple to the "great men" of the French Republic.<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-Angelique_Chrisafis-9">[9]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works_portraying_or_inspired_by_Baker">Works portraying or inspired by Baker</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Josephine_Baker&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Works portraying or inspired by Baker">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Film_and_television">Film and television</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Josephine_Baker&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Film and television">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Diana_Ross" title="Diana Ross">Diana Ross</a> portrayed Baker in her <a href="/wiki/Tony_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Tony Award">Tony Award</a>-winning Broadway and television show "<a href="/wiki/An_Evening_with_Diana_Ross" title="An Evening with Diana Ross">An Evening with Diana Ross</a>". When the show was made into an NBC television special entitled The Big Event: An Evening with Diana Ross, Ross again portrayed Baker.<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> In the 1981 film <a href="/wiki/Das_Boot" title="Das Boot">Das Boot</a>, a German submariner mimics Baker's Danse banane.<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> In 1991, Baker's life story, <a href="/wiki/The_Josephine_Baker_Story" title="The Josephine Baker Story">The Josephine Baker Story</a>, was broadcast on <a href="/wiki/HBO" title="HBO">HBO</a>. <a href="/wiki/Lynn_Whitfield" title="Lynn Whitfield">Lynn Whitfield</a> portrayed Baker,<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> and won an <a href="/wiki/Emmy_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Emmy Award">Emmy Award</a> for <a href="/wiki/Primetime_Emmy_Award_for_Outstanding_Lead_Actress_in_a_Miniseries_or_a_Movie" class="mw-redirect" title="Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Miniseries or a Movie">Outstanding Lead Actress in a Miniseries or a Special</a>—becoming the first Black actress to win the award in this category. In the 1997 animated musical film <a href="/wiki/Anastasia_(1997_film)" title="Anastasia (1997 film)">Anastasia</a>, Baker appears with her cheetah during the musical number "Paris Holds the Key (to Your Heart)".<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a><a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> In 2002, Baker was portrayed by <a href="/wiki/Karine_Plantadit" title="Karine Plantadit">Karine Plantadit</a> in the biopic <a href="/wiki/Frida_(2002_film)" title="Frida (2002 film)">Frida.</a><a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> A character who is based on Baker (topless, wearing the famous "banana skirt") appears in the opening sequence of the 2003 animated film <a href="/wiki/The_Triplets_of_Belleville" title="The Triplets of Belleville">The Triplets of Belleville</a> (Les Triplettes de Belleville).<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a> Her influence upon and assistance to the careers of the husband and wife dancers <a href="/wiki/Carmen_De_Lavallade" class="mw-redirect" title="Carmen De Lavallade">Carmen De Lavallade</a> and <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Holder" title="Geoffrey Holder">Geoffrey Holder</a> are discussed and illustrated in rare footage in the 2005 Linda Atkinson/Nick Doob <a href="/wiki/Documentary" class="mw-redirect" title="Documentary">documentary</a>, Carmen and Geoffrey.<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a><a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a> In 2011, <a href="/wiki/Sonia_Rolland" title="Sonia Rolland">Sonia Rolland</a> portrayed Baker in the film <a href="/wiki/Midnight_in_Paris" title="Midnight in Paris">Midnight in Paris</a>.<a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a><a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a> In February 2017, Tiffany Daniels portrayed Baker in the "<a href="/wiki/Timeless_(TV_series)" title="Timeless (TV series)">Timeless</a>" television episode "The Lost Generation".<a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a> In May 2020, Astrid Jones portrayed Baker in the <a href="/wiki/El_ministerio_del_tiempo" title="El ministerio del tiempo">El ministerio del tiempo</a> television episode "La memoria del tiempo" (The memory of time).<a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a> Baker is portrayed by actress <a href="/wiki/Carra_Patterson" title="Carra Patterson">Carra Patterson</a> in "I Am.", the seventh episode of <a href="/wiki/HBO" title="HBO">HBO</a>'s television series <a href="/wiki/Lovecraft_Country_(TV_series)" title="Lovecraft Country (TV series)">Lovecraft Country</a>.<a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a> A biopic about the life of Josephine Baker was announced in November 2022. It will be directed by French director <a href="/wiki/Ma%C3%AFmouna_Doucour%C3%A9" title="Maïmouna Doucouré">Maïmouna Doucouré</a> and produced by French production company <a href="/wiki/Studiocanal" class="mw-redirect" title="Studiocanal">Studiocanal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a><a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stage">Stage</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Josephine_Baker&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Stage">edit</a>]</div> In 1986, Helen Gelzer<a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a> portrayed Baker on the concept album Josephine – "a musical version of the life and times of Josephine Baker" with book, lyrics and music by Michael Wild.<a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a> The musical director was Paul Maguire. The album was produced in conjunction with Baker's longtime friend Jack Hockett and Premier Box Office.<a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a> A <a href="/wiki/West_End_theatre" title="West End theatre">West End</a> stage production of Josephine was premiered at the <a href="/wiki/Fortune_Theatre" title="Fortune Theatre">Fortune Theatre</a> on June 4, 1989.<a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a> It was produced by Ian Liston and financed in conjunction with Jack Hockett and Premier Box Office. Jack Hockett died in 1988 before the show was staged. Heather Gillespie played the lead role of Josephine Baker, and Baker's husband Pepito was played by Roland Alexander. <a href="/wiki/Peggy_Phango" title="Peggy Phango">Peggy Phango</a> played <a href="/wiki/Bricktop" class="mw-redirect" title="Bricktop">Bricktop</a>.<a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a> In 2006, <a href="/wiki/J%C3%A9r%C3%B4me_Savary" title="Jérôme Savary">Jérôme Savary</a> produced a musical, A La Recherche de Josephine – New Orleans for Ever (Looking for Josephine), starring <a href="/wiki/Nicolle_Rochelle" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicolle Rochelle">Nicolle Rochelle</a>. The story revolved around the history of jazz and Baker's career.<a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a><a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a> Also in 2006, <a href="/wiki/Deborah_Cox" title="Deborah Cox">Deborah Cox</a> starred in the musical Josephine at Florida's <a href="/wiki/Asolo_Theatre" class="mw-redirect" title="Asolo Theatre">Asolo Theatre</a>, directed and choreographed by Joey McKneely, with a book by <a href="/wiki/Ellen_Weston" title="Ellen Weston">Ellen Weston</a> and Mark Hampton, music by <a href="/wiki/Steve_Dorff" title="Steve Dorff">Steve Dorff</a> and lyrics by <a href="/wiki/John_Bettis" title="John Bettis">John Bettis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a> In July 2012, Cheryl Howard opened in The Sensational Josephine Baker, written and performed by Howard and directed by Ian Streicher at the Beckett Theatre of Theatre Row on 42nd Street in New York City, just a few doors away from Chez Josephine.<a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a><a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a> In July 2013, <a href="/wiki/Cush_Jumbo" title="Cush Jumbo">Cush Jumbo</a>'s debut play Josephine and I premiered at the <a href="/wiki/Bush_Theatre" title="Bush Theatre">Bush Theatre</a>, London.<a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a> It was re-produced in New York City at The Public Theater's Joe's Pub from February 27 to April 5, 2015.<a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a> In June 2016, Josephine, a burlesque cabaret dream play starring Tymisha Harris as Josephine Baker premiered at the 2016 <a href="/wiki/San_Diego_International_Fringe_Festival" title="San Diego International Fringe Festival">San Diego Fringe Festival</a>. The show has since played across North America and had a limited off-Broadway run in January–February 2018 at <a href="/wiki/SoHo_Playhouse" title="SoHo Playhouse">SoHo Playhouse</a> in New York City.<a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a> In late February 2017, a new play about Baker's later years, The Last Night of Josephine Baker by playwright Vincent Victoria, opened in Houston, Texas,<a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a> starring Erica Young as "Past Josephine" and Jasmin Roland as "Present Josephine".<a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a> Actress <a href="/wiki/DeQuina_Moore" title="DeQuina Moore">DeQuina Moore</a> portrayed Baker in a biographic musical titled Josephine Tonight at <a href="/wiki/The_Ensemble_Theatre" title="The Ensemble Theatre">The Ensemble Theatre</a> in Houston, Texas, from June 27 to July 28, 2019.<a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a> In September 2021, <a href="/wiki/Theatre_Royal,_Bath" title="Theatre Royal, Bath">Theatre Royal, Bath</a>, in conjunction with <a href="/wiki/Oxford_Playhouse" title="Oxford Playhouse">Oxford Playhouse</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wales_Millennium_Centre" title="Wales Millennium Centre">Wales Millennium Centre</a> produced a UK touring production of Josephine co-written by Leona Allen and Jesse Briton who also directed the show. It toured the UK and featured Ebony Feare in the lead role as Josephine Baker.<a href="#cite_note-159">[159]</a> Since 2016 Dynamite Lunchbox Entertainment of Orlando Florida has been touring Josephine, a burlesque cabaret dream play,<a href="#cite_note-160">[160]</a> co-created by and starring Tymisha Harris, to Fringe Festivals around Canada and the U.S. It played at the Montreal Fringe Festival in 2022. It is part of the 2022–2023 official season at the Segal Centre for the Performing Arts in Montreal (Spring 2023) as Josephine, A Musical Cabaret. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literature">Literature</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Josephine_Baker&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Literature">edit</a>]</div> Baker appears in her role as a member of the French Resistance in <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Mario_Simmel" title="Johannes Mario Simmel">Johannes Mario Simmel</a>'s 1960 novel, Es muss nicht immer Kaviar sein (C'est pas toujours du caviar).<a href="#cite_note-161">[161]</a> The 2004 <a href="/wiki/Erotic_literature" title="Erotic literature">erotic novel</a> Scandalous by British author Angela Campion uses Baker as its <a href="/wiki/Heroine" class="mw-redirect" title="Heroine">heroine</a> and is inspired by Baker's sexual exploits and later adventures in the French Resistance. In the novel, Baker, working with a fictional <a href="/wiki/Black_Canadian" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Canadian">Black Canadian</a> lover named Drummer Thompson, foils a plot by French fascists in 1936 Paris.<a href="#cite_note-162">[162]</a> Baker was heavily featured in the 2012 book Josephine's Incredible Shoe & The Blackpearls by Peggi Eve Anderson-Randolph.<a href="#cite_note-163">[163]</a> In his novel Noire, la neige, Marseille, Editions Parenthèses, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-86364-648-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-86364-648-9">978-2-86364-648-9</a>, Pascal Rannou evokes the relationship between <a href="/wiki/Valaida_Snow" title="Valaida Snow">Valaida Snow</a> and Josephine Baker, who is one of the main characters of this story. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music">Music</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Josephine_Baker&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Music">edit</a>]</div> The Italian-Belgian francophone singer composer <a href="/wiki/Salvatore_Adamo" title="Salvatore Adamo">Salvatore Adamo</a> pays tribute to Baker with the song "Noël Sur Les Milandes" (album Petit Bonheur – EMI 1970). The British band Sailor paid tribute on their 1974 self-titled debut album Sailor with the Georg Kajanus song "Josephine Baker" who "...stunned the world at the Folies Bergère..." The title track of the 1987 Premiata Forneria Marconi album Miss Baker was written in honor of the American dancer Josephine Baker. British singer-songwriter <a href="/wiki/Al_Stewart" title="Al Stewart">Al Stewart</a> wrote "Josephine Baker" about her, a song which appears on the album <a href="/wiki/Last_Days_of_the_Century" title="Last Days of the Century">Last Days of the Century</a>, from 1988. <a href="/wiki/Beyonc%C3%A9_Knowles" class="mw-redirect" title="Beyoncé Knowles">Beyoncé Knowles</a> has portrayed Baker on various occasions. During the 2006 <a href="/wiki/Fashion_Rocks" title="Fashion Rocks">Fashion Rocks</a> show, Knowles performed "Dejá Vu" in a revised version of the Danse banane costume. In Knowles's video for "<a href="/wiki/Naughty_Girl_(Beyonc%C3%A9_Knowles_song)" class="mw-redirect" title="Naughty Girl (Beyoncé Knowles song)">Naughty Girl</a>", she is seen dancing in a huge champagne glass à la Baker. In I Am ... Yours: An Intimate Performance at Wynn Las Vegas, Beyoncé lists Baker as an influence of a section of her live show.<a href="#cite_note-164">[164]</a> In 2010, <a href="/wiki/Keri_Hilson" title="Keri Hilson">Keri Hilson</a> portrayed Baker in her single "<a href="/wiki/Pretty_Girl_Rock" title="Pretty Girl Rock">Pretty Girl Rock</a>".<a href="#cite_note-165">[165]</a> In January 2022, Laquita Mitchell sang the title role in the <a href="/wiki/Opera_in_New_Orleans#The_modern_era" title="Opera in New Orleans">New Orleans Opera</a> production of Josephine by <a href="/wiki/Tom_Cipullo" title="Tom Cipullo">Tom Cipullo</a>.<a href="#cite_note-2022-01-03-opWire-166">[166]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Artworks">Artworks</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Josephine_Baker&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Artworks">edit</a>]</div> In 1927, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Calder" title="Alexander Calder">Alexander Calder</a> created Josephine Baker (III), a wire sculpture of Baker, which is now displayed at the <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Modern_Art" title="Museum of Modern Art">Museum of Modern Art</a>.<a href="#cite_note-167">[167]</a> A nude portrait of Baker by <a href="/wiki/Jean_de_Botton" title="Jean de Botton">Jean de Botton</a> was the "cynosure for all eyes" when it was shown at the <a href="/wiki/Salon_d%27Automne" title="Salon d'Automne">Salon d'Automne</a> in Paris in 1931.<a href="#cite_note-168">[168]</a> When auctioned in Paris in 2021 the painting set a world record (EUR 179,200) for the artist.<a href="#cite_note-169">[169]</a><a href="#cite_note-170">[170]</a> <a href="/wiki/Henri_Matisse" title="Henri Matisse">Henri Matisse</a> created a mural-sized cut paper artwork titled <a href="/wiki/La_N%C3%A9gresse" title="La Négresse">La Négresse</a> (1952–1953), possibly inspired by Baker.<a href="#cite_note-171">[171]</a><a href="#cite_note-172">[172]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hassan_Musa" title="Hassan Musa">Hassan Musa</a> depicted Baker in a 1994 series of paintings called Who needs Bananas?<a href="#cite_note-173">[173]</a> Season 14 of the Duolingo French Podcast is titled The Secret Life of Josephine Baker. The season finale was released in November 2023. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Film_credits">Film credits</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Josephine_Baker&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Film credits">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption>Film credits for Josephine Baker </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">Year </th> <th scope="col">Title </th> <th scope="col">Role </th> <th scope="col" class="unsortable">Notes </th> <th scope="col" class="unsortable"><abbr title="Reference">Ref.</abbr> </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">1927 </th> <td>La Sirène des Tropiques (<a href="/wiki/Siren_of_the_Tropics" title="Siren of the Tropics">Siren of the Tropics</a>) </td> <td>Papitou </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Silent_film" title="Silent film">silent film</a> </td> <td align="center"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBergfelderHarrisStreet2007193-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrancis202168-174">[174]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">1927 </th> <td>Die Frauen von Folies Bergères (<a href="/wiki/The_Woman_from_the_Folies_Berg%C3%A8res" title="The Woman from the Folies Bergères">The Woman from the Folies Bergères</a>) </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Silent_film" title="Silent film">silent film</a> </td> <td align="center"><a href="#cite_note-Encyclopedia-42">[42]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">1927 </th> <td>La revue des revues (<a href="/wiki/Parisian_Pleasures" title="Parisian Pleasures">Parisian Pleasures</a>) </td> <td>herself </td> <td> </td> <td align="center"><a href="#cite_note-Encyclopedia-42">[42]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">1928 </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Le_pompier_des_Folies_Berg%C3%A8res" title="Le pompier des Folies Bergères">Le pompier des Folies Bergères</a> </td> <td>unnamed </td> <td>erotic short </td> <td align="center"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJules-Rosette200775-175">[175]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrancis20216-176">[176]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">1934 </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Zouzou_(film)" title="Zouzou (film)">Zouzou</a> </td> <td>Zouzou </td> <td> </td> <td align="center"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBergfelderHarrisStreet2007191–198-36">[36]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">1935 </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Princesse_Tam_Tam" class="mw-redirect" title="Princesse Tam Tam">Princesse Tam Tam</a> </td> <td>Aouina </td> <td> </td> <td align="center"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJules-Rosette200775-175">[175]</a><a href="#cite_note-Encyclopedia-42">[42]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">1945 </th> <td><a href="/wiki/False_Alarm_(film)" title="False Alarm (film)">False Alarm</a> </td> <td>Zazu Clairon </td> <td> </td> <td align="center"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJules-Rosette200775,_217-177">[177]</a><a href="#cite_note-178">[178]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">1941 </th> <td>Moulin Rouge </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td align="center"><a href="#cite_note-Encyclopedia-42">[42]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">1954 </th> <td>An jedem Finger zehn (<a href="/wiki/Ten_on_Every_Finger" title="Ten on Every Finger">Ten on Every Finger</a>) </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td align="center"><a href="#cite_note-Encyclopedia-42">[42]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">1955 </th> <td>Carosello del varietà (<a href="/wiki/Carousel_of_Variety" title="Carousel of Variety">Carousel of Variety</a>) </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td align="center"><a href="#cite_note-Encyclopedia-42">[42]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Documentaries">Documentaries</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Josephine_Baker&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Documentaries">edit</a>]</div> In 2006, Annette von Wangenheim directed the documentary Joséphine Baker: Black Diva in a White Mans World, about Baker's life and work from a perspective that analyses images of Black people in popular culture.<a href="#cite_note-179">[179]</a> In 2007, Mark Miller published his biography of <a href="/wiki/Valaida_Snow" title="Valaida Snow">Valaida Snow</a>: High Hat, Trumpet and Rhythm (Toronto, Mercury Press), in which he evokes Valaida's partnership and rivalry with J.Baker: p. 8, 38, 44-45, 52, 57, 61, 94, 107, 120-121. In 2018, Josephine Baker: The Story of an Awakening, directed by Ilana Navaro,<a href="#cite_note-180">[180]</a> premiered at the Beirut Art Film Festival in 2018. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Josephine_Baker&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Josephine_Baker&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bienpublic.com/actualite/2015/01/16/jean-claude-bouillon-baker-un-celebre-dijonnais-s-est-eteint">"Jean-Claude Rouzaud s'est éteint, pas Jean-Claude Bouillon-Baker"</a>. Le bien public. January 22, 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230528020932/https://www.bienpublic.com/actualite/2015/01/16/jean-claude-bouillon-baker-un-celebre-dijonnais-s-est-eteint">Archived</a> from the original on May 28, 2023. Retrieved April 29, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Le+bien+public&rft.atitle=Jean-Claude+Rouzaud+s%27est+%C3%A9teint%2C+pas+Jean-Claude+Bouillon-Baker&rft.date=2015-01-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bienpublic.com%2Factualite%2F2015%2F01%2F16%2Fjean-claude-bouillon-baker-un-celebre-dijonnais-s-est-eteint&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJosephine+Baker" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDumas2012" class="citation news cs1">Dumas, Thierry (March 24, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sudouest.fr/dordogne/sarlat-la-caneda/je-lui-dois-bien-plus-que-ca-9224950.php">"'Je lui dois bien plus que ça'"</a>. 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Retrieved November 30, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Josephine+Baker%2C+music+hall+star+and+civil+rights+activist%2C+enters+Panth%C3%A9on&rft.date=2021-11-30&rft.aulast=Chrisafis&rft.aufirst=Angelique&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2021%2Fnov%2F30%2Fblack-french-american-rights-activist-josephine-baker-enters-pantheon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJosephine+Baker" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lemonde.fr/culture/live/2021/11/30/josephine-baker-au-pantheon-suivez-en-direct-la-ceremonie_6104186_3246.html">"Joséphine Baker au Panthéon : retrouvez l'intégralité de la cérémonie"</a> [Joséphine Baker at the Pantheon: transcript of the entire ceremony]. <a href="/wiki/Le_Monde" title="Le Monde">Le Monde</a> (in French). November 30, 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211130184724/https://www.lemonde.fr/culture/live/2021/11/30/josephine-baker-au-pantheon-suivez-en-direct-la-ceremonie_6104186_3246.html">Archived</a> from the original on November 30, 2021. Retrieved November 30, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Le+Monde&rft.atitle=Jos%C3%A9phine+Baker+au+Panth%C3%A9on+%3A+retrouvez+l%27int%C3%A9gralit%C3%A9+de+la+c%C3%A9r%C3%A9monie&rft.date=2021-11-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lemonde.fr%2Fculture%2Flive%2F2021%2F11%2F30%2Fjosephine-baker-au-pantheon-suivez-en-direct-la-ceremonie_6104186_3246.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJosephine+Baker" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-jeanclaude2a-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-jeanclaude2a_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-jeanclaude2a_11-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-jeanclaude2a_11-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-jeanclaude2a_11-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-jeanclaude2a_11-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-jeanclaude2a_11-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-jeanclaude2a_11-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-jeanclaude2a_11-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-jeanclaude2a_11-8">i</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaker1993" class="citation book cs1">Baker, Jean-Claude (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/josephinehungryh00bake">Josephine: The Hungry Heart</a> (1st ed.). Random House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-679-40915-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-679-40915-1"><bdi>978-0-679-40915-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Josephine%3A+The+Hungry+Heart&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-679-40915-1&rft.aulast=Baker&rft.aufirst=Jean-Claude&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjosephinehungryh00bake&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJosephine+Baker" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bouillon-12">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bouillon_12-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bouillon_12-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBouillon1977" class="citation book cs1">Bouillon, Joe (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/josephine00bake">Josephine</a> (1st ed.). Harper & Row. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-010212-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-010212-8"><bdi>978-0-06-010212-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Josephine&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Harper+%26+Row&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=978-0-06-010212-8&rft.aulast=Bouillon&rft.aufirst=Joe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjosephine00bake&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJosephine+Baker" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.radiofrance.fr/franceculture/podcasts/grandes-traversees-josephine-baker/5-la-mort-en-scene-3588148">"sur France Culture, radio), in french"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221207132150/https://www.radiofrance.fr/franceculture/podcasts/grandes-traversees-josephine-baker/5-la-mort-en-scene-3588148">Archived</a> from the original on December 7, 2022. Retrieved August 12, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=sur+France+Culture%2C+radio%29%2C+in+french&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.radiofrance.fr%2Ffranceculture%2Fpodcasts%2Fgrandes-traversees-josephine-baker%2F5-la-mort-en-scene-3588148&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJosephine+Baker" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-bm-14"><a href="#cite_ref-bm_14-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blackmissouri.com/digest/josephine-baker-freda-mcdonald-native-of-st-louis-missouri.html">"Josephine Baker (Freda McDonald) Native of St. Louis, Missouri"</a>. Black Missouri. February 10, 2008. Retrieved March 6, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Black+Missouri&rft.atitle=Josephine+Baker+%28Freda+McDonald%29+Native+of+St.+Louis%2C+Missouri&rft.date=2008-02-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblackmissouri.com%2Fdigest%2Fjosephine-baker-freda-mcdonald-native-of-st-louis-missouri.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJosephine+Baker" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-va-15"><a href="#cite_ref-va_15-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vam.ac.uk/vastatic/microsites/1157_art_deco/about">"About Art Deco – Josephine Baker"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Victoria_and_Albert_Museum" title="Victoria and Albert Museum">Victoria and Albert Museum</a>. July 29, 2015. Retrieved March 6, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+Art+Deco+%E2%80%93+Josephine+Baker&rft.pub=Victoria+and+Albert+Museum&rft.date=2015-07-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vam.ac.uk%2Fvastatic%2Fmicrosites%2F1157_art_deco%2Fabout&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJosephine+Baker" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071109063301/http://www.cmgww.com/stars/baker/about/biography.html">"About Josephine Baker: Biography"</a>. Official site of Josephine Baker. 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cmgww.com/stars/baker/about/biography.html">the original</a> on November 9, 2007. Retrieved January 12, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Official+site+of+Josephine+Baker&rft.atitle=About+Josephine+Baker%3A+Biography&rft.date=2008&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cmgww.com%2Fstars%2Fbaker%2Fabout%2Fbiography.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJosephine+Baker" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWood2000" class="citation book cs1">Wood, Ian (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/josephinebakerst0000wood/page/241">The Josephine Baker Story</a>. United Kingdom: MPG Books. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/josephinebakerst0000wood/page/241">241–318</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86074-286-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86074-286-6"><bdi>978-1-86074-286-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Josephine+Baker+Story&rft.place=United+Kingdom&rft.pages=241-318&rft.pub=MPG+Books&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1-86074-286-6&rft.aulast=Wood&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjosephinebakerst0000wood%2Fpage%2F241&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJosephine+Baker" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> 1920 United States Federal Census </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhitaker2011" class="citation book cs1">Whitaker, Matthew C. (2011). Icons of Black America: Breaking Barriers and Crossing Boundaries. p. 64.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Icons+of+Black+America%3A+Breaking+Barriers+and+Crossing+Boundaries&rft.pages=64&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Whitaker&rft.aufirst=Matthew+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJosephine+Baker" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">"The Rise and Fall of Josephine Baker". <a href="/wiki/Dollars_%26_Sense" title="Dollars & Sense">Dollars & Sense</a>. 13. 1987.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dollars+%26+Sense&rft.atitle=The+Rise+and+Fall+of+Josephine+Baker&rft.volume=13&rft.date=1987&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJosephine+Baker" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeyes" class="citation web cs1">Keyes, Allison. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smithsonian-institution/east-st-louis-race-riot-left-dozens-dead-devastating-community-on-the-rise-180963885/">"The East St. Louis Race Riot Left Dozens Dead, Devastating a Community on the Rise"</a>. Smithsonian Magazine. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210829235411/https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smithsonian-institution/east-st-louis-race-riot-left-dozens-dead-devastating-community-on-the-rise-180963885/">Archived</a> from the original on August 29, 2021. Retrieved August 29, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Smithsonian+Magazine&rft.atitle=The+East+St.+Louis+Race+Riot+Left+Dozens+Dead%2C+Devastating+a+Community+on+the+Rise&rft.aulast=Keyes&rft.aufirst=Allison&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.smithsonianmag.com%2Fsmithsonian-institution%2Feast-st-louis-race-riot-left-dozens-dead-devastating-community-on-the-rise-180963885%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJosephine+Baker" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-22">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_22-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_22-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.stlpublicradio.org/government-politics-issues/2008-06-27/racial-memory-clear-as-black-and-white">"Racial memory: Clear as black and white"</a>. St. Louis Public Radio. June 27, 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210829235413/https://news.stlpublicradio.org/government-politics-issues/2008-06-27/racial-memory-clear-as-black-and-white">Archived</a> from the original on August 29, 2021. Retrieved August 29, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=St.+Louis+Public+Radio&rft.atitle=Racial+memory%3A+Clear+as+black+and+white&rft.date=2008-06-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.stlpublicradio.org%2Fgovernment-politics-issues%2F2008-06-27%2Fracial-memory-clear-as-black-and-white&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJosephine+Baker" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatthews2018" class="citation web cs1">Matthews, Dasha (February 26, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://info.umkc.edu/womenc/2018/02/26/the-activism-of-josephine-baker/">"The Activism of Josephine Baker"</a>. UMKC Women's Center. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201003065920/https://info.umkc.edu/womenc/2018/02/26/the-activism-of-josephine-baker/">Archived</a> from the original on October 3, 2020. Retrieved September 6, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UMKC+Women%27s+Center&rft.atitle=The+Activism+of+Josephine+Baker&rft.date=2018-02-26&rft.aulast=Matthews&rft.aufirst=Dasha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Finfo.umkc.edu%2Fwomenc%2F2018%2F02%2F26%2Fthe-activism-of-josephine-baker%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJosephine+Baker" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Appel-24"><a href="#cite_ref-Appel_24-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAppel2009" class="citation book cs1">Appel, Jacob M. (May 2, 2009). St. James Encyclopedia of Popular Culture.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=St.+James+Encyclopedia+of+Popular+Culture&rft.date=2009-05-02&rft.aulast=Appel&rft.aufirst=Jacob+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJosephine+Baker" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWebb2016" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Webb, Shawncey (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://access-proxy.sno-isle.org/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=ers&AN=88828615&site=eds-live&scope=site">"Josephine Baker"</a>. Salem Press Biographical Encyclopedia – via Research Starters, EBSCOhost.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Josephine+Baker&rft.btitle=Salem+Press+Biographical+Encyclopedia&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Webb&rft.aufirst=Shawncey&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Faccess-proxy.sno-isle.org%2Flogin%3Furl%3Dhttp%3A%2F%2Fsearch.ebscohost.com%2Flogin.aspx%3Fdirect%3Dtrue%26db%3Ders%26AN%3D88828615%26site%3Deds-live%26scope%3Dsite&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJosephine+Baker" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.encyclopedia.com/women/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/baker-josephine-1906-1975#:~:text=Uncertainty%20about%20her%20career%20and,had%20wed%20in%20June%201927">"Baker, Josephine (1906–1975)"</a>. www.encyclopedia.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220201152115/https://www.encyclopedia.com/women/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/baker-josephine-1906-1975#:~:text=Uncertainty%20about%20her%20career%20and,had%20wed%20in%20June%201927">Archived</a> from the original on February 1, 2022. Retrieved February 1, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.encyclopedia.com&rft.atitle=Baker%2C+Josephine+%281906%E2%80%931975%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.encyclopedia.com%2Fwomen%2Fencyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps%2Fbaker-josephine-1906-1975%23%3A~%3Atext%3DUncertainty%2520about%2520her%2520career%2520and%2Chad%2520wed%2520in%2520June%25201927&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJosephine+Baker" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/newshour/arts/josephine-baker-makes-history-as-first-black-woman-honored-in-frances-pantheon">"Josephine Baker makes history as first Black woman honored in France's Pantheon"</a>. PBS NewsHour. November 29, 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220201152116/https://www.pbs.org/newshour/arts/josephine-baker-makes-history-as-first-black-woman-honored-in-frances-pantheon">Archived</a> from the original on February 1, 2022. Retrieved February 1, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=PBS+NewsHour&rft.atitle=Josephine+Baker+makes+history+as+first+Black+woman+honored+in+France%27s+Pantheon&rft.date=2021-11-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fnewshour%2Farts%2Fjosephine-baker-makes-history-as-first-black-woman-honored-in-frances-pantheon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJosephine+Baker" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKirchner,_Bill2000" class="citation book cs1">Kirchner, Bill, ed. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oxfordcompaniont00kirc/page/700">The Oxford Companion to Jazz</a>. Oxford University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oxfordcompaniont00kirc/page/700">700</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-512510-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-512510-8"><bdi>978-0-19-512510-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Companion+to+Jazz&rft.pages=700&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-19-512510-8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Foxfordcompaniont00kirc%2Fpage%2F700&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJosephine+Baker" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2003" class="citation book cs1">Williams, Iain Cameron (2003). Underneath a Harlem Moon ... The Harlem to Paris Years of Adelaide Hall. Continuum Int. Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-5893-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-5893-3"><bdi>978-0-8264-5893-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Underneath+a+Harlem+Moon+...+The+Harlem+to+Paris+Years+of+Adelaide+Hall&rft.pub=Continuum+Int.+Publishing&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-8264-5893-3&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Iain+Cameron&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJosephine+Baker" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStephen_Bourne2003" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Bourne_(writer)" title="Stephen Bourne (writer)">Stephen Bourne</a> (January 24, 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/books/2003/jan/25/biography.music">"The real first lady of jazz"</a>. The Guardian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131017180302/http://www.theguardian.com/books/2003/jan/25/biography.music">Archived</a> from the original on October 17, 2013. Retrieved April 29, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=The+real+first+lady+of+jazz&rft.date=2003-01-24&rft.au=Stephen+Bourne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fbooks%2F2003%2Fjan%2F25%2Fbiography.music&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJosephine+Baker" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-JBwebsite-31">^ <a href="#cite_ref-JBwebsite_31-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-JBwebsite_31-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cmgww.com/stars/baker/about/biography.html">"About Josephine Baker: Biography"</a>. 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University of California Press. p. 35. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-92569-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-92569-4"><bdi>978-0-520-92569-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Harlem+in+Montmartre%3A+A+Paris+Jazz+Story+Between+the+Great+Wars&rft.pages=35&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-520-92569-4&rft.aulast=Shack&rft.aufirst=W.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJosephine+Baker" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Guardian-33">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Guardian_33-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Guardian_33-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurari2015" class="citation news cs1">Murari, Tim (August 26, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/stage/2015/aug/26/josephine-baker-interview-1974">"From the archive, 26 August 1974: An interview with Josephine Baker"</a>. The Guardian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180803074145/https://www.theguardian.com/stage/2015/aug/26/josephine-baker-interview-1974">Archived</a> from the original on August 3, 2018. Retrieved August 3, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=From+the+archive%2C+26+August+1974%3A+An+interview+with+Josephine+Baker&rft.date=2015-08-26&rft.aulast=Murari&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fstage%2F2015%2Faug%2F26%2Fjosephine-baker-interview-1974&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJosephine+Baker" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131017051325/http://www.cmgww.com/stars/baker/about/quotes2.html">"'Quotes': the official Josephine Baker website"</a>. Cmgww.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cmgww.com/stars/baker/about/quotes2.html">the original</a> on October 17, 2013. Retrieved December 5, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%27Quotes%27%3A+the+official+Josephine+Baker+website&rft.pub=Cmgww.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cmgww.com%2Fstars%2Fbaker%2Fabout%2Fquotes2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJosephine+Baker" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLahs-Gonzales2006" class="citation web cs1">Lahs-Gonzales, Olivia (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091025094658/http://www.jazzreview.com/book/review-380.html">"Josephine Baker: Image & Icon"</a>. Jazz Book Review. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jazzreview.com/book/review-380.html">the original</a> on October 25, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jazz+Book+Review&rft.atitle=Josephine+Baker%3A+Image+%26+Icon&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Lahs-Gonzales&rft.aufirst=Olivia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jazzreview.com%2Fbook%2Freview-380.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJosephine+Baker" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBergfelderHarrisStreet2007191–198-36">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBergfelderHarrisStreet2007191–198_36-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBergfelderHarrisStreet2007191–198_36-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBergfelderHarrisStreet2007">Bergfelder, Harris & Street (2007)</a>, pp. 191–198. </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-37">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_37-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_37-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_37-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEsha2020" class="citation web cs1">Esha (July 4, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://historicly.substack.com/p/josephine-baker-in-yugoslavia">"Josephine Baker in Yugoslavia"</a>. historicly.substack.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200705215344/https://historicly.substack.com/p/josephine-baker-in-yugoslavia">Archived</a> from the original on July 5, 2020. Retrieved July 5, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=historicly.substack.com&rft.atitle=Josephine+Baker+in+Yugoslavia&rft.date=2020-07-04&rft.au=Esha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistoricly.substack.com%2Fp%2Fjosephine-baker-in-yugoslavia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJosephine+Baker" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-38"><a href="#cite_ref-:1_38-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRalling1987" class="citation audio-visual cs1">Ralling, Christopher (1987). 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Routledge. p. 277. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-50677-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-50677-2"><bdi>978-1-136-50677-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200804004348/https://books.google.com/books?id=RLY6-CsAE68C&pg=PA277">Archived</a> from the original on August 4, 2020. Retrieved July 5, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+African+American+People%3A+A+Global+History&rft.pages=277&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-136-50677-2&rft.aulast=Asante&rft.aufirst=Molefi+Kete&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRLY6-CsAE68C%26pg%3DPA277&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJosephine+Baker" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBergfelderHarrisStreet2007193-41">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBergfelderHarrisStreet2007193_41-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBergfelderHarrisStreet2007193_41-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBergfelderHarrisStreet2007193_41-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFBergfelderHarrisStreet2007">Bergfelder, Harris & Street (2007)</a>, p. 193. </li> <li id="cite_note-Encyclopedia-42">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Encyclopedia_42-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Encyclopedia_42-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Encyclopedia_42-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Encyclopedia_42-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Encyclopedia_42-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Encyclopedia_42-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Encyclopedia_42-6">g</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCann2009" class="citation book cs1">McCann, Bob (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=X7ZYsnTPIhwC&pg=PA31">Encyclopedia of African American Actresses in Film and television</a>. McFarland. p. 31. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-5804-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-5804-2"><bdi>978-0-7864-5804-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200421072325/https://books.google.com/books?id=X7ZYsnTPIhwC&pg=PA31">Archived</a> from the original on April 21, 2020. Retrieved February 20, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+African+American+Actresses+in+Film+and+television&rft.pages=31&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-7864-5804-2&rft.aulast=McCann&rft.aufirst=Bob&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DX7ZYsnTPIhwC%26pg%3DPA31&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJosephine+Baker" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBergfelderHarrisStreet2007193–197-43"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBergfelderHarrisStreet2007193–197_43-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBergfelderHarrisStreet2007">Bergfelder, Harris & Street (2007)</a>, pp. 193–197. </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-44"><a href="#cite_ref-:2_44-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.allblackwoman.com/josephine-baker-the-first-black-super-star">"Josephine Baker: The First Black Super Star"</a>. Allblackwoman.com. June 4, 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120608210433/http://www.allblackwoman.com/josephine-baker-the-first-black-super-star/">Archived</a> from the original on June 8, 2012. Retrieved June 18, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Allblackwoman.com&rft.atitle=Josephine+Baker%3A+The+First+Black+Super+Star&rft.date=2012-06-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.allblackwoman.com%2Fjosephine-baker-the-first-black-super-star&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJosephine+Baker" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schroeder-45">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Schroeder_45-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schroeder_45-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchroederWagner2006" class="citation book cs1">Schroeder, Alan; Wagner, Heather Lehr (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pelF1O7b2xwC&pg=PA51">Josephine Baker: Entertainer</a>. Chelsea House Publications. pp. 51–52. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7910-9212-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7910-9212-5"><bdi>978-0-7910-9212-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210824025531/https://books.google.com/books?id=pelF1O7b2xwC&pg=PA51">Archived</a> from the original on August 24, 2021. Retrieved January 27, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Josephine+Baker%3A+Entertainer&rft.pages=51-52&rft.pub=Chelsea+House+Publications&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-7910-9212-5&rft.aulast=Schroeder&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft.au=Wagner%2C+Heather+Lehr&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpelF1O7b2xwC%26pg%3DPA51&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJosephine+Baker" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCullen2006" class="citation book cs1">Cullen, Frank (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XFnfnKg6BcAC&pg=PA235">Vaudeville, Old and New: An Encyclopedia of Variety Performers in America, 2 volumes</a>. Routledge. p. 235. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-93853-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-93853-2"><bdi>978-0-415-93853-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210824025552/https://books.google.com/books?id=XFnfnKg6BcAC&pg=PA235">Archived</a> from the original on August 24, 2021. Retrieved February 20, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vaudeville%2C+Old+and+New%3A+An+Encyclopedia+of+Variety+Performers+in+America%2C+2+volumes&rft.pages=235&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-415-93853-2&rft.aulast=Cullen&rft.aufirst=Frank&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXFnfnKg6BcAC%26pg%3DPA235&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJosephine+Baker" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobinson1906" class="citation web cs1">Robinson, Susan (June 3, 1906). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gibbsmagazine.com/Josephine%20Baker.htm">"Josephine Baker"</a>. Gibbs Magazine. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130528130056/http://www.gibbsmagazine.com/Josephine%20Baker.htm">Archived</a> from the original on May 28, 2013. Retrieved December 5, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gibbs+Magazine&rft.atitle=Josephine+Baker&rft.date=1906-06-03&rft.aulast=Robinson&rft.aufirst=Susan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gibbsmagazine.com%2FJosephine%2520Baker.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJosephine+Baker" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcKay2021" class="citation web cs1">McKay, Feargal (October 14, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.podiumcafe.com/book-corner/2021/10/14/22643648/josephine-baker-tour-de-france">"When Josephine Baker Sprinkled Her Stardust on the Tour de France"</a>. Podium Café. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211017180833/https://www.podiumcafe.com/book-corner/2021/10/14/22643648/josephine-baker-tour-de-france">Archived</a> from the original on October 17, 2021. Retrieved October 17, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Podium+Caf%C3%A9&rft.atitle=When+Josephine+Baker+Sprinkled+Her+Stardust+on+the+Tour+de+France&rft.date=2021-10-14&rft.aulast=McKay&rft.aufirst=Feargal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.podiumcafe.com%2Fbook-corner%2F2021%2F10%2F14%2F22643648%2Fjosephine-baker-tour-de-france&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJosephine+Baker" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERose1989182–269-49"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERose1989182–269_49-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRose1989">Rose (1989)</a>, pp. 182–269. </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://womenshistory.about.com/od/spies/a/women_spies_ww_3.htm">"Female Spies in World War I and World War II"</a>. About.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304191652/http://womenshistory.about.com/od/spies/a/women_spies_ww_3.htm">Archived</a> from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved June 3, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=About.com&rft.atitle=Female+Spies+in+World+War+I+and+World+War+II&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwomenshistory.about.com%2Fod%2Fspies%2Fa%2Fwomen_spies_ww_3.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJosephine+Baker" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERose1989232–269-51"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERose1989232–269_51-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRose1989">Rose (1989)</a>, pp. 232–269. </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.spymuseum.org/exhibition-experiences/about-the-collection/collection-highlights/josephine-baker-s-sheet-music/">"Josephine Baker's Sheet Music"</a>. International Spy Museum. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230324195030/https://www.spymuseum.org/exhibition-experiences/about-the-collection/collection-highlights/josephine-baker-s-sheet-music/">Archived</a> from the original on March 24, 2023. Retrieved March 24, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=International+Spy+Museum&rft.atitle=Josephine+Baker%27s+Sheet+Music&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.spymuseum.org%2Fexhibition-experiences%2Fabout-the-collection%2Fcollection-highlights%2Fjosephine-baker-s-sheet-music%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJosephine+Baker" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERose1989200-53"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERose1989200_53-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRose1989">Rose 1989</a>, p. 200. </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoyce2017" class="citation web cs1">Joyce, Dr Robin (March 5, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://womenshistorynetwork.org/josephine-baker-1906-1975/">"Josephine Baker, 1906–1975"</a>. Women's History Network. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200926075054/https://womenshistorynetwork.org/josephine-baker-1906-1975/">Archived</a> from the original on September 26, 2020. Retrieved September 6, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Women%27s+History+Network&rft.atitle=Josephine+Baker%2C+1906%E2%80%931975&rft.date=2017-03-05&rft.aulast=Joyce&rft.aufirst=Dr+Robin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwomenshistorynetwork.org%2Fjosephine-baker-1906-1975%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJosephine+Baker" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blog.richmond.edu/heroes/tag/josephine-baker-hero/">"Josephine Baker hero"</a>. Heroes: What They Do & Why We Need Them. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Richmond" title="University of Richmond">University of Richmond</a>. May 25, 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180208214355/http://blog.richmond.edu/heroes/tag/josephine-baker-hero/">Archived</a> from the original on February 8, 2018. Retrieved September 6, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Heroes%3A+What+They+Do+%26+Why+We+Need+Them&rft.atitle=Josephine+Baker+hero&rft.date=2014-05-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblog.richmond.edu%2Fheroes%2Ftag%2Fjosephine-baker-hero%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJosephine+Baker" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReed1992" class="citation book cs1">Reed, Tom (1992). The Black music history of Los Angeles, its roots: 50 years in Black music: a classical pictorial history of Los Angeles Black music of the 20s, 30s, 40s, 50s and 60s: photographic essays that define the people, the artistry and their contributions to the wonderful world of entertainment (1st, limited ed.). Los Angeles: Black Accent on L.A. Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9632908-6-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9632908-6-1"><bdi>978-0-9632908-6-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/28801394">28801394</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Black+music+history+of+Los+Angeles%2C+its+roots%3A+50+years+in+Black+music%3A+a+classical+pictorial+history+of+Los+Angeles+Black+music+of+the+20s%2C+30s%2C+40s%2C+50s+and+60s%3A+photographic+essays+that+define+the+people%2C+the+artistry+and+their+contributions+to+the+wonderful+world+of+entertainment&rft.place=Los+Angeles&rft.edition=1st%2C+limited&rft.pub=Black+Accent+on+L.A.+Press&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F28801394&rft.isbn=978-0-9632908-6-1&rft.aulast=Reed&rft.aufirst=Tom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJosephine+Baker" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Josephine Baker to Crown Queen". Headliner. Los Angeles Sentinel. May 22, 1952.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Sentinel&rft.atitle=Josephine+Baker+to+Crown+Queen&rft.date=1952-05-22&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJosephine+Baker" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-firestorm-58">^ <a href="#cite_ref-firestorm_58-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-firestorm_58-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHinckley,_David2004" class="citation news cs1">Hinckley, David (November 9, 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nydailynews.com/archives/news/firestorm-incident-stork-club-1951-article-1.571278">"Firestorm Incident at the Stork Club, 1951"</a>. Daily News. New York. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160305074546/http://www.nydailynews.com/archives/news/firestorm-incident-stork-club-1951-article-1.571278">Archived</a> from the original on March 5, 2016. Retrieved February 29, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Daily+News&rft.atitle=Firestorm+Incident+at+the+Stork+Club%2C+1951&rft.date=2004-11-09&rft.au=Hinckley%2C+David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nydailynews.com%2Farchives%2Fnews%2Ffirestorm-incident-stork-club-1951-article-1.571278&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJosephine+Baker" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERose1989251-59"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERose1989251_59-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRose1989">Rose 1989</a>, p. 251. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERose1989257-60"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERose1989257_60-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRose1989">Rose 1989</a>, p. 257. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERose1989209-61"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERose1989209_61-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRose1989">Rose 1989</a>, p. 209. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERose1989212-62"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERose1989212_62-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRose1989">Rose 1989</a>, p. 212. </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=4TgoAAAAIBAJ&pg=6956,1502149&dq=stork+club+baker&hl=en">"Stork Club Refused to Serve Her, Josephine Baker Claims"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Milwaukee_Journal" class="mw-redirect" title="Milwaukee Journal">Milwaukee Journal</a>. October 19, 1951. Retrieved August 29, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Milwaukee+Journal&rft.atitle=Stork+Club+Refused+to+Serve+Her%2C+Josephine+Baker+Claims&rft.date=1951-10-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fid%3D4TgoAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D6956%2C1502149%26dq%3Dstork%2Bclub%2Bbaker%26hl%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJosephine+Baker" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpoto2009" class="citation book cs1">Spoto, Donal (2009). High Society: The Life of Grace Kelly. New York: Harmony Books. p. 63. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-307-46251-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-307-46251-0"><bdi>978-0-307-46251-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/496121174">496121174</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=High+Society%3A+The+Life+of+Grace+Kelly&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=63&rft.pub=Harmony+Books&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F496121174&rft.isbn=978-0-307-46251-0&rft.aulast=Spoto&rft.aufirst=Donal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJosephine+Baker" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Society-65"><a href="#cite_ref-Society_65-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKissel,_Howard2000" class="citation news cs1">Kissel, Howard (May 3, 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nydailynews.com/archives/nydn-features/stork-club-special-delivery-exhibit-new-york-historical-society-recalls-glamour-wind-article-1.873537">"Stork Club Special Delivery Exhibit at the New York Historical Society recalls a glamour gone with the wind"</a>. Daily News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161011060954/http://www.nydailynews.com/archives/nydn-features/stork-club-special-delivery-exhibit-new-york-historical-society-recalls-glamour-wind-article-1.873537">Archived</a> from the original on October 11, 2016. Retrieved April 23, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Daily+News&rft.atitle=Stork+Club+Special+Delivery+Exhibit+at+the+New+York+Historical+Society+recalls+a+glamour+gone+with+the+wind&rft.date=2000-05-03&rft.au=Kissel%2C+Howard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nydailynews.com%2Farchives%2Fnydn-features%2Fstork-club-special-delivery-exhibit-new-york-historical-society-recalls-glamour-wind-article-1.873537&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJosephine+Baker" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDittmer199421-66">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDittmer199421_66-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDittmer199421_66-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDittmer199421_66-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFDittmer1994">Dittmer (1994)</a>, p. 21. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERose1989205-67"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERose1989205_67-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRose1989">Rose 1989</a>, p. 205. </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRustin2006" class="citation web cs1">Rustin, Bayard (February 28, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110720135849/http://nbjc.org/news/black-history-profile-5.html">"Profiles in Courage for Black History Month"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Black_Justice_Coalition" title="National Black Justice Coalition">National Black Justice Coalition</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nbjc.org/news/black-history-profile-5.html">the original</a> on July 20, 2011. Retrieved January 8, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Profiles+in+Courage+for+Black+History+Month&rft.pub=National+Black+Justice+Coalition&rft.date=2006-02-28&rft.aulast=Rustin&rft.aufirst=Bayard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnbjc.org%2Fnews%2Fblack-history-profile-5.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJosephine+Baker" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.infoplease.com/spot/marchonwashington.html">"Civil Rights March on Washington"</a>. Infoplease.com. August 28, 1963. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131204144003/http://www.infoplease.com/spot/marchonwashington.html">Archived</a> from the original on December 4, 2013. Retrieved December 5, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Civil+Rights+March+on+Washington&rft.pub=Infoplease.com&rft.date=1963-08-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.infoplease.com%2Fspot%2Fmarchonwashington.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJosephine+Baker" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Baker-70">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Baker_70-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Baker_70-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBakerBouillon,_Joe1977" class="citation book cs1">Baker, Josephine; Bouillon, Joe (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/josephine00bake">Josephine</a> (1st ed.). New York: Harper & Row. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-010212-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-010212-8"><bdi>978-0-06-010212-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Josephine&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Harper+%26+Row&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=978-0-06-010212-8&rft.aulast=Baker&rft.aufirst=Josephine&rft.au=Bouillon%2C+Joe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjosephine00bake&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJosephine+Baker" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/style/march-on-washington-had-one-female-speaker-josephine-baker/2011/08/08/gIQAHqhBaJ_story.html">"March on Washington had one female speaker: Josephine Baker"</a>. The Washington Post. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180919211453/https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/style/march-on-washington-had-one-female-speaker-josephine-baker/2011/08/08/gIQAHqhBaJ_story.html">Archived</a> from the original on September 19, 2018. Retrieved September 19, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=March+on+Washington+had+one+female+speaker%3A+Josephine+Baker&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Flifestyle%2Fstyle%2Fmarch-on-washington-had-one-female-speaker-josephine-baker%2F2011%2F08%2F08%2FgIQAHqhBaJ_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJosephine+Baker" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.blackpast.org/1963-josephine-baker-speech-march-washington">"(1963) Josephine Baker, 'Speech at the March on Washington'"</a>. The Black Past: Remembered and Reclaimed. November 3, 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180920010915/http://www.blackpast.org/1963-josephine-baker-speech-march-washington">Archived</a> from the original on September 20, 2018. Retrieved September 19, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Black+Past%3A+Remembered+and+Reclaimed&rft.atitle=%281963%29+Josephine+Baker%2C+%27Speech+at+the+March+on+Washington%27&rft.date=2011-11-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.blackpast.org%2F1963-josephine-baker-speech-march-washington&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJosephine+Baker" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParker" class="citation news cs1">Parker, Najja. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ajc.com/entertainment/josephine-baker-france-could-claim-her-and-america-couldn-tame-her/R95DUfFOXflmIAEwIsA70K/">"Josephine Baker: France could claim her, America couldn't tame her"</a>. The Atlanta Journal-Constitution. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1539-7459">1539-7459</a>. Retrieved January 31, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Atlanta+Journal-Constitution&rft.atitle=Josephine+Baker%3A+France+could+claim+her%2C+America+couldn%27t+tame+her&rft.issn=1539-7459&rft.aulast=Parker&rft.aufirst=Najja&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ajc.com%2Fentertainment%2Fjosephine-baker-france-could-claim-her-and-america-couldn-tame-her%2FR95DUfFOXflmIAEwIsA70K%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJosephine+Baker" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Garber-74">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Garber_74-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Garber_74-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarber2013" class="citation book cs1">Garber, Marjorie (2013). Bisexuality and the Eroticism of Everyday Life. Routledge. p. 122. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-92661-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-92661-4"><bdi>978-0-415-92661-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bisexuality+and+the+Eroticism+of+Everyday+Life&rft.pages=122&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-415-92661-4&rft.aulast=Garber&rft.aufirst=Marjorie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJosephine+Baker" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAssouline1997" class="citation book cs1">Assouline, P. (1997). Simenon, A Biography. Knopf. pp. 74–75. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-679-40285-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-679-40285-5"><bdi>978-0-679-40285-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Simenon%2C+A+Biography&rft.pages=74-75&rft.pub=Knopf&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-679-40285-5&rft.aulast=Assouline&rft.aufirst=P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJosephine+Baker" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDonald2015" class="citation book cs1">Donald, James (2015). "4: Jazz in Stone and Steel: Josephine Baker and Modern Architecture". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.oup.com/book/9306/chapter-abstract/156047661?redirectedFrom=fulltext">Some of These Days: Black Stars, Jazz Aesthetics, and Modernist Culture</a>. Oxford University Press. pp. 107–130. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facprof%3Aoso%2F9780199354016.003.0005">10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199354016.003.0005</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220907205148/https://academic.oup.com/book/9306/chapter-abstract/156047661?redirectedFrom=fulltext">Archived</a> from the original on September 7, 2022. Retrieved September 7, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=4%3A+Jazz+in+Stone+and+Steel%3A+Josephine+Baker+and+Modern+Architecture&rft.btitle=Some+of+These+Days%3A+Black+Stars%2C+Jazz+Aesthetics%2C+and+Modernist+Culture&rft.pages=107-130&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facprof%3Aoso%2F9780199354016.003.0005&rft.aulast=Donald&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Facademic.oup.com%2Fbook%2F9306%2Fchapter-abstract%2F156047661%3FredirectedFrom%3Dfulltext&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJosephine+Baker" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071109063301/http://www.cmgww.com/stars/baker/about/biography.html">"Josephine Baker"</a>. cmgww.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cmgww.com/stars/baker/about/biography.html">the original</a> on November 9, 2007. Retrieved August 23, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=cmgww.com&rft.atitle=Josephine+Baker&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cmgww.com%2Fstars%2Fbaker%2Fabout%2Fbiography.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJosephine+Baker" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStrong2006" class="citation web cs1">Strong, Lester Q. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.glbtqarchive.com/arts/baker_josephine_A.pdf">"Baker, Josephine (1906–1975)"</a> (PDF). GLBTQ Archive. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200802180100/http://www.glbtqarchive.com/arts/baker_josephine_A.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on August 2, 2020. Retrieved June 3, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GLBTQ+Archive&rft.atitle=Baker%2C+Josephine+%281906%E2%80%931975%29&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Strong&rft.aufirst=Lester+Q.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.glbtqarchive.com%2Farts%2Fbaker_josephine_A.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJosephine+Baker" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071109063301/http://www.cmgww.com/stars/baker/about/biography.html">"Biography"</a>. Josephine Baker Estate. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cmgww.com/stars/baker/about/biography.html">the original</a> on November 9, 2007. Retrieved October 16, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Biography&rft.pub=Josephine+Baker+Estate&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cmgww.com%2Fstars%2Fbaker%2Fabout%2Fbiography.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJosephine+Baker" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOnion2014" class="citation news cs1">Onion, Rebecca (April 18, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.slate.com/articles/arts/history/2014/04/josephine_baker_s_rainbow_tribe_before_madonna_and_angelina_jolie_the_expat.html">"Josephine Baker's Rainbow Tribe"</a>. Slate. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1091-2339">1091-2339</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180919212742/http://www.slate.com/articles/arts/history/2014/04/josephine_baker_s_rainbow_tribe_before_madonna_and_angelina_jolie_the_expat.html">Archived</a> from the original on September 19, 2018. Retrieved September 19, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Slate&rft.atitle=Josephine+Baker%27s+Rainbow+Tribe&rft.date=2014-04-18&rft.issn=1091-2339&rft.aulast=Onion&rft.aufirst=Rebecca&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.slate.com%2Farticles%2Farts%2Fhistory%2F2014%2F04%2Fjosephine_baker_s_rainbow_tribe_before_madonna_and_angelina_jolie_the_expat.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJosephine+Baker" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuterl2014" class="citation news cs1">Guterl, Matthew Pratt (April 19, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/books/10765330/Would-the-perfect-family-contain-a-child-from-every-race.html">"Would the perfect family contain a child from every race?"</a>. The Daily Telegraph. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0307-1235">0307-1235</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180919211605/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/books/10765330/Would-the-perfect-family-contain-a-child-from-every-race.html">Archived</a> from the original on September 19, 2018. Retrieved September 19, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Would+the+perfect+family+contain+a+child+from+every+race%3F&rft.date=2014-04-19&rft.issn=0307-1235&rft.aulast=Guterl&rft.aufirst=Matthew+Pratt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fculture%2Fbooks%2F10765330%2FWould-the-perfect-family-contain-a-child-from-every-race.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJosephine+Baker" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDenéchère2021" class="citation web cs1">Denéchère, Yves (November 30, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theconversation.com/josephine-bakers-rainbow-tribe-and-the-pursuit-of-universal-brotherhood-172714">"Josephine Baker's 'Rainbow Tribe' and the pursuit of universal brotherhood"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Conversation_(website)" title="The Conversation (website)">The Conversation</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221225202205/https://theconversation.com/josephine-bakers-rainbow-tribe-and-the-pursuit-of-universal-brotherhood-172714">Archived</a> from the original on December 25, 2022. Retrieved December 25, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Conversation&rft.atitle=Josephine+Baker%27s+%27Rainbow+Tribe%27+and+the+pursuit+of+universal+brotherhood&rft.date=2021-11-30&rft.aulast=Den%C3%A9ch%C3%A8re&rft.aufirst=Yves&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftheconversation.com%2Fjosephine-bakers-rainbow-tribe-and-the-pursuit-of-universal-brotherhood-172714&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJosephine+Baker" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFornés2022" class="citation web cs1">Fornés, Nora G. (November 17, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://english.elpais.com/culture/2022-11-17/josephine-bakers-son-for-us-her-most-obvious-legacy-is-tolerance.html">"Joséphine Baker's son: 'For us, her most obvious legacy is tolerance'"</a>. <a href="/wiki/EL_PA%C3%8DS" class="mw-redirect" title="EL PAÍS">EL PAÍS</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221225202205/https://english.elpais.com/culture/2022-11-17/josephine-bakers-son-for-us-her-most-obvious-legacy-is-tolerance.html">Archived</a> from the original on December 25, 2022. Retrieved December 25, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=EL+PA%C3%8DS&rft.atitle=Jos%C3%A9phine+Baker%27s+son%3A+%27For+us%2C+her+most+obvious+legacy+is+tolerance%27&rft.date=2022-11-17&rft.aulast=Forn%C3%A9s&rft.aufirst=Nora+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fenglish.elpais.com%2Fculture%2F2022-11-17%2Fjosephine-bakers-son-for-us-her-most-obvious-legacy-is-tolerance.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJosephine+Baker" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPapich1976" class="citation book cs1">Papich, Stephen (1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rememberingjosep0000papi">Remembering Josephine</a>. Bobbs-Merrill. p. 149. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-672-52257-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-672-52257-4"><bdi>978-0-672-52257-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Remembering+Josephine&rft.pages=149&rft.pub=Bobbs-Merrill&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=978-0-672-52257-4&rft.aulast=Papich&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frememberingjosep0000papi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJosephine+Baker" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090118134952/http://lkwdpl.org/wihohio/bake-jos.htm">"Josephine Baker Biography"</a>. Women in History. 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lkwdpl.org/wihohio/bake-jos.htm">the original</a> on January 18, 2009. Retrieved January 12, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Women+in+History&rft.atitle=Josephine+Baker+Biography&rft.date=2008&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lkwdpl.org%2Fwihohio%2Fbake-jos.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJosephine+Baker" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJules-Rosette2007190-86"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJules-Rosette2007190_86-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJules-Rosette2007">Jules-Rosette (2007)</a>, p. 190. </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVon_Merlind2009" class="citation news cs1">Von Merlind, Theile (October 2, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.spiegel.de/international/zeitgeist/adopting-the-world-josephine-baker-s-rainbow-tribe-a-652613.html">"Josephine Baker's Rainbow Tribe"</a>. Der Spiegel. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211009184714/https://www.spiegel.de/international/zeitgeist/adopting-the-world-josephine-baker-s-rainbow-tribe-a-652613.html">Archived</a> from the original on October 9, 2021. Retrieved October 9, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Der+Spiegel&rft.atitle=Josephine+Baker%27s+Rainbow+Tribe&rft.date=2009-10-02&rft.aulast=Von+Merlind&rft.aufirst=Theile&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.spiegel.de%2Finternational%2Fzeitgeist%2Fadopting-the-world-josephine-baker-s-rainbow-tribe-a-652613.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJosephine+Baker" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.artfixdaily.com/artwire/release/5212-josephine-baker-exhibit-jarry-baker-attending-on-behalf-of-jean-c">"Josephine Baker Exhibit: Jarry Baker Attending on Behalf of Jean-Claude Baker"</a>. Artifax Daily. July 21, 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211129165111/http://www.artfixdaily.com/artwire/release/5212-josephine-baker-exhibit-jarry-baker-attending-on-behalf-of-jean-c">Archived</a> from the original on November 29, 2021. Retrieved November 30, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Artifax+Daily&rft.atitle=Josephine+Baker+Exhibit%3A+Jarry+Baker+Attending+on+Behalf+of+Jean-Claude+Baker&rft.date=2019-07-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.artfixdaily.com%2Fartwire%2Frelease%2F5212-josephine-baker-exhibit-jarry-baker-attending-on-behalf-of-jean-c&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJosephine+Baker" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTheile2009" class="citation news cs1">Theile, Merlind (October 2, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.spiegel.de/international/zeitgeist/adopting-the-world-josephine-baker-s-rainbow-tribe-a-652613.html">"Josephine Baker's Rainbow Tribe"</a>. Der Spiegel. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211009184714/https://www.spiegel.de/international/zeitgeist/adopting-the-world-josephine-baker-s-rainbow-tribe-a-652613.html">Archived</a> from the original on October 9, 2021. Retrieved October 9, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Der+Spiegel&rft.atitle=Josephine+Baker%27s+Rainbow+Tribe&rft.date=2009-10-02&rft.aulast=Theile&rft.aufirst=Merlind&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.spiegel.de%2Finternational%2Fzeitgeist%2Fadopting-the-world-josephine-baker-s-rainbow-tribe-a-652613.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJosephine+Baker" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeber2021" class="citation news cs1">Weber, Bruce (January 15, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2015/01/16/nyregion/jean-claude-baker-a-restaurateur-dies-at-71.html?partner=rssnyt&emc=rss&_r=0">"Jean-Claude Baker Dies at 71; Restaurateur Honored a Chanteuse"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181002230639/https://www.nytimes.com/2015/01/16/nyregion/jean-claude-baker-a-restaurateur-dies-at-71.html?partner=rssnyt&emc=rss&_r=0">Archived</a> from the original on October 2, 2018. Retrieved November 29, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Jean-Claude+Baker+Dies+at+71%3B+Restaurateur+Honored+a+Chanteuse&rft.date=2021-01-15&rft.aulast=Weber&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2015%2F01%2F16%2Fnyregion%2Fjean-claude-baker-a-restaurateur-dies-at-71.html%3Fpartner%3Drssnyt%26emc%3Drss%26_r%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJosephine+Baker" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gale-91">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gale_91-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gale_91-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/K1623000015/BIC">"Josephine Baker"</a>. 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Josephine Baker and the Rainbow Tribe. 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Retrieved January 12, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Josephine+Baker+Is+Dead+in+Paris+at+68&rft.pages=60&rft.date=1975-04-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1975%2F04%2F13%2Farchives%2Fjosephine-baker-is-dead-in-paris-at-68.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJosephine+Baker" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAra2010" class="citation journal cs1">Ara, Konomi (March 30, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://escholarship.org/uc/item/4jq1f16w#page-16">"Josephine Baker: A Chanteuse and a Fighter"</a>. 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Retrieved August 16, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=KQED%3A+The+California+Report&rft.atitle=Tributes+in+Bronze%3A+8+More+LGBT+Heroes+Join+S.F.%27s+Rainbow+Honor+Walk&rft.date=2019-08-06&rft.aulast=Yollin&rft.aufirst=Patricia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kqed.org%2Fnews%2F11765805%2Ftributes-in-bronze-8-more-lgbt-heroes-join-s-f-s-rainbow-honor-walk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJosephine+Baker" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerlin" class="citation web cs1">Berlin, Staatliche Museen zu. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smb.museum/en/exhibitions/detail/josephine-baker/">"Josephine Baker"</a>. www.smb.museum. 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Retrieved August 22, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Musical+legend+Josephine+Baker+to+enter+France%27s+Pantheon&rft.pub=France+24&rft.date=2021-08-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.france24.com%2Fen%2Flive-news%2F20210822-musical-legend-josephine-baker-to-enter-france-s-pantheon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJosephine+Baker" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-58303919">"First black woman to enter French Panthéon of heroes"</a>. BBC News. August 23, 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210824092049/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-58303919">Archived</a> from the original on August 24, 2021. Retrieved August 24, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=First+black+woman+to+enter+French+Panth%C3%A9on+of+heroes&rft.date=2021-08-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-europe-58303919&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJosephine+Baker" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeisholtz2021" class="citation web cs1">Weisholtz, Drew (November 30, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.today.com/news/josephine-baker-becomes-first-black-woman-honored-frances-panthe-rcna7050">"Josephine Baker becomes first Black woman honored at France's Panthéon"</a>. 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Retrieved November 30, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Today&rft.atitle=Josephine+Baker+becomes+first+Black+woman+honored+at+France%27s+Panth%C3%A9on&rft.date=2021-11-30&rft.aulast=Weisholtz&rft.aufirst=Drew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.today.com%2Fnews%2Fjosephine-baker-becomes-first-black-woman-honored-frances-panthe-rcna7050&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJosephine+Baker" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGatinois2021" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Gatinois, Claire (November 30, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lemonde.fr/culture/article/2021/11/30/la-force-symbolique-de-l-entree-au-pantheon-de-josephine-baker-combattante-de-la-liberte_6104109_3246.html">"La force symbolique de l'entrée au Panthéon de Joséphine Baker, « combattante de la liberté »"</a>. Le Monde.fr (in French). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211130171108/https://www.lemonde.fr/culture/article/2021/11/30/la-force-symbolique-de-l-entree-au-pantheon-de-josephine-baker-combattante-de-la-liberte_6104109_3246.html">Archived</a> from the original on November 30, 2021. Retrieved November 30, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Le+Monde.fr&rft.atitle=La+force+symbolique+de+l%27entr%C3%A9e+au+Panth%C3%A9on+de+Jos%C3%A9phine+Baker%2C+%C2%AB+combattante+de+la+libert%C3%A9+%C2%BB&rft.date=2021-11-30&rft.aulast=Gatinois&rft.aufirst=Claire&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lemonde.fr%2Fculture%2Farticle%2F2021%2F11%2F30%2Fla-force-symbolique-de-l-entree-au-pantheon-de-josephine-baker-combattante-de-la-liberte_6104109_3246.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJosephine+Baker" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dianarossproject.wordpress.com/tag/an-evening-with-diana-ross-1977">"An Evening With Diana Ross (1977)"</a>. dianarossproject. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131024103732/http://dianarossproject.wordpress.com/tag/an-evening-with-diana-ross-1977/">Archived</a> from the original on October 24, 2013. Retrieved August 22, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=dianarossproject&rft.atitle=An+Evening+With+Diana+Ross+%281977%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdianarossproject.wordpress.com%2Ftag%2Fan-evening-with-diana-ross-1977&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJosephine+Baker" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaer2012" class="citation journal cs1">Baer, Hester (Winter 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41494715">"'Das Boot' and the German Cinema of Neoliberalism"</a>. The German Quarterly. 85 (1, German Film Studies). Wiley on behalf of the American Association of Teachers of German: 34. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1756-1183.2012.00135.x">10.1111/j.1756-1183.2012.00135.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41494715">41494715</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210916095835/https://www.jstor.org/stable/41494715">Archived</a> from the original on September 16, 2021. 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EW.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211202132222/https://ew.com/article/1991/03/15/josephine-baker-story/">Archived</a> from the original on December 2, 2021. Retrieved December 2, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=EW.com&rft.atitle=The+Josephine+Baker+Story&rft.date=1991-03-15&rft.aulast=Tucker&rft.aufirst=Ken&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Few.com%2Farticle%2F1991%2F03%2F15%2Fjosephine-baker-story%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJosephine+Baker" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qsy9k3Z-CiY">"Anastasia – Paris Hold the Key (to Your Heart) Original"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130505085833/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qsy9k3Z-CiY&gl=US&hl=en">Archived</a> from the original on May 5, 2013. 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Retrieved August 22, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=roger+ebert&rft.atitle=%27Frida%27&rft.date=2002-11-01&rft.aulast=Ebert&rft.aufirst=Roger&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frogerebert.suntimes.com%2Fapps%2Fpbcs.dll%2Farticle%3FAID%3D%2F20021101%2FREVIEWS%2F211010302&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJosephine+Baker" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bonjourparis.com/story/triplets-belleville-les-triplettes-de-belleville">"The Triplets of Belleville (Les Triplettes de Belleville)"</a>. bonjourparis.com. August 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120626152222/http://bonjourparis.com/story/triplets-belleville-les-triplettes-de-belleville/">Archived</a> from the original on June 26, 2012. Retrieved August 22, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=bonjourparis.com&rft.atitle=The+Triplets+of+Belleville+%28Les+Triplettes+de+Belleville%29&rft.date=2009-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bonjourparis.com%2Fstory%2Ftriplets-belleville-les-triplettes-de-belleville&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJosephine+Baker" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScheib2009" class="citation web cs1">Scheib, Ronnie (March 13, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.variety.com/review/VE1117939869.html?categoryid=1263&cs=1">"Review: 'Carmen and Geoffrey'"</a>. Variety. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090804115823/http://www.variety.com/review/VE1117939869.html?categoryid=1263&cs=1">Archived</a> from the original on August 4, 2009. Retrieved December 5, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Variety&rft.atitle=Review%3A+%27Carmen+and+Geoffrey%27&rft.date=2009-03-13&rft.aulast=Scheib&rft.aufirst=Ronnie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.variety.com%2Freview%2FVE1117939869.html%3Fcategoryid%3D1263%26cs%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJosephine+Baker" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121021203113/http://langston.bside.com/2009/films/carmenandgeoffrey_langston2009">"Langston Hughes African American Film Festival 2009: Carmen and Geoffrey"</a>. bside.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://langston.bside.com/2009/films/carmenandgeoffrey_langston2009">the original</a> on October 21, 2012. Retrieved June 5, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=bside.com&rft.atitle=Langston+Hughes+African+American+Film+Festival+2009%3A+Carmen+and+Geoffrey&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flangston.bside.com%2F2009%2Ffilms%2Fcarmenandgeoffrey_langston2009&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJosephine+Baker" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thedailyhatch.org/2011/06/24/the-characters-referenced-in-woody-allen%E2%80%99s-%E2%80%9Cmidnight-in-paris%E2%80%9D-part-16-josephine-baker">"The characters referenced in Woody Allen's "Midnight in Paris" (Part 16, Josephine Baker)"</a>. thedailyhatch.org. June 24, 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120730094300/http://thedailyhatch.org/2011/06/24/the-characters-referenced-in-woody-allen%E2%80%99s-%E2%80%9Cmidnight-in-paris%E2%80%9D-part-16-josephine-baker/">Archived</a> from the original on July 30, 2012. Retrieved August 22, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=thedailyhatch.org&rft.atitle=The+characters+referenced+in+Woody+Allen%27s+%22Midnight+in+Paris%22+%28Part+16%2C+Josephine+Baker%29&rft.date=2011-06-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fthedailyhatch.org%2F2011%2F06%2F24%2Fthe-characters-referenced-in-woody-allen%25E2%2580%2599s-%25E2%2580%259Cmidnight-in-paris%25E2%2580%259D-part-16-josephine-baker&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJosephine+Baker" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHammond2011" class="citation news cs1">Hammond, Margo (July 29, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/travel/a-midnight-in-paris-tour-takes-you-back-to-the-paris-of-the-20s/2011/07/18/gIQAcDEHhI_story.html">"A 'Midnight in Paris' tour takes you back to the Paris of the '20s"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120110114532/http://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/travel/a-midnight-in-paris-tour-takes-you-back-to-the-paris-of-the-20s/2011/07/18/gIQAcDEHhI_story.html">Archived</a> from the original on January 10, 2012. 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The A.V. Club. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210913161923/https://www.avclub.com/timeless-gets-tipsy-in-a-solid-and-unexpectedly-timely-1798190477">Archived</a> from the original on September 13, 2021. 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Houston Style Magazine. June 12, 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200603061323/http://stylemagazine.com/news/2019/jun/12/ensemble-theatre-elevates-life-josephine-baker-sea/">Archived</a> from the original on June 3, 2020. Retrieved June 3, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Houston+Style+Magazine&rft.atitle=The+Ensemble+Theatre+Elevates+the+Life+of+Josephine+Baker+in+Season+Finale+Musical+%27Josephine+Tonight%27&rft.date=2019-06-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstylemagazine.com%2Fnews%2F2019%2Fjun%2F12%2Fensemble-theatre-elevates-life-josephine-baker-sea%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJosephine+Baker" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatreroyal.org.uk/josephine/">"Josephine – Theatre Royal Bath"</a>. www.theatreroyal.org.uk. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211023222730/https://www.theatreroyal.org.uk/josephine/">Archived</a> from the original on October 23, 2021. Retrieved October 23, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.theatreroyal.org.uk&rft.atitle=Josephine+%E2%80%93+Theatre+Royal+Bath&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatreroyal.org.uk%2Fjosephine%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJosephine+Baker" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFadmin" class="citation web cs1">admin. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://josephinetheplay.com/">"Home"</a>. Josephine the play. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230601135419/https://josephinetheplay.com/">Archived</a> from the original on June 1, 2023. Retrieved June 1, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Josephine+the+play&rft.atitle=Home&rft.au=admin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjosephinetheplay.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJosephine+Baker" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">"Es muss nicht immer Kaviar sein". <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times_Book_Review" title="The New York Times Book Review">The New York Times Book Review</a>. 70: 150. 1965.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times+Book+Review&rft.atitle=Es+muss+nicht+immer+Kaviar+sein&rft.volume=70&rft.pages=150&rft.date=1965&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJosephine+Baker" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCampion2004" class="citation book cs1">Campion, Angela (2004). Scandalous. Brown Skin Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9544866-2-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9544866-2-4"><bdi>978-0-9544866-2-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Scandalous&rft.pub=Brown+Skin+Books&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-9544866-2-4&rft.aulast=Campion&rft.aufirst=Angela&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJosephine+Baker" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnderson-Randolph2012" class="citation book cs1">Anderson-Randolph, Peggi Eve (2012). Josephine's Incredible Shoe and the Blackpearls. Vol. 1. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4775-7015-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4775-7015-9"><bdi>978-1-4775-7015-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Josephine%27s+Incredible+Shoe+and+the+Blackpearls&rft.pub=CreateSpace+Independent+Publishing+Platform&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-4775-7015-9&rft.aulast=Anderson-Randolph&rft.aufirst=Peggi+Eve&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJosephine+Baker" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBreen2012" class="citation web cs1">Breen, Mike (April 12, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121013154136/http://www.citybeat.com/cincinnati/blog-3283-this_date_in_music_h.html">"This Date in Music History: April 12 | Legend Josephine Baker passes away and Vince Gill is born"</a>. citybeat.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.citybeat.com/cincinnati/blog-3283-this_date_in_music_h.html">the original</a> on October 13, 2012. Retrieved August 22, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=citybeat.com&rft.atitle=This+Date+in+Music+History%3A+April+12+%7C+Legend+Josephine+Baker+passes+away+and+Vince+Gill+is+born&rft.date=2012-04-12&rft.aulast=Breen&rft.aufirst=Mike&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.citybeat.com%2Fcincinnati%2Fblog-3283-this_date_in_music_h.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJosephine+Baker" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://music.yahoo.com/blogs/hip-hop-media-training/keri-hilson-pays-tribute-to-janet-tlc-supremes-in-pretty-girl-rock-video.html">"Keri Hilson Pays Tribute To Janet, TLC, Supremes In 'Pretty Girl Rock' Video"</a>. yahoo music. November 17, 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121003063042/http://music.yahoo.com/blogs/hip-hop-media-training/keri-hilson-pays-tribute-to-janet-tlc-supremes-in-pretty-girl-rock-video.html">Archived</a> from the original on October 3, 2012. Retrieved August 22, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=yahoo+music&rft.atitle=Keri+Hilson+Pays+Tribute+To+Janet%2C+TLC%2C+Supremes+In+%27Pretty+Girl+Rock%27+Video&rft.date=2010-11-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmusic.yahoo.com%2Fblogs%2Fhip-hop-media-training%2Fkeri-hilson-pays-tribute-to-janet-tlc-supremes-in-pretty-girl-rock-video.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJosephine+Baker" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2022-01-03-opWire-166"><a href="#cite_ref-2022-01-03-opWire_166-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSalazar2022" class="citation web cs1">Salazar, Francisco (January 3, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://operawire.com/artist-of-the-week-laquita-mitchell/">"Artist of the Week: Laquita Mitchell"</a>. operawire.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220308032607/https://operawire.com/artist-of-the-week-laquita-mitchell/">Archived</a> from the original on March 8, 2022. Retrieved March 10, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=operawire.com&rft.atitle=Artist+of+the+Week%3A+Laquita+Mitchell&rft.date=2022-01-03&rft.aulast=Salazar&rft.aufirst=Francisco&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Foperawire.com%2Fartist-of-the-week-laquita-mitchell%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJosephine+Baker" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.moma.org/collection/works/81896">"Alexander Calder. Josephine Baker (III). Paris, c. 1927"</a>. The Museum of Modern Art. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201214130030/https://www.moma.org/collection/works/81896">Archived</a> from the original on December 14, 2020. Retrieved January 20, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Alexander+Calder.+Josephine+Baker+%28III%29.+Paris%2C+c.+1927&rft.pub=The+Museum+of+Modern+Art&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.moma.org%2Fcollection%2Fworks%2F81896&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJosephine+Baker" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bd6t517730q/f5">"Fall Salon at Grand Palais Crowded as Parisians View 2,750 Canvases"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230525203703/https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bd6t517730q/f5">Archived</a> May 25, 2023, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, International Herald Tribune, Nov. 1, 1931, p. 5. </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ader-paris.fr/actualite/81989">"179,200 € Pour le Portrait Inédit de Joséphine Baker aux Enchères"</a>. ader-paris.fr. November 19, 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230525203703/https://www.ader-paris.fr//actualite/81989">Archived</a> from the original on May 25, 2023. Retrieved May 25, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ader-paris.fr&rft.atitle=179%2C200+%E2%82%AC+Pour+le+Portrait+In%C3%A9dit+de+Jos%C3%A9phine+Baker+aux+Ench%C3%A8res&rft.date=2021-11-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ader-paris.fr%2Factualite%2F81989&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJosephine+Baker" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.photo.rmn.fr/CS.aspx?VP3=SearchResult&VBID=2CMFCIX3A7AAKK&SMLS=1&RW=1378&RH=937">Two drawings by de Botton depicting Josephine Baker</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230526072229/https://www.photo.rmn.fr/CS.aspx?VP3=SearchResult&VBID=2CMFCIX3A7AAKK&SMLS=1&RW=1378&RH=937">Archived</a> May 26, 2023, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, also from 1931, are conserved at the Musée franco-américain du château de <a href="/wiki/Bl%C3%A9rancourt" title="Blérancourt">Blérancourt</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHauptman2014" class="citation book cs1">Hauptman, Jodi (2014). "Bodies and Waves". In Buchberg, Karl D.; Cullinan, Nicholas; Hauptman, Jodi; Sirota, Nicholas; Friedman, Samantha; Frigeri, Flavia (eds.). Henri Matisse: the cut-outs. New York: The Museum of Modern Art. p. 196. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87070-915-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87070-915-9"><bdi>978-0-87070-915-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/859305247">859305247</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Bodies+and+Waves&rft.btitle=Henri+Matisse%3A+the+cut-outs&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=196&rft.pub=The+Museum+of+Modern+Art&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F859305247&rft.isbn=978-0-87070-915-9&rft.aulast=Hauptman&rft.aufirst=Jodi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJosephine+Baker" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMillard1978" class="citation journal cs1">Millard, Charles W. (1978). "The Matisse Cut-Out". The Hudson Review. 31 (2): 326. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3849913">10.2307/3849913</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0018-702X">0018-702X</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3849913">3849913</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hudson+Review&rft.atitle=The+Matisse+Cut-Out&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=326&rft.date=1978&rft.issn=0018-702X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3849913%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3849913&rft.aulast=Millard&rft.aufirst=Charles+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJosephine+Baker" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrenn2010" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Crenn, Julie (November 21, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101206185845/http://www.africultures.com/php/index.php?nav=article&no=9819">"Icône de la constellation Noire: Joséphine Baker"</a>. Africultures.com (in French). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.africultures.com/php/index.php?nav=article&no=9819#">the original</a> on December 6, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Africultures.com&rft.atitle=Ic%C3%B4ne+de+la+constellation+Noire%3A+Jos%C3%A9phine+Baker&rft.date=2010-11-21&rft.aulast=Crenn&rft.aufirst=Julie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.africultures.com%2Fphp%2Findex.php%3Fnav%3Darticle%26no%3D9819%23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJosephine+Baker" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrancis202168-174"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrancis202168_174-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFrancis2021">Francis (2021)</a>, p. 68. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJules-Rosette200775-175">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJules-Rosette200775_175-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJules-Rosette200775_175-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFJules-Rosette2007">Jules-Rosette (2007)</a>, p. 75. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrancis20216-176"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrancis20216_176-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFrancis2021">Francis (2021)</a>, p. 6. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJules-Rosette200775,_217-177"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJules-Rosette200775,_217_177-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJules-Rosette2007">Jules-Rosette (2007)</a>, pp. 75, 217. </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDe_Baroncelli" class="citation book cs1">De Baroncelli, Jacques. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/TheFrenchWay-josephineBaker1945">The French Way – Josephine Baker</a>. Retrieved January 18, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+French+Way+%E2%80%93+Josephine+Baker&rft.aulast=De+Baroncelli&rft.aufirst=Jacques&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FTheFrenchWay-josephineBaker1945&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJosephine+Baker" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://history.sffs.org/films/film_details.php?id=5850&searchfield=">"Josephine Baker: Black Diva in a White Man's World | San Francisco Film Festival"</a>. history.sffs.org. Retrieved March 19, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=history.sffs.org&rft.atitle=Josephine+Baker%3A+Black+Diva+in+a+White+Man%27s+World+%7C+San+Francisco+Film+Festival&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhistory.sffs.org%2Ffilms%2Ffilm_details.php%3Fid%3D5850%26searchfield%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJosephine+Baker" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kepler22productions.com/films/josephine-baker-premiere-icone-noire/?lang=en">"Joséphine Baker, the story of an awakening"</a>. Kepler22 Productions. Retrieved March 19, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Kepler22+Productions&rft.atitle=Jos%C3%A9phine+Baker%2C+the+story+of+an+awakening&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkepler22productions.com%2Ffilms%2Fjosephine-baker-premiere-icone-noire%2F%3Flang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJosephine+Baker" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Josephine_Baker&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Bibliography">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110427131829/http://www.oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/ft5199n6vs">"The Josephine Baker collection, 1926–2001"</a>. Stanford University Libraries. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/ft5199n6vs">the original</a> on April 27, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Josephine+Baker+collection%2C+1926%E2%80%932001&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Libraries&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oac.cdlib.org%2Ffindaid%2Fark%3A%2F13030%2Fft5199n6vs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJosephine+Baker" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAtwoodOlson2011" class="citation book cs1">Atwood, Kathryn J. & Olson, Sarah (2011). Women Heroes of World War II: 26 Stories of Espionage, Sabotage, Resistance, and Rescue. Chicago: Chicago Review Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55652-961-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55652-961-0"><bdi>978-1-55652-961-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Women+Heroes+of+World+War+II%3A+26+Stories+of+Espionage%2C+Sabotage%2C+Resistance%2C+and+Rescue&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=Chicago+Review+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-55652-961-0&rft.aulast=Atwood&rft.aufirst=Kathryn+J.&rft.au=Olson%2C+Sarah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJosephine+Baker" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBakerChase1993" class="citation book cs1">Baker, J.C. & Chase, Chris (1993). Josephine: The Hungry Heart. New York: Random House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-679-40915-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-679-40915-1"><bdi>978-0-679-40915-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Josephine%3A+The+Hungry+Heart&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-679-40915-1&rft.aulast=Baker&rft.aufirst=J.C.&rft.au=Chase%2C+Chris&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJosephine+Baker" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBakerChase1995" class="citation book cs1">Baker, Jean-Claude & Chase, Chris (1995). Josephine: The Josephine Baker Story. Adams Media Corp. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55850-472-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55850-472-1"><bdi>978-1-55850-472-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Josephine%3A+The+Josephine+Baker+Story&rft.pub=Adams+Media+Corp&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-1-55850-472-1&rft.aulast=Baker&rft.aufirst=Jean-Claude&rft.au=Chase%2C+Chris&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJosephine+Baker" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBakerBouillon1995" class="citation book cs1">Baker, Josephine & Bouillon, Jo (1995). Josephine. Marlowe & Co. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56924-978-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56924-978-9"><bdi>978-1-56924-978-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Josephine&rft.pub=Marlowe+%26+Co&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-1-56924-978-9&rft.aulast=Baker&rft.aufirst=Josephine&rft.au=Bouillon%2C+Jo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJosephine+Baker" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBergfelderHarrisStreet2007" class="citation book cs1">Bergfelder, Tim; Harris, Sue & Street, Sarah (2007). "French Cinema in the 1930s: Space, Place, and National Identity". Film Architecture and the Transnational Imagination: Set Design in 1930s European Cinema. Amsterdam University Press. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt46mscn.7.">j.ctt46mscn.7.</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=French+Cinema+in+the+1930s%3A+Space%2C+Place%2C+and+National+Identity&rft.btitle=Film+Architecture+and+the+Transnational+Imagination%3A+Set+Design+in+1930s+European+Cinema&rft.pub=Amsterdam+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctt46mscn.7.%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Bergfelder&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft.au=Harris%2C+Sue&rft.au=Street%2C+Sarah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJosephine+Baker" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBonini2000" class="citation book cs1">Bonini, Emmanuel (2000). La veritable Josephine Baker. Paris: Pigmalean Gerard Watelet. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-85704-616-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-85704-616-5"><bdi>978-2-85704-616-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+veritable+Josephine+Baker&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Pigmalean+Gerard+Watelet&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-2-85704-616-5&rft.aulast=Bonini&rft.aufirst=Emmanuel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJosephine+Baker" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDittmer1994" class="citation book cs1">Dittmer, John (1994). Local People: The Struggle for Civil Rights in Mississippi. Champaign: University of Illinois Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-252-06507-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-252-06507-1"><bdi>978-0-252-06507-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Local+People%3A+The+Struggle+for+Civil+Rights+in+Mississippi&rft.place=Champaign&rft.pub=University+of+Illinois+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-252-06507-1&rft.aulast=Dittmer&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJosephine+Baker" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrancis2021" class="citation book cs1">Francis, Terri Simone (2021). Josephine Baker's Cinematic Prism. Indiana University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2Fj.ctv1dc9k61">10.2307/j.ctv1dc9k61</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-22338-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-22338-8"><bdi>978-0-253-22338-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:243157615">243157615</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Josephine+Baker%27s+Cinematic+Prism&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A243157615%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2Fj.ctv1dc9k61&rft.isbn=978-0-253-22338-8&rft.aulast=Francis&rft.aufirst=Terri+Simone&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJosephine+Baker" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuterl2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Pratt_Guterl" title="Matthew Pratt Guterl">Guterl, Matthew</a> (2014). Josephine Baker and the Rainbow Tribe. Cambridge, Massachusetts: <a href="/wiki/Belknap_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Belknap Press">Belknap Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-04755-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-04755-6"><bdi>978-0-674-04755-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Josephine+Baker+and+the+Rainbow+Tribe&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pub=Belknap+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-674-04755-6&rft.aulast=Guterl&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJosephine+Baker" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHammond_O'Connor1988" class="citation book cs1">Hammond O'Connor, Patrick (1988). Josephine Baker. Jonathan Cape. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-224-02441-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-224-02441-9"><bdi>978-0-224-02441-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Josephine+Baker&rft.pub=Jonathan+Cape&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-224-02441-9&rft.aulast=Hammond+O%27Connor&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJosephine+Baker" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaney2002" class="citation book cs1">Haney, Lynn (2002) [1995]. Naked at the Feast: A Biography of Josephine Baker. London: Robson Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86105-507-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86105-507-1"><bdi>978-1-86105-507-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Naked+at+the+Feast%3A+A+Biography+of+Josephine+Baker&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Robson+Books&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-86105-507-1&rft.aulast=Haney&rft.aufirst=Lynn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJosephine+Baker" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJules-Rosette2006" class="citation book cs1">Jules-Rosette, Bennetta (2006). Josephine Baker: Image and Icon. Reedy Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-933370-02-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-933370-02-6"><bdi>978-1-933370-02-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Josephine+Baker%3A+Image+and+Icon&rft.pub=Reedy+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-933370-02-6&rft.aulast=Jules-Rosette&rft.aufirst=Bennetta&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJosephine+Baker" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJules-Rosette2007" class="citation book cs1">Jules-Rosette, Bennetta (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/josephinebakerin0000jule">Josephine Baker in Art and Life</a>. Chicago: Urbana: University of Illinois Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-252-07412-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-252-07412-7"><bdi>978-0-252-07412-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Josephine+Baker+in+Art+and+Life&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=Urbana%3A+University+of+Illinois+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-252-07412-7&rft.aulast=Jules-Rosette&rft.aufirst=Bennetta&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjosephinebakerin0000jule&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJosephine+Baker" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKraut2003" class="citation journal cs1">Kraut, Anthea (October 17, 2003). "Between Primitivism and Diaspora: The Dance Performances of Josephine Baker, Zora Neale Hurston, and Katherine Dunham". Theatre Journal. 55 (3): 433–450. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Ftj.2003.0125">10.1353/tj.2003.0125</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:194074254">194074254</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Theatre+Journal&rft.atitle=Between+Primitivism+and+Diaspora%3A+The+Dance+Performances+of+Josephine+Baker%2C+Zora+Neale+Hurston%2C+and+Katherine+Dunham&rft.volume=55&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=433-450&rft.date=2003-10-17&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Ftj.2003.0125&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A194074254%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Kraut&rft.aufirst=Anthea&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJosephine+Baker" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewis2022" class="citation book cs1">Lewis, Damien (2022). Agent Josephine: American Beauty, French Hero, British Spy (hardback). New York: PublicAffairs. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5417-0066-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5417-0066-6"><bdi>978-1-5417-0066-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Agent+Josephine%3A+American+Beauty%2C+French+Hero%2C+British+Spy&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=PublicAffairs&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-1-5417-0066-6&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=Damien&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJosephine+Baker" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMackrell2013" class="citation book cs1">Mackrell, Judith (2013). Flappers: Six Women of a Dangerous Generation. Pan Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-330-52952-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-330-52952-5"><bdi>978-0-330-52952-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Flappers%3A+Six+Women+of+a+Dangerous+Generation&rft.pub=Pan+Books&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-330-52952-5&rft.aulast=Mackrell&rft.aufirst=Judith&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJosephine+Baker" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMahon2011" class="citation book cs1">Mahon, Elizabeth Kerri (2011). Scandalous Women: The Lives and Loves of History's Most Notorious Women. Perigee Trade. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-399-53645-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-399-53645-8"><bdi>978-0-399-53645-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Scandalous+Women%3A+The+Lives+and+Loves+of+History%27s+Most+Notorious+Women&rft.pub=Perigee+Trade&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-399-53645-8&rft.aulast=Mahon&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth+Kerri&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJosephine+Baker" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller2007" class="citation book cs1">Miller, Mark (2007). High Hat, Trumpet and Rhythm: The Life and Music of Valaida Snow. Toronto: The Mercury Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55128-127-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55128-127-8"><bdi>978-1-55128-127-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=High+Hat%2C+Trumpet+and+Rhythm%3A+The+Life+and+Music+of+Valaida+Snow&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pub=The+Mercury+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-55128-127-8&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJosephine+Baker" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRose1989" class="citation book cs1">Rose, Phyllis (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jazzcleopatrajos00rose_0">Jazz Cleopatra: Josephine Baker in her time</a>. New York: Doubleday. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-385-24891-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-385-24891-4"><bdi>978-0-385-24891-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jazz+Cleopatra%3A+Josephine+Baker+in+her+time&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Doubleday&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-385-24891-4&rft.aulast=Rose&rft.aufirst=Phyllis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjazzcleopatrajos00rose_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJosephine+Baker" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchroeder1989" class="citation book cs1">Schroeder, Alan (1989). Ragtime Tumpie. Boston: Little, Brown. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780316774970" title="Special:BookSources/9780316774970"><bdi>9780316774970</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ragtime+Tumpie&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Little%2C+Brown&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=9780316774970&rft.aulast=Schroeder&rft.aufirst=Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJosephine+Baker" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchroeder1990" class="citation book cs1">Schroeder, Alan (1990). Josephine Baker. Chelsea House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7910-1116-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7910-1116-4"><bdi>978-0-7910-1116-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Josephine+Baker&rft.pub=Chelsea+House&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-7910-1116-4&rft.aulast=Schroeder&rft.aufirst=Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJosephine+Baker" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTheile2009" class="citation news cs1">Theile, Merlind (October 2, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091004020323/http://www.spiegel.de/international/zeitgeist/0,1518,652613,00.html">"Adopting the World: Josephine Baker's Rainbow Tribe"</a>. Spiegel Online International. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spiegel.de/international/zeitgeist/0,1518,652613,00.html">the original</a> on October 4, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Spiegel+Online+International&rft.atitle=Adopting+the+World%3A+Josephine+Baker%27s+Rainbow+Tribe&rft.date=2009-10-02&rft.aulast=Theile&rft.aufirst=Merlind&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spiegel.de%2Finternational%2Fzeitgeist%2F0%2C1518%2C652613%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJosephine+Baker" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2002" class="citation book cs1">Williams, Iain Cameron (2002). Underneath a Harlem Moon: The Harlem to Paris Years of Adelaide Hall. Bloomsbury Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-5893-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-5893-3"><bdi>978-0-8264-5893-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Underneath+a+Harlem+Moon%3A+The+Harlem+to+Paris+Years+of+Adelaide+Hall&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishers&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-8264-5893-3&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Iain+Cameron&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJosephine+Baker" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWood2002" class="citation book cs1">Wood, Ean (2002). The Josephine Baker Story. Sanctuary Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86074-394-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86074-394-8"><bdi>978-1-86074-394-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Josephine+Baker+Story&rft.pub=Sanctuary+Publishing&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-86074-394-8&rft.aulast=Wood&rft.aufirst=Ean&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJosephine+Baker" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Josephine_Baker&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Josephine_Baker" class="extiw" title="q:Josephine Baker">Josephine Baker</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Josephine_Baker" class="extiw" title="commons:Josephine Baker">Josephine Baker</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cmgww.com/stars/baker">Official website</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.allmusic.com/artist/p3081">Josephine Baker</a> at <a href="/wiki/AllMusic_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="AllMusic (identifier)">AllMusic</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ibdb.com/broadway-cast-staff/30698">Josephine Baker</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Broadway_Database" title="Internet Broadway Database">Internet Broadway Database</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q151972#P1220" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0001927/">Josephine Baker</a> at <a href="/wiki/IMDb_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="IMDb (identifier)">IMDb</a> (self)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/6789">Josephine Baker</a> at <a href="/wiki/Find_a_Grave" title="Find a Grave">Find a Grave</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/person.php?LinkID=mp130855">Portraits of Josephine Baker</a> at the <a href="/wiki/National_Portrait_Gallery,_London" title="National Portrait Gallery, London">National Portrait Gallery, London</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q151972#P1816" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070927195431/http://sonybmgmasterworks.com/artists/josephinebaker/">"Discography at Sony BMG Masterworks"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sonybmgmasterworks.com/artists/josephinebaker/">the original</a> on September 27, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Discography+at+Sony+BMG+Masterworks&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsonybmgmasterworks.com%2Fartists%2Fjosephinebaker%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJosephine+Baker" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130724165458/http://www.pemward.co.uk/page_1155473499796.html">The electric body: Nancy Cunard sees Josephine Baker (2003)</a> – review essay of dance style and contemporary critics</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hollisarchives.lib.harvard.edu/repositories/24/resources/3147">Collection: Josephine Baker papers</a> at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111121125844/http://hcl.harvard.edu/libraries/houghton/">Houghton Library</a>, Harvard University</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tjrhino1.umsl.edu/whmc/view.php?description_get=Josephine+Baker">"Josephine Baker photographs"</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Missouri%E2%80%93St._Louis" title="University of Missouri–St. Louis">University of Missouri–St. Louis</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Josephine+Baker+photographs&rft.pub=University+of+Missouri%E2%80%93St.+Louis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftjrhino1.umsl.edu%2Fwhmc%2Fview.php%3Fdescription_get%3DJosephine%2BBaker&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJosephine+Baker" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Norwood, Arlisha. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.womenshistory.org/education-resources/biographies/josephine-baker">"Josephine Baker"</a>. National Women's History Museum. 2017.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://findingaids.library.emory.edu/documents/baker955/">Josephine Baker papers, 1931–1968</a> at the Stuart A. Rose Manuscript, Archives, and Rare Book Library</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://findingaids.library.columbia.edu/ead/nnc-rb/ldpd_14327084">Finding aid to the Josephine Baker collection at Columbia University. Rare Book & Manuscript Library.</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Template:Burlesque_Hall_of_Fame" title="Template:Burlesque Hall of Fame"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Burlesque_Hall_of_Fame" title="Template talk:Burlesque Hall of Fame"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Burlesque_Hall_of_Fame" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Burlesque Hall of Fame"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Burlesque_Hall_of_Fame" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Burlesque_Hall_of_Fame" title="Burlesque Hall of Fame">Burlesque Hall of Fame</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Inductees</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dita_Von_Teese" title="Dita Von Teese">Dita Von Teese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jett_Adore" title="Jett Adore">Jett Adore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satan%27s_Angel" title="Satan's Angel">Satan's Angel</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Josephine Baker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theda_Bara" title="Theda Bara">Theda Bara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candy_Barr" title="Candy Barr">Candy Barr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ann_Corio" title="Ann Corio">Ann Corio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diana_Dors" title="Diana Dors">Diana Dors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gypsy_Rose_Lee" title="Gypsy Rose Lee">Gypsy Rose Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jayne_Mansfield" title="Jayne Mansfield">Jayne Mansfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chesty_Morgan" title="Chesty Morgan">Chesty Morgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bettie_Page" title="Bettie Page">Bettie Page</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sally_Rand" title="Sally Rand">Sally Rand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lili_St._Cyr" title="Lili St. Cyr">Lili St. Cyr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blaze_Starr" title="Blaze Starr">Blaze Starr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tempest_Storm" title="Tempest Storm">Tempest Storm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamie_Van_Doren" title="Mamie Van Doren">Mamie Van Doren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mae_West" title="Mae West">Mae West</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Behind_the_Burly_Q" title="Behind the Burly Q">Behind the Burly Q</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miss_Exotic_World_Pageant" title="Miss Exotic World Pageant">Miss Exotic World Pageant</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:<ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/19px-P_vip.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/28px-P_vip.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/37px-P_vip.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="1944" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Biography" title="Portal:Biography">Biography</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Nuvola_LGBT_flag.svg/19px-Nuvola_LGBT_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Nuvola_LGBT_flag.svg/29px-Nuvola_LGBT_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Nuvola_LGBT_flag.svg/38px-Nuvola_LGBT_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:LGBTQ" title="Portal:LGBTQ">LGBTQ</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/GClef.svg/7px-GClef.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/GClef.svg/10px-GClef.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/GClef.svg/14px-GClef.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="15" data-file-height="41" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Music" title="Portal:Music">Music</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><a href="/wiki/File:Saxo_Boca1.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Saxo_Boca1.JPG/18px-Saxo_Boca1.JPG" decoding="async" width="18" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Saxo_Boca1.JPG/28px-Saxo_Boca1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Saxo_Boca1.JPG/36px-Saxo_Boca1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="219" data-file-height="230" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Jazz" title="Portal:Jazz">Jazz</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/21px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/42px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">United States</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/21px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/32px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/42px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:France" title="Portal:France">France</a></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q151972#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q151972#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q151972#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000116279884">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/41836198">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/6818/">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJkXrvTVmB9Jkbmj88wXBP">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118506099">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50020892">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11889929q">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11889929q">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00620315">Japan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35691869">Australia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ola2002150857&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX830078">Spain</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p071589171">Netherlands</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/1533887352638">Norway</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000323987&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=248854">Greece</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC2020R4031">Korea</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/ljx0z7f4508lbn8">Sweden</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810632401505606">Poland</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007462877705171">Israel</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058510930406706">Catalonia</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500490452">ULAN</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/549dc0da-d165-4bff-839e-dca65cf51c0c">MusicBrainz</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.moma.org/artists/46603">Museum of Modern Art</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://adp.library.ucsb.edu/names/356715">Discography of American Historical Recordings</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bmlo.de/b2676">BMLO</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1044677">Trove</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118506099.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118506099">DDB</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/026701553">IdRef</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10581628">NARA</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w69x14kk">SNAC</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Josephine_Baker&oldid=1257412913">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Josephine_Baker&oldid=1257412913</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1906_births" title="Category:1906 births">1906 births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1975_deaths" title="Category:1975 deaths">1975 deaths</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:20th-century_African-American_women_singers" title="Category:20th-century African-American women singers">20th-century African-American women singers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:20th-century_American_singers" title="Category:20th-century American singers">20th-century American singers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:20th-century_American_women_singers" title="Category:20th-century American women singers">20th-century American women singers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:20th-century_French_actresses" title="Category:20th-century French actresses">20th-century French actresses</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:20th-century_French_women_singers" title="Category:20th-century French women singers">20th-century French women singers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Actresses_from_St._Louis" title="Category:Actresses from St. Louis">Actresses from St. Louis</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:African-American_Catholics" title="Category:African-American Catholics">African-American Catholics</a></li><li><a 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in World War II</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Black_French_actresses" title="Category:Black French actresses">Black French actresses</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cabaret_singers" title="Category:Cabaret singers">Cabaret singers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Columbia_Records_artists" title="Category:Columbia Records artists">Columbia Records artists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Converts_to_Roman_Catholicism" title="Category:Converts to Roman Catholicism">Converts to Roman Catholicism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Female_recipients_of_the_Croix_de_Guerre_(France)" title="Category:Female recipients of the Croix de Guerre (France)">Female recipients of the Croix de Guerre (France)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Female_resistance_members_of_World_War_II" title="Category:Female resistance members of World War II">Female resistance members of World War II</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Female_wartime_spies" title="Category:Female wartime spies">Female 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