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</div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Physical_geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Physical_geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Physical geography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Physical_geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Physical geography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Physical_geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Main_islands" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Main_islands"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Main islands</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Main_islands-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Minor_islands" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Minor_islands"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Minor islands</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Minor_islands-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Climate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ecology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ecology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Ecology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Ecology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Ecology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Ecology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Terrestrial" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Terrestrial"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Terrestrial</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Terrestrial-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pre-Columbian_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pre-Columbian_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Pre-Columbian era</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pre-Columbian_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-European_discovery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#European_discovery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>European discovery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-European_discovery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pirate_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pirate_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Pirate era</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pirate_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-19th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#19th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>19th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-19th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-20th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#20th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>20th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-20th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-21st_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#21st_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.6</span> <span>21st century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-21st_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Politics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Demographics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Travel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Travel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Travel</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Travel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Environmental_protection_policy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Environmental_protection_policy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Environmental protection policy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Environmental_protection_policy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Environmental protection policy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Environmental_protection_policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Environmental_threats" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Environmental_threats"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Environmental threats</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Environmental_threats-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.2</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Galápagos Islands</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 106 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-106" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">106 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gal%C3%A1pagos-eilande" title="Galápagos-eilande – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Galápagos-eilande" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B2%D8%B1_%D8%BA%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%BA%D9%88%D8%B3" title="جزر غالاباغوس – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جزر غالاباغوس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islas_Galapagos" title="Islas Galapagos – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Islas Galapagos" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islles_Gal%C3%A1pagos" title="Islles Galápagos – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Islles Galápagos" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qalapaqos_adalar%C4%B1" title="Qalapaqos adaları – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Qalapaqos adaları" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B8_%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%9E%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9C" title="গালাপাগোস দ্বীপপুঞ্জ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="গালাপাগোস দ্বীপপুঞ্জ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gal%C3%A1pagos_K%C3%BBn-t%C3%B3" title="Galápagos Kûn-tó – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Galápagos Kûn-tó" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%81" title="Галапагос – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Галапагос" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Галапагас – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Галапагас" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8" title="Галапагоски острови – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Галапагоски острови" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galapagoska_ostrva" title="Galapagoska ostrva – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Galapagoska ostrva" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inizi_Gal%C3%A1pagos" title="Inizi Galápagos – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Inizi Galápagos" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illes_Gal%C3%A1pagos" title="Illes Galápagos – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Illes Galápagos" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galapagos_Islands" title="Galapagos Islands – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Galapagos Islands" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galap%C3%A1gy" title="Galapágy – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Galapágy" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ynysoedd_y_Galapagos" title="Ynysoedd y Galapagos – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Ynysoedd y Galapagos" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gal%C3%A1pagos%C3%B8erne" title="Galápagosøerne – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Galápagosøerne" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galapagosinseln" title="Galapagosinseln – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Galapagosinseln" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%8E%DE%A6%DE%8D%DE%A7%DE%95%DE%AC%DE%8E%DE%AE%DE%90%DE%B0_%DE%87%DE%A6%DE%87%DE%A8%DE%8D%DE%AC%DE%82%DE%B0%DE%91%DE%B0%DE%90%DE%B0" title="ގަލާޕެގޮސް އައިލެންޑްސް – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ގަލާޕެގޮސް އައިލެންޑްސް" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gal%C3%A1pagose_saared" title="Galápagose saared – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Galápagose saared" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9D%CE%B7%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%AC_%CE%93%CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%B1%CF%80%CE%AC%CE%B3%CE%BA%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Νησιά Γκαλαπάγκος – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Νησιά Γκαλαπάγκος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islas_Gal%C3%A1pagos" title="Islas Galápagos – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Islas Galápagos" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galapagoj" title="Galapagoj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Galapagoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galapagoak" title="Galapagoak – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Galapagoak" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AC%D9%85%D8%B9%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%B2%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1_%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%BE%D8%A7%DA%AF%D9%88%D8%B3" title="مجمع‌الجزایر گالاپاگوس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مجمع‌الجزایر گالاپاگوس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galapagosoyggjar" title="Galapagosoyggjar – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Galapagosoyggjar" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Eles_Gal%C3%A1pagos" title="Îles Galápagos – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Îles Galápagos" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galapagoseilannen" title="Galapagoseilannen – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Galapagoseilannen" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oile%C3%A1in_Gal%C3%A1pagos" title="Oileáin Galápagos – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Oileáin Galápagos" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illas_Gal%C3%A1pagos" title="Illas Galápagos – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Illas Galápagos" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B0%88%EB%9D%BC%ED%8C%8C%EA%B3%A0%EC%8A%A4_%EC%A0%9C%EB%8F%84" title="갈라파고스 제도 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="갈라파고스 제도" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B3%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%A1%D5%BA%D5%A1%D5%A3%D5%B8%D5%BD%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%AF%D5%B2%D5%A6%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Գալապագոսյան կղզիներ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Գալապագոսյան կղզիներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B9" title="गैलापागोस द्वीपसमूह – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="गैलापागोस द्वीपसमूह" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oto%C4%8Dje_Gal%C3%A1pagos" title="Otočje Galápagos – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Otočje Galápagos" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galapagi" title="Galapagi – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Galapagi" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kepulauan_Gal%C3%A1pagos" title="Kepulauan Galápagos – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kepulauan Galápagos" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gal%C3%A1pagoseyjar" title="Galápagoseyjar – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Galápagoseyjar" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gal%C3%A1pagos" title="Galápagos – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Galápagos" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%99%D7%99_%D7%92%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%A4%D7%92%D7%95%D7%A1" title="איי גלאפגוס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="איי גלאפגוס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapuloan_Galapagos" title="Kapuloan Galapagos – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Kapuloan Galapagos" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%A6%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B5%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%B3%E0%B3%81" title="ಗಲಾಪಗಸ್ ದ್ವೀಪಗಳು – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಗಲಾಪಗಸ್ ದ್ವೀಪಗಳು" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%92%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%9E%E1%83%90%E1%83%92%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%99%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9C%E1%83%AB%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="გალაპაგოსის კუნძულები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="გალაპაგოსის კუნძულები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%81_%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Галапагос аралдары – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Галапагос аралдары" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galapagos" title="Galapagos – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Galapagos" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%81" title="Галапагос – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Галапагос" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%81_%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%B2%D0%BB%D3%93" title="Галапагос ошмаотывлӓ – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Галапагос ошмаотывлӓ" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кырык мары</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insulae_Galapagenses" title="Insulae Galapagenses – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Insulae Galapagenses" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galapagu_salas" title="Galapagu salas – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Galapagu salas" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gal%C3%A1pagosinselen" title="Galápagosinselen – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Galápagosinselen" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galapagai" title="Galapagai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Galapagai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isolas_Galapagos" title="Isolas Galapagos – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Isolas Galapagos" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gal%C3%A1pagos-szigetek" title="Galápagos-szigetek – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Galápagos-szigetek" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%81" title="Галапагос – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Галапагос" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%97%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%BE" title="ഗാലപ്പഗോസ് ദ്വീപുകൾ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഗാലപ്പഗോസ് ദ്വീപുകൾ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C5%BCejjer_Galapagos" title="Gżejjer Galapagos – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Gżejjer Galapagos" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moutere_Gal%C3%A1pagos" title="Moutere Galápagos – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Moutere Galápagos" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Māori</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%85%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%87" title="गॅलापागोस बेटे – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="गॅलापागोस बेटे" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kepulauan_Gal%C3%A1pagos" title="Kepulauan Galápagos – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kepulauan Galápagos" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapulauan_Galapagos" title="Kapulauan Galapagos – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Kapulauan Galapagos" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%83%D0%B4" title="Галапагосын арлууд – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Галапагосын арлууд" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%82%E1%80%AB%E1%80%9C%E1%80%AC%E1%80%95%E1%80%AB%E1%80%82%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B8%E1%80%80%E1%80%BB%E1%80%BD%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%99%E1%80%BB%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8" title="ဂါလာပါဂိုးကျွန်းများ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဂါလာပါဂိုးကျွန်းများ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galapagoseilanden" title="Galapagoseilanden – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Galapagoseilanden" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galapagoseilaanden" title="Galapagoseilaanden – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Galapagoseilaanden" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%82" title="गालापागोस टापुहरू – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="गालापागोस टापुहरू" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AC%E3%83%A9%E3%83%91%E3%82%B4%E3%82%B9%E8%AB%B8%E5%B3%B6" title="ガラパゴス諸島 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ガラパゴス諸島" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galapagos_Eilunen" title="Galapagos Eilunen – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Galapagos Eilunen" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gal%C3%A1pagos%C3%B8yene" title="Galápagosøyene – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Galápagosøyene" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gal%C3%A1pagos%C3%B8yane" title="Galápagosøyane – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Galápagosøyane" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illas_Gal%C3%A1pagos" title="Illas Galápagos – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Illas Galápagos" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galapagos_orollari" title="Galapagos orollari – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Galapagos orollari" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%AA%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%97%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%B8_%E0%A8%A6%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%AA_%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%B9" title="ਗਲਾਪਾਗੋਸ ਦੀਪ ਸਮੂਹ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਗਲਾਪਾਗੋਸ ਦੀਪ ਸਮੂਹ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%BE%DB%8C%DA%AF%D9%88%D8%B3_%D8%AC%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%92" title="گالاپیگوس جزیرے – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="گالاپیگوس جزیرے" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%80%E1%9F%84%E1%9F%87%E1%9E%A0%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%80%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%A1%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%94%E1%9F%89%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%A0%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%80%E1%9E%BC%E1%9E%9F" title="កោះហ្កាឡាប៉ាហ្កូស – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="កោះហ្កាឡាប៉ាហ្កូស" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gal%C3%A1pagos-Inseln" title="Galápagos-Inseln – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Galápagos-Inseln" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galapagos" title="Galapagos – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Galapagos" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gal%C3%A1pagos" title="Galápagos – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Galápagos" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insulele_Gal%C3%A1pagos" title="Insulele Galápagos – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Insulele Galápagos" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yawatisuyu" title="Yawatisuyu – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Yawatisuyu" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%81" title="Галапагос – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Галапагос" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cya-la-pa-ke_a_kasasubalan" title="Cya-la-pa-ke a kasasubalan – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="Cya-la-pa-ke a kasasubalan" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sakizaya</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gal%C3%A1pagos-Ailounde" title="Galápagos-Ailounde – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Galápagos-Ailounde" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ishujt_Galapagos" title="Ishujt Galapagos – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Ishujt Galapagos" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galapagos" title="Galapagos – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Galapagos" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gal%C3%A1pagos_Islands" title="Galápagos Islands – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Galápagos Islands" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galap%C3%A1gy" title="Galapágy – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Galapágy" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galapa%C5%A1ki_otoki" title="Galapaški otoki – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Galapaški otoki" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%88%D8%B1%DA%AF%DB%95%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%BE%D8%A7%DA%AF%DB%86%D8%B3" title="دوورگەکانی گالاپاگۆس – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="دوورگەکانی گالاپاگۆس" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%81" title="Галапагос – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Галапагос" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gal%C3%A1pagos" title="Galápagos – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Galápagos" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gal%C3%A1pagossaaret" title="Galápagossaaret – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Galápagossaaret" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gal%C3%A1pagos%C3%B6arna" title="Galápagosöarna – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Galápagosöarna" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapuluan_ng_Galapagos" title="Kapuluan ng Galapagos – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Kapuluan ng Galapagos" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D" title="கலாபகசுத் தீவுகள் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கலாபகசுத் தீவுகள்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%81_%D1%83%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Галапагос утраулары – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Галапагос утраулары" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%88%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%AA" title="หมู่เกาะกาลาปาโกส – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="หมู่เกาะกาลาปาโกส" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%81" title="Галапагос – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Галапагос" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gal%C3%A1pagos_Adalar%C4%B1" title="Galápagos Adaları – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Galápagos Adaları" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D1%96_%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8" title="Галапагоські острови – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Галапагоські острови" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B1_%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%BE%D8%A7%DA%AF%D9%88%D8%B2" title="جزائر گالاپاگوز – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="جزائر گالاپاگوز" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%BE%D8%A7%DA%AF%D9%88%D8%B3_%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%89%D9%85_%D8%A6%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%89%D9%84%D9%89" title="گالپاگوس تاقىم ئارىلى – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="گالپاگوس تاقىم ئارىلى" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qu%E1%BA%A7n_%C4%91%E1%BA%A3o_Gal%C3%A1pagos" title="Quần đảo Galápagos – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Quần đảo Galápagos" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapuropod-an_Gal%C3%A1pagos" title="Kapuropod-an Galápagos – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Kapuropod-an Galápagos" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E9%9A%86%E7%BE%A4%E5%B2%9B" title="科隆群岛 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="科隆群岛" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li 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For the province, see <a href="/wiki/Gal%C3%A1pagos_Province" title="Galápagos Province">Galápagos Province</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Gal%C3%A1pagos_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Galápagos (disambiguation)">Galápagos (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129712854">.mw-parser-output .ib-islands-title-embed{background-color:#efefef;font-weight:bold;padding:0.3em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-islands-nick,.mw-parser-output .ib-islands-native{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .ib-islands-native>div{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-islands .infobox-header{background-color:#efefef}.mw-parser-output .ib-islands-country{border-top:1px solid black;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-islands-country2{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-islands .infobox-below{text-align:left;border-top:#aaa 1px solid}</style><table class="infobox ib-islands vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Galápagos Islands</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Lobo_marino_(Zalophus_californianus_wollebaeki),_Punta_Pitt,_isla_de_San_Crist%C3%B3bal,_islas_Gal%C3%A1pagos,_Ecuador,_2015-07-24,_DD_11.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Lobo_marino_%28Zalophus_californianus_wollebaeki%29%2C_Punta_Pitt%2C_isla_de_San_Crist%C3%B3bal%2C_islas_Gal%C3%A1pagos%2C_Ecuador%2C_2015-07-24%2C_DD_11.JPG/260px-Lobo_marino_%28Zalophus_californianus_wollebaeki%29%2C_Punta_Pitt%2C_isla_de_San_Crist%C3%B3bal%2C_islas_Gal%C3%A1pagos%2C_Ecuador%2C_2015-07-24%2C_DD_11.JPG" decoding="async" width="260" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Lobo_marino_%28Zalophus_californianus_wollebaeki%29%2C_Punta_Pitt%2C_isla_de_San_Crist%C3%B3bal%2C_islas_Gal%C3%A1pagos%2C_Ecuador%2C_2015-07-24%2C_DD_11.JPG/390px-Lobo_marino_%28Zalophus_californianus_wollebaeki%29%2C_Punta_Pitt%2C_isla_de_San_Crist%C3%B3bal%2C_islas_Gal%C3%A1pagos%2C_Ecuador%2C_2015-07-24%2C_DD_11.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Lobo_marino_%28Zalophus_californianus_wollebaeki%29%2C_Punta_Pitt%2C_isla_de_San_Crist%C3%B3bal%2C_islas_Gal%C3%A1pagos%2C_Ecuador%2C_2015-07-24%2C_DD_11.JPG/520px-Lobo_marino_%28Zalophus_californianus_wollebaeki%29%2C_Punta_Pitt%2C_isla_de_San_Crist%C3%B3bal%2C_islas_Gal%C3%A1pagos%2C_Ecuador%2C_2015-07-24%2C_DD_11.JPG 2x" data-file-width="8642" data-file-height="5762" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/Galapagos_sea_lion" class="mw-redirect" title="Galapagos sea lion">Galapagos sea lion</a> on <a href="/wiki/San_Crist%C3%B3bal_Island" title="San Cristóbal Island">San Cristóbal Island</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Galapagos_Islands_topographic_map-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Galapagos_Islands_topographic_map-en.svg/260px-Galapagos_Islands_topographic_map-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="260" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Galapagos_Islands_topographic_map-en.svg/390px-Galapagos_Islands_topographic_map-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Galapagos_Islands_topographic_map-en.svg/520px-Galapagos_Islands_topographic_map-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2160" data-file-height="2160" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Geography</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific Ocean</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Coordinates</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Gal%C3%A1pagos_Islands&params=0_30_S_90_30_W_region:EC_scale:1400000_type:isle"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">0°30′S</span> <span class="longitude">90°30′W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">0.500°S 90.500°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">-0.500; -90.500</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Total islands</th><td class="infobox-data">127</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Major islands</th><td class="infobox-data">18</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Area</th><td class="infobox-data">8,010<sup id="cite_ref-area_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-area-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> km<sup>2</sup> (3,090 sq mi)<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Highest elevation</th><td class="infobox-data">1,707 m (5600 ft)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Highest point</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Volc%C3%A1n_Wolf" title="Volcán Wolf">Volcán Wolf</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Administration</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div><b><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Flag_of_Ecuador.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ecuador.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Flag_of_Ecuador.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ecuador.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Flag_of_Ecuador.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ecuador.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1440" data-file-height="960" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador">Ecuador</a></b></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Province</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Gal%C3%A1pagos_Province" title="Galápagos Province">Galápagos</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital city</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Baquerizo_Moreno" title="Puerto Baquerizo Moreno">Puerto Baquerizo Moreno</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Demographics</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Population</th><td class="infobox-data">33,042 (2020)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Pop. density</th><td class="infobox-data">3/km<sup>2</sup> (8/sq mi)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Additional information</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galapagos_Time" class="mw-redirect" title="Galapagos Time">GALT</a> (<a href="/wiki/UTC-6" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC-6">UTC-6</a>)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><div style="border:4px solid #0177D3; line-height: 1.5; text-align: center;"> <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">UNESCO World Heritage Site</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official name</th><td class="infobox-data">Galápagos Islands</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data">Natural</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Criteria</th><td class="infobox-data">vii, viii, ix, x</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Designated</th><td class="infobox-data">1978 <small>(2nd <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Committee" title="World Heritage Committee">session</a>)</small></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reference no.</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1">1</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Region</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="List of World Heritage Sites in the Americas">South America</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Extension</th><td class="infobox-data">2001 and 2003</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Endangered</th><td class="infobox-data">2007–2010</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><th colspan="2"> </th></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Galapagos_in_Ecuador_(real_location).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Galapagos_in_Ecuador_%28real_location%29.svg/250px-Galapagos_in_Ecuador_%28real_location%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="228" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Galapagos_in_Ecuador_%28real_location%29.svg/375px-Galapagos_in_Ecuador_%28real_location%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Galapagos_in_Ecuador_%28real_location%29.svg/500px-Galapagos_in_Ecuador_%28real_location%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="414" data-file-height="378" /></a><figcaption>Location of the Galápagos Islands relative to continental Ecuador</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>Galápagos Islands</b> (<a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>: <i lang="es">Islas Galápagos</i>) are an <a href="/wiki/Archipelago" title="Archipelago">archipelago</a> of <a href="/wiki/Volcanic_island" title="Volcanic island">volcanic islands</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Pacific" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Pacific">Eastern Pacific</a>, located around the <a href="/wiki/Equator" title="Equator">equator</a>, 900 km (560 mi) west of the mainland of <a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South America</a>. They form the <a href="/wiki/Gal%C3%A1pagos_Province" title="Galápagos Province">Galápagos Province</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ecuador" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Ecuador">Republic of Ecuador</a>, with a population of slightly over 33,000 <small>(2020)</small>. The province is divided into the <a href="/wiki/Cantons_of_Ecuador" title="Cantons of Ecuador">cantons</a> of <a href="/wiki/San_Crist%C3%B3bal_Island" title="San Cristóbal Island">San Cristóbal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Santa_Cruz_Island_(Gal%C3%A1pagos)" title="Santa Cruz Island (Galápagos)">Santa Cruz</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Isabela_Island_(Gal%C3%A1pagos)" title="Isabela Island (Galápagos)">Isabela</a>, the three most populated islands in the chain. The Galápagos are famous for their large number of <a href="/wiki/Endemism" title="Endemism">endemic species</a>, which were studied by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Charles Darwin</a> in the 1830s and <a href="/wiki/Inception_of_Darwin%27s_theory" title="Inception of Darwin's theory">inspired his theory</a> of <a href="/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution">evolution</a> by means of <a href="/wiki/Natural_selection" title="Natural selection">natural selection</a>. All of these islands are protected as part of Ecuador's <a href="/wiki/Gal%C3%A1pagos_National_Park" title="Galápagos National Park">Galápagos National Park</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gal%C3%A1pagos_Marine_Reserve" title="Galápagos Marine Reserve">Marine Reserve</a>. </p><p>Thus far, there is no firm evidence that <a href="/wiki/Polynesian_expansion" class="mw-redirect" title="Polynesian expansion">Polynesians</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_South_America" title="Indigenous peoples of South America">Indigenous peoples</a> of South America reached the islands before their accidental discovery by <a href="/wiki/Fray_Tom%C3%A1s_de_Berlanga" class="mw-redirect" title="Fray Tomás de Berlanga">Bishop Tomás de Berlanga</a> in 1535. If some visitors did arrive, poor access to <a href="/wiki/Fresh_water" title="Fresh water">fresh water</a> on the islands seems to have limited settlement. The <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish Empire</a> similarly ignored the islands, although during the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Age_of_Piracy" title="Golden Age of Piracy">Golden Age of Piracy</a> various pirates used the Galápagos as a base for raiding Spanish shipping along the <a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_Peru" title="Viceroyalty of Peru">Peruvian</a> coast. The <a href="/wiki/Feral_goats" class="mw-redirect" title="Feral goats">goats</a> and <a href="/wiki/Black_rat" title="Black rat">black</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brown_rat" title="Brown rat">brown rats</a> introduced during this period <a href="/wiki/Invasive_species" title="Invasive species">greatly damaged</a> the existing ecosystems of several islands. British sailors were chiefly responsible for exploring and mapping the area. <a href="/wiki/Second_voyage_of_HMS_Beagle" title="Second voyage of HMS Beagle">Darwin's voyage</a> on <a href="/wiki/HMS_Beagle" title="HMS Beagle">HMS <i>Beagle</i></a> was part of an extensive British survey of the coasts of South America. <a href="/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador">Ecuador</a>, which <a href="/wiki/Ecuadorian_War_of_Independence" title="Ecuadorian War of Independence">won its independence</a> from <a href="/wiki/History_of_Spain_(1808%E2%80%931874)" title="History of Spain (1808–1874)">Spain</a> in 1822 and <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_Gran_Colombia" title="Dissolution of Gran Colombia">left</a> <a href="/wiki/Gran_Colombia" title="Gran Colombia">Gran Colombia</a> in 1830, formally occupied and claimed the islands on 12 February 1832 while the voyage was ongoing.<sup id="cite_ref-galhis_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-galhis-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_Villamil" title="José de Villamil">José de Villamil</a>, the founder of the <a href="/wiki/Ecuadorian_Navy" title="Ecuadorian Navy">Ecuadorian Navy</a>, led the push to colonize and settle the islands,<sup id="cite_ref-galhis_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-galhis-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> gradually supplanting the English names of the major islands with Spanish ones. The <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> built the islands' <a href="/wiki/Seymour_Airport" title="Seymour Airport">first airport</a> as a <a href="/wiki/US_military_bases" class="mw-redirect" title="US military bases">base</a> to protect the western approaches of the <a href="/wiki/Panama_Canal" title="Panama Canal">Panama Canal</a> in the 1930s. After <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, its facilities were transferred to Ecuador. With the growing importance of <a href="/wiki/Ecotourism" title="Ecotourism">ecotourism</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Ecuador" title="Economy of Ecuador">local economy</a>, the airport modernized in the 2010s, using recycled materials for any expansion and shifting entirely to <a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy" title="Renewable energy">renewable energy</a> sources to handle its roughly 300,000 visitors each year. </p><p><span class="anchor" id="Etymology"></span><span class="anchor" id="Toponymy"></span><span class="anchor" id="Name"></span> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Names">Names</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gal%C3%A1pagos_Islands&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Names"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Galápagos or Galapagos Islands are named for <a href="/wiki/Gal%C3%A1pagos_tortoise" title="Galápagos tortoise">their giant tortoises</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJackson1993[httpsarchiveorgdetailsgalapagos00michpage1_1]_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson1993[httpsarchiveorgdetailsgalapagos00michpage1_1]-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which were more plentiful at the time of their discovery. The <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a> word <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/gal%C3%A1pago" class="extiw" title="wikt:galápago">galápago</a></i></span> derives from a <a href="/wiki/Pre-Roman_Iberia" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-Roman Iberia">pre-Roman</a> <a href="/wiki/Paleohispanic_languages" title="Paleohispanic languages">Iberian</a> word meaning "<a href="/wiki/Turtle" title="Turtle">turtle</a>", the meaning it still has in most <a href="/wiki/Spanish_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish dialects">dialects</a>. Within <a href="/wiki/Ecuadorian_Spanish" title="Ecuadorian Spanish">Ecuadorian Spanish</a>, however, it is now also used to describe the islands' large tortoises.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The islands' name is pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="es-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Spanish" title="Help:IPA/Spanish">[ˈislas<span class="wrap"> </span>ɣaˈlapaɣos]</a></span> in most dialects of Spanish but <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="es-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[ˈihlah<span class="wrap"> </span>ɣaˈlapaɣoh]</a></span> by locals.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> (The accent over the second <a href="/wiki/A" title="A">A</a> does not change the name's pronunciation but moves the stress from the 3rd syllable to the 2nd.) It is usually read <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ɡ/: 'g' in 'guy'">ɡ</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'p' in 'pie'">p</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="/ɡ/: 'g' in 'guy'">ɡ</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span></span>/</a></span></span> in <a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">British English</a> and <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ɡ/: 'g' in 'guy'">ɡ</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/ɑː/: 'a' in 'father'">ɑː</span><span title="'p' in 'pie'">p</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="/ɡ/: 'g' in 'guy'">ɡ</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span></span>/</a></span></span> in <a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">American English</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The name is first attested as the Spanish/Latin hybrid <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Insulae de los Galopegos</i></span> ("Islands of the Turtles") on the map of the Americas in <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Ortelius" title="Abraham Ortelius">Abraham Ortelius</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Theater_of_the_Lands_of_the_World" class="mw-redirect" title="Theater of the Lands of the World">Theater of the Lands of the World</a></i> (<span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Theatrum Orbis Terrarum</i></span>), first published in 1570.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The islands were also previously known as the <b>Enchanted Isles</b> or <b>Islands</b> (<span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">Islas Encantadas</i></span>) from sailors' difficulty with the winds and currents around them;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJackson1993[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidTlxzU6i_LV0CpgPA1_1]_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson1993[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidTlxzU6i_LV0CpgPA1_1]-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as the <b>Ecuador Archipelago</b> (<span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">Archipiélago de Ecuador</i></span>) or <b>Archipelago of the Equator</b> (<span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">Archipiélago del Ecuador</i></span>) following their settlement by Ecuador in 1832;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPerry198410_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerry198410-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and as the <b>Colon</b> or <b>Columbus Archipelago</b> (<span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">Archipiélago del Colón</i></span>) in 1892 upon the quadricentennial of <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Columbus" title="Christopher Columbus">Columbus</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Voyages_of_Columbus" class="mw-redirect" title="Voyages of Columbus">first voyage</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPerry198410_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerry198410-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The islands were mapped by the <a href="/wiki/English_people" title="English people">English</a> <a href="/wiki/Buccaneer" title="Buccaneer">buccaneer</a> <a href="/wiki/William_Ambrosia_Cowley" class="mw-redirect" title="William Ambrosia Cowley">William Ambrosia Cowley</a> in 1684 and by the <a href="/wiki/British_Navy" class="mw-redirect" title="British Navy">British</a> <a href="/wiki/Ship%27s_captain" class="mw-redirect" title="Ship's captain">captain</a> <a href="/wiki/James_Colnett" title="James Colnett">James Colnett</a> in 1793. The names they chose to honour <a href="/wiki/Monarchs_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Monarchs of the United Kingdom">British kings</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_nobility" title="British nobility">nobles</a>, and <a href="/wiki/British_Admiralty" class="mw-redirect" title="British Admiralty">naval officers</a> of their eras continued to be used for the major islands until recently and are still used for many of the smaller islets. The Spanish names have varied over time, but the current official names have gradually supplanted the English ones for most of the major islands.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPerry198410_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerry198410-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geology">Geology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gal%C3%A1pagos_Islands&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Geology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Galapagos_Islands_astronaut_photo_from_ISS_2020.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Galapagos_Islands_astronaut_photo_from_ISS_2020.jpg/220px-Galapagos_Islands_astronaut_photo_from_ISS_2020.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Galapagos_Islands_astronaut_photo_from_ISS_2020.jpg/330px-Galapagos_Islands_astronaut_photo_from_ISS_2020.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Galapagos_Islands_astronaut_photo_from_ISS_2020.jpg/440px-Galapagos_Islands_astronaut_photo_from_ISS_2020.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="700" /></a><figcaption>A photograph of the Galápagos Islands from the <a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">International Space Station</a> in October 2020. North is to the right. The <a href="/wiki/Sunglint" title="Sunglint">sunglint</a> reveals features usually difficult to spot, including the <a href="/wiki/Volcanic_crater_lake" title="Volcanic crater lake">crater lake</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Caldera" title="Caldera">caldera</a> of La Cumbre, the <a href="/wiki/Shield_volcano" title="Shield volcano">shield volcano</a> that formed <a href="/wiki/Fernandina_Island" title="Fernandina Island">Fernandina Island</a>. More details via click-through.</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Galapagos_SPOT_1178.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Galapagos_SPOT_1178.jpg/200px-Galapagos_SPOT_1178.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Galapagos_SPOT_1178.jpg/300px-Galapagos_SPOT_1178.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Galapagos_SPOT_1178.jpg/400px-Galapagos_SPOT_1178.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Isabela_Island_(Galapagos)" class="mw-redirect" title="Isabela Island (Galapagos)">Isabela</a> seen from the <a href="/wiki/Spot_Satellite" class="mw-redirect" title="Spot Satellite">Spot Satellite</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Volcanoes_of_the_Gal%C3%A1pagos_Islands" title="Volcanoes of the Galápagos Islands">Volcanoes of the Galápagos Islands</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Volcanism" title="Volcanism">Volcanism</a> has been continuous on the Galápagos Islands for at least 20 million years, and perhaps even longer. The <a href="/wiki/Mantle_plume" title="Mantle plume">mantle plume</a> beneath the east-ward moving <a href="/wiki/Nazca_plate" title="Nazca plate">Nazca plate</a> (51 km/<a href="/wiki/Myr" class="mw-redirect" title="Myr">myr</a>) has given rise to a 3-kilometre-thick platform under the <a href="/wiki/Archipelago" title="Archipelago">island chain</a> and <a href="/wiki/Seamount" title="Seamount">seamounts</a>. Besides the Galápagos <a href="/wiki/Archipelago" title="Archipelago">Archipelago</a>, other key <a href="/wiki/Tectonics" title="Tectonics">tectonic features</a> in the region include the Northern Galápagos volcanic province between the archipelago and the Galápagos <a href="/wiki/Mid-ocean_ridge" title="Mid-ocean ridge">Spreading Center</a> (GSC) 200 km (120 mi) to the north at the boundary of the <a href="/wiki/Nazca_plate" title="Nazca plate">Nazca plate</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Cocos_plate" title="Cocos plate">Cocos plate</a>. This spreading center truncates into the <a href="/wiki/East_Pacific_Rise" title="East Pacific Rise">East Pacific Rise</a> on the west and is bounded by the Cocos Ridge and Carnegie Ridge in the east. Furthermore, the Galápagos <a href="/wiki/Hotspot_(geology)" title="Hotspot (geology)">Hotspot</a> is at the northern boundary of the Pacific <a href="/wiki/Large_low-shear-velocity_provinces" title="Large low-shear-velocity provinces">Large Low Shear Velocity Province</a> while the Easter Hotspot is on the southern boundary.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Geist_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Geist-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Galápagos Archipelago is characterized by numerous contemporaneous volcanoes, some with plume magma sources, others from the <a href="/wiki/Asthenosphere" title="Asthenosphere">asthenosphere</a>, possibly due to the young and thin <a href="/wiki/Oceanic_crust" title="Oceanic crust">oceanic crust</a>. The GSC caused structural weaknesses in this thin <a href="/wiki/Lithosphere" title="Lithosphere">lithosphere</a> leading to eruptions forming the Galápagos Platform. Fernandina and Isabela in particular are aligned along these weaknesses. Lacking a well-defined <a href="/wiki/Rift_zone" title="Rift zone">rift zone</a>, the islands have a high rate of <a href="/wiki/Deformation_(volcanology)" title="Deformation (volcanology)">inflation</a> prior to eruption. Sierra Negra on Isabela Island experienced a 240 cm (94 in) uplift between 1992 and 1998, most recent eruption in 2005, while Fernandina on Fernandina Island indicated an uplift of 90 cm (35 in), most recent eruption in 2009. Alcedo on Isabela Island had an uplift of greater than 90 cm, most recent eruption in 1993. Additional characteristics of the Galápagos Archipelago are closer volcano spacing, smaller volcano sizes, and larger <a href="/wiki/Caldera" title="Caldera">calderas</a>. For instance, Isabela Island includes six major volcanoes, Ecuador, Wolf, Darwin, Alcedo, Sierra Negra and Cerro Azul, with most recent eruptions ranging from 1813 to 2008. The neighboring islands of Santiago and Fernandina last erupted in 1906 and 2009, respectively. Overall, the nine active volcanoes in the archipelago have erupted 24 times between 1961 and 2011. The shape of these volcanoes is tall and rounded as opposed to wide and smooth in the Hawaiian Islands. The Galápagos's shape is due to the pattern of radial and circumferential <a href="/wiki/Fracture_(geology)" title="Fracture (geology)">fissure</a>, radial on the flanks, but circumferential near the caldera summits. It is the circumferential fissures which give rise to stacks of short <a href="/wiki/Lava_flow" class="mw-redirect" title="Lava flow">lava flows</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Poland_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Poland-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The volcanoes at the west end of the archipelago are in general, taller, younger, have well-developed calderas, and are mostly composed of <a href="/wiki/Tholeiitic_basalt" class="mw-redirect" title="Tholeiitic basalt">tholeiitic basalt</a>, while those on the east are shorter, older, lack calderas, and have a more diverse composition. The ages of the islands, from west to east are 0.05 <a href="/wiki/Year#Megaannus" title="Year">Ma</a> for Fernandina, 0.65 Ma for Isabela, 1.10 Ma for Santiago, 1.7 Ma for Santa Cruz, 2.90 Ma for Santa Fe, and 3.2 Ma for San Cristobal. The calderas on Sierra Negra and Alcedo have active <a href="/wiki/Fault_(geology)" title="Fault (geology)">fault systems</a>. The Sierra Negra fault is associated with a <a href="/wiki/Sill_(geology)" title="Sill (geology)">sill</a> 2 km (1.2 mi) below the caldera. The caldera on Fernandina experienced the largest basaltic volcano collapse in history, with the 1968 <a href="/wiki/Phreatomagmatic_eruption" title="Phreatomagmatic eruption">phreatomagmatic eruption</a>. Fernandina has also been the most active volcano since 1790, with recent eruptions in 1991, 1995, 2005, and 2009, and the entire surface has been covered in numerous flows since 4.3 <a href="/wiki/Year" title="Year">Ka</a>. The western volcanoes have numerous <a href="/wiki/Tuff" title="Tuff">tuff</a> <a href="/wiki/Volcanic_cone" title="Volcanic cone">cones</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Poland_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Poland-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Merlen_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Merlen-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Geist_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Geist-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Physical_geography">Physical geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gal%C3%A1pagos_Islands&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Physical geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Orthographic_projection_centred_over_the_Galapagos.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Orthographic_projection_centred_over_the_Galapagos.png/250px-Orthographic_projection_centred_over_the_Galapagos.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="249" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Orthographic_projection_centred_over_the_Galapagos.png/375px-Orthographic_projection_centred_over_the_Galapagos.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f4/Orthographic_projection_centred_over_the_Galapagos.png 2x" data-file-width="488" data-file-height="487" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Orthographic_projection" title="Orthographic projection">Orthographic projection</a> centered over the Galápagos</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Tour_of_the_Galapagos.ogv/250px--Tour_of_the_Galapagos.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="250" height="141" data-durationhint="151" data-mwtitle="Tour_of_the_Galapagos.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Tour_of_the_Galapagos.ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/ea/Tour_of_the_Galapagos.ogv/Tour_of_the_Galapagos.ogv.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/ea/Tour_of_the_Galapagos.ogv/Tour_of_the_Galapagos.ogv.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ea/Tour_of_the_Galapagos.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/ea/Tour_of_the_Galapagos.ogv/Tour_of_the_Galapagos.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/ea/Tour_of_the_Galapagos.ogv/Tour_of_the_Galapagos.ogv.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/ea/Tour_of_the_Galapagos.ogv/Tour_of_the_Galapagos.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption>An animated tour of the Galápagos</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_1" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Journey_to_Galapagos.ogv/250px--Journey_to_Galapagos.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="250" height="141" data-durationhint="217" data-mwtitle="Journey_to_Galapagos.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Journey_to_Galapagos.ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/0d/Journey_to_Galapagos.ogv/Journey_to_Galapagos.ogv.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/0d/Journey_to_Galapagos.ogv/Journey_to_Galapagos.ogv.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0d/Journey_to_Galapagos.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/0d/Journey_to_Galapagos.ogv/Journey_to_Galapagos.ogv.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/0d/Journey_to_Galapagos.ogv/Journey_to_Galapagos.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/0d/Journey_to_Galapagos.ogv/Journey_to_Galapagos.ogv.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/0d/Journey_to_Galapagos.ogv/Journey_to_Galapagos.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption><a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a> <a href="/wiki/Oceanographer" class="mw-redirect" title="Oceanographer">oceanographer</a> <a href="/wiki/Gene_Carl_Feldman" title="Gene Carl Feldman">Gene Carl Feldman</a> reflecting on the islands</figcaption></figure> <p>The islands are located in the eastern Pacific Ocean, 973 km (605 mi) off the west coast of South America. The majority of islands are also more broadly part of the South Pacific.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The closest land mass is that of mainland <a href="/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador">Ecuador</a>, the country to which they belong, 926 km (500 nmi) to the east. </p><p>The islands are found at the coordinates 1°40'N–1°36'S, 89°16'–92°01'W. Straddling the equator, islands in the chain are located in both the northern and southern hemispheres, with <a href="/wiki/Volc%C3%A1n_Wolf" title="Volcán Wolf">Volcán Wolf</a> and Volcán Ecuador on Isla <a href="/wiki/Isabela_Island_(Ecuador)" class="mw-redirect" title="Isabela Island (Ecuador)">Isabela</a> being directly on the equator. <a href="/wiki/Espa%C3%B1ola_Island" title="Española Island">Española Island</a>, the southernmost <a href="/wiki/Islet" title="Islet">islet</a> of the archipelago, and <a href="/wiki/Darwin_Island" title="Darwin Island">Darwin Island</a>, the northernmost one, are spread out over a distance of 220 km (137 mi). The <a href="/wiki/International_Hydrographic_Organization" title="International Hydrographic Organization">International Hydrographic Organization</a> (IHO) considers them wholly within the South Pacific Ocean, however.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Galápagos Archipelago consists of 7,880 km<sup>2</sup> (3,040 sq mi) of land spread over 45,000 km<sup>2</sup> (17,000 sq mi) of ocean. The largest of the islands, Isabela, measures 2,250 square miles (5,800 km<sup>2</sup>)<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and makes up close to three-quarters of the total land area of the Galápagos. Volcán Wolf on Isabela is the highest point, with an elevation of 1,707 m (5,600 ft) <a href="/wiki/Above_mean_sea_level" class="mw-redirect" title="Above mean sea level">above sea level</a>. </p><p>The group consists of 18 main islands, 3 smaller islands, and 107 rocks and <a href="/wiki/Islet" title="Islet">islets</a>. The islands are located at the <a href="/wiki/Gal%C3%A1pagos_triple_junction" title="Galápagos triple junction">Galápagos triple junction</a>. The archipelago is located on the <a href="/wiki/Nazca_plate" title="Nazca plate">Nazca plate</a> (a tectonic plate), which is moving east/southeast, diving under the South American plate at a rate of about 2.5 inches (6.4 cm) per year.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is also atop the <a href="/wiki/Gal%C3%A1pagos_hotspot" title="Galápagos hotspot">Galápagos hotspot</a>, a place where the Earth's crust is being melted from below by a <a href="/wiki/Mantle_plume" title="Mantle plume">mantle plume</a>, creating volcanoes. The first islands formed here at least 8 million and possibly up to 90 million years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-GalapagosGeoIntro_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GalapagosGeoIntro-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While the older islands have disappeared below the sea as they moved away from the mantle plume, the youngest islands, Isabela and <a href="/wiki/Fernandina_Island" title="Fernandina Island">Fernandina</a>, are still being formed. In April 2009, lava from the volcanic island Fernandina started flowing both towards the island's shoreline and into the center caldera.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In late June 2018, Sierra Negra, one of five volcanoes on Isabela and one of the most active in the Galapagos archipelago, began erupting for the first time since 2005. Lava flows made their way to the coastline, prompting the evacuation of about fifty nearby residents and restricting tourist access.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Main_islands">Main islands</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gal%C3%A1pagos_Islands&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Main islands"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Galapagos-satellite-esislandnames.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Galapagos-satellite-esislandnames.jpg/250px-Galapagos-satellite-esislandnames.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Galapagos-satellite-esislandnames.jpg/375px-Galapagos-satellite-esislandnames.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Galapagos-satellite-esislandnames.jpg/500px-Galapagos-satellite-esislandnames.jpg 2x" data-file-width="674" data-file-height="525" /></a><figcaption>Satellite photo of the Galápagos islands overlaid with the names of the islands</figcaption></figure> <p>The 18<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> main islands (each having a land area at least 1 km<sup>2</sup>) of the archipelago (with their English names) shown alphabetically: </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alvaro_Sevilla_Design_Isla_Santa_Cruz_Galapagos_foto_tomada_desde_el_avi%C3%B3n.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Alvaro_Sevilla_Design_Isla_Santa_Cruz_Galapagos_foto_tomada_desde_el_avi%C3%B3n.jpg/250px-Alvaro_Sevilla_Design_Isla_Santa_Cruz_Galapagos_foto_tomada_desde_el_avi%C3%B3n.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Alvaro_Sevilla_Design_Isla_Santa_Cruz_Galapagos_foto_tomada_desde_el_avi%C3%B3n.jpg/375px-Alvaro_Sevilla_Design_Isla_Santa_Cruz_Galapagos_foto_tomada_desde_el_avi%C3%B3n.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Alvaro_Sevilla_Design_Isla_Santa_Cruz_Galapagos_foto_tomada_desde_el_avi%C3%B3n.jpg/500px-Alvaro_Sevilla_Design_Isla_Santa_Cruz_Galapagos_foto_tomada_desde_el_avi%C3%B3n.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>From an aircraft flying out of <a href="/wiki/Baltra_Island" title="Baltra Island">Baltra Island</a> (on the right) and the <a href="/wiki/Santa_Cruz_Island_(Gal%C3%A1pagos)" title="Santa Cruz Island (Galápagos)">Santa Cruz</a> (on the left), the <a href="/wiki/Itabaca_Channel" title="Itabaca Channel">Itabaca Channel</a> is the waterway between the islands.</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baltra_Island" title="Baltra Island">Baltra (South Seymour) Island</a> – Baltra is a small flat island located near the centre of the Galápagos. It was created by geological uplift. The island is very arid, and vegetation consists of salt bushes, prickly pear cacti and palo santo trees. Until 1986, <a href="/wiki/Seymour_Airport" title="Seymour Airport">Seymour Airport</a> was the only airport serving the Galápagos. Now there are two airports which receive flights from the continent; the other is located on <a href="/wiki/San_Crist%C3%B3bal_Island" title="San Cristóbal Island">San Cristóbal Island</a>. Private planes flying to Galápagos must fly to Baltra, as it is the only airport with facilities for private planes. On arriving in Baltra, all visitors are immediately transported by bus to one of two docks. The first dock is located in a small bay, where the boats cruising Galápagos await passengers. The second is a ferry dock, which connects Baltra to the island of Santa Cruz. During the 1940s, scientists decided to move 70 of Baltra's <a href="/wiki/Gal%C3%A1pagos_land_iguana" class="mw-redirect" title="Galápagos land iguana">land iguanas</a> to the neighboring <a href="/wiki/North_Seymour_Island" title="North Seymour Island">North Seymour Island</a> as part of an experiment. This move proved unexpectedly useful when the native iguanas became extinct on Baltra as a result of the island's military occupation in <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. During the 1980s, iguanas from North Seymour were brought to the <a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin_Research_Station" title="Charles Darwin Research Station">Charles Darwin Research Station</a> as part of a breeding and repopulation project, and in the 1990s, land iguanas were reintroduced to Baltra. As of 1997, scientists counted 97 iguanas living on Baltra, 13 of which had hatched on the islands.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bartolom%C3%A9_Island" title="Bartolomé Island">Bartolomé (Bartholomew) Island</a> – Bartolomé Island is a volcanic islet just off the east coast of Santiago Island in the Galápagos Islands group. It is one of the younger islands in the Galápagos archipelago. This island, and neighbouring Sulivan Bay on Santiago (James) island, are named after lifelong friend of Charles Darwin, <a href="/wiki/Bartholomew_Sulivan" title="Bartholomew Sulivan">Sir Bartholomew James Sulivan</a>, who was a lieutenant aboard <a href="/wiki/HMS_Beagle" title="HMS Beagle">HMS <i>Beagle</i></a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrant_&_al.2009_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrant_&_al.2009-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Today Sulivan Bay is often misspelled Sullivan Bay. This island is one of the few that are home to the <a href="/wiki/Gal%C3%A1pagos_penguin" class="mw-redirect" title="Galápagos penguin">Galápagos penguin</a> which is the only wild penguin species to live on the equator. The <a href="/wiki/Green_turtle" class="mw-redirect" title="Green turtle">green turtle</a> is another animal that resides on the island.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darwin_Island" title="Darwin Island">Darwin (Culpepper) Island</a> – This island is named after Charles Darwin. It has an area of 1.1 km<sup>2</sup> (0.42 sq mi) and a maximum altitude of 168 metres (551 ft). Here fur seals, frigates, <a href="/wiki/Marine_iguanas" class="mw-redirect" title="Marine iguanas">marine iguanas</a>, swallow-tailed gulls, sea lions, whales, marine turtles, and red-footed and Nazca boobies can be seen. The remnants of <a href="/wiki/Darwin%27s_Arch" title="Darwin's Arch">Darwin's Arch</a>, a natural rock arch which would at one time have been part of this larger structure, are located less than a kilometre from the main Darwin Island, and it was a landmark well known to the island's few visitors. It collapsed in May 2021. The two remaining stumps are now nicknamed the "Pillars of Evolution".<sup id="cite_ref-Galapagos_Islands:_Erosion_fells_Darwin's_Arch_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Galapagos_Islands:_Erosion_fells_Darwin's_Arch-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Espa%C3%B1ola_Island" title="Española Island">Española (Hood) Island</a> – Its name was given in honor of Spain. It also is known as <i>Hood</i>, after <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Hood,_1st_Viscount_Hood" title="Samuel Hood, 1st Viscount Hood">Viscount Samuel Hood</a>. It has an area of 60 km<sup>2</sup> (23 sq mi) and a maximum altitude of 206 metres (676 ft). Española is the oldest island at around 3.5 million years, and the southernmost in the group. Due to its remote location, Española has a large number of endemic species. It has its own species of lava lizard, mockingbird, and <a href="/wiki/Gal%C3%A1pagos_tortoise" title="Galápagos tortoise">Galápagos tortoise</a>. Española's <a href="/wiki/Marine_iguanas" class="mw-redirect" title="Marine iguanas">marine iguanas</a> exhibit a distinctive red coloration change between the breeding season. Española is the only place where the <a href="/wiki/Waved_albatross" title="Waved albatross">waved albatross</a> nests. Some of the birds have attempted to breed on <a href="/wiki/Genovesa_Island" title="Genovesa Island">Genovesa (Tower) Island</a>, but unsuccessfully. Española's steep cliffs serve as the perfect runways for these birds, which take off for their ocean feeding grounds near the mainland of Ecuador and Peru. Española has two visitor sites. Gardner Bay is a swimming and snorkelling site, and offers a great beach. Punta Suarez has migrant, resident, and endemic wildlife, including brightly colored <a href="/wiki/Marine_iguana" title="Marine iguana">marine iguanas</a>, Española lava lizards, <a href="/wiki/Hood_mockingbird" title="Hood mockingbird">hood mockingbirds</a>, <a href="/wiki/Swallow-tailed_gull" title="Swallow-tailed gull">swallow-tailed gulls</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blue-footed_booby" title="Blue-footed booby">blue-footed boobies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nazca_booby" title="Nazca booby">Nazca boobies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Red-billed_tropicbird" title="Red-billed tropicbird">red-billed tropicbirds</a>, Galápagos hawks, three species of Darwin's finches, and the waved albatross.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fernandina_Island" title="Fernandina Island">Fernandina (Narborough) Island</a> – The name was given in honor of King <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_II_of_Aragon" title="Ferdinand II of Aragon">Ferdinand II of Aragon</a>, who sponsored the voyage of Columbus. Fernandina has an area of 642 km<sup>2</sup> (248 sq mi) and a maximum altitude of 1,494 m (4,902 ft). This is the youngest and westernmost island. On 13 May 2005, a new, very eruptive process began on this island, when an ash and water vapor cloud rose to a height of 7 km (23,000 ft) and lava flows descended the slopes of the volcano on the way to the sea. Punta Espinosa is a narrow stretch of land where hundreds of marine iguanas gather, largely on black lava rocks. The famous <a href="/wiki/Flightless_cormorant" title="Flightless cormorant">flightless cormorants</a> inhabit this island, as do <a href="/wiki/Gal%C3%A1pagos_penguin" class="mw-redirect" title="Galápagos penguin">Galápagos penguins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pelican" title="Pelican">pelicans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gal%C3%A1pagos_sea_lion" title="Galápagos sea lion">Galápagos sea lions</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gal%C3%A1pagos_fur_seal" title="Galápagos fur seal">Galápagos fur seals</a>. Different types of <a href="/wiki/Lava" title="Lava">lava</a> flows can be compared, and the <a href="/wiki/Mangrove" title="Mangrove">mangrove</a> forests can be observed.</li></ul> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Floreana1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Floreana1.jpg/250px-Floreana1.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Floreana1.jpg/375px-Floreana1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Floreana1.jpg/500px-Floreana1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1840" data-file-height="1232" /></a><figcaption>The Post Barrel on <a href="/wiki/Floreana_Island" title="Floreana Island">Floreana Island</a>, formerly used by sailors to pass messages to any passing ships</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Floreana_Island" title="Floreana Island">Floreana (Charles or Santa María) Island</a> – It was named after <a href="/wiki/Juan_Jos%C3%A9_Flores" title="Juan José Flores">Juan José Flores</a>, the first <a href="/wiki/President_of_Ecuador" title="President of Ecuador">President of Ecuador</a>, during whose administration the government of Ecuador took possession of the archipelago. It is also called Santa Maria, after <a href="/wiki/Santa_Maria_(ship)" class="mw-redirect" title="Santa Maria (ship)">one of the caravels of Columbus</a>. It has an area of 173 km<sup>2</sup> (67 sq mi) and a maximum elevation of 640 m (2,100 ft). It is one of the islands with the most interesting human history, and one of the earliest to be inhabited. <a href="/wiki/Flamingo" title="Flamingo">Flamingos</a> and green sea turtles nest (December to May) on this island. The <i>patapegada</i> or <a href="/wiki/Dark-rumped_petrel" class="mw-redirect" title="Dark-rumped petrel">Galápagos petrel</a>, a sea bird which spends most of its life away from land, is found here. At Post Office Bay, where 19th-century <a href="/wiki/Whaling" title="Whaling">whalers</a> kept a <a href="/wiki/Barrel_(storage)" class="mw-redirect" title="Barrel (storage)">wooden barrel</a> that served as a post office, mail could be picked up and delivered to its destinations, mainly Europe and the United States, by ships on their way home. At the "Devil's Crown", an underwater <a href="/wiki/Volcanic_cone" title="Volcanic cone">volcanic cone</a> and <a href="/wiki/Coral" title="Coral">coral</a> formations are found.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genovesa_Island" title="Genovesa Island">Genovesa (Tower) Island</a> – The name is derived from <a href="/wiki/Genoa" title="Genoa">Genoa</a>, Italy, the birthplace of Christopher Columbus. It has an area of 14 km<sup>2</sup> (5.4 sq mi) and a maximum altitude of 76 m (249 ft). This island is formed by the remaining edge of a large <a href="/wiki/Caldera" title="Caldera">caldera</a> that is submerged. Its nickname of "the bird island" is clearly justified. At Darwin Bay, <a href="/wiki/Frigatebird" title="Frigatebird">frigatebirds</a> and <a href="/wiki/Swallow-tailed_gull" title="Swallow-tailed gull">swallow-tailed gulls</a>, the only nocturnal species of gull in the world, can be seen. Red-footed <a href="/wiki/Booby" title="Booby">boobies</a>, noddy <a href="/wiki/Tern" title="Tern">terns</a>, lava gulls, tropic birds, <a href="/wiki/Dove" class="mw-redirect" title="Dove">doves</a>, <a href="/wiki/Storm_petrel" title="Storm petrel">storm petrels</a> and <a href="/wiki/Darwin%27s_finches" title="Darwin's finches">Darwin finches</a> are also in sight. Prince Philip's Steps is a bird-watching <a href="/wiki/Plateau" title="Plateau">plateau</a> with Nazca and red-footed boobies. There is a large Palo Santo forest.</li></ul> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PtoVillamilMuro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/PtoVillamilMuro.jpg/250px-PtoVillamilMuro.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/PtoVillamilMuro.jpg/375px-PtoVillamilMuro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/PtoVillamilMuro.jpg/500px-PtoVillamilMuro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="2912" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Wall_of_Tears_(Gal%C3%A1pagos_Islands)" title="Wall of Tears (Galápagos Islands)">Wall of Tears</a> at <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Villamil" title="Puerto Villamil">Puerto Villamil</a> on <a href="/wiki/Isabela_Island_(Galapagos)" class="mw-redirect" title="Isabela Island (Galapagos)">Isabela</a>, the largest of the Galapagos</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isabela_Island_(Gal%C3%A1pagos)" title="Isabela Island (Galápagos)">Isabela (Albemarle) Island</a> – This island was named in honor of <a href="/wiki/Queen_Isabella_I_of_Castile" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen Isabella I of Castile">Queen Isabella I of Castile</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With an area of 4,640 km<sup>2</sup> (1,790 sq mi), it is the largest island of the Galápagos. Its highest point is Volcán Wolf, with an altitude of 1,707 m (5,600 ft). The island's <a href="/wiki/Seahorse" title="Seahorse">seahorse</a> shape is the product of the merging of six large volcanoes into a single land mass. On this island, Galápagos penguins, flightless cormorants, marine iguanas, pelicans and <a href="/wiki/Percnon_gibbesi" title="Percnon gibbesi">Sally Lightfoot crabs</a> abound. At the skirts and calderas of the volcanoes of Isabela, land iguanas and Galápagos tortoises can be observed, as well as Darwin finches, Galápagos hawks, Galápagos doves and very interesting lowland vegetation. The third-largest human settlement of the archipelago, <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Villamil" title="Puerto Villamil">Puerto Villamil</a>, is located at the southeastern tip of the island.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marchena_Island" title="Marchena Island">Marchena (Bindloe) Island</a> – Named after Fray Antonio Marchena, it has an area of 130 km<sup>2</sup> (50 sq mi) and a maximum altitude of 343 m (1,125 ft). <a href="/wiki/Galapagos_hawk" title="Galapagos hawk">Galapagos hawks</a> and sea lions inhabit this island, and it is home to the <a href="/wiki/Microlophus_habelii" title="Microlophus habelii">Marchena lava lizard</a>, an animal endemic to <a href="/wiki/Marchena" title="Marchena">Marchena</a>.</li></ul> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:North_Seymour_Island_in_the_Galapagos_about_to_land_on_shore_photo_by_Alvaro_Sevilla_Design.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/North_Seymour_Island_in_the_Galapagos_about_to_land_on_shore_photo_by_Alvaro_Sevilla_Design.JPG/250px-North_Seymour_Island_in_the_Galapagos_about_to_land_on_shore_photo_by_Alvaro_Sevilla_Design.JPG" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/North_Seymour_Island_in_the_Galapagos_about_to_land_on_shore_photo_by_Alvaro_Sevilla_Design.JPG/375px-North_Seymour_Island_in_the_Galapagos_about_to_land_on_shore_photo_by_Alvaro_Sevilla_Design.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/North_Seymour_Island_in_the_Galapagos_about_to_land_on_shore_photo_by_Alvaro_Sevilla_Design.JPG/500px-North_Seymour_Island_in_the_Galapagos_about_to_land_on_shore_photo_by_Alvaro_Sevilla_Design.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>North Seymour Island with Daphne Island in the distance</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Seymour_Island" title="North Seymour Island">North Seymour Island</a> – Its name was given after an English nobleman, <a href="/wiki/Lord_Hugh_Seymour" title="Lord Hugh Seymour">Lord Hugh Seymour</a>. It has an area of 1.9 km<sup>2</sup> (0.73 sq mi) and a maximum altitude of 28 m (92 ft). This island is home to a large population of blue-footed boobies and swallow-tailed gulls. It hosts one of the largest populations of frigate birds. It was formed from geological uplift.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinz%C3%B3n_Island" title="Pinzón Island">Pinzón (Duncan) Island</a> – Named after the Pinzón brothers, captains of the Pinta and Niña caravels, it has an area of 18 km<sup>2</sup> (6.9 sq mi) and a maximum altitude of 458 m (1,503 ft) and has no permanent population. Home to giant <a href="/wiki/Gal%C3%A1pagos_tortoise" title="Galápagos tortoise">Galápagos tortoises</a> of the subspecies <a href="/wiki/Chelonoidis_duncanensis" class="mw-redirect" title="Chelonoidis duncanensis">Chelonoidis duncanensis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gal%C3%A1pagos_sea_lion" title="Galápagos sea lion">Galápagos sea lions</a>, the island has no visitor facilities and a permit is required for legal visits.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinta_Island" title="Pinta Island">Pinta (Louis) Island</a> – Named after the Pinta caravel, it has an area of 60 km<sup>2</sup> (23 sq mi) and a maximum altitude of 777 m (2,549 ft). Sea lions, Galápagos hawks, giant tortoises, marine iguanas, and dolphins can be seen here. Pinta Island was home to the last remaining Pinta tortoise, called <a href="/wiki/Lonesome_George" title="Lonesome George">Lonesome George</a>. He was moved from Pinta Island to the <a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin_Foundation" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Darwin Foundation">Charles Darwin Research Station</a> on Santa Cruz Island, where scientists attempted to breed from him. However, Lonesome George died in June 2012 without producing any offspring.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A1bida_Island" title="Rábida Island">Rábida (Jervis) Island</a> – It bears the name of the convent of Rábida, where Columbus left his son during his voyage to the Americas<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="Christopher Columbus never entererd the Pacific Ocean (February 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. It has an area of 4.95 km<sup>2</sup> (1.91 sq mi) and a maximum altitude of 367 m (1,204 ft). The high amount of iron contained in the lava at Rábida gives it a distinctive red colour. White-cheeked pintail ducks live in a saltwater lagoon close to the beach, where brown pelicans and boobies have built their nests. Until recently, flamingos were also found in the lagoon, but they have since moved on to other islands, likely due to a lack of food on Rábida. Nine species of finches have been reported in this island.</li></ul> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Galapagos2007--12--08-23-07.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Galapagos2007--12--08-23-07.JPG/250px-Galapagos2007--12--08-23-07.JPG" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Galapagos2007--12--08-23-07.JPG/375px-Galapagos2007--12--08-23-07.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Galapagos2007--12--08-23-07.JPG/500px-Galapagos2007--12--08-23-07.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Sunset on <a href="/wiki/San_Crist%C3%B3bal_Island" title="San Cristóbal Island">San Cristóbal Island</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/San_Crist%C3%B3bal_Island" title="San Cristóbal Island">San Cristóbal (Chatham) Island</a> – It bears the name of the patron saint of seafarers, "<a href="/wiki/St._Christopher" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Christopher">St. Christopher</a>". Its English name was given after <a href="/wiki/William_Pitt,_1st_Earl_of_Chatham" title="William Pitt, 1st Earl of Chatham">William Pitt, 1st Earl of Chatham</a>. It has an area of 558 km<sup>2</sup> (215 sq mi) and its highest point rises to 730 m (2,400 ft). This is the first island in the Galápagos Archipelago Charles Darwin visited during his voyage on the <i>Beagle</i>. This island hosts <a href="/wiki/Frigatebird" title="Frigatebird">frigate birds</a>, sea lions, giant tortoises, blue- and red-footed <a href="/wiki/Booby" title="Booby">boobies</a>, tropicbirds, <a href="/wiki/Marine_iguana" title="Marine iguana">marine iguanas</a>, dolphins and <a href="/wiki/Swallow-tailed_gull" title="Swallow-tailed gull">swallow-tailed gulls</a>. Its vegetation includes <i>Calandrinia galapagos</i>, <i>Lecocarpus darwinii</i>, and trees such as <i><a href="/wiki/Lignum_vitae" title="Lignum vitae">Lignum vitae</a></i>. The largest freshwater lake in the archipelago, Laguna El Junco, is located in the <a href="/wiki/Highland_(geography)" class="mw-redirect" title="Highland (geography)">highlands</a> of San Cristóbal. The capital of the <a href="/wiki/Gal%C3%A1pagos_Province" title="Galápagos Province">province of Galápagos</a> is <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Baquerizo_Moreno" title="Puerto Baquerizo Moreno">Puerto Baquerizo Moreno</a>, which lies at the southern tip of the island, and is close to <a href="/wiki/San_Crist%C3%B3bal_Airport" title="San Cristóbal Airport">San Cristóbal Airport</a>.</li></ul> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vista_de_Puerto_Ayora.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Vista_de_Puerto_Ayora.jpg/250px-Vista_de_Puerto_Ayora.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Vista_de_Puerto_Ayora.jpg/375px-Vista_de_Puerto_Ayora.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Vista_de_Puerto_Ayora.jpg/500px-Vista_de_Puerto_Ayora.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="865" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Ayora" title="Puerto Ayora">Puerto Ayora</a>, the largest town in the Galápagos</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Cruz_Island_(Gal%C3%A1pagos)" title="Santa Cruz Island (Galápagos)">Santa Cruz (Indefatigable) Island</a> – Given the name of the Holy Cross in Spanish. It was originally named Norfolk Island by Cowley, but renamed after the British frigate <a href="/wiki/HMS_Indefatigable_(1784)" title="HMS Indefatigable (1784)">HMS <i>Indefatigable</i></a> after her visit there in 1812.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has an area of 986 km<sup>2</sup> (381 sq mi) and a maximum altitude of 864.5 m (2,836 ft). Santa Cruz hosts the largest human population in the archipelago, the town of <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Ayora" title="Puerto Ayora">Puerto Ayora</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin_Foundation" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Darwin Foundation">Charles Darwin Research Station</a> and the headquarters of the Galápagos National Park Service are located here. The GNPS and CDRS operate a tortoise breeding centre here, where young tortoises are hatched, reared, and prepared to be reintroduced to their natural <a href="/wiki/Habitat_(ecology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Habitat (ecology)">habitat</a>. The Highlands of Santa Cruz offer exuberant flora, and are famous for the lava tunnels. Large tortoise populations are found here. Black Turtle Cove is a site surrounded by mangroves, which sea turtles, rays and small sharks sometimes use as a mating area. Cerro Dragón, known for its flamingo lagoon, is also located here, and along the trail one may see land iguanas foraging.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Fe_Island" title="Santa Fe Island">Santa Fe (Barrington) Island</a> – Named after a city in Spain, it has an area of 24 km<sup>2</sup> (9.3 sq mi) and a maximum altitude of 259 m (850 ft). Santa Fe hosts a forest of <a href="/wiki/Opuntia" title="Opuntia">Opuntia</a> <a href="/wiki/Cactus" title="Cactus">cactus</a>, which are the largest of the archipelago, and Palo Santo. Weathered cliffs provide a haven for swallow-tailed gulls, red-billed tropic birds and <a href="/wiki/Shearwater" title="Shearwater">shearwater</a> petrels. <a href="/wiki/Barrington_land_iguana" class="mw-redirect" title="Barrington land iguana">Santa Fe species</a> of <a href="/wiki/Gal%C3%A1pagos_land_iguana" class="mw-redirect" title="Galápagos land iguana">land iguanas</a> are often seen, as well as <a href="/wiki/Lava_lizard" class="mw-redirect" title="Lava lizard">lava lizards</a>.</li></ul> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:20180808-Gal%C3%A1pagos_fur_seal-2_at_Santiago_(9781).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/20180808-Gal%C3%A1pagos_fur_seal-2_at_Santiago_%289781%29.jpg/250px-20180808-Gal%C3%A1pagos_fur_seal-2_at_Santiago_%289781%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/20180808-Gal%C3%A1pagos_fur_seal-2_at_Santiago_%289781%29.jpg/375px-20180808-Gal%C3%A1pagos_fur_seal-2_at_Santiago_%289781%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/20180808-Gal%C3%A1pagos_fur_seal-2_at_Santiago_%289781%29.jpg/500px-20180808-Gal%C3%A1pagos_fur_seal-2_at_Santiago_%289781%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Gal%C3%A1pagos_fur_seal" title="Galápagos fur seal">Galápagos fur seal</a> on <a href="/wiki/Santiago_Island_(Gal%C3%A1pagos)" title="Santiago Island (Galápagos)">Santiago Island</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Santiago_Island_(Gal%C3%A1pagos)" title="Santiago Island (Galápagos)">Santiago (San Salvador, James) Island</a> – Its name is equivalent to Saint James in English; it is also known as San Salvador, after the first island discovered by Columbus in the Caribbean Sea. This island has an area of 585 km<sup>2</sup> (226 sq mi) and a maximum altitude of 907 m (2,976 ft). Marine iguanas, sea lions, fur seals, land and sea turtles, <a href="/wiki/Flamingo" title="Flamingo">flamingos</a>, dolphins and sharks are found here. Pigs and goats, which were introduced by humans to the islands and have caused great harm to the endemic species, have been eradicated (pigs by 2002; goats by the end of 2006). <a href="/wiki/Darwin%27s_finches" title="Darwin's finches">Darwin finches</a> and Galápagos hawks are usually seen, as well as a colony of fur seals. At Sulivan Bay, a recent (around 100 years ago) pahoehoe <a href="/wiki/Lava" title="Lava">lava</a> flow can be observed.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolf_Island" title="Wolf Island">Wolf (Wenman) Island</a> – This island was named after the German geologist <a href="/wiki/Theodor_Wolf" title="Theodor Wolf">Theodor Wolf</a>. It has an area of 1.3 km<sup>2</sup> (0.50 sq mi) and a maximum altitude of 253 m (830 ft). Here, <a href="/wiki/Fur_seal" title="Fur seal">fur seals</a>, frigatebirds, Nazca and red-footed boobies, marine iguanas, sharks, whales, dolphins and swallow-tailed gulls can be seen. The most famous resident is the <a href="/wiki/Vampire_finch" class="mw-redirect" title="Vampire finch">vampire finch</a>, which feeds partly on blood pecked from other birds, and is only found on this island.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Minor_islands">Minor islands</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gal%C3%A1pagos_Islands&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Minor islands"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DaphneMajor.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/DaphneMajor.jpg/250px-DaphneMajor.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/DaphneMajor.jpg/375px-DaphneMajor.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/DaphneMajor.jpg/500px-DaphneMajor.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1405" data-file-height="1022" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Daphne_Major" title="Daphne Major">Daphne Major</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daphne_Major" title="Daphne Major">Daphne Major</a> – A small island directly north of Santa Cruz and directly west of Baltra, this very inaccessible island appears, though unnamed, on Ambrose Cowley's 1684 chart. It is important as the location of multidecade finch population studies by <a href="/wiki/Peter_and_Rosemary_Grant" title="Peter and Rosemary Grant">Peter and Rosemary Grant</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Plaza_Island" title="South Plaza Island">South Plaza Island</a> (<span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">Isla Plaza Sur</i></span>) – It is named in honor of a former president of Ecuador, General <a href="/wiki/Le%C3%B3nidas_Plaza" title="Leónidas Plaza">Leónidas Plaza</a>. It has an area of 0.13 km<sup>2</sup> (0.050 sq mi) and a maximum altitude of 23 m (75 ft). The flora of South Plaza includes <i><a href="/wiki/Opuntia" title="Opuntia">Opuntia</a></i> cactus and <i><a href="/wiki/Sesuvium" title="Sesuvium">Sesuvium</a></i> plants, which form a reddish carpet on top of the lava formations. Iguanas (land, marine and some hybrids of both species) are abundant, and large numbers of birds can be observed from the cliffs at the southern part of the island, including tropic birds and swallow-tailed gulls.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=North_Plaza_Island&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="North Plaza Island (page does not exist)">North Plaza Island</a> - This island lies north of <a href="/wiki/South_Plaza_Island" title="South Plaza Island">South Plaza Island</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nameless_Island" title="Nameless Island">Nameless Island</a> – A small islet used mostly for <a href="/wiki/Scuba_diving" title="Scuba diving">scuba diving</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roca_Redonda" class="mw-redirect" title="Roca Redonda">Roca Redonda</a> – An islet approximately 25 km (16 mi) northwest of <a href="/wiki/Isabela_Island_(Gal%C3%A1pagos)" title="Isabela Island (Galápagos)">Isabela</a>. Herman Melville devotes the third and fourth sketches of <a href="/wiki/The_Encantadas" title="The Encantadas">The Encantadas</a> to describing this islet (which he calls "Rock Rodondo") and the view from it.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Fawkes_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Guy Fawkes Island">Guy Fawkes Island</a> - A small island of the coast of Santa Cruz. It is an island group composed of two crescent-shaped islets—North Guy Fawkes I. (I. Guy Fawkes Norte) and South Guy Fawkes I. (I. Guy Fawkes Sud)—and two rocks located northwest of Santa Cruz Island in the Galápagos Archipelago in Ecuador. The group is uninhabited but sometimes visited by scuba divers.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Isla_Beagle&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Isla Beagle (page does not exist)">Isla Beagle</a> - This small island near to Santiago is largely uninhabited.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Isla_Caldwell&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Isla Caldwell (page does not exist)">Isla Caldwell</a> - This island is near Floreana and has a length of 3.06 kilometers.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Isla_Camp%C3%A9on&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Isla Campéon (page does not exist)">Isla Campéon</a> - Also known as Champion island, this islet is 1.64 kilometers in length and is one of the last refuges of the <a href="/wiki/Floreana_mockingbird" title="Floreana mockingbird">Floreana mockingbird</a>.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Isla_Watson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Isla Watson (page does not exist)">Isla Watson</a> - This small islet is one of the many islets of Floreana island.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galapagos" class="mw-redirect" title="Galapagos">Enderby Island</a> - Besides of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Isla_Camp%C3%A9on&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Isla Campéon (page does not exist)">Isla Campéon</a>, this island is another place where the <a href="/wiki/Floreana_mockingbird" title="Floreana mockingbird">Floreana mockingbird</a> lives.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gardner_Island_(Galapagos)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gardner Island (Galapagos) (page does not exist)">Gardner Island (Galapagos)</a> - In the <a href="/wiki/Galapagos_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Galapagos Islands">Galapagos Islands</a>, there are two places called <a href="/wiki/Gardner_Island" title="Gardner Island">Gardner Island</a>. There is one island near <a href="/wiki/Espa%C3%B1ola_Island" title="Española Island">Española</a>, and one island near <a href="/wiki/Floreana" class="mw-redirect" title="Floreana">Floreana</a>.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mosquera_Island&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mosquera Island (page does not exist)">Mosquera Island</a> - Mosquera is one of the smallest islands in the archipelago. Located between North Seymour and Baltra Islands, it consists of many coral reefs, making it a great site for practicing snorkel and observing the marine life.</li></ul> <p>Mosquera is also home to one of the largest colonies of sea lions in the Galapagos, and there have been occasional orca whale sightings around the islet. As is usual in the archipelago, the islet is shared by many seabirds, marine iguanas, blue-footed boobies and Sally Lightfoot crabs. </p> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tortuga_Island_(Galapagos)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tortuga Island (Galapagos) (page does not exist)">Tortuga Island</a> - Isla Tortuga is unique as the island is in the shape of a crescent. The island is actually a collapsed volcano that is a nesting location for a variety of seabirds such as Frigatebirds and the elusive Red-Billed Tropicbird, among others.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Isla_Los_Hermanos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Isla Los Hermanos (page does not exist)">Isla Los Hermanos</a> - This is a small island off <a href="/wiki/Isabela_Island_(Gal%C3%A1pagos)" title="Isabela Island (Galápagos)">Isabela</a>.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Isla_Sombrero_Chino&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Isla Sombrero Chino (page does not exist)">Isla Sombrero Chino</a> - One of the most recognizable of the Galapagos Islands, Sombrero Chino name means "Chinese Hat." It's easy to see why: this islet off of Santiago is shaped like an old-fashioned Chinaman's hat, a gently sloping cone rising out of the clear Galapagos water. Because of its distinctive shape, Sombrero Chino has fascinated visitors as long as they have been coming to Galapagos.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Daphne_Minor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Daphne Minor (page does not exist)">Daphne Minor</a> - It is very near <a href="/wiki/Daphne_Major" title="Daphne Major">Daphne Major</a> and share a lot of similarities, as both are tuff cones devoid of trees.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Las_Tintoreras_Islet" title="Las Tintoreras Islet">Las Tintoreras Islet</a> - It is a group of seven small islets to the south of the bay of Puerto Villamil in the island of Isabela, that forms part of the archipelago and national park of the Galapagos Islands, including administratively in the Province Of Galapagos.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leon_Dormido&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Leon Dormido (page does not exist)">Leon Dormido</a> - This island is located off <a href="/wiki/San_Crist%C3%B3bal_Island" title="San Cristóbal Island">San Cristobal</a>.Visually striking, the two rocks of Leon Dormindo, which means "Sleeping Lion," soar to some 450 feet (140 meters) into the air. The mild current between the two rocks creates a hotbed habitat for an extremely diverse group of fish and mammals.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Isla_Cowley&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Isla Cowley (page does not exist)">Isla Cowley</a> - This small island is very small, located off <a href="/wiki/Isabela_Island_(Gal%C3%A1pagos)" title="Isabela Island (Galápagos)">Isabela</a>.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Isla_El_Ed%C3%A9n&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Isla El Edén (page does not exist)">Isla El Edén</a> - Eden Island is a sliver of volcanic rock located along the northwest shore of the large Santa Cruz Island. Isla El Edén measures less than 2,000 square feet in diameter. Despite its small size of .01 square miles, it exhibits three distinct landscapes. One is flat, arid and barren. In the middle is a 233 foot cliff.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Isla_Albany&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Isla Albany (page does not exist)">Isla Albany</a> - Albany Rock is a small crescent shaped islet located in the northwest of Santiago Island.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Isla_Onslow&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Isla Onslow (page does not exist)">Isla Onslow</a> - It is one of the many islands near <a href="/wiki/Floreana" class="mw-redirect" title="Floreana">Floreana</a>.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Corona_Del_Diablo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Corona Del Diablo (page does not exist)">Corona Del Diablo</a> - Corona Del Diablo, also known as the Devil's Crown, located off of Floreana Island, not far from the shore, is a ring of uneven rocks that stick out of the water. Its name comes from the fact that it looks almost like an uncomfortable crown, that only the devil could wear.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Climate">Climate</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gal%C3%A1pagos_Islands&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Climate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chlorophyll_concentration_off_the_Galapagos_archipelago_during_El_Ni%C3%B1o_and_La_Ni%C3%B1a.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Chlorophyll_concentration_off_the_Galapagos_archipelago_during_El_Ni%C3%B1o_and_La_Ni%C3%B1a.jpg/250px-Chlorophyll_concentration_off_the_Galapagos_archipelago_during_El_Ni%C3%B1o_and_La_Ni%C3%B1a.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="286" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Chlorophyll_concentration_off_the_Galapagos_archipelago_during_El_Ni%C3%B1o_and_La_Ni%C3%B1a.jpg/375px-Chlorophyll_concentration_off_the_Galapagos_archipelago_during_El_Ni%C3%B1o_and_La_Ni%C3%B1a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1a/Chlorophyll_concentration_off_the_Galapagos_archipelago_during_El_Ni%C3%B1o_and_La_Ni%C3%B1a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="468" data-file-height="535" /></a><figcaption>Satellite maps of the concentration of <a href="/wiki/Chlorophyll" title="Chlorophyll">chlorophyll</a> (representing abundance of <a href="/wiki/Phytoplankton" title="Phytoplankton">phytoplankton</a>) during <a href="/wiki/El_Ni%C3%B1o" class="mw-redirect" title="El Niño">El Niño</a> (top) and <a href="/wiki/La_Ni%C3%B1a" class="mw-redirect" title="La Niña">La Niña</a> (bottom). The color scale goes from blue at the lowest concentrations to red at the highest. Currents that normally <a href="/wiki/Fertilisation" title="Fertilisation">fertilize</a> phytoplankton reverse during El Niño, resulting in <a href="/wiki/Primary_production" title="Primary production">barren</a> oceans. The same currents are strengthened by La Niña, resulting in an explosion of ocean life.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sea_surface_temperature_%26_chlorophyll_concentrations_off_the_Galapagos_archipelago.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Sea_surface_temperature_%26_chlorophyll_concentrations_off_the_Galapagos_archipelago.jpg/250px-Sea_surface_temperature_%26_chlorophyll_concentrations_off_the_Galapagos_archipelago.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="291" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Sea_surface_temperature_%26_chlorophyll_concentrations_off_the_Galapagos_archipelago.jpg/375px-Sea_surface_temperature_%26_chlorophyll_concentrations_off_the_Galapagos_archipelago.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Sea_surface_temperature_%26_chlorophyll_concentrations_off_the_Galapagos_archipelago.jpg/500px-Sea_surface_temperature_%26_chlorophyll_concentrations_off_the_Galapagos_archipelago.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="837" /></a><figcaption>A satellite map of chlorophyll and phytoplankton concentration (top) paired with a map of oceanic surface temperatures at the same time (bottom). The thriving populations represented by green and yellow in the upper map correlate to areas of higher surface temperatures represented by yellow in the lower map <small>(2 March 2009)</small>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Although the islands are located on the equator, the <a href="/wiki/Humboldt_Current" title="Humboldt Current">Humboldt Current</a> brings cold water to them, causing frequent drizzles during most of the year. The weather is regularly influenced by the <a href="/wiki/El_Ni%C3%B1o" class="mw-redirect" title="El Niño">El Niño</a> events, which occur every 3 to 7 years and bring warmer <a href="/wiki/Sea_surface_temperature" title="Sea surface temperature">sea surface temperatures</a>, a rise in sea level, greater wave action, and a depletion of nutrients in the water.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This cycle can greatly affect the precipitation from one year to another. At Charles Darwin Station, the precipitation during the month of March in the particularly wet year of 1969 was 249.0 mm (9.80 in), but during March 1970 the next year it was only 1.2 mm (0.047 in). </p><p>There is also a large range in precipitation from one place to another and across the islands' two main seasons. The archipelago is mainly characterized by a mixture of a <a href="/wiki/Tropical_savanna_climate" title="Tropical savanna climate">tropical savanna climate</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Semi-arid_climate" title="Semi-arid climate">semi-arid climate</a>, transitioning to a <a href="/wiki/Tropical_rainforest_climate" title="Tropical rainforest climate">tropical rainforest climate</a> in the northwest. During the rainy season known as the <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">garúa</i></span> from June to November, the temperature near the sea is around 22 °C (72 °F), a steady cool wind blows from south and southeast, frequent drizzles (<span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">garúas</i></span>) for days, and dense fog conceals the islands. During the warm season from December to May, the average sea and air temperatures rise to around 25 °C (77 °F), there is no wind at all, and the sun shines apart from sporadic strong downpours. Weather also changes as altitude increases on the larger islands. Temperature decreases gradually with altitude, while precipitation increases due to the condensation of moisture from clouds on the slopes. This pattern of generally wet highlands and drier lowlands affects the plant life on the larger islands. The vegetation in the highlands tends to be green and lush, with tropical woodland in places. The lowland areas tend to have arid and semi-arid vegetation, with many thorny shrubs and cacti and areas of barren volcanic rock. </p><p>Some islands also fall within the <a href="/wiki/Rain_shadow" title="Rain shadow">rain shadow</a> of others during some seasons. During March 1969, the precipitation over Charles Darwin Station on the southern coast of Santa Cruz was 249.0 mm (9.80 in), while on nearby Baltra Island the precipitation during the same month was only 137.6 mm (5.42 in). This is because Baltra is located behind Santa Cruz when the prevailing winds are southerly, causing more moisture to fall on the Santa Cruz highlands. </p> <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for <a href="/wiki/San_Crist%C3%B3bal_Island" title="San Cristóbal Island">San Cristóbal Island</a>, 1981–2010 normals </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF5400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29.2<br />(84.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF4D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.3<br />(86.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF4B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.5<br />(86.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF4D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.2<br />(86.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF5400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29.2<br />(84.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF5F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.6<br />(81.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF6800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.4<br />(79.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF6D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.6<br />(78.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF6C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.7<br />(78.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF6A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.0<br />(78.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF6300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.0<br />(80.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF5E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.8<br />(82.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF5D00; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">28.0<br />(82.3) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Daily mean °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF6A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.1<br />(79.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF6600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.7<br />(80.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF6600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.7<br />(80.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF6700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.5<br />(79.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF6B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.9<br />(78.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF7300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.7<br />(76.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF7C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.5<br />(74.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF8104; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.7<br />(72.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF8002; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.8<br />(73.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF7F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.0<br />(73.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF7900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.9<br />(75.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF7300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.8<br />(76.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF7300; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">24.8<br />(76.6) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF8001; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.9<br />(73.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF7E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.1<br />(73.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF8001; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.9<br />(73.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF8002; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.8<br />(73.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF8104; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.7<br />(72.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF8811; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.7<br />(71.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF8F1F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.7<br />(69.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF952C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.8<br />(67.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF952C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.8<br />(67.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF9429; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.0<br />(68.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF8D1C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.9<br />(69.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF8811; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.7<br />(71.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF8913; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">21.6<br />(70.9) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a> mm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #82FF82; color:#000000;" class="notheme">83.4<br />(3.28) </td> <td style="background: #4FFF4F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">107.4<br />(4.23) </td> <td style="background: #60FF60; color:#000000;" class="notheme">106.3<br />(4.19) </td> <td style="background: #6CFF6C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">94.9<br />(3.74) </td> <td style="background: #C0FFC0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">41.9<br />(1.65) </td> <td style="background: #CCFFCC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.5<br />(1.28) </td> <td style="background: #E2FFE2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.8<br />(0.74) </td> <td style="background: #F0FFF0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.8<br />(0.39) </td> <td style="background: #F3FFF3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.6<br />(0.30) </td> <td style="background: #EEFFEE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.0<br />(0.43) </td> <td style="background: #EBFFEB; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.6<br />(0.50) </td> <td style="background: #B2FFB2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">51.5<br />(2.03) </td> <td style="background: #B5FFB5; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">577.7<br />(22.76) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average precipitation days </th> <td style="background: #7777FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11 </td> <td style="background: #7777FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10 </td> <td style="background: #7777FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11 </td> <td style="background: #B2B2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6 </td> <td style="background: #C1C1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5 </td> <td style="background: #9999FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8 </td> <td style="background: #5E5EFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">13 </td> <td style="background: #5252FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">14 </td> <td style="background: #6666FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">12 </td> <td style="background: #7777FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11 </td> <td style="background: #9999FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8 </td> <td style="background: #8383FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10 </td> <td style="background: #8282FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">119 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source: <a href="/wiki/World_Meteorological_Organization" title="World Meteorological Organization">World Meteorological Organization</a><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <p>The following table for the especially wet year of 1969 shows the variation of precipitation in different places of <a href="/wiki/Santa_Cruz_Island_(Gal%C3%A1pagos)" title="Santa Cruz Island (Galápagos)">Santa Cruz Island</a>: </p> <table class="wikitable" style="margin: auto"> <tbody><tr> <th>Location </th> <th>Charles Darwin<br />Station </th> <th>Devine Farm </th> <th>Media Luna </th></tr> <tr> <th>Altitude </th> <th>6 m </th> <th>320 m </th> <th>620 m </th></tr> <tr> <td>January </td> <td>23.0 mm </td> <td>78.0 mm </td> <td>172.6 mm </td></tr> <tr> <td>February </td> <td>16.8 mm </td> <td>155.2 mm </td> <td>117.0 mm </td></tr> <tr> <td>March </td> <td>249.0 mm </td> <td>920.8 mm </td> <td>666.7 mm </td></tr> <tr> <td>April </td> <td>68.5 mm </td> <td>79.5 mm </td> <td>166.4 mm </td></tr> <tr> <td>May </td> <td>31.4 mm </td> <td>214.6 mm </td> <td>309.8 mm </td></tr> <tr> <td>June </td> <td>16.8 mm </td> <td>147.3 mm </td> <td>271.8 mm </td></tr> <tr> <td>July </td> <td>12.0 mm </td> <td>42.2 mm </td> <td>135.6 mm </td></tr> <tr> <td>August </td> <td>3.8 mm </td> <td>13.7 mm </td> <td>89.5 mm </td></tr> <tr> <td>September </td> <td>18.5 mm </td> <td>90.9 mm </td> <td>282.6 mm </td></tr> <tr> <td>October </td> <td>3.2 mm </td> <td>22.6 mm </td> <td>96.5 mm </td></tr> <tr> <td>November </td> <td>11.0 mm </td> <td>52.8 mm </td> <td>172.7 mm </td></tr> <tr> <td>December </td> <td>15.7 mm </td> <td>84.1 mm </td> <td>175.3 mm </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"> </td></tr> <tr> <td>TOTALS </td> <td>469.7 mm </td> <td>1901.7 mm </td> <td>2656.4 mm </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ecology">Ecology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gal%C3%A1pagos_Islands&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Ecology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Galapagos_(47395199751).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Galapagos_%2847395199751%29.jpg/330px-Galapagos_%2847395199751%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Galapagos_%2847395199751%29.jpg/495px-Galapagos_%2847395199751%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Galapagos_%2847395199751%29.jpg/660px-Galapagos_%2847395199751%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4874" data-file-height="2247" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Pinnacle_Rock_(Gal%C3%A1pagos)" title="Pinnacle Rock (Galápagos)">Pinnacle Rock</a> on <a href="/wiki/Bartolom%C3%A9_Island" title="Bartolomé Island">Bartolomé Island</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Santiago_Island_(Gal%C3%A1pagos)" title="Santiago Island (Galápagos)">Santiago</a> in the background and a ferry on the right for scale</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Terrestrial">Terrestrial</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gal%C3%A1pagos_Islands&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Terrestrial"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Gal%C3%A1pagos_Islands_xeric_scrub" title="Galápagos Islands xeric scrub">Galápagos Islands xeric scrub</a></div> <p>Most of the Galápagos is covered in semi-desert vegetation, including shrublands, grasslands, and dry forest. A few of the islands have high-elevation areas with cooler temperatures and higher rainfall, which are home to humid-climate forests and shrublands, and montane grasslands (<i>pampas</i>) at the highest elevations. There are about 500 species of native <a href="/wiki/Vascular_plant" title="Vascular plant">vascular plants</a> on the islands, including 90 species of ferns. About 180 vascular plant species are endemic.<sup id="cite_ref-wwf_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wwf-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The islands are well known for their distinctive <a href="/wiki/Endemism" title="Endemism">endemic</a> species, including <a href="/wiki/Gal%C3%A1pagos_tortoise" title="Galápagos tortoise">giant tortoises</a>, <a href="/wiki/Darwin%27s_finches" title="Darwin's finches">finches</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flightless_cormorant" title="Flightless cormorant">flightless cormorants</a>, <a href="/wiki/Microlophus_albemarlensis" title="Microlophus albemarlensis">Galápagos lava lizards</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marine_iguana" title="Marine iguana">marine iguanas</a>, which evolved to adapt to islands' environments.<sup id="cite_ref-wwf_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wwf-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gal%C3%A1pagos_Islands&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pre-Columbian_era">Pre-Columbian era</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gal%C3%A1pagos_Islands&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Pre-Columbian era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Whether <a href="/wiki/Polynesians" title="Polynesians">Polynesians</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_South_America" title="Indigenous peoples of South America">indigenous peoples</a> of <a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South America</a> ever made it to the islands is disputed. <a href="/wiki/Island#Oceanic_islands" title="Island">Oceanic</a> Pacific islands in the same general area as Galápagos—including <a href="/wiki/Clipperton_Island" title="Clipperton Island">Clipperton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cocos_Island" title="Cocos Island">Cocos</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Desventuradas_Islands" title="Desventuradas Islands">Desventuradas</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Juan_Fern%C3%A1ndez_Islands" title="Juan Fernández Islands">Juan Fernández Islands</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Revillagigedo_Islands" title="Revillagigedo Islands">Revillagigedos</a>—were all uninhabited when discovered by Europeans, with no evidence to indicate any prehistoric human activity.<sup id="cite_ref-asianpacific_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-asianpacific-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-press_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-press-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The easternmost oceanic island in the South Pacific that was discovered with a human population was <a href="/wiki/Easter_Island" title="Easter Island">Easter Island</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-press_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-press-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> whose <a href="/wiki/Rapa_Nui_people" title="Rapa Nui people">Rapa Nui people</a> are known to be <a href="/wiki/Polynesian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Polynesian people">Polynesian</a> rather than South American.<sup id="cite_ref-rapa_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rapa-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1572, the Spanish chronicler <a href="/wiki/Pedro_Sarmiento_de_Gamboa" title="Pedro Sarmiento de Gamboa">Pedro Sarmiento de Gamboa</a> claimed that <a href="/wiki/Topa_Inca_Yupanqui" title="Topa Inca Yupanqui">Topa Inca Yupanqui</a>, the second <a href="/wiki/Sapa_Inca" title="Sapa Inca">Sapa Inca</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Inca_Empire" title="Inca Empire">Inca Empire</a>, had visited the archipelago. There is, however, little evidence for this and many experts consider it a far-fetched legend, especially since the Incas were not typically a seafaring people.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 1952 archaeological survey by <a href="/wiki/Thor_Heyerdahl" title="Thor Heyerdahl">Thor Heyerdahl</a> and Arne Skjølsvold found <a href="/wiki/Potsherd" class="mw-redirect" title="Potsherd">potsherds</a> and other artifacts from several sites on the islands that they claimed suggested visitation by South Americans during the <a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_era" title="Pre-Columbian era">pre-Columbian era</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeyerdahl_&_al.1956_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeyerdahl_&_al.1956-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The group located an <a href="/wiki/Inca_Empire" title="Inca Empire">Inca</a> flute and shards from more than 130 pieces of ceramics, later identified as pre-Incan. However, no remains of graves, ceremonial vessels, or buildings have ever been found, suggesting no permanent settlement occurred before the Spanish arrived in the 16th century.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 2016 reanalysis of Heyerdahl and Skjølsvold's archaeological sites rejected their conclusions. They found that—at all locations excavated by the 1952 survey—artifacts of Indian and European origin were interspersed without the distinct spatial or stratigraphic arrangement that would be expected from independent sequential deposition. (Heyerdahl and Skjølsvold had noted this in their original report while ignoring its implications.) Radiocarbon dates from the sites placed them in the post-Spanish era and preliminary paleoenvironmental analysis showed no disturbance older than 500 years <a href="/wiki/Before_present" class="mw-redirect" title="Before present">before present</a>, suggesting no evidence from the survey that the islands were visited prior to their Spanish discovery in 1535. The authors suggested that native artifacts found by Heyerdahl and Skjølsvold had probably been brought as mementos or souvenirs at the time of Spanish occupation.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A 2008 report by archeologists from the <a href="/wiki/Australian_National_University" title="Australian National University">Australian National University</a> stated that certain Asia–Pacific <a href="/wiki/Taxa" class="mw-redirect" title="Taxa">taxa</a> may have been growing in the Galápagos prior to 1535. This opens a direction for future research which might "constitute a strong line of evidence for accidental or deliberate landfall in the Galápagos by a Polynesian vessel",<sup id="cite_ref-press_31-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-press-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although the report noted current scholarship finds no evidence that Pacific islands beyond Easter Island "play[ed] a 'stepping stone' role in the interaction between Amerindians or Polynesians in prehistory".<sup id="cite_ref-press_31-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-press-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The lack of <a href="/wiki/Fresh_water" title="Fresh water">fresh water</a> on the islands seems to have limited visits and settlement, if any ever occurred.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research"><span title="The material near this tag possibly contains original research. (September 2024)">original research?</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="European_discovery">European discovery</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gal%C3%A1pagos_Islands&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: European discovery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Insulae_de_los_Galopegos.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Insulae_de_los_Galopegos.jpg/250px-Insulae_de_los_Galopegos.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Insulae_de_los_Galopegos.jpg/375px-Insulae_de_los_Galopegos.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Insulae_de_los_Galopegos.jpg/500px-Insulae_de_los_Galopegos.jpg 2x" data-file-width="794" data-file-height="578" /></a><figcaption>Detail of the Galápagos on <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Ortelius" title="Abraham Ortelius">Abraham Ortelius</a>'s 1570 map of the Americas</figcaption></figure> <p>European discovery of the Galápagos Islands is recorded occurring on 10 March 1535, when the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish people">Spanish</a> <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_bishop_of_Panam%C3%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic bishop of Panamá">bishop</a> of <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Panam%C3%A1" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Panamá">Panama</a> <a href="/wiki/Tom%C3%A1s_de_Berlanga" title="Tomás de Berlanga">Tomás de Berlanga</a>—sailing to <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Peru" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish Peru">Peru</a> to adjudicate a dispute between <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Pizarro" title="Francisco Pizarro">Francisco Pizarro</a> and <a href="/wiki/Diego_de_Almagro" title="Diego de Almagro">Diego de Almagro</a>—drifted off course while his ship was becalmed in the <a href="/wiki/Doldrums" class="mw-redirect" title="Doldrums">Doldrums</a>. They found the islands they visited uninhabited and so arid and barren that two men and ten horses died for lack of fresh water and the rest were forced to subsist on <a href="/wiki/Cactus_pad" class="mw-redirect" title="Cactus pad">cactus pads</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJackson1993[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidTlxzU6i_LV0CpgPA1_1]_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson1993[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidTlxzU6i_LV0CpgPA1_1]-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ship left them unclaimed and unsettled.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Berlanga, however, wrote a brief account of the islands, their condition, and their main wildlife for <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Charles_V" class="mw-redirect" title="Emperor Charles V">Charles V</a></span>. </p><p>The Galápagos Islands first appeared on the maps of <a href="/wiki/Gerardus_Mercator" title="Gerardus Mercator">Gerardus Mercator</a> and <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Ortelius" title="Abraham Ortelius">Abraham Ortelius</a> around 1570.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pirate_era">Pirate era</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gal%C3%A1pagos_Islands&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Pirate era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gallapagos_Islands_1684.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Gallapagos_Islands_1684.jpg/250px-Gallapagos_Islands_1684.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="274" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Gallapagos_Islands_1684.jpg/375px-Gallapagos_Islands_1684.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Gallapagos_Islands_1684.jpg/500px-Gallapagos_Islands_1684.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1845" data-file-height="2020" /></a><figcaption>The chart of the Galápagos published by the <a href="/wiki/English_people" title="English people">English</a> pirate <a href="/wiki/William_Ambrosia_Cowley" class="mw-redirect" title="William Ambrosia Cowley">William Ambrosia Cowley</a> in 1684, the source of many of the islands' English names</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Galapagos_islands_RMG_K1111.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Galapagos_islands_RMG_K1111.jpg/250px-Galapagos_islands_RMG_K1111.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="334" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Galapagos_islands_RMG_K1111.jpg/375px-Galapagos_islands_RMG_K1111.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Galapagos_islands_RMG_K1111.jpg/500px-Galapagos_islands_RMG_K1111.jpg 2x" data-file-width="958" data-file-height="1280" /></a><figcaption>A manuscript map of the islands from the charts drafted by <a href="/wiki/James_Colnett" title="James Colnett">James Colnett</a> of the British <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a> in 1793, adding additional names</figcaption></figure> <p>The first English captain to visit the Galápagos Islands was <a href="/wiki/Richard_Hawkins" title="Richard Hawkins">Richard Hawkins</a> in 1593.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Until the early 19th century, the archipelago was often used as a hideout by (mostly English) pirates who attacked <a href="/wiki/Spanish_treasure_fleet" title="Spanish treasure fleet">Spanish treasure fleets</a> carrying gold, silver, and supplies from <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Peru" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish Peru">Peru</a> to <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Panama" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish Panama">Panama</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_Spain_(1700%E2%80%931808)" title="History of Spain (1700–1808)">Spain</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/English_people" title="English people">English</a> pirate <a href="/wiki/William_Ambrosia_Cowley" class="mw-redirect" title="William Ambrosia Cowley">William Ambrosia Cowley</a> thoroughly mapped the islands in 1684 while sailing on <a href="/wiki/John_Cook_(pirate)" title="John Cook (pirate)">John Cook</a>'s <i>Batchelor's</i> or <i>Bachelor's Delight</i> and <a href="/wiki/John_Eaton_(pirate)" title="John Eaton (pirate)">John Eaton</a>'s <i>Nicholas</i> as they raided Peruvian shipping.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcEwen1988234–236_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcEwen1988234–236-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One cargo captured that year was 7–8 <a href="/wiki/Tun_(unit)" title="Tun (unit)">tuns</a> of <a href="/wiki/Quince" title="Quince">quince</a> <a href="/wiki/Marmalade" title="Marmalade">marmalade</a>, whose remains scattered pottery around the islands.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJackson1993[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidTlxzU6i_LV0CpgPA2_2]_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson1993[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidTlxzU6i_LV0CpgPA2_2]-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenz2000[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidYPBccPXLsJ4CpgPA32_32]_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenz2000[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidYPBccPXLsJ4CpgPA32_32]-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Publishing the first thorough chart of the islands, Cowley coined the English names for 16 of the islands, chiefly honoring English royalty, nobles, and Jamaican officials of the era who might provide future patronage.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcEwen1988234–236_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcEwen1988234–236-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1793, during the early <a href="/wiki/French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="French Revolutionary Wars">French Revolutionary Wars</a>, the <a href="/wiki/British_Navy" class="mw-redirect" title="British Navy">British</a> <a href="/wiki/Ship%27s_captain" class="mw-redirect" title="Ship's captain">captain</a> <a href="/wiki/James_Colnett" title="James Colnett">James Colnett</a> described the flora and fauna of Galápagos and suggested the islands could be used as a base for <a href="/wiki/Whaling" title="Whaling">whalers</a> operating in the Pacific. Colnett improved upon Cowley's chart, coining additional names<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcEwen1988234–236_41-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcEwen1988234–236-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although accidentally transferring Cowley's Charles Island from Española to Floreana.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcEwen1988237_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcEwen1988237-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Whalers and <a href="/wiki/Maritime_fur_trade" title="Maritime fur trade">maritime fur traders</a> killed and captured thousands of the Galápagos tortoises to extract their fat. The tortoises could be kept on board ship as a means of providing of fresh protein, as these animals could survive for several months on board without any food or water. The hunting of the tortoises was responsible for greatly diminishing, and in some cases eliminating, certain species. Along with whalers came the fur-seal hunters, who brought the population of this animal close to extinction. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="19th_century">19th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gal%C3%A1pagos_Islands&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: 19th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Gal%C3%A1pagos_tortoise_or_Gal%C3%A1pagos_giant_tortoise_(Chelonoidis_nigra)_-_Santa_Cruz_Island.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/The_Gal%C3%A1pagos_tortoise_or_Gal%C3%A1pagos_giant_tortoise_%28Chelonoidis_nigra%29_-_Santa_Cruz_Island.jpeg/250px-The_Gal%C3%A1pagos_tortoise_or_Gal%C3%A1pagos_giant_tortoise_%28Chelonoidis_nigra%29_-_Santa_Cruz_Island.jpeg" decoding="async" width="250" height="333" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/The_Gal%C3%A1pagos_tortoise_or_Gal%C3%A1pagos_giant_tortoise_%28Chelonoidis_nigra%29_-_Santa_Cruz_Island.jpeg/375px-The_Gal%C3%A1pagos_tortoise_or_Gal%C3%A1pagos_giant_tortoise_%28Chelonoidis_nigra%29_-_Santa_Cruz_Island.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/be/The_Gal%C3%A1pagos_tortoise_or_Gal%C3%A1pagos_giant_tortoise_%28Chelonoidis_nigra%29_-_Santa_Cruz_Island.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="409" data-file-height="545" /></a><figcaption>A Galápagos tortoise (<span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Chelonoidis nigra</i></span>) on Santa Cruz. <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">C. nigra</i></span> is the largest living species of tortoise, hunted to near extinction during the islands' <a href="/wiki/Whaling" title="Whaling">whaling</a> era.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jos%C3%A9_de_Villamil.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Jos%C3%A9_de_Villamil.jpg/250px-Jos%C3%A9_de_Villamil.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="316" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Jos%C3%A9_de_Villamil.jpg/375px-Jos%C3%A9_de_Villamil.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Jos%C3%A9_de_Villamil.jpg/500px-Jos%C3%A9_de_Villamil.jpg 2x" data-file-width="530" data-file-height="670" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_Villamil" title="José de Villamil">Gen. José de Villamil</a>, founder of the <a href="/wiki/Ecuadorian_Navy" title="Ecuadorian Navy">Ecuadorian Navy</a> and first governor of the islands</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Admiralty_Chart_No_1375_Galapagos_Islands,_Published_1841.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Admiralty_Chart_No_1375_Galapagos_Islands%2C_Published_1841.jpg/250px-Admiralty_Chart_No_1375_Galapagos_Islands%2C_Published_1841.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="338" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Admiralty_Chart_No_1375_Galapagos_Islands%2C_Published_1841.jpg/375px-Admiralty_Chart_No_1375_Galapagos_Islands%2C_Published_1841.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Admiralty_Chart_No_1375_Galapagos_Islands%2C_Published_1841.jpg/500px-Admiralty_Chart_No_1375_Galapagos_Islands%2C_Published_1841.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5793" data-file-height="7828" /></a><figcaption>The 1841 <a href="/wiki/Admiralty_chart" title="Admiralty chart">Admiralty chart</a> drafted from <a href="/wiki/Robert_FitzRoy" title="Robert FitzRoy">FitzRoy</a>'s survey of the islands <a href="/wiki/Second_voyage_of_HMS_Beagle" title="Second voyage of HMS Beagle">on HMS <i>Beagle</i></a></figcaption></figure> <p>The first known permanent human resident on Galápagos was <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Watkins_(sailor)" title="Patrick Watkins (sailor)">Patrick Watkins</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Irish_people" title="Irish people">Irish</a> sailor who was <a href="/wiki/Marooning" title="Marooning">marooned</a> on the Floreana from 1807 to 1809. According to later accounts, Watkins managed to survive by hunting, growing vegetables and trading with visiting whalers<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPorter1822_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPorter1822-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMelville1854_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMelville1854-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> before stealing a <a href="/wiki/Longboat" title="Longboat">longboat</a> from a <a href="/wiki/Whaling" title="Whaling">whaling</a> ship, <a href="/wiki/Impressment" title="Impressment">impressing</a> five of its crew as his "slaves", and navigating to <a href="/wiki/Guayaquil" title="Guayaquil">Guayaquil</a> on the Ecuadorian mainland.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJackson1993[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidTlxzU6i_LV0CpgPA3_3]_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson1993[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidTlxzU6i_LV0CpgPA3_3]-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Watkins was the only one of the six to survive the journey.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJackson1993[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidTlxzU6i_LV0CpgPA3_3]_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson1993[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidTlxzU6i_LV0CpgPA3_3]-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1818, the Nantucket whaleship <i>Globe</i> under Captain George Washington Gardner discovered a "mother lode" of sperm whales some thousand miles west of the South American coast approximately at the equator. He returned to Nantucket in 1820 with more than 2,000 barrels of sperm whale oil and the news of his discovery. This led to an influx of whaleships to exploit the new whaling ground and the Galápagos Islands became a frequent stop for the whalers both before and after visiting what came to be known as the Offshore Grounds. This led to the establishment in the Galápagos Islands of a kind of unofficial "post office" where whaleships stopped to pick up and drop off letters as well as for provisioning and repairing.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPerry197244_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerry197244-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In October 1820, the whaleship <i>Essex</i> out of Nantucket stopped at the Galápagos for these purposes on its way to the Offshore Grounds. On Colnett's Charles Island, while most of the crew were hunting tortoises one crewmember, English boatsteerer Thomas Chappel—for reasons still unclear—lit a fire which quickly burned out of control. Some of the tortoise hunters had a narrow escape and had to run a gauntlet of fire to get back to the ship. Soon almost the entire island was in flames. Crewmembers reported that after a day of sailing away they could still see the flames against the horizon. One crewmember who returned to the Galápagos several years afterward described the entire island as still a blackened wasteland.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador">Ecuador</a> <a href="/wiki/Ecuadorian_War_of_Independence" title="Ecuadorian War of Independence">won its independence</a> from <a href="/wiki/History_of_Spain_(1808%E2%80%931874)" title="History of Spain (1808–1874)">Spain</a> in 1822 and <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_Gran_Colombia" title="Dissolution of Gran Colombia">seceded from</a> <a href="/wiki/Gran_Colombia" title="Gran Colombia">Gran Colombia</a> in 1830. <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_Villamil" title="José de Villamil">Gen. José de Villamil</a>, the founder of the <a href="/wiki/Ecuadorian_Navy" title="Ecuadorian Navy">Ecuadorian Navy</a>, led the push to colonize and settle the islands before Ecuador's neighbors or the <a href="/wiki/New_Imperialism" title="New Imperialism">European empires</a> could occupy them.<sup id="cite_ref-galhis_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-galhis-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He formed the Galapagos Settlement Company in mid-1831<sup id="cite_ref-monty_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-monty-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and, with <a href="/wiki/President_of_Ecuador" title="President of Ecuador">President</a> <a href="/wiki/Juan_Jos%C3%A9_Flores" title="Juan José Flores">Juan José Flores</a>'s support, sent Col. Ignacio Hernández with a dozen craftsmen to begin the settlement on <a href="/wiki/Floreana_Island" title="Floreana Island">Charles Island</a>—renamed "Floriana" in the president's honour—early the next year.<sup id="cite_ref-granny_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-granny-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hernández conducted a formal ceremony of annexation on Floreana on 12 February 1832,<sup id="cite_ref-galhis_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-galhis-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> now celebrated locally as <a href="/wiki/Gal%C3%A1pagos_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="Galápagos Day">Galápagos Day</a> or the Day of the Province. (Darwin's birthday was the same day,<sup id="cite_ref-granny2_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-granny2-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as was <a href="/wiki/Francisco_de_Orellana" title="Francisco de Orellana">Francisco de Orellana</a>'s arrival at the headwaters of the <a href="/wiki/Amazon_River" title="Amazon River">Amazon River</a> in 1542, celebrated on the mainland as <a href="/wiki/Amazon_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="Amazon Day">Amazon Day</a>.) Villamil arrived in September and established Haven of Peace (<span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">Asilo de Paz</i></span> or <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">de la Paz</i></span>) in the island's highlands.<sup id="cite_ref-granny_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-granny-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The initial colonists who joined him were Ecuadorian soldiers—chiefly political prisoners<sup id="cite_ref-granny_52-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-granny-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>—whose <a href="/wiki/Death_penalty" class="mw-redirect" title="Death penalty">death sentences</a> were <a href="/wiki/Commutation_(law)" title="Commutation (law)">commuted</a> in exchange for their agreement to <a href="/wiki/Exile" title="Exile">permanently settle</a> the islands with their families.<sup id="cite_ref-monty_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-monty-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were joined in October by additional artisans and farmers, bringing the population to about 120, at which point Villamil was formally made the area's first governor.<sup id="cite_ref-monty_51-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-monty-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Villamil's lieutenant governor was the <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Norwegian people">Norwegian</a>-born<sup id="cite_ref-monty_51-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-monty-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/US_people" class="mw-redirect" title="US people">American</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chilean_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Chilean people">Chilean</a> sailor and shipwright <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Oliver_Lawson" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicholas Oliver Lawson">Nicholas Oliver Lawson</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-granny_52-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-granny-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Haven of Peace was originally successful and peaceful but, after being named a <a href="/wiki/Penal_colony" title="Penal colony">penal colony</a> in March 1833, violence and costs began to rise.<sup id="cite_ref-monty2_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-monty2-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Villamil was faced with bankruptcy by 1837 and resigned his post, founding a colony of 21 on <a href="/wiki/Indefatigable_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Indefatigable Island">Indefatigable Island</a>—renamed Bolivia—and leaving Lawson as its mayor.<sup id="cite_ref-granny2_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-granny2-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gen. Villamil's successors—incompetent, strict, or both—prompted a bloody uprising in 1841 that caused most settlers to return to the mainland.<sup id="cite_ref-monty2_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-monty2-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Villamil returned to try to rebuild afterwards but was unsuccessful and abandoned the attempt in 1848.<sup id="cite_ref-monty2_54-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-monty2-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Darwin%27s_finches_by_Gould.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Darwin%27s_finches_by_Gould.jpg/200px-Darwin%27s_finches_by_Gould.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Darwin%27s_finches_by_Gould.jpg/300px-Darwin%27s_finches_by_Gould.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Darwin%27s_finches_by_Gould.jpg/400px-Darwin%27s_finches_by_Gould.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1748" data-file-height="1319" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/John_Gould" title="John Gould">Gould</a>'s illustration of <a href="/wiki/Darwin%27s_finches" title="Darwin's finches">Darwin's finches</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Second_voyage_of_HMS_Beagle" title="Second voyage of HMS Beagle">second voyage of HMS <i>Beagle</i></a> under <a href="/wiki/Ship%27s_captain" class="mw-redirect" title="Ship's captain">captain</a> <a href="/wiki/Robert_FitzRoy" title="Robert FitzRoy">Robert FitzRoy</a> was undertaken to better survey the coasts and harbours of South America for the <a href="/wiki/British_Navy" class="mw-redirect" title="British Navy">British Navy</a>'s <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_Hydrographic_Office" title="United Kingdom Hydrographic Office">Hydrographic Department</a>. It reached the Galápagos on 15 September 1835 and—while surveying its islands, channels, and bays—the captain and others on the crew observed the geology, plants, and wildlife on Floreana, Isabela, and Santiago before continuing on their <a href="/wiki/Circumnavigation" title="Circumnavigation">round-the-world</a> expedition on 20 October. The young naturalist <a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Charles Darwin</a>, primarily a geologist at the time, was struck by the many volcanic features they saw, later referring to the archipelago as "that land of craters". His study of several volcanic formations over the five weeks he stayed in the islands led to several important geological discoveries, including the first correct explanation for how volcanic <a href="/wiki/Tuff" title="Tuff">tuff</a> is formed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrant_&_al.2009_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrant_&_al.2009-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Darwin noticed the <a href="/wiki/Mockingbird" title="Mockingbird">mockingbirds</a> differed between islands, though he thought the birds now known as <a href="/wiki/Darwin%27s_finches" title="Darwin's finches">Darwin's finches</a> were unrelated to each other and did not bother labelling them by island.<sup id="cite_ref-Confessions_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Confessions-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Acting as governor of the islands while Villamil was on the mainland, Nicholas Lawson met Darwin and the British crew, mentioning in passing that the tortoises of the different islands could be easily identified by their different shells.<sup id="cite_ref-monty_51-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-monty-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the end of his voyage, Darwin was beginning to wonder if the distribution of the mockingbirds and the tortoises might "undermine the stability of <a href="/wiki/Species" title="Species">Species</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeynes2000[httpdarwin-onlineorgukcontentframesetviewtypetextitemIDF1840pageseq328_291–293]_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeynes2000[httpdarwin-onlineorgukcontentframesetviewtypetextitemIDF1840pageseq328_291–293]-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Upon his return to England, analysis of the bird specimens he had collected showed that what had appeared to be many different species were actually <a href="/wiki/Finch" title="Finch">finches</a> displaying developments unique to the islands. The voyage became crucial in Darwin's development of his theory of <a href="/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution">evolution</a> of species by <a href="/wiki/Natural_selection" title="Natural selection">natural selection</a>, presented in the 1859 <i><a href="/wiki/On_the_Origin_of_Species" title="On the Origin of Species">On the Origin of Species</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Confessions_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Confessions-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Englishman William Gurney became mayor of a new settlement on <a href="/wiki/Chatham_Island" title="Chatham Island">Chatham Island</a> in 1844.<sup id="cite_ref-granny2_53-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-granny2-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In April 1888 <a href="/wiki/USS_Albatross_(1882)" title="USS Albatross (1882)">USS <i>Albatross</i></a>, a Navy-crewed research vessel assigned to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Fish_Commission" title="United States Fish Commission">United States Fish Commission</a>, briefly touched eight islands in the <a href="/wiki/Galapagos" class="mw-redirect" title="Galapagos">Galapagos</a> group for specimens;<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> this included Wreck Bay on Chatham Island (now <a href="/wiki/San_Crist%C3%B3bal_Island" title="San Cristóbal Island">San Cristóbal Island</a>) on 4 April and Charles Island (now <a href="/wiki/Floreana_Island" title="Floreana Island">Floreana Island</a>) on 8 April. </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jos%C3%A9_Valdiz%C3%A1n&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="José Valdizán (page does not exist)">José Valdizán</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Manuel_Juli%C3%A1n_Cobos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Manuel Julián Cobos (page does not exist)">Manuel Julián Cobos</a> tried a new colonization, beginning the exploitation of a type of lichen found in the islands (<i>Roccella portentosa</i>) used as a coloring agent. After the assassination of Valdizán by some of his workers, Cobos brought from the continent to San Cristóbal Island a group of more than a hundred workers, and tried his luck at planting sugar cane. He ruled his plantation with an iron hand, which led to his assassination in 1904. In 1897, Antonio Gil began another plantation on Isabela Island. </p><p>Over the course of a whole year, from September 1904, an expedition of the Academy of Sciences of California, led by <a href="/wiki/Rollo_Beck" title="Rollo Beck">Rollo Beck</a>, stayed in the Galápagos collecting scientific material on geology, <a href="/wiki/Entomology" title="Entomology">entomology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ornithology" title="Ornithology">ornithology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Botany" title="Botany">botany</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zoology" title="Zoology">zoology</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Herpetology" title="Herpetology">herpetology</a>. Another expedition from that Academy was done in 1932 (Templeton Crocker Expedition) to collect insects, fish, <a href="/wiki/Exoskeleton" title="Exoskeleton">shells</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fossil" title="Fossil">fossils</a>, birds, and plants. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="20th_century">20th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gal%C3%A1pagos_Islands&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: 20th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eleanor_Roosevelt_Visiting_Troops_in_the_Galapagos.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Eleanor_Roosevelt_Visiting_Troops_in_the_Galapagos.jpg/250px-Eleanor_Roosevelt_Visiting_Troops_in_the_Galapagos.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Eleanor_Roosevelt_Visiting_Troops_in_the_Galapagos.jpg/375px-Eleanor_Roosevelt_Visiting_Troops_in_the_Galapagos.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cd/Eleanor_Roosevelt_Visiting_Troops_in_the_Galapagos.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="386" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Eleanor_Roosevelt" title="Eleanor Roosevelt">Eleanor Roosevelt</a> visiting U.S. servicemen at Beta Base (<a href="/wiki/Seymour_Airport" title="Seymour Airport">Seymour Airport</a>) on Baltra during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Admiralty_Chart_No_1375_Archipelago_de_Colon_(Galapagos),_Published_1953.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Admiralty_Chart_No_1375_Archipelago_de_Colon_%28Galapagos%29%2C_Published_1953.jpg/250px-Admiralty_Chart_No_1375_Archipelago_de_Colon_%28Galapagos%29%2C_Published_1953.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Admiralty_Chart_No_1375_Archipelago_de_Colon_%28Galapagos%29%2C_Published_1953.jpg/375px-Admiralty_Chart_No_1375_Archipelago_de_Colon_%28Galapagos%29%2C_Published_1953.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Admiralty_Chart_No_1375_Archipelago_de_Colon_%28Galapagos%29%2C_Published_1953.jpg/500px-Admiralty_Chart_No_1375_Archipelago_de_Colon_%28Galapagos%29%2C_Published_1953.jpg 2x" data-file-width="16342" data-file-height="11237" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Admiralty_chart" title="Admiralty chart">Admiralty chart</a> of the Galápagos <small>(1953)</small></figcaption></figure> <p>For a long time during the early 1900s and at least through 1929, a cash-strapped Ecuador had reached out for potential buyers of the islands to alleviate financial troubles at home. The US had repeatedly expressed its interest in buying the islands for military use as they were positioned strategically guarding the <a href="/wiki/Panama_Canal" title="Panama Canal">Panama Canal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Besides the United States, <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Japan</a>, <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">Germany</a> and Chile also expressed interest in establishing bases in the islands at the turn of the century.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chile had previously acquired the <a href="/wiki/Strait_of_Magellan" title="Strait of Magellan">Straits of Magellan</a><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Easter_Island" title="Easter Island">Easter Island</a> for strategic reasons and lieutenant Gregorio Santa Cruz argued in 1903 that possessing an island in equatorial waters, like the Galápagos, would be of great benefit since the <a href="/wiki/Geopolitics" title="Geopolitics">geopolitical</a> situation of Chile was expected to drastically change when the Panama Canal opened. Another benefit would be to widen the security radius of Chile.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chile was alarmed by the United States plans to establish a <a href="/wiki/Guantanamo_Bay_Naval_Base" title="Guantanamo Bay Naval Base">Guantanamo-like</a> base in the Galápagos Islands since it would mean that Chile's <a href="/wiki/Nitratine" title="Nitratine">nitrate-rich</a> <a href="/wiki/Norte_Grande" title="Norte Grande">northern provinces</a> would be within the range of <a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">United States Navy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Fischer2008_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fischer2008-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ecuador's staunch resistance to a US purchase or bases in the islands can be credited to Chilean diplomacy, which in turn was informally backed on this issue by <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">Great Britain</a> and <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">Germany</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Fischer2008_65-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fischer2008-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1920s and 1930s, a small wave of European settlers arrived in the islands. There occurred a series of unsolved disappearances on the island of Floreana in the 1930s among the largely European expatriate residents at the time, which prompted the movies <i><a href="/wiki/The_Empress_of_Floreana" title="The Empress of Floreana">The Empress of Floreana</a></i> and <a href="/wiki/The_Galapagos_Affair" title="The Galapagos Affair"><i>The Galápagos Affair: Satan Came to Eden</i></a>. Ecuadorian laws provided all colonists with the possibility of receiving twenty hectares each of free land, the right to maintain their citizenship, freedom from taxation for the first ten years in Galápagos, and the right to hunt and fish freely on all uninhabited islands where they might settle.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first European colonists to arrive were Norwegians who settled briefly on Floreana, before moving on to San Cristobal and Santa Cruz. A few years later, other colonists from Europe, America and Ecuador started arriving on the islands, seeking a simpler life.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Descendants of the Norwegian Kastdalen family and the German Angermeyer still live on the islands. </p><p>During World War II, Ecuador authorized the United States to establish a naval base in Baltra Island, and radar stations in other strategic locations. Baltra was established as a United States Army Air Force base. Baltra was given the name of "Beta Base" along with "Alpha Base" in Nicaragua and "Gamma Base" in Salinas (continental Ecuador). The Crews stationed at Baltra and the aforementioned locations established a geographic triangle of protection in charge of patrolling the Pacific for enemy submarines, and also provided protection for the <a href="/wiki/Panama_Canal" title="Panama Canal">Panama Canal</a>. After the war, the facilities were given to the government of Ecuador. Today, the island continues as an official Ecuadorian military base. The foundations and other remains of the US base can still be seen as one crosses the island. In 1946, a penal colony was established on Isabela Island, but it was suspended in 1959. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Gal%C3%A1pagos_National_Park" title="Galápagos National Park">Galápagos National Park</a> was established in 1959,<sup id="cite_ref-Galapagos.com_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Galapagos.com-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with tourism starting to expand in the 1960s, imposing several restrictions upon the human population already living on the island. However, opportunities in the tourism, fishing, and farming industries attracted a mass of poor fishermen and farmers from mainland Ecuador. In the 1990s and 2000s, violent confrontations between parts of the local population and the Galápagos National Park Service occurred, including capturing and killing giant tortoises and holding staff of the Galápagos National Park Service hostage to obtain higher annual <a href="/wiki/Sea_cucumber" title="Sea cucumber">sea cucumber</a> quotas.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="21st_century">21st century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gal%C3%A1pagos_Islands&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: 21st century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In May 2023, Credit Suisse said it would buy Ecuador's debt of $1.6 billion in a "<a href="/wiki/Debt-for-nature_swap" title="Debt-for-nature swap">Debt-for-nature swap</a>". It will sell 2035 and 2040 bonds for Galapagos conservation at a reduced issue price. The <a href="/wiki/U.S._International_Development_Finance_Corporation" title="U.S. International Development Finance Corporation">U.S. International Development Finance Corporation</a> insures the deal, <sup id="cite_ref-dw_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dw-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which per Reuters was "in the works for more than a year", predating UBS takeover of Credit Suisse.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Politics">Politics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gal%C3%A1pagos_Islands&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Politics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bandera_Provincia_Gal%C3%A1pagos.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Bandera_Provincia_Gal%C3%A1pagos.svg/200px-Bandera_Provincia_Gal%C3%A1pagos.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Bandera_Provincia_Gal%C3%A1pagos.svg/300px-Bandera_Provincia_Gal%C3%A1pagos.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Bandera_Provincia_Gal%C3%A1pagos.svg/400px-Bandera_Provincia_Gal%C3%A1pagos.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>The flag of Galápagos Province</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Gal%C3%A1pagos_Province" title="Galápagos Province">Galápagos Province</a></div> <p>The islands are administered as Ecuador's <a href="/wiki/Gal%C3%A1pagos_Province" title="Galápagos Province">Galápagos Province</a>, established by presidential decree on 18 February 1973 during the administration of <a href="/wiki/Guillermo_Rodr%C3%ADguez_(politician)" title="Guillermo Rodríguez (politician)">Guillermo Rodríguez Lara</a>. The province is divided into three <a href="/wiki/Cantons_of_Ecuador" title="Cantons of Ecuador">cantons</a>, each covering groups of islands. The capital is <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Baquerizo_Moreno" title="Puerto Baquerizo Moreno">Puerto Baquerizo Moreno</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gal%C3%A1pagos_Islands&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Demographics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_woman_stands_beside_several_children_on_a_Galapagos_Island_beach_(7005078245_cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/A_woman_stands_beside_several_children_on_a_Galapagos_Island_beach_%287005078245_cropped%29.jpg/250px-A_woman_stands_beside_several_children_on_a_Galapagos_Island_beach_%287005078245_cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/A_woman_stands_beside_several_children_on_a_Galapagos_Island_beach_%287005078245_cropped%29.jpg/375px-A_woman_stands_beside_several_children_on_a_Galapagos_Island_beach_%287005078245_cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/A_woman_stands_beside_several_children_on_a_Galapagos_Island_beach_%287005078245_cropped%29.jpg/500px-A_woman_stands_beside_several_children_on_a_Galapagos_Island_beach_%287005078245_cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="546" data-file-height="356" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ecuadorian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecuadorian people">Ecuadorian children</a> on a Galápagos beach in the 1920s</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Gal%C3%A1pagos_Islands" title="Special:EditPage/Galápagos Islands">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Gal%C3%A1pagos+Islands%22">"Galápagos Islands"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Gal%C3%A1pagos+Islands%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Gal%C3%A1pagos+Islands%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Gal%C3%A1pagos+Islands%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Gal%C3%A1pagos+Islands%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Gal%C3%A1pagos+Islands%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The largest ethnic group is composed of Ecuadorian <a href="/wiki/Mestizo" title="Mestizo">Mestizos</a>, the mixed descendants of Spanish colonists and indigenous Native Americans, who arrived mainly in the last century from the <a href="/wiki/Continent" title="Continent">continental</a> part of <a href="/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador">Ecuador</a>. Some descendants of the early European and American colonists on the islands also still remain on the islands. </p><p>In 1959, approximately 1,000 to 2,000 people called the islands their home. In 1972 a census in the archipelago recorded a population of 3,488. By the 1980s, this number had risen to more than 15,000 people, and in 2010 there were 25,124 people in the Galápagos. 2021 projected population was 40,685.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Five of the islands are inhabited: <a href="/wiki/Baltra_Island" title="Baltra Island">Baltra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Floreana_Island" title="Floreana Island">Floreana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Isabela_Island_(Gal%C3%A1pagos)" title="Isabela Island (Galápagos)">Isabela</a>, <a href="/wiki/San_Crist%C3%B3bal_Island" title="San Cristóbal Island">San Cristóbal</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Santa_Cruz_Island_(Gal%C3%A1pagos)" title="Santa Cruz Island (Galápagos)">Santa Cruz</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Travel">Travel</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gal%C3%A1pagos_Islands&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Travel"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Water_taxi_in_Puerto_Ayora_on_the_Island_of_Santa_Cruz_in_the_Galapagos_photo_by_Alvaro_Sevilla_Design.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Water_taxi_in_Puerto_Ayora_on_the_Island_of_Santa_Cruz_in_the_Galapagos_photo_by_Alvaro_Sevilla_Design.JPG/250px-Water_taxi_in_Puerto_Ayora_on_the_Island_of_Santa_Cruz_in_the_Galapagos_photo_by_Alvaro_Sevilla_Design.JPG" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Water_taxi_in_Puerto_Ayora_on_the_Island_of_Santa_Cruz_in_the_Galapagos_photo_by_Alvaro_Sevilla_Design.JPG/375px-Water_taxi_in_Puerto_Ayora_on_the_Island_of_Santa_Cruz_in_the_Galapagos_photo_by_Alvaro_Sevilla_Design.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Water_taxi_in_Puerto_Ayora_on_the_Island_of_Santa_Cruz_in_the_Galapagos_photo_by_Alvaro_Sevilla_Design.JPG/500px-Water_taxi_in_Puerto_Ayora_on_the_Island_of_Santa_Cruz_in_the_Galapagos_photo_by_Alvaro_Sevilla_Design.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Water taxi in <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Ayora" title="Puerto Ayora">Puerto Ayora</a> <small>(2011)</small></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Outside_of_Seymour_Airport_in_Baltra_Island_(New).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Outside_of_Seymour_Airport_in_Baltra_Island_%28New%29.jpg/250px-Outside_of_Seymour_Airport_in_Baltra_Island_%28New%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Outside_of_Seymour_Airport_in_Baltra_Island_%28New%29.jpg/375px-Outside_of_Seymour_Airport_in_Baltra_Island_%28New%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Outside_of_Seymour_Airport_in_Baltra_Island_%28New%29.jpg/500px-Outside_of_Seymour_Airport_in_Baltra_Island_%28New%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Seymour_Airport" title="Seymour Airport">Seymour Airport</a> on <a href="/wiki/Baltra_Island" title="Baltra Island">Baltra</a> <small>(2013)</small></figcaption></figure> <p>Options for air travel to the Galápagos are limited to two islands: San Cristobal (<a href="/wiki/San_Crist%C3%B3bal_Airport" title="San Cristóbal Airport">San Cristóbal Airport</a>) and Baltra (<a href="/wiki/Seymour_Airport" title="Seymour Airport">Seymour Airport</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Private aircraft must use Baltra as it is the airport equipped with overnight plane accommodations. Seymour Airport on Baltra was recently renovated (2012–2013) to accommodate larger planes. </p><p>Until 1969 the only way to visit was on a private or chartered vessel. There was no regular air service until Forrest Nelson's Hotel Galápagos began the first organized tours in April 1969. Soon other travel companies brought in tour ships and yachts, and local fishermen began converting their wooden boats for rudimentary cruising with guests. These vessels were the main source of overnight accommodations in the Galápagos.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Today there are about 85 yachts and ships equipped for overnight guests. In 2006 the Baltra military governed island, was opened up to limited overnight camping. Baltra also requires permits by the military government for overnight stays on the beach. Other inhabited islands also allow camping on the beaches designated as "recreational" use to the locals. All of these camping permits are limited to number of people and nights, with most nights not to exceed three. </p><p>Land based hotels are opening on the inhabited islands of San Cristobal, Santa Cruz, Floreana and Isabela. By 2012, more than half the visitors to Galápagos made their tours using day boats and these small hotels. Restaurants, easy access and economy make this an attractive travel option. </p><p>There are only 116 visitor sites in the Galápagos: 54 land sites and 62 scuba-diving or snorkeling sites. Small groups are allowed to visit in 2- to 4-hour shifts only, to limit impact on the area. All groups are accompanied by licensed guides. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Environmental_protection_policy">Environmental protection policy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gal%C3%A1pagos_Islands&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Environmental protection policy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Gal%C3%A1pagos_wildlife" class="mw-redirect" title="Galápagos wildlife">Galápagos wildlife</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gal%C3%A1pagos_National_Park" title="Galápagos National Park">Galápagos National Park</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:(Pelecanus_occidentalis)_Tortuga_Bay_on_the_Island_of_Santa_Cruz,_Gal%C3%A1pagos.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/%28Pelecanus_occidentalis%29_Tortuga_Bay_on_the_Island_of_Santa_Cruz%2C_Gal%C3%A1pagos.JPG/250px-%28Pelecanus_occidentalis%29_Tortuga_Bay_on_the_Island_of_Santa_Cruz%2C_Gal%C3%A1pagos.JPG" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/%28Pelecanus_occidentalis%29_Tortuga_Bay_on_the_Island_of_Santa_Cruz%2C_Gal%C3%A1pagos.JPG/375px-%28Pelecanus_occidentalis%29_Tortuga_Bay_on_the_Island_of_Santa_Cruz%2C_Gal%C3%A1pagos.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/%28Pelecanus_occidentalis%29_Tortuga_Bay_on_the_Island_of_Santa_Cruz%2C_Gal%C3%A1pagos.JPG/500px-%28Pelecanus_occidentalis%29_Tortuga_Bay_on_the_Island_of_Santa_Cruz%2C_Gal%C3%A1pagos.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Brown_pelican" title="Brown pelican">Brown pelican</a> (<span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Pelecanus occidentalis</i></span>), <a href="/wiki/Tortuga_Bay" title="Tortuga Bay">Tortuga Bay</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Iguanamarina.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Iguanamarina.jpg/250px-Iguanamarina.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Iguanamarina.jpg/375px-Iguanamarina.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Iguanamarina.jpg/500px-Iguanamarina.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="450" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Marine_iguana" title="Marine iguana">Marine iguana</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SulaNebouxi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/SulaNebouxi.jpg/250px-SulaNebouxi.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/SulaNebouxi.jpg/375px-SulaNebouxi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/SulaNebouxi.jpg/500px-SulaNebouxi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="414" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Blue-footed_booby" title="Blue-footed booby">Blue-footed booby</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gigantic_Turtle_on_the_Island_of_Santa_Cruz_in_the_Galapagos.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Gigantic_Turtle_on_the_Island_of_Santa_Cruz_in_the_Galapagos.JPG/250px-Gigantic_Turtle_on_the_Island_of_Santa_Cruz_in_the_Galapagos.JPG" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Gigantic_Turtle_on_the_Island_of_Santa_Cruz_in_the_Galapagos.JPG/375px-Gigantic_Turtle_on_the_Island_of_Santa_Cruz_in_the_Galapagos.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Gigantic_Turtle_on_the_Island_of_Santa_Cruz_in_the_Galapagos.JPG/500px-Gigantic_Turtle_on_the_Island_of_Santa_Cruz_in_the_Galapagos.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Gal%C3%A1pagos_tortoise" title="Galápagos tortoise">Galápagos tortoise</a> on <a href="/wiki/Santa_Cruz_Island_(Gal%C3%A1pagos)" title="Santa Cruz Island (Galápagos)">Santa Cruz Island</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Galapagos-dove.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Galapagos-dove.jpg/250px-Galapagos-dove.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Galapagos-dove.jpg/375px-Galapagos-dove.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Galapagos-dove.jpg/500px-Galapagos-dove.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1056" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Gal%C3%A1pagos_dove" title="Galápagos dove">Galápagos dove</a> on <a href="/wiki/Espa%C3%B1ola_Island" title="Española Island">Española Island</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Waved_Albatross_(Phoebastria_irrorata)_-Espanola_-Punta_Suarez3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Waved_Albatross_%28Phoebastria_irrorata%29_-Espanola_-Punta_Suarez3.jpg/250px-Waved_Albatross_%28Phoebastria_irrorata%29_-Espanola_-Punta_Suarez3.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Waved_Albatross_%28Phoebastria_irrorata%29_-Espanola_-Punta_Suarez3.jpg/375px-Waved_Albatross_%28Phoebastria_irrorata%29_-Espanola_-Punta_Suarez3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Waved_Albatross_%28Phoebastria_irrorata%29_-Espanola_-Punta_Suarez3.jpg/500px-Waved_Albatross_%28Phoebastria_irrorata%29_-Espanola_-Punta_Suarez3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3384" data-file-height="2272" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Waved_albatross" title="Waved albatross">Waved albatrosses</a> on Española</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Galapagos_penguin_(Spheniscus_mendiculus).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Galapagos_penguin_%28Spheniscus_mendiculus%29.jpg/250px-Galapagos_penguin_%28Spheniscus_mendiculus%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="341" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Galapagos_penguin_%28Spheniscus_mendiculus%29.jpg/375px-Galapagos_penguin_%28Spheniscus_mendiculus%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Galapagos_penguin_%28Spheniscus_mendiculus%29.jpg/500px-Galapagos_penguin_%28Spheniscus_mendiculus%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1612" data-file-height="2196" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Gal%C3%A1pagos_penguin" class="mw-redirect" title="Galápagos penguin">Galápagos penguin</a> on <a href="/wiki/Bartolom%C3%A9_Island" title="Bartolomé Island">Bartolomé Island</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Common_Bottlenose_Dolphin_(Tursiops_truncatus)_-_Galapagos_(2225816313).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Common_Bottlenose_Dolphin_%28Tursiops_truncatus%29_-_Galapagos_%282225816313%29.jpg/250px-Common_Bottlenose_Dolphin_%28Tursiops_truncatus%29_-_Galapagos_%282225816313%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Common_Bottlenose_Dolphin_%28Tursiops_truncatus%29_-_Galapagos_%282225816313%29.jpg/375px-Common_Bottlenose_Dolphin_%28Tursiops_truncatus%29_-_Galapagos_%282225816313%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Common_Bottlenose_Dolphin_%28Tursiops_truncatus%29_-_Galapagos_%282225816313%29.jpg/500px-Common_Bottlenose_Dolphin_%28Tursiops_truncatus%29_-_Galapagos_%282225816313%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="864" data-file-height="575" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bottlenose_dolphin" title="Bottlenose dolphin">Bottlenose dolphins</a> <a href="/wiki/Cetacean_surfacing_behaviour" title="Cetacean surfacing behaviour">jumping</a> offshore of the islands</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sea_lion_sleeping_on_bench_in_Puerto_Baquerizo_Moreno_2013.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Sea_lion_sleeping_on_bench_in_Puerto_Baquerizo_Moreno_2013.JPG/250px-Sea_lion_sleeping_on_bench_in_Puerto_Baquerizo_Moreno_2013.JPG" decoding="async" width="250" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Sea_lion_sleeping_on_bench_in_Puerto_Baquerizo_Moreno_2013.JPG/375px-Sea_lion_sleeping_on_bench_in_Puerto_Baquerizo_Moreno_2013.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Sea_lion_sleeping_on_bench_in_Puerto_Baquerizo_Moreno_2013.JPG/500px-Sea_lion_sleeping_on_bench_in_Puerto_Baquerizo_Moreno_2013.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1936" /></a><figcaption>Adult <a href="/wiki/Gal%C3%A1pagos_sea_lion" title="Galápagos sea lion">Galápagos sea lion</a> resting on a park bench in Puerto Baquerizo Moreno</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Grapsus_grapsus_2011.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Grapsus_grapsus_2011.jpg/250px-Grapsus_grapsus_2011.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Grapsus_grapsus_2011.jpg/375px-Grapsus_grapsus_2011.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Grapsus_grapsus_2011.jpg/500px-Grapsus_grapsus_2011.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Grapsus_grapsus" title="Grapsus grapsus">Grapsus grapsus</a></i></span> on the rocks</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:School_of_Hammerhead_sharks.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/School_of_Hammerhead_sharks.jpg/250px-School_of_Hammerhead_sharks.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/School_of_Hammerhead_sharks.jpg/375px-School_of_Hammerhead_sharks.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/School_of_Hammerhead_sharks.jpg/500px-School_of_Hammerhead_sharks.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="399" /></a><figcaption>School of <a href="/wiki/Scalloped_hammerheads" class="mw-redirect" title="Scalloped hammerheads">scalloped hammerheads</a> off <a href="/wiki/Wolf_Island" title="Wolf Island">Wolf Island</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Though the first protective legislation for the Galápagos was enacted in 1930 and supplemented in 1936, it was not until the late 1950s that positive action was taken to control what was happening to the native flora and fauna. In 1955, the International Union for the Conservation of Nature organized a fact-finding mission to the Galápagos. Two years later, in 1957, <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a>, in cooperation with the government of Ecuador, sent another expedition to study the conservation situation and choose a site for a research station. </p><p>In 1959, the centenary year of <a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Charles Darwin</a>'s publication of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Origin_of_Species" class="mw-redirect" title="The Origin of Species">The Origin of Species</a></i>, the Ecuadorian government declared 97.5% of the archipelago's land area a <a href="/wiki/National_park" title="National park">national park</a>, excepting areas already colonised. The <a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin_Foundation" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Darwin Foundation">Charles Darwin Foundation</a> (CDF) was founded the same year. The core responsibility of CDF, an international nongovernmental organization (NGO) constituted in Belgium, is to conduct research and provide the research findings to the government for effective management of Galápagos. CDF's research efforts began with the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin_Research_Station" title="Charles Darwin Research Station">Charles Darwin Research Station</a> on Santa Cruz Island in 1964. During the early years, conservation programs, such as eradication of introduced species and protection of native species, were carried out by research station personnel. Now much of that work is accomplished by the <a href="/wiki/Gal%C3%A1pagos_National_Park" title="Galápagos National Park">Galápagos National Park</a> Service using the research findings and methodologies developed by CDF. </p><p>In 1986, the 70,000 square kilometers (27,000 sq mi) of ocean surrounding the islands was declared a <a href="/wiki/Marine_reserve" title="Marine reserve">marine reserve</a>, second in size only to Australia's Great Barrier Reef. In 1990, the archipelago became a whale sanctuary. <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> recognized the islands in 1978 as a <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrant2009_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrant2009-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in 1985, as a <a href="/wiki/Biosphere_reserve" class="mw-redirect" title="Biosphere reserve">biosphere reserve</a>. This was later extended in December 2001 to include the marine reserve. In July 2010, the World Heritage Committee agreed to remove the Galápagos Islands from its list of precious sites endangered by environmental threats or overuse.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Noteworthy species include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gal%C3%A1pagos_dove" title="Galápagos dove">Galápagos dove</a>, <i>Zenaida galapagoensis</i>, two subspecies</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galapagos_flycatcher" title="Galapagos flycatcher">Galápagos flycatcher</a>, <i>Myiarchus magnirostris</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conolophus" title="Conolophus">Galápagos land iguanas</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Conolophus" title="Conolophus">Conolophus</a></i> spp.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_iguana" title="Marine iguana">Marine iguana</a>, <i>Amblyrhynchus cristatus</i>, the only iguana feeding in the sea</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gal%C3%A1pagos_tortoise" title="Galápagos tortoise">Galápagos tortoise</a> (Galápagos giant <a href="/wiki/Tortoise" title="Tortoise">tortoise</a>), <i>Chelonoidis nigra</i>, known as <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">galápago</i></span> in Spanish, it gave the name to the islands</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_sea_turtle#Galápagos_green_turtle" title="Green sea turtle">Galápagos green turtle</a>, <i>Chelonia mydas agassisi</i>, a subspecies of the <a href="/wiki/Green_turtle" class="mw-redirect" title="Green turtle">green turtle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galapagos_racer" title="Galapagos racer">Galápagos racer</a>, <i>Pseudalsophis biserialis</i>, an endemic species of snake with two subspecies</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_cucumber_(food)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sea cucumber (food)">Sea cucumbers</a>, the cause of environmental battles with fishermen over <a href="/wiki/Individual_fishing_quota" title="Individual fishing quota">quotas</a> of this expensive Asian delicacy</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flightless_cormorant" title="Flightless cormorant">Flightless cormorant</a>, <i>Phalacrocorax harrisi</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_frigatebird" title="Great frigatebird">Great frigatebird</a> and <a href="/wiki/Magnificent_frigatebird" title="Magnificent frigatebird">magnificent frigatebird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue-footed_booby" title="Blue-footed booby">Blue-footed booby</a>, <i>Sula nebouxii</i>, popular among visitors for their large blue feet which they show off in courtship</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gal%C3%A1pagos_penguin" class="mw-redirect" title="Galápagos penguin">Galápagos penguin</a>, <i>Spheniscus mendiculus</i>, the only living tropical penguin</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waved_albatross" title="Waved albatross">Waved albatross</a>, <i>Phoebastria irrorata</i>, the only living tropical <a href="/wiki/Albatross" title="Albatross">albatross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gal%C3%A1pagos_hawk" class="mw-redirect" title="Galápagos hawk">Galápagos hawk</a>, <i>Buteo galapagoensis</i>, the islands' main <a href="/wiki/Scavenger" title="Scavenger">scavenger</a> (at the <a href="/wiki/Apex_predator" title="Apex predator">top of the food chain</a>) and "environmental police"</li> <li>Four <a href="/wiki/Endemic_(ecology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Endemic (ecology)">endemic</a> species of <a href="/wiki/Nesomimus" class="mw-redirect" title="Nesomimus">Galápagos mockingbirds</a>, the first species Darwin noticed to vary from island to island</li> <li>Thirteen endemic species of <a href="/wiki/Tanager" title="Tanager">tanagers</a>, popularly called <a href="/wiki/Darwin%27s_finches" title="Darwin's finches">Darwin's finches</a>. Among them is the <a href="/wiki/Sharp-beaked_ground_finch" title="Sharp-beaked ground finch">sharp-beaked ground finch</a> <i>Geospiza difficilis septentrionalis</i> which is sometimes called the "vampire finch" for its blood-sucking habits, and the tool-using <a href="/wiki/Woodpecker_finch" title="Woodpecker finch">woodpecker finch</a>, <i>Camarhynchus pallidus</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gal%C3%A1pagos_sea_lion" title="Galápagos sea lion">Galápagos sea lions</a>, <i>Zalophus wollebaeki</i>, closely related to the California sea lion, but smaller</li> <li>Two endemic genera of cacti, each with a single species: <i><a href="/wiki/Jasminocereus" title="Jasminocereus">Jasminocereus thouarsii</a></i>, the candelabra cactus, and <i><a href="/wiki/Lava_cactus" title="Lava cactus">Brachycereus nesioticus</a></i>, the lava cactus</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Environmental_threats">Environmental threats</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gal%C3%A1pagos_Islands&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Environmental threats"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Introduced plants and animals, such as feral goats, cats, and cattle, brought accidentally or willingly to the islands by humans, represent the main threat to Galápagos.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Quick to reproduce and with no natural predators, these alien species decimated the habitats of native species. The native animals, lacking natural predators on the islands, are defenseless to introduced predators. </p><p>There are over 700 introduced plant species today. There are only 500 native and endemic species. This difference is creating a major problem for the islands and the natural species that inhabit them. These plants have invaded large areas and eliminated endemic species in the humid zones of San Cristobal, Floreana, Isabela and Santa Cruz. Some of the most harmful introduced plants are the guayaba or <a href="/wiki/Guava" title="Guava">guava</a> (<i>Psidium guajava</i>), <a href="/wiki/Avocado" title="Avocado">avocado</a> (<i>Persea americana</i>), <a href="/wiki/Cascarilla" class="mw-redirect" title="Cascarilla">cascarilla</a> (<i>Cinchona pubescens</i>), <a href="/wiki/Balsa" class="mw-redirect" title="Balsa">balsa</a> (<i>Ochroma pyramidale</i>), <a href="/wiki/Hill_raspberry" class="mw-redirect" title="Hill raspberry">hill raspberry</a> (<i>Rubus niveus</i>), various <a href="/wiki/Citrus" title="Citrus">citrus</a> (orange, <a href="/wiki/Grapefruit" title="Grapefruit">grapefruit</a>, lemon), <a href="/wiki/Floripondio" class="mw-redirect" title="Floripondio">floripondio</a>, higuerilla (<i><a href="/wiki/Ricinus_communis" class="mw-redirect" title="Ricinus communis">Ricinus communis</a></i>) trees and the elephant grass, <i><a href="/wiki/Pennisetum_purpureum" class="mw-redirect" title="Pennisetum purpureum">Pennisetum purpureum</a></i>. </p><p>Many species were introduced to the Galápagos by <a href="/wiki/Pirate" class="mw-redirect" title="Pirate">pirates</a>. <a href="/wiki/Thor_Heyerdahl" title="Thor Heyerdahl">Thor Heyerdahl</a> quoted documents that mention the <a href="/wiki/Viceroy_of_Peru" class="mw-redirect" title="Viceroy of Peru">Viceroy of Peru</a>, knowing that British pirates ate the goats that they themselves had released in the islands, ordered dogs to be freed there to eliminate the goats.<sup id="cite_ref-Heyerdahl_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Heyerdahl-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also, when colonization of Floreana by José de Villamil failed, he ordered the goats, donkeys, cattle and other animals from the farms in Floreana be transferred to other islands for the purpose of later colonization. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Black_rat" title="Black rat">black rat</a> (<span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Rattus rattus</i></span>) attacks small Galápagos tortoises when they leave the nest, so in Pinzón they stopped the reproduction for a period of more than 50 years; only adults were found on that island.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also, where the black rat is found, the endemic rat has disappeared. Cattle and donkeys eat all the available vegetation and compete with native species for scarce water. In 1959, fishermen introduced one male and two female goats to Pinta island; by 1973, the National Park service estimated the population of goats to be over 30,000 individuals. Goats were also introduced to Marchena in 1967 and to Rabida in 1971. A goat eradication program, however, cleared the goats from Pinta and Santiago and most of the goat population from Isabela,<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and, by 2006, all <a href="/wiki/Feral_animal" class="mw-redirect" title="Feral animal">feral</a> pigs, donkeys and <a href="/wiki/Judas_goat#Goats_tracking_feral_goats" title="Judas goat">non-sterile goats</a> had been eliminated from Santiago and Isabela, the largest islands with the worst problems due to non-native mammals.<sup id="cite_ref-Isabela1_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Isabela1-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Isabela2_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Isabela2-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Six species of small non-native vertebrates have established self-sufficient populations in Galápagos and may become invasive: Fowler's snouted tree frog <i><a href="/wiki/Scinax_quinquefasciatus" title="Scinax quinquefasciatus">Scinax quinquefasciatus</a></i>, common house gecko <i><a href="/wiki/Common_house_gecko" title="Common house gecko">Hemidactylus frenatus</a></i>, mourning gecko <i><a href="/wiki/Lepidodactylus_lugubris" title="Lepidodactylus lugubris">Lepidodactylus lugubris</a></i>, dwarf gecko <i><a href="/wiki/Gonatodes_caudiscutatus" class="mw-redirect" title="Gonatodes caudiscutatus">Gonatodes caudiscutatus</a></i>, Peters' leaf-toed gecko <i><a href="/wiki/Phyllodactylus_reissii" title="Phyllodactylus reissii">Phyllodactylus reissii</a></i>, and smooth-billed ani <i><a href="/wiki/Smooth-billed_ani" title="Smooth-billed ani">Crotophaga ani</a></i>. Domestic fowl <i><a href="/wiki/Chicken" title="Chicken">Gallus gallus</a></i> holds feral populations, which may have self-sufficient populations, but evidence is unclear.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The fast-growing poultry industry on the inhabited islands has been cause for concern from local conservationists, who fear domestic birds could introduce disease into the endemic wild bird populations. </p><p>The Galápagos marine sanctuary is under threat from a host of <a href="/wiki/Illegal_fishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal fishing">illegal fishing</a> activities, in addition to other problems of development.<sup id="cite_ref-Carr2013_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carr2013-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most pressing threat to the Marine Reserve comes from local, mainland and foreign fishing targeting marine life illegally within the Reserve,<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> such as sharks (hammerheads and other species) for their fins,<sup id="cite_ref-Carr2013_85-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carr2013-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the harvest of sea cucumbers out of season. Development threatens both land and sea species. The growth of both the tourism industry and local populations fuelled by high birth rates and illegal immigration threaten the wildlife of the Archipelago. The grounding of the oil tanker <i><a href="/wiki/Jessica_(tanker)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jessica (tanker)">Jessica</a></i> in 2001 and the subsequent oil spill brought this threat to world attention. </p><p>In 2007, <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> put the Galápagos Islands on their <a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_in_Danger" title="List of World Heritage in Danger">List of World Heritage in Danger</a> because of threats posed by invasive species, unbridled tourism and overfishing.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 29 July 2010, the <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Committee" title="World Heritage Committee">World Heritage Committee</a> decided to remove the Galápagos Islands from the list because the Committee found significant progress had been made by Ecuador in addressing these problems.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 28 January 2008, <a href="/wiki/Gal%C3%A1pagos_National_Park" title="Galápagos National Park">Galápagos National Park</a> official Victor Carrion announced 53 sea lions (13 <a href="/wiki/Pinniped" title="Pinniped">pups</a>, 25 youngsters, 9 males and 6 females) were killed at the Galápagos Islands nature reserve on <a href="/wiki/Pinta_Island" title="Pinta Island">Pinta</a>, with their heads caved in. In 2001, <a href="/wiki/Poaching" title="Poaching">poachers</a> killed 35 male sea lions.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Galápagos Islands were short-listed as a candidate to be one of the <a href="/wiki/New7Wonders_of_Nature" class="mw-redirect" title="New7Wonders of Nature">New7Wonders of Nature</a> by the New7Wonders of Nature Foundation. As of February 2009, the archipelago was ranked first in Group B, the category for islands.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The islands' biodiversity is under threat from several sources. The human population is growing at a rate of 8% per year (1995). Introduced species have caused damage, and in 1996 a US$5 million, five-year eradication plan commenced in an attempt to rid the islands of introduced species such as goats, rats, deer, and donkeys. Except for the rats, the project was essentially completed in 2006.<sup id="cite_ref-Isabela1_81-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Isabela1-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Isabela2_82-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Isabela2-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rats have only been eliminated from the smaller Galápagos Islands of <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A1bida_Island" title="Rábida Island">Rábida</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pinz%C3%B3n_Island" title="Pinzón Island">Pinzón</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Isabela3_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Isabela3-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/El_Ni%C3%B1o" class="mw-redirect" title="El Niño">El Niño</a> has adversely affected the marine ecosystem. In January 2001, an oil slick from a stranded tanker threatened the islands, but winds and shifting ocean currents helped disperse the oil before much damage was done. The devastating El Niño of 1982–83 saw almost six times as much rain as normal in the Galapagos and created a wildlife catastrophe.<sup id="cite_ref-Galpagos-Islands_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Galpagos-Islands-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 1997–98 El Niño adversely affected wildlife in the waters surrounding the islands, as the waters were 5 °C (9 °F) warmer than normal. Corals and barnacles suffered, hammerhead sharks were driven away, and most of the island's seabirds failed to breed in 1997–98. The mortality rate of marine iguanas rose as the green algae they feed on was replaced by inedible red algae. During the 1982–83 El Niño, 70% of the marine iguanas starved to death because of this.<sup id="cite_ref-Galápagos_Islands_2010_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Galápagos_Islands_2010-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gal%C3%A1pagos_Islands&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/19px-Terra.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/29px-Terra.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/38px-Terra.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Geography" title="Portal:Geography">Geography</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ic%C3%B4ne_Ile.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Ic%C3%B4ne_Ile.svg/19px-Ic%C3%B4ne_Ile.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Ic%C3%B4ne_Ile.svg/29px-Ic%C3%B4ne_Ile.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Ic%C3%B4ne_Ile.svg/38px-Ic%C3%B4ne_Ile.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Islands" title="Portal:Islands">Islands</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%E5%A4%A7%E6%B4%8B.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/%E5%A4%A7%E6%B4%8B.png/21px-%E5%A4%A7%E6%B4%8B.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/%E5%A4%A7%E6%B4%8B.png/32px-%E5%A4%A7%E6%B4%8B.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/%E5%A4%A7%E6%B4%8B.png/42px-%E5%A4%A7%E6%B4%8B.png 2x" data-file-width="756" data-file-height="617" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Oceania" title="Portal:Oceania">Oceania</a></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_birds_of_the_Gal%C3%A1pagos_Islands" title="List of birds of the Galápagos Islands">List of birds of the Galápagos Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_animals_in_the_Gal%C3%A1pagos_Islands" title="List of animals in the Galápagos Islands">List of animals in the Galápagos Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gal%C3%A1pagos_National_Park" title="Galápagos National Park">Galápagos National Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gal%C3%A1pagos_hotspot" title="Galápagos hotspot">Galápagos hotspot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gal%C3%A1pagos_Islands_xeric_scrub" title="Galápagos Islands xeric scrub">Galápagos Islands xeric scrub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gal%C3%A1pagos_Province" title="Galápagos Province">Galápagos Province</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darwin%27s_Arch" title="Darwin's Arch">Darwin's Arch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johanna_Angermeyer" title="Johanna Angermeyer">Johanna Angermeyer</a>, author of various books featuring the Galápagos Islands</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gal%C3%A1pagos_Islands&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-area-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-area_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Galapagos are 7,880 square kilometers in land area.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gal%C3%A1pagos_Islands&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gal%C3%A1pagos_Islands&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150501175754/https://www.cancilleria.gob.ec/bienvenidos-geografia-del-ecuador/">"Welcome to Ecuador – Geography | Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Human Mobility"</a> (in Spanish). 1 May 2015. Archived from the original on 1 May 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Welcome+to+Ecuador+%E2%80%93+Geography+%7C+Ministry+of+Foreign+Affairs+and+Human+Mobility&rft.date=2015-05-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cancilleria.gob.ec%2Fbienvenidos-geografia-del-ecuador%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGal%C3%A1pagos+Islands" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown" title="Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-galhis-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-galhis_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-galhis_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-galhis_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-galhis_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.galapagos.org/about_galapagos/history/">"History of Galápagos"</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.galapagos.org"><i><span></span></i>Official site<i><span></span></i></a>, Puerto Ayora: Galápagos Conservancy, 2023</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=History+of+Gal%C3%A1pagos&rft.btitle=Official+site&rft.place=Puerto+Ayora&rft.pub=Gal%C3%A1pagos+Conservancy&rft.date=2023&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.galapagos.org%2Fabout_galapagos%2Fhistory%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGal%C3%A1pagos+Islands" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson1993[httpsarchiveorgdetailsgalapagos00michpage1_1]-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJackson1993[httpsarchiveorgdetailsgalapagos00michpage1_1]_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJackson1993">Jackson (1993)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/galapagos00mich/page/1">1</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dle.rae.es/galápago?m=form">"galápago"</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dle.rae.es"><i>Diccionario de la Lengua Española </i>[<i>Dictionary of the Spanish Language</i>]<i><span></span></i></a> (in Spanish) (23rd ed.), Madrid: <a href="/wiki/Real_Academia_Espa%C3%B1ola" class="mw-redirect" title="Real Academia Española">RAE</a>, 2014</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=gal%C3%A1pago&rft.btitle=Diccionario+de+la+Lengua+Espa%C3%B1ola+%5BDictionary+of+the+Spanish+Language%5D&rft.place=Madrid&rft.edition=23rd&rft.pub=RAE&rft.date=2014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdle.rae.es%2Fgal%C3%A1pago%3Fm%3Dform&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGal%C3%A1pagos+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/view/Entry/273452">"Galapagos, <i>n.</i>"</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oed.com"><i>Oxford English Dictionary</i></a>, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2022</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Galapagos%2C+n.&rft.btitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oed.com%2Fview%2FEntry%2F273452&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGal%C3%A1pagos+Islands" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOrtelius1570" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Ortelius" title="Abraham Ortelius">Ortelius, Abraham</a> (1570), "<a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Americae_sive_Novi_Orbis_Nova_Descriptio" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Americae sive Novi Orbis Nova Descriptio">Americae sive Novi Orbis Nova Descriptio [New Description of America or the New World]</a>", <i><a href="/wiki/Theatrum_Orbis_Terrarum" title="Theatrum Orbis Terrarum">Theatrum Orbis Terrarum</a> </i>[<i>Theater of the Lands of the World</i>]<i><span></span></i> (in Latin), Antwerp: Gilles Coppens de Diest</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Americae+sive+Novi+Orbis+Nova+Descriptio+%26%2391%3BNew+Description+of+America+or+the+New+World%26%2393%3B&rft.btitle=Theatrum+Orbis+Terrarum+%5BTheater+of+the+Lands+of+the+World%5D&rft.place=Antwerp&rft.pub=Gilles+Coppens+de+Diest&rft.date=1570&rft.aulast=Ortelius&rft.aufirst=Abraham&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGal%C3%A1pagos+Islands" class="Z3988"></span>, reprinted in Latin and translation copiously thereafter.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson1993[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidTlxzU6i_LV0CpgPA1_1]-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJackson1993[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidTlxzU6i_LV0CpgPA1_1]_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJackson1993[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidTlxzU6i_LV0CpgPA1_1]_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJackson1993">Jackson (1993)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TlxzU6i_LV0C&pg=PA1">1</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerry198410-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPerry198410_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPerry198410_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPerry198410_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPerry1984">Perry (1984)</a>, p. 10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMittlestaedtd'OzouvilleHarppGraham2014" class="citation book cs1">Mittlestaedt, Eric; d'Ozouville, Noemi; Harpp, Karen; Graham, David (2014). Harpp, Karen; Mittelstaedt, Eric; d'Ozouville, Noemi; Graham, David (eds.). <i>Introduction, in The Galapagos: A Natural Laboratory for the Earth Sciences</i>. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. pp. <span class="nowrap">1–</span>3, 42. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781118852415" title="Special:BookSources/9781118852415"><bdi>9781118852415</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction%2C+in+The+Galapagos%3A+A+Natural+Laboratory+for+the+Earth+Sciences&rft.place=Hoboken&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E3%2C+42&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9781118852415&rft.aulast=Mittlestaedt&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft.au=d%27Ozouville%2C+Noemi&rft.au=Harpp%2C+Karen&rft.au=Graham%2C+David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGal%C3%A1pagos+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarppHallJackson2014" class="citation book cs1">Harpp, Karen; et al. (2014). <i>Galapagos and Easter: A Tale of Two Hotspots, in The Galapagos: A Natural Laboratory for the Earth Sciences</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 February</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Noticias+de+Galapagos&rft.atitle=Los+Tesoros+Escondidos+de+las+Islas+Galapagos&rft.issue=55&rft.pages=66&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Latorre&rft.aufirst=Octavio&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Faquaticcommons.org%2F6704%2F1%2FNG_54%252655_1995_Esp_Latorre_Tesoros_escondidos.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGal%C3%A1pagos+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcEwen1988234–236-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcEwen1988234–236_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcEwen1988234–236_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcEwen1988234–236_41-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcEwen1988">McEwen (1988)</a>, pp. 234–236.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson1993[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidTlxzU6i_LV0CpgPA2_2]-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJackson1993[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidTlxzU6i_LV0CpgPA2_2]_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJackson1993">Jackson (1993)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TlxzU6i_LV0C&pg=PA2">2</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCivallero2021" class="citation cs2">Civallero, Edgardo (1 December 2021), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://galapagueana.darwinfoundation.org/en/contents/cont001c.html">"Pirates and Jelly"</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://galapagueana.darwinfoundation.org"><i>Galapagueana</i></a>, Brussels: Charles Darwin Foundation</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Pirates+and+Jelly&rft.btitle=Galapagueana&rft.place=Brussels&rft.pub=Charles+Darwin+Foundation&rft.date=2021-12-01&rft.aulast=Civallero&rft.aufirst=Edgardo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgalapagueana.darwinfoundation.org%2Fen%2Fcontents%2Fcont001c.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGal%C3%A1pagos+Islands" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenz2000[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidYPBccPXLsJ4CpgPA32_32]-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenz2000[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidYPBccPXLsJ4CpgPA32_32]_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBenz2000">Benz (2000)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YPBccPXLsJ4C&pg=PA32">32</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcEwen1988237-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcEwen1988237_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcEwen1988">McEwen (1988)</a>, p. 237.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPorter1822-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPorter1822_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPorter1822">Porter (1822)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMelville1854-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMelville1854_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMelville1854">Melville (1854)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson1993[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidTlxzU6i_LV0CpgPA3_3]-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJackson1993[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidTlxzU6i_LV0CpgPA3_3]_48-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJackson1993[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidTlxzU6i_LV0CpgPA3_3]_48-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJackson1993">Jackson (1993)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TlxzU6i_LV0C&pg=PA3">3</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerry197244-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPerry197244_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPerry1972">Perry (1972)</a>, p. 44.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nickerson, T. (c. 1876) Account of the Ship Essex Sinking, 1819–1821. Holograph ms. in the Thomas Nickerson Collection, 1819–1876, Folder 1. Nantucket, Massachusetts: Nantucket Historical Society.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-monty-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-monty_51-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-monty_51-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-monty_51-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-monty_51-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-monty_51-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHalls2020">Halls (2020)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3OK0DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT111">111</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-granny-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-granny_52-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-granny_52-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-granny_52-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-granny_52-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGrant_&_al.2009">Grant & al. (2009)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.google.fr/books/edition/Darwin_in_Gal%C3%A1pagos/MiRTI6lBRnAC?hl=en&pg=PA115">https://www.google.fr/books/edition/Darwin_in_Gal%C3%A1pagos/MiRTI6lBRnAC?hl=en&pg=PA115</a> 115].</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-granny2-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-granny2_53-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-granny2_53-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-granny2_53-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGrant_&_al.2009">Grant & al. (2009)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.google.fr/books/edition/Darwin_in_Gal%C3%A1pagos/MiRTI6lBRnAC?hl=en&pg=PA116">https://www.google.fr/books/edition/Darwin_in_Gal%C3%A1pagos/MiRTI6lBRnAC?hl=en&pg=PA116</a> 116]</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-monty2-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-monty2_54-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-monty2_54-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-monty2_54-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHalls2020">Halls (2020)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3OK0DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT112">112</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Confessions-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Confessions_55-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Confessions_55-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNiles_Eldredge2006" class="citation magazine cs1"><a href="/wiki/Niles_Eldredge" title="Niles Eldredge">Niles Eldredge</a> (Spring 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vqronline.org/articles/2006/spring/eldredge-confessions-darwinist/">"VQR – Confessions of a Darwinist"</a>. <i>The Virginia Quarterly Review</i>. pp. <span class="nowrap">32–</span>53<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 December</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Virginia+Quarterly+Review&rft.atitle=VQR+%E2%80%93+Confessions+of+a+Darwinist&rft.ssn=spring&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E32-%3C%2Fspan%3E53&rft.date=2006&rft.au=Niles+Eldredge&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vqronline.org%2Farticles%2F2006%2Fspring%2Feldredge-confessions-darwinist%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGal%C3%A1pagos+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://firstnighthistory.wordpress.com/tag/nicolai-olaus-lossius/">"The Norwegian Who Inspired Darwin"</a>. ThorNews. 11 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 July</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Norwegian+Who+Inspired+Darwin&rft.pub=ThorNews&rft.date=2015-09-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffirstnighthistory.wordpress.com%2Ftag%2Fnicolai-olaus-lossius%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGal%C3%A1pagos+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeynes2000[httpdarwin-onlineorgukcontentframesetviewtypetextitemIDF1840pageseq328_291–293]-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeynes2000[httpdarwin-onlineorgukcontentframesetviewtypetextitemIDF1840pageseq328_291–293]_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKeynes2000">Keynes (2000)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?viewtype=text&itemID=F1840&pageseq=328">291–293</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLarson2001" class="citation book cs1">Larson, Edward J. (2001). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/evolutionsworksh00lars/page/108"><i>Evolution's Workshop: God and Science on the Galápagos Islands</i></a></span>. New York, New York: Basic Books. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/evolutionsworksh00lars/page/108">108</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-465-03810-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-465-03810-7"><bdi>0-465-03810-7</bdi></a>. <q>The <i>Albatross</i> stayed in the archipelago for less than two weeks in 1888, but managed to stop at eight different islands. The ship's naturalists and crew gathered specimens at each anchorage, concentrating on birds, reptiles, and fish. The landfalls included the abandoned settlement on Charles Island, where the ship's captain report "great numbers of cattle, horses, mules, donkeys, sheep and hots were running wild" where native species once flourished, and a new sugarcane plantation and cattle ranch on Chatham Island that also encroached on wild habitat.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Evolution%27s+Workshop%3A+God+and+Science+on+the+Gal%C3%A1pagos+Islands&rft.place=New+York%2C+New+York&rft.pages=108&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-465-03810-7&rft.aulast=Larson&rft.aufirst=Edward+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fevolutionsworksh00lars%2Fpage%2F108&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGal%C3%A1pagos+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoosevelt1944" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Eleanor_Roosevelt" title="Eleanor Roosevelt">Roosevelt, Eleanor</a> (28 March 1944), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www2.gwu.edu/~erpapers/myday/displaydoc.cfm?_y=1944&_f=md056756">"28 March 1944"</a>, <i>My Day</i>, New York: United Feature Syndicate</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=28+March+1944&rft.btitle=My+Day&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=United+Feature+Syndicate&rft.date=1944-03-28&rft.aulast=Roosevelt&rft.aufirst=Eleanor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww2.gwu.edu%2F~erpapers%2Fmyday%2Fdisplaydoc.cfm%3F_y%3D1944%26_f%3Dmd056756&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGal%C3%A1pagos+Islands" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1144&dat=19290121&id=dksbAAAAIBAJ&pg=6398,2635333">"May Sell Galapagos; Ecuador Needs Money, Wants Rid of Key to Canal"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Pittsburgh_Press" title="The Pittsburgh Press">The Pittsburgh Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_Press_International" title="United Press International">United Press</a>. 21 January 1929<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 September</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=May+Sell+Galapagos%3B+Ecuador+Needs+Money%2C+Wants+Rid+of+Key+to+Canal&rft.date=1929-01-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fnid%3D1144%26dat%3D19290121%26id%3DdksbAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D6398%2C2635333&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGal%C3%A1pagos+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFischer1999" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Fischer, Ferenc (1999). "¿La guantánamo del océano pacífico? la rivalidad de los EE.UU., Alemania, Japón, y Chile por la adquisición de las islas galápagos antes de la I guerra mundial". <i>El modelo militar prusiano y las fuerzas armadas de Chile 1885–1945</i> (in Spanish). Pécs, Hungary: University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">71–</span>87.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%C2%BFLa+guant%C3%A1namo+del+oc%C3%A9ano+pac%C3%ADfico%3F+la+rivalidad+de+los+EE.UU.%2C+Alemania%2C+Jap%C3%B3n%2C+y+Chile+por+la+adquisici%C3%B3n+de+las+islas+gal%C3%A1pagos+antes+de+la+I+guerra+mundial&rft.btitle=El+modelo+militar+prusiano+y+las+fuerzas+armadas+de+Chile+1885%E2%80%931945&rft.place=P%C3%A9cs%2C+Hungary&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E71-%3C%2Fspan%3E87&rft.pub=University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Fischer&rft.aufirst=Ferenc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGal%C3%A1pagos+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTapia2009" class="citation thesis cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Tapia, Claudio (2009). <i>La creación de un área de influencia en América del Sur. Las relaciones políticas, económicas y militares de Chile con Ecuador y Paraguay (1883–1914)</i> (Ph.D.) (in Spanish). instituto de estudios avanzados, <a href="/wiki/Universidad_de_Santiago" class="mw-redirect" title="Universidad de Santiago">Universidad de Santiago de Chile</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=La+creaci%C3%B3n+de+un+%C3%A1rea+de+influencia+en+Am%C3%A9rica+del+Sur.+Las+relaciones+pol%C3%ADticas%2C+econ%C3%B3micas+y+militares+de+Chile+con+Ecuador+y+Paraguay+%281883%E2%80%931914%29&rft.inst=instituto+de+estudios+avanzados%2C+Universidad+de+Santiago+de+Chile&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Tapia&rft.aufirst=Claudio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGal%C3%A1pagos+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See Michael Morris, "The Strait of Magellan", Martinus Nijhoff Publisher, 1989, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7923-0181-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-7923-0181-1">0-7923-0181-1</a>, pages 62 and 63</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGaray_Vera2011" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Garay Vera, Cristián (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://biblat.unam.mx/hevila/RevistaenfoquesSantiago/2011/vol9/no15/4.pdf">"La imaginación territorial chilena y la apoteosis de la armada de chile 1888–1940. Otra mirada a los límites 'Naturales'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a> [Chilean territorial imagination and the apotheosis of the Chilean Navy between 1888–1940. A different view of "natural" limits] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Revista enfoques</i> (in Spanish). <b>9</b> (15). <a href="/wiki/University_of_Santiago,_Chile" title="University of Santiago, Chile">University of Santiago, Chile</a>: <span class="nowrap">75–</span>95<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Revista+enfoques&rft.atitle=La+imaginaci%C3%B3n+territorial+chilena+y+la+apoteosis+de+la+armada+de+chile+1888%E2%80%931940.+Otra+mirada+a+los+l%C3%ADmites+%27Naturales%27&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=15&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E75-%3C%2Fspan%3E95&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Garay+Vera&rft.aufirst=Cristi%C3%A1n&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbiblat.unam.mx%2Fhevila%2FRevistaenfoquesSantiago%2F2011%2Fvol9%2Fno15%2F4.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGal%C3%A1pagos+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fischer2008-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fischer2008_65-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fischer2008_65-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFischer2008" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Fischer, Ferenc (21 April 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.revistadelcesla.com/index.php/revistadelcesla/article/view/196/193">"La expansión (1885–1918) del modelo militar alemán y su pervivencia (1919–1933) en América Latina"</a> [The expansion (1885–1918) of the German military model and its survival (1919–1933) in Latin America]. <i>Revista del CESLA</i> (in Spanish). <b>11</b>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Warsaw" title="University of Warsaw">University of Warsaw</a>: <span class="nowrap">135–</span>160<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Revista+del+CESLA&rft.atitle=La+expansi%C3%B3n+%281885%E2%80%931918%29+del+modelo+militar+alem%C3%A1n+y+su+pervivencia+%281919%E2%80%931933%29+en+Am%C3%A9rica+Latina&rft.volume=11&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E135-%3C%2Fspan%3E160&rft.date=2008-04-21&rft.aulast=Fischer&rft.aufirst=Ferenc&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.revistadelcesla.com%2Findex.php%2Frevistadelcesla%2Farticle%2Fview%2F196%2F193&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGal%C3%A1pagos+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLundh" class="citation book cs1">Lundh, Jacob P. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.galapagos.to/TEXTS/LUNDH1-1.php"><i>Galápagos: A Brief History</i></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110720084818/http://www.galapagos.to/TEXTS/LUNDH-3.HTM">Archived</a> from the original on 20 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gal%C3%A1pagos%3A+A+Brief+History&rft.aulast=Lundh&rft.aufirst=Jacob+P.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.galapagos.to%2FTEXTS%2FLUNDH1-1.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGal%C3%A1pagos+Islands" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|website=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoff" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Hoff, Stein. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.galapagos.to/TEXTS/HOFFTofC.php"><i>Drømmen om Galápagos</i></a> [<i>The Dream of the Galapagos</i>] (in Norwegian). Translated by Horneman, Friedel; Bowman, Robert I. <a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gr%C3%B8ndahl_%26_S%C3%B8n_Forla" class="extiw" title="no:Grøndahl & Søn Forla">Grøndahl & Sønn</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dr%C3%B8mmen+om+Gal%C3%A1pagos&rft.pub=Gr%C3%B8ndahl+%26+S%C3%B8nn&rft.aulast=Hoff&rft.aufirst=Stein&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.galapagos.to%2FTEXTS%2FHOFFTofC.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGal%C3%A1pagos+Islands" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|website=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Galapagos.com-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Galapagos.com_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110903013655/http://www.galapagos.com/conservation.php">"Galápagos Conservation"</a>. <i>galapagos.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.galapagos.com/conservation.php">the original</a> on 3 September 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 September</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=galapagos.com&rft.atitle=Gal%C3%A1pagos+Conservation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.galapagos.com%2Fconservation.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGal%C3%A1pagos+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStutz1995" class="citation journal cs1">Stutz, Bruce D. (1995). "The Sea Cucumber War". <i>Audubon</i>. <b>97</b> (3): 16.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Audubon&rft.atitle=The+Sea+Cucumber+War&rft.volume=97&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=16&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Stutz&rft.aufirst=Bruce+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGal%C3%A1pagos+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dw-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-dw_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dw.com/en/credit-suisse-buys-ecuador-bonds-for-galapagos-conservation/a-65533067">"Credit Suisse buys Ecuador bonds for Galapagos conservation"</a>. <i>DW</i>. 5 May 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=DW&rft.atitle=Credit+Suisse+buys+Ecuador+bonds+for+Galapagos+conservation&rft.date=2023-05-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dw.com%2Fen%2Fcredit-suisse-buys-ecuador-bonds-for-galapagos-conservation%2Fa-65533067&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGal%C3%A1pagos+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCamposJones2023" class="citation news cs1">Campos, Rodrigo; Jones, Marc (5 May 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/ecuador-frees-cash-galapagos-conservation-with-16-bln-bond-repurchase-2023-05-05/">"Ecuador frees cash for Galapagos conservation with $1.6 billion bond buyback"</a>. <i>Reuters</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Ecuador+frees+cash+for+Galapagos+conservation+with+%241.6+billion+bond+buyback&rft.date=2023-05-05&rft.aulast=Campos&rft.aufirst=Rodrigo&rft.au=Jones%2C+Marc&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Fworld%2Famericas%2Fecuador-frees-cash-galapagos-conservation-with-16-bln-bond-repurchase-2023-05-05%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGal%C3%A1pagos+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.populationu.com/ecuador-population">"Ecuador Population 2021/2022"</a>. <i>www.populationu.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.populationu.com&rft.atitle=Ecuador+Population+2021%2F2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.populationu.com%2Fecuador-population&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGal%C3%A1pagos+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://galapagos.gob.ec/informacion-de-interes-para-la-llegada-a-las-islas/">"Información de interés para la llegada a las islas"</a>. <i>galapagos.gob.ec</i> (in Spanish). Gobierno de la República del Ecuador<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=galapagos.gob.ec&rft.atitle=Informaci%C3%B3n+de+inter%C3%A9s+para+la+llegada+a+las+islas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgalapagos.gob.ec%2Finformacion-de-interes-para-la-llegada-a-las-islas%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGal%C3%A1pagos+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaldonado,_R.Llerena,_E.2019" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Maldonado, R.; Llerena, E. (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://galapagos.gob.ec/wp-content/uploads/downloads/2021/02/Historia-humana-San-Cristobal.pdf"><i>Historia humana. Isla San Cristóbal</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Spanish). Puerto Ayora: Dirección del Parque Nacional Galápagos. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9942-944-06-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-9942-944-06-1"><bdi>978-9942-944-06-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historia+humana.+Isla+San+Crist%C3%B3bal&rft.place=Puerto+Ayora&rft.pub=Direcci%C3%B3n+del+Parque+Nacional+Gal%C3%A1pagos&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-9942-944-06-1&rft.au=Maldonado%2C+R.&rft.au=Llerena%2C+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgalapagos.gob.ec%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2Fdownloads%2F2021%2F02%2FHistoria-humana-San-Cristobal.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGal%C3%A1pagos+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrant2009-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrant2009_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGrant2009">Grant (2009)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120428230142/http://newswatch.nationalgeographic.com/2010/07/29/galapagos-no-longer-world-heri/">"Galápagos no longer on List of World Heritage in Danger – News Watch"</a>. Blogs.nationalgeographic.com. 29 July 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://newswatch.nationalgeographic.com/2010/07/29/galapagos-no-longer-world-heri/">the original</a> on 28 April 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 May</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gal%C3%A1pagos+no+longer+on+List+of+World+Heritage+in+Danger+%E2%80%93+News+Watch&rft.pub=Blogs.nationalgeographic.com&rft.date=2010-07-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnewswatch.nationalgeographic.com%2F2010%2F07%2F29%2Fgalapagos-no-longer-world-heri%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGal%C3%A1pagos+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/world-nation/story/2020-05-11/pandemic-upends-life-on-isolated-idyllic-galapagos-islands">"The islands that once inspired Charles Darwin struggle to adapt to the coronavirus"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a>. 11 May 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 May</span> 2020</span> – via <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+islands+that+once+inspired+Charles+Darwin+struggle+to+adapt+to+the+coronavirus&rft.date=2020-05-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Fworld-nation%2Fstory%2F2020-05-11%2Fpandemic-upends-life-on-isolated-idyllic-galapagos-islands&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGal%C3%A1pagos+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Heyerdahl-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Heyerdahl_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Heyerdahl, Thor; & Skjolsvold, Arne (1956). "Archaeological Evidence of Pre-Spanish Visits to the Galápagos Islands", Memoirs 12, Society for American Archaeology.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNicholls,_Henry2013" class="citation journal cs1">Nicholls, Henry (15 May 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F497306a">"Invasive species: The 18-km<sup>2</sup> rat trap"</a>. <i>Nature</i>. <b>497</b> (7449): <span class="nowrap">306–</span>308. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013Natur.497..306N">2013Natur.497..306N</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F497306a">10.1038/497306a</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23676736">23676736</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Invasive+species%3A+The+18-km%3Csup%3E2%3C%2Fsup%3E+rat+trap&rft.volume=497&rft.issue=7449&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E306-%3C%2Fspan%3E308&rft.date=2013-05-15&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23676736&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F497306a&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2013Natur.497..306N&rft.au=Nicholls%2C+Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1038%252F497306a&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGal%C3%A1pagos+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160607143022/http://www.galapagos.org/conservation/conservation/conservationchallenges/invasive-species/">"Invasive Species"</a>. <i>Galapagos Conservancy</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.galapagos.org/conservation/conservation/conservationchallenges/invasive-species/">the original</a> on 7 June 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 June</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Galapagos+Conservancy&rft.atitle=Invasive+Species&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.galapagos.org%2Fconservation%2Fconservation%2Fconservationchallenges%2Finvasive-species%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGal%C3%A1pagos+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Isabela1-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Isabela1_81-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Isabela1_81-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.galapagos.org/conservation/conservation/project-areas/ecosystem-restoration/project-isabela/">"Project Isabela"</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Galapagos_Conservancy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Galapagos Conservancy (page does not exist)">Galapagos Conservancy</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 December</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Project+Isabela&rft.pub=Galapagos+Conservancy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.galapagos.org%2Fconservation%2Fconservation%2Fproject-areas%2Fecosystem-restoration%2Fproject-isabela%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGal%C3%A1pagos+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Isabela2-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Isabela2_82-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Isabela2_82-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn2015" class="citation web cs1">John (5 March 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://all-that-is-interesting.com/project-isabela">"Project Isabela: When Slaughtering 250,000 Goats Meant Saving A Species"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 December</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Project+Isabela%3A+When+Slaughtering+250%2C000+Goats+Meant+Saving+A+Species&rft.pub=All+That+Is+Interesting&rft.date=2015-03-05&rft.au=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fall-that-is-interesting.com%2Fproject-isabela&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGal%C3%A1pagos+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCisneros-Heredia2018" class="citation journal cs1">Cisneros-Heredia, Diego F (22 February 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7287%2Fpeerj.preprints.26563v1">"Non-native small terrestrial vertebrates in the Galapagos"</a>. <i>PeerJ Preprints</i>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7287%2Fpeerj.preprints.26563v1">10.7287/peerj.preprints.26563v1</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2167-9843">2167-9843</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PeerJ+Preprints&rft.atitle=Non-native+small+terrestrial+vertebrates+in+the+Galapagos&rft.date=2018-02-22&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7287%2Fpeerj.preprints.26563v1&rft.issn=2167-9843&rft.aulast=Cisneros-Heredia&rft.aufirst=Diego+F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.7287%252Fpeerj.preprints.26563v1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGal%C3%A1pagos+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCisneros-Heredia2018" class="citation book cs1">Cisneros-Heredia, Diego F. (2018). "The Hitchhiker Wave: Non-native Small Terrestrial Vertebrates in the Galapagos". <i>Understanding Invasive Species in the Galapagos Islands</i>. Social and Ecological Interactions in the Galapagos Islands. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 March</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Marine+Policy&rft.atitle=Illegal+shark+fishing+in+the+Gal%C3%A1pagos+Marine+Reserve&rft.volume=39&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E317-%3C%2Fspan%3E321&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.marpol.2012.12.005&rft.au=Carr%2C+Lindsey+A&rft.au=Stier%2C+Adrian+C&rft.au=Fietz%2C+Katharina&rft.au=Montero%2C+Ignacio&rft.au=Gallagher%2C+Austin+J&rft.au=Bruno%2C+John+F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblog1.miami.edu%2Fsharklab%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2Fsites%2F28%2F2018%2F08%2FCarr-et-al-2013.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGal%C3%A1pagos+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUrbina2020" class="citation web cs1">Urbina, Ian (1 November 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mondediplo.com/2020/11/05fishing">"China's Outlaw Fishermen. Le Monde Diplomatique"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=China%27s+Outlaw+Fishermen.+Le+Monde+Diplomatique&rft.date=2020-11-01&rft.aulast=Urbina&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmondediplo.com%2F2020%2F11%2F05fishing&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGal%C3%A1pagos+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/danger/">"World Heritage in Danger List"</a>. UNESCO World Heritage<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 August</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World+Heritage+in+Danger+List&rft.pub=UNESCO+World+Heritage&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwhc.unesco.org%2Fen%2Fdanger%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGal%C3%A1pagos+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/636">"World Heritage Committee inscribes the Tombs of Buganda Kings (Uganda) and removes Galápagos Islands (Ecuador)"</a>. UNESCO World Heritage<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 May</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=BBC+NEWS%2C+Sea+lions+massacred+in+Gal%C3%A1pagos&rft.date=2008-01-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Famericas%2F7214860.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGal%C3%A1pagos+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.new7wonders.com/nature/en/liveranking/">New 7 Wonders of the World: Live Ranking</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090705105855/http://www.new7wonders.com/nature/en/liveranking/">Archived</a> 5 July 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Isabela3-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Isabela3_91-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161218183822/http://www.galapagos.org/conservation/conservation/project-areas/ecosystem-restoration/rat-eradication/">"Post-Rat Eradication and Monitoring on Pinzón"</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Galapagos_Conservancy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Galapagos Conservancy (page does not exist)">Galapagos Conservancy</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 December</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Post-Rat+Eradication+and+Monitoring+on+Pinz%C3%B3n&rft.pub=Galapagos+Conservancy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.galapagos.org%2Fconservation%2Fconservation%2Fproject-areas%2Fecosystem-restoration%2Frat-eradication%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGal%C3%A1pagos+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Galpagos-Islands-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Galpagos-Islands_92-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181109070745/https://www.galapagos-islands.com/2018/05/galapagos-el-nino-and-la-nina.html">"Galapagos: El Niño and La Niña"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.galapagos-islands.com/2018/05/galapagos-el-nino-and-la-nina.html">the original</a> on 9 November 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Galapagos%3A+El+Ni%C3%B1o+and+La+Ni%C3%B1a&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.galapagos-islands.com%2F2018%2F05%2Fgalapagos-el-nino-and-la-nina.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGal%C3%A1pagos+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Galápagos_Islands_2010-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Galápagos_Islands_2010_93-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Galápagos Islands" in <i>The Hutchinson Unabridged Encyclopedia with Atlas and Weather guide</i> (2010). Abington: Helicon.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gal%C3%A1pagos_Islands&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><span class="noprint"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> </span>This article incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Galapagos_Islands" class="extiw" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Galapagos Islands">Galapagos Islands</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i> (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Galapagos+Islands&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGal%C3%A1pagos+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBenz2000" class="citation cs2">Benz, Richard (2000), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YPBccPXLsJ4C"><i>Ecology and Evolution: Islands of Change</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/Arlington_County,_Virginia" title="Arlington County, Virginia">Arlington</a>: NSTA Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780873551830" title="Special:BookSources/9780873551830"><bdi>9780873551830</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ecology+and+Evolution%3A+Islands+of+Change&rft.place=Arlington&rft.pub=NSTA+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9780873551830&rft.aulast=Benz&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYPBccPXLsJ4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGal%C3%A1pagos+Islands" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrant2009" class="citation cs2">Grant, K. Thalia (2009), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/review/54/">"Darwin and the Galapagos: Evolution of a Legacy"</a>, <i>World Heritage</i></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Darwin+and+the+Galapagos%3A+Evolution+of+a+Legacy&rft.btitle=World+Heritage&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Grant&rft.aufirst=K.+Thalia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwhc.unesco.org%2Fen%2Freview%2F54%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGal%C3%A1pagos+Islands" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrant_&_al.2009" class="citation cs2">Grant, K. Thalia; et al. (2009), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MiRTI6lBRnAC"><i>Darwin in Galápagos: Footsteps to a New World</i></a>, Princeton: Princeton University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0691142104" title="Special:BookSources/978-0691142104"><bdi>978-0691142104</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Darwin+in+Gal%C3%A1pagos%3A+Footsteps+to+a+New+World&rft.place=Princeton&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0691142104&rft.aulast=Grant&rft.aufirst=K.+Thalia&rft.au=Gregory+B.+Estes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMiRTI6lBRnAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGal%C3%A1pagos+Islands" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHalls2020" class="citation cs2">Halls, Monty (2020), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3OK0DwAAQBAJ"><i>My Family and the Galapagos</i></a>, London: Headline Publishing, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781472268815" title="Special:BookSources/9781472268815"><bdi>9781472268815</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=My+Family+and+the+Galapagos&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Headline+Publishing&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=9781472268815&rft.aulast=Halls&rft.aufirst=Monty&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3OK0DwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGal%C3%A1pagos+Islands" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeyerdahl_&_al.1956" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Thor_Heyerdahl" title="Thor Heyerdahl">Heyerdahl, Thor</a>; et al. (1956), <i><span></span></i>Memoir 12:<i> Archaeological Evidence of Pre-Spanish Visits to the Galápagos Islands</i>, <a href="/wiki/Society_for_American_Archaeology" title="Society for American Archaeology">Society for American Archaeology</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Memoir+12%3A+Archaeological+Evidence+of+Pre-Spanish+Visits+to+the+Gal%C3%A1pagos+Islands&rft.pub=Society+for+American+Archaeology&rft.date=1956&rft.aulast=Heyerdahl&rft.aufirst=Thor&rft.au=Arne+Skjolsvold&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGal%C3%A1pagos+Islands" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJackson1993" class="citation cs2">Jackson, Michael Hume (1993), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/galapagos00mich"><i>Galapagos: A Natural History</i></a>, Calgary: University of Calgary Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Galapagos%3A+A+Natural+History&rft.place=Calgary&rft.pub=University+of+Calgary+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=Jackson&rft.aufirst=Michael+Hume&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgalapagos00mich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGal%C3%A1pagos+Islands" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeynes2000" class="citation cs2">Keynes, Richard, ed. (2000), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?itemID=F1840&viewtype=text&pageseq=23">"June – August 1836"</a>, <i>Charles Darwin's Zoology Notes & Specimen Lists from H.M.S. </i>Beagle<i><span></span></i>, <a href="/wiki/Cambridge,_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Cambridge, England">Cambridge</a>: Cambridge University Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=June+%E2%80%93+August+1836&rft.btitle=Charles+Darwin%27s+Zoology+Notes+%26+Specimen+Lists+from+H.M.S.+Beagle&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdarwin-online.org.uk%2Fcontent%2Fframeset%3FitemID%3DF1840%26viewtype%3Dtext%26pageseq%3D23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGal%C3%A1pagos+Islands" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMelville1854" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Herman_Melville" title="Herman Melville">Melville, Herman</a> (March–May 1854), "<a href="/wiki/The_Encantadas" title="The Encantadas">Encantadas or the Enchanted Isles</a>", <i><a href="/wiki/Putnam%27s_Monthly" class="mw-redirect" title="Putnam's Monthly">Putnam's Monthly</a></i>, vol. 3, New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_putnams-magazine_1854-03_3_15/page/310/mode/2up">311–319</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_putnams-magazine_1854-04_3_16">345–355</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_putnams-magazine_1854-05_3_17/page/460/mode/2up">460–466</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Encantadas+or+the+Enchanted+Isles&rft.btitle=Putnam%27s+Monthly&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=311-319%2C+345-355%2C+460-466&rft.pub=G.P.+Putnam%27s+Sons&rft.date=1854-03%2F1854-05&rft.aulast=Melville&rft.aufirst=Herman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGal%C3%A1pagos+Islands" class="Z3988"></span>, as "Salvator R. Tarnmoor".</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerry1972" class="citation cs2">Perry, Roger (1972), <i>The Galapagos Islands</i>, New York: Dodd, Mead & Co, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-396-06576-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-396-06576-0"><bdi>978-0-396-06576-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Galapagos+Islands&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Dodd%2C+Mead+%26+Co&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=978-0-396-06576-0&rft.aulast=Perry&rft.aufirst=Roger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGal%C3%A1pagos+Islands" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerry1984" class="citation cs2">Perry, Roger (1984), "The Islands and Their History", <i>Key Environments: Galápagos</i>, Oxford: Pergamon Press, pp. <span class="nowrap">1–</span>14</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Islands+and+Their+History&rft.btitle=Key+Environments%3A+Gal%C3%A1pagos&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E14&rft.pub=Pergamon+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.aulast=Perry&rft.aufirst=Roger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGal%C3%A1pagos+Islands" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPorter1822" class="citation cs2">Porter, D. (1822), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/journalofcruisem00port"><i>Journal of a Cruise Made to the Pacific Ocean</i></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Journal+of+a+Cruise+Made+to+the+Pacific+Ocean&rft.date=1822&rft.aulast=Porter&rft.aufirst=D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjournalofcruisem00port&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGal%C3%A1pagos+Islands" class="Z3988"></span>.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gal%C3%A1pagos_Islands&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlack1973" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Black, Juan (1973), <i>Galápagos, Archipiélago del Ecuador</i> (in Spanish), Quito</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gal%C3%A1pagos%2C+Archipi%C3%A9lago+del+Ecuador&rft.place=Quito&rft.date=1973&rft.aulast=Black&rft.aufirst=Juan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGal%C3%A1pagos+Islands" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Citation" title="Template:Citation">citation</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span>, a comprehensive monograph by a former officer of the Galápagos National Park financed by the World Wildlife Fund and the Charles Darwin Foundation for the Galápagos Islands</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMüller_&_al.2003" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Müller, Bodo; et al. (2003), <i>Galápagos: Die Verwunschenen Inseln</i> (in German), BLV, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-86108-909-2" title="Special:BookSources/3-86108-909-2"><bdi>3-86108-909-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gal%C3%A1pagos%3A+Die+Verwunschenen+Inseln&rft.pub=BLV&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=3-86108-909-2&rft.aulast=M%C3%BCller&rft.aufirst=Bodo&rft.au=Matthias+Stolt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGal%C3%A1pagos+Islands" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQuammen1996" class="citation cs2">Quammen, David (1996), <i>The Song of the Dodo</i>, New York: Touchstone</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Song+of+the+Dodo&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Touchstone&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Quammen&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGal%C3%A1pagos+Islands" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRomero2009" class="citation cs2">Romero, Simon (4 October 2009), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2009/10/05/world/americas/05galapagos.html">"To Protect Galápagos, Ecuador Limits a Two-Legged Species"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>, New York</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=To+Protect+Gal%C3%A1pagos%2C+Ecuador+Limits+a+Two-Legged+Species&rft.btitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.place=New+York&rft.date=2009-10-04&rft.aulast=Romero&rft.aufirst=Simon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2009%2F10%2F05%2Fworld%2Famericas%2F05galapagos.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGal%C3%A1pagos+Islands" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Citation" title="Template:Citation">citation</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWittmer1961" class="citation cs2">Wittmer, Margret (1961), <i>Floreana: A Woman's Pilgrimage to the Galápagos</i>, Travel Book Club</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Floreana%3A+A+Woman%27s+Pilgrimage+to+the+Gal%C3%A1pagos&rft.pub=Travel+Book+Club&rft.date=1961&rft.aulast=Wittmer&rft.aufirst=Margret&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGal%C3%A1pagos+Islands" class="Z3988"></span>, a memoir written by the matriarch of the first family to successfully inhabit Floreana, settling there in 1932.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gal%C3%A1pagos_Islands&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1130092004"><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Flag_of_Ecuador.svg/21px-Flag_of_Ecuador.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Flag_of_Ecuador.svg/32px-Flag_of_Ecuador.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Flag_of_Ecuador.svg/42px-Flag_of_Ecuador.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1440" data-file-height="960" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Ecuador" title="Portal:Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="map" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Latin_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/19px-Latin_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Latin_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/29px-Latin_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Latin_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/38px-Latin_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Latin_America" title="Portal:Latin America">Latin America</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ic%C3%B4ne_Ile.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Ic%C3%B4ne_Ile.svg/19px-Ic%C3%B4ne_Ile.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Ic%C3%B4ne_Ile.svg/29px-Ic%C3%B4ne_Ile.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Ic%C3%B4ne_Ile.svg/38px-Ic%C3%B4ne_Ile.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Islands" title="Portal:Islands">Islands</a></li></ul></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has the text of the <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">1911 <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i></a> article "<span style="font-weight:bold;"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Galapagos_Islands" class="extiw" title="wikisource:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Galapagos Islands">Galapagos Islands</a></span>".</div></div> </div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Galapagos" class="extiw" title="commons:Galapagos">Galapagos</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/16px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/24px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/32px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></a></span> <a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Galapagos_Islands#Q38095" class="extiw" title="voy:Galapagos Islands">Galapagos Islands</a> travel guide from Wikivoyage</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldwildlife.org/ecoregions/nt1307">"Galápagos Islands xeric scrub"</a>. <i>Terrestrial Ecoregions</i>. World Wildlife Fund.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Terrestrial+Ecoregions&rft.atitle=Gal%C3%A1pagos+Islands+xeric+scrub&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldwildlife.org%2Fecoregions%2Fnt1307&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGal%C3%A1pagos+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.geo.cornell.edu/geology/Galapagos.html">Galápagos geology, with general information on the Galápagos Islands</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output 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alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg/23px-Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg/35px-Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg/46px-Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Costa_Rica" title="Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a> <br /> <i><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific Ocean</a></i></td> </tr><tr> <td></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="North"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Pfeil_oben.svg/14px-Pfeil_oben.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Pfeil_oben.svg/21px-Pfeil_oben.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Pfeil_oben.svg/28px-Pfeil_oben.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></td> <td></td> </tr><tr> <td style="width:33%"><i><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific Ocean</a></i></td> <td style="width:33%;"> <div style="white-space:nowrap;"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span title="West"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Pfeil_links.svg/17px-Pfeil_links.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Pfeil_links.svg/25px-Pfeil_links.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Pfeil_links.svg/34px-Pfeil_links.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="500" /></span></span><b style="display:inline-block; vertical-align:middle; margin:0.75em 1em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador"><img alt="Ecuador" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Flag_of_Ecuador.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ecuador.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Flag_of_Ecuador.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ecuador.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Flag_of_Ecuador.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ecuador.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1440" data-file-height="960" /></a></span></span> Galápagos Islands</b><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span title="East"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Pfeil_rechts.svg/17px-Pfeil_rechts.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Pfeil_rechts.svg/25px-Pfeil_rechts.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Pfeil_rechts.svg/34px-Pfeil_rechts.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div> </td> <td style="width:33%"><i><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific Ocean</a></i> • <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Flag_of_Ecuador.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ecuador.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Flag_of_Ecuador.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ecuador.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Flag_of_Ecuador.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ecuador.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1440" data-file-height="960" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador">Ecuador</a></td> </tr><tr> <td></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="South"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Pfeil_unten.svg/14px-Pfeil_unten.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Pfeil_unten.svg/21px-Pfeil_unten.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Pfeil_unten.svg/28px-Pfeil_unten.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></td> <td></td> </tr><tr> <td></td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific Ocean</a></i></td> <td></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Eastern_Pacific_islands346" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Eastern_Pacific_Islands" title="Template:Eastern Pacific Islands"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Eastern_Pacific_Islands" title="Template talk:Eastern Pacific Islands"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Eastern_Pacific_Islands" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Eastern Pacific Islands"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Eastern_Pacific_islands346" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Eastern <a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Pacific_Ocean" title="List of islands in the Pacific Ocean">Pacific islands</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Island#Oceanic_islands" title="Island">Oceanic islands</a> located between <a href="/wiki/Polynesia" title="Polynesia">Polynesia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">Americas</a>, sorted by country, from north to south<br /><small>(excluding <a href="/wiki/Island#Continental_islands" title="Island">continental islands</a>)</small></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guadalupe_Island" title="Guadalupe Island">Guadalupe Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocas_Alijos" title="Rocas Alijos">Rocas Alijos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revillagigedo_Islands" title="Revillagigedo Islands">Revillagigedo Islands</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/San_Benedicto_Island" title="San Benedicto Island">San Benedicto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roca_Partida" title="Roca Partida">Roca Partida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socorro_Island" title="Socorro Island">Socorro <span style="font-size:85%;">(<i>San Tomás</i>)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarion_Island" title="Clarion Island">Clarión <span style="font-size:85%;">(<i>Santa Rosa</i>)</span></a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clipperton_Island" title="Clipperton Island">Clipperton Island</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Costa_Rica" title="Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cocos_Island" title="Cocos Island">Cocos Island</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malpelo_Island" title="Malpelo Island">Malpelo Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorgona_Island_(Colombia)" title="Gorgona Island (Colombia)">Gorgona Island</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador">Ecuador</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Galápagos Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Desventuradas_Islands" title="Desventuradas Islands">Desventuradas Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Fern%C3%A1ndez_Islands" title="Juan Fernández Islands">Juan Fernández Islands</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robinson_Crusoe_Island" title="Robinson Crusoe Island">Robinson Crusoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alejandro_Selkirk_Island" title="Alejandro Selkirk Island">Alejandro Selkirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Clara_Island" title="Santa Clara Island">Santa Clara</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Galápagos_Islands96" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Gal%C3%A1pagos_Islands" title="Template:Galápagos Islands"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Gal%C3%A1pagos_Islands" title="Template talk:Galápagos Islands"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Gal%C3%A1pagos_Islands" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Galápagos Islands"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Galápagos_Islands96" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Galápagos Islands</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Main islands</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baltra_Island" title="Baltra Island">Baltra Island</a> (S. Seymour)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bartolom%C3%A9_Island" title="Bartolomé Island">Bartolomé Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darwin_Island" title="Darwin Island">Darwin Island</a> (Culpepper)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Espa%C3%B1ola_Island" title="Española Island">Española Island</a> (Hood)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fernandina_Island" title="Fernandina Island">Fernandina Island</a> (Narborough)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floreana_Island" title="Floreana Island">Floreana Island</a> (Charles)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genovesa_Island" title="Genovesa Island">Genovesa Island</a> (Tower)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabela_Island_(Gal%C3%A1pagos)" title="Isabela Island (Galápagos)">Isabela Island</a> (Albemarle)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marchena_Island" title="Marchena Island">Marchena Island</a> (Bindloe)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Seymour_Island" title="North Seymour Island">North Seymour Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinz%C3%B3n_Island" title="Pinzón Island">Pinzón Island</a> (Duncan)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinta_Island" title="Pinta Island">Pinta Island</a> (Abingdon)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A1bida_Island" title="Rábida Island">Rábida Island</a> (Jervis)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Crist%C3%B3bal_Island" title="San Cristóbal Island">San Cristóbal Island</a> (Chatham)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Cruz_Island_(Gal%C3%A1pagos)" title="Santa Cruz Island (Galápagos)">Santa Cruz Island</a> (Indefatigable)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Fe_Island" title="Santa Fe Island">Santa Fe Island</a> (Barrington)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santiago_Island_(Gal%C3%A1pagos)" title="Santiago Island (Galápagos)">Santiago Island</a> (James)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolf_Island" title="Wolf Island">Wolf Island</a> (Wenman)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Minor islands</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daphne_Major" title="Daphne Major">Daphne Major</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isla_Guy_Fawkes" title="Isla Guy Fawkes">Isla Guy Fawkes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nameless_Island" title="Nameless Island">Nameless Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roca_Redonda" class="mw-redirect" title="Roca Redonda">Roca Redonda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Plaza_Island" title="South Plaza Island">South Plaza Island</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Volcanoes_of_the_Gal%C3%A1pagos_Islands" title="Volcanoes of the Galápagos Islands">Volcanoes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcedo_Volcano" title="Alcedo Volcano">Alcedo Volcano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cerro_Azul_(Ecuador_volcano)" title="Cerro Azul (Ecuador volcano)">Cerro Azul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cerro_Pajas" title="Cerro Pajas">Cerro Pajas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Cumbre_(Gal%C3%A1pagos_Islands)" title="La Cumbre (Galápagos Islands)">La Cumbre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daphne_Major" title="Daphne Major">Daphne Major</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volc%C3%A1n_Ecuador" title="Volcán Ecuador">Volcán Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roca_Redonda" class="mw-redirect" title="Roca Redonda">Roca Redonda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Negra_(Gal%C3%A1pagos)" title="Sierra Negra (Galápagos)">Sierra Negra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volc%C3%A1n_Wolf" title="Volcán Wolf">Volcán Wolf</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Tectonic_plates904" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Tectonic_plates" title="Template:Tectonic plates"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Tectonic_plates" title="Template talk:Tectonic plates"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Tectonic_plates" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Tectonic plates"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Tectonic_plates904" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Plate_tectonics" title="Plate tectonics">Tectonic plates</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_tectonic_plates#Major_plates" title="List of tectonic plates">Major plates</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_plate" title="African plate">African</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_plate" title="Antarctic plate">Antarctic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurasian_plate" title="Eurasian plate">Eurasian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Australian_plate" title="Indo-Australian plate">Indo-Australian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_plate" title="Australian plate">Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_plate" title="Indian plate">Indian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_plate" title="North American plate">North American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_plate" title="Pacific plate">Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_American_plate" title="South American plate">South American</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px;padding:1.0em;"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tectonic_plates_boundaries_World_map_Wt_180degE_centered-en.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="World map indicating tectonic plate boundaries"><img alt="World map indicating tectonic plate boundaries" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Tectonic_plates_boundaries_World_map_Wt_180degE_centered-en.svg/120px-Tectonic_plates_boundaries_World_map_Wt_180degE_centered-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="73" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Tectonic_plates_boundaries_World_map_Wt_180degE_centered-en.svg/180px-Tectonic_plates_boundaries_World_map_Wt_180degE_centered-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Tectonic_plates_boundaries_World_map_Wt_180degE_centered-en.svg/240px-Tectonic_plates_boundaries_World_map_Wt_180degE_centered-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="4903" data-file-height="2996" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_tectonic_plates#Minor_plates" title="List of tectonic plates">Minor plates</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amurian_microplate" title="Amurian microplate">Amurian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabian_plate" title="Arabian plate">Arabian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burma_plate" title="Burma plate">Burma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_plate" title="Caribbean plate">Caribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caroline_plate" title="Caroline plate">Caroline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocos_plate" title="Cocos plate">Cocos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_plate" title="Indian plate">Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazca_plate" title="Nazca plate">Nazca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Hebrides_plate" title="New Hebrides plate">New Hebrides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okhotsk_microplate" title="Okhotsk microplate">Okhotsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Sea_plate" title="Philippine Sea plate">Philippine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotia_plate" title="Scotia plate">Scotia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_plate" title="Somali plate">Somali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunda_plate" title="Sunda plate">Sunda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yangtze_plate" title="Yangtze plate">Yangtze</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_tectonic_plates#Microplates" title="List of tectonic plates">Microplates</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adriatic_plate" title="Adriatic plate">Adriatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aegean_Sea_plate" title="Aegean Sea plate">Aegean Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatolian_sub-plate" title="Anatolian sub-plate">Anatolian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balmoral_Reef_plate" title="Balmoral Reef plate">Balmoral Reef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banda_Sea_plate" title="Banda Sea plate">Banda Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bird%27s_Head_plate" title="Bird's Head plate">Bird's Head</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capricorn_plate" title="Capricorn plate">Capricorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coiba_plate" title="Coiba plate">Coiba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conway_Reef_plate" title="Conway Reef plate">Conway Reef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Explorer_plate" title="Explorer plate">Explorer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Futuna_plate" title="Futuna plate">Futuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gal%C3%A1pagos_microplate" title="Galápagos microplate">Galápagos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gon%C3%A2ve_microplate" title="Gonâve microplate">Gonâve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorda_plate" title="Gorda plate">Gorda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenland_plate" title="Greenland plate">Greenland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halmahera_plate" title="Halmahera plate">Halmahera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iberian_plate" title="Iberian plate">Iberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_plateau" title="Iranian plateau">Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_de_Fuca_plate" title="Juan de Fuca plate">Juan de Fuca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Fern%C3%A1ndez_plate" title="Juan Fernández plate">Juan Fernández</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerguelen_Plateau" title="Kerguelen Plateau">Kerguelen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kermadec_plate" title="Kermadec plate">Kermadec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lwandle_plate" title="Lwandle plate">Lwandle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madagascar_plate" title="Madagascar plate">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malpelo_plate" title="Malpelo plate">Malpelo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manus_plate" title="Manus plate">Manus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maoke_plate" title="Maoke plate">Maoke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariana_plate" title="Mariana plate">Mariana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molucca_Sea_plate" title="Molucca Sea plate">Molucca Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niuafo%27ou_plate" title="Niuafo'ou plate">Niuafo’ou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Andes_plate" title="North Andes plate">North Andes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Bismarck_plate" title="North Bismarck plate">North Bismarck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Galapagos_microplate" title="North Galapagos microplate">North Galápagos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okinawa_plate" title="Okinawa plate">Okinawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panama_plate" title="Panama plate">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelso_plate" title="Pelso plate">Pelso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Mobile_Belt" title="Philippine Mobile Belt">Philippine Mobile Belt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rivera_plate" title="Rivera plate">Rivera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rovuma_plate" title="Rovuma plate">Rovuma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangihe_plate" title="Sangihe plate">Sangihe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seychelles_microcontinent" title="Seychelles microcontinent">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shetland_plate" title="Shetland plate">Shetland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Sea_plate" title="Solomon Sea plate">Solomon Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Bismarck_plate" title="South Bismarck plate">South Bismarck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Sandwich_plate" title="South Sandwich plate">South Sandwich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timor_plate" title="Timor plate">Timor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tisza_plate" title="Tisza plate">Tisza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonga_plate" title="Tonga plate">Tonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trobriand_plate" title="Trobriand plate">Trobriand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoria_microplate" title="Victoria microplate">Victoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodlark_plate" title="Woodlark plate">Woodlark</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_tectonic_plates#Ancient_tectonic_plates" title="List of tectonic plates">Ancient plates</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_plate" title="Baltic plate">Baltic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bellingshausen_plate" title="Bellingshausen plate">Bellingshausen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charcot_plate" title="Charcot plate">Charcot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cimmeria_(continent)" title="Cimmeria (continent)">Cimmeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farallon_plate" title="Farallon plate">Farallon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insular_plate" title="Insular plate">Insular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intermontane_plate" title="Intermontane plate">Intermontane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Izanagi_plate" title="Izanagi plate">Izanagi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kula_plate" title="Kula plate">Kula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lhasa_terrane" title="Lhasa terrane">Lhasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agulhas_Basin" title="Agulhas Basin">Malvinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moa_plate" title="Moa plate">Moa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenix_plate" title="Phoenix plate">Phoenix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kshiroda_plate" title="Kshiroda plate">Kshiroda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mid-ocean_ridge#List_of_mid-ocean_ridges" title="Mid-ocean ridge">Oceanic ridges</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aden_Ridge" title="Aden Ridge">Aden Ridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlsberg_Ridge" title="Carlsberg Ridge">Carlsberg Ridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Indian_Ridge" title="Central Indian Ridge">Central Indian Ridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chile_Ridge" title="Chile Ridge">Chile Ridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocos_Ridge" title="Cocos Ridge">Cocos Ridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Pacific_Rise" title="East Pacific Rise">East Pacific Rise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Explorer_Ridge" title="Explorer Ridge">Explorer Ridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gakkel_Ridge" title="Gakkel Ridge">Gakkel Ridge</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Geology">Galápagos Spreading Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorda_Ridge" title="Gorda Ridge">Gorda Ridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_de_Fuca_Ridge" title="Juan de Fuca Ridge">Juan de Fuca Ridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mid-Atlantic_Ridge" title="Mid-Atlantic Ridge">Mid-Atlantic Ridge</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Knipovich" title="Nikolai Knipovich">Knipovich Ridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolbeinsey_Ridge" title="Kolbeinsey Ridge">Kolbeinsey Ridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenland_Plain" title="Greenland Plain">Mohns Ridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mid-Atlantic_Ridge#Iceland" title="Mid-Atlantic Ridge">Reykjanes Ridge</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific%E2%80%93Antarctic_Ridge" title="Pacific–Antarctic Ridge">Pacific–Antarctic Ridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_American%E2%80%93Antarctic_Ridge" title="South American–Antarctic Ridge">South American–Antarctic Ridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Indian_Ridge" title="Southeast Indian Ridge">Southeast Indian Ridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwest_Indian_Ridge" title="Southwest Indian Ridge">Southwest Indian Ridge</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mid-ocean_ridge#List_of_ancient_oceanic_ridges" title="Mid-ocean ridge">Ancient oceanic ridges</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a 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mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Add topic</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-b766959bd-7n9v9","wgBackendResponseTime":145,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.579","walltime":"2.066","ppvisitednodes":{"value":13986,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":303250,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":13176,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":22,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":22,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":354798,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1742.255 1 -total"," 29.36% 511.462 2 Template:Reflist"," 13.81% 240.611 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