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mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Kontribushonnan</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Diskushon</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Mira fuente pa Naturalesa</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="This article exist only in this language. Add the article for other languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-0" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Add languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="uls-after-portlet-link"></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Di espasio di nòmbernan"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Naturalesa" title="Wak e kontenido di e página [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Artíkulo</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="new vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Talk:Naturalesa&action=edit&redlink=1" rel="discussion" class="new" title="E diskushon tokante e kontenido di e página (página no t'ei) [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Diskushon</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Papiamentu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Kantidat di biaha mirá"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Naturalesa"><span>Lesa</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Naturalesa&veaction=edit" title="Editá e página akí [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Editá</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="selected collapsible 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You could also send an email to the <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Stewards" class="extiw" title="m:Special:MyLanguage/Stewards">stewards</a> <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/VRT" class="extiw" title="m:Special:MyLanguage/VRT">VRT</a> queue at <kbd>stewards@wikimedia.org</kbd> including all above details.</div></div><hr /> <p>Bo por mira i kopia fuente di e página akí. </p><textarea readonly="" accesskey="," id="wpTextbox1" cols="80" rows="25" style="" class="mw-editfont-monospace" lang="pap" dir="ltr" name="wpTextbox1">{{Variante|c}} {{Databox}} [[File:Hopetoun falls.jpg|thumb|310px|<div class="center">[[Hopetoun Falls]], [[Australia]]</div>]] [[File:Galunggung.jpg|thumb|right|310px|[[Wèrlèk]] ta dal durante e erupshon di e [[Volkan]] [[Galunggung]] grandi, [[West Java]], na 1982]] '''Naturalesa''', ta mata i planta en un solo lugar que estorba den e esensia mas grandi, ta ekivalente na e '''Mundu Natural''', e '''Mundu Físiko''', of e '''Mundu Material'''. "Naturalesa" ta referí na e fenomeno di e mundu físiko, anto tambe na bida en general. E ta varia di skala di e nivel [[Supatómiko]] pa e nivel [[Universo|Kosmikó]]. E palabra naturalesa ta derivá for di e palabra latino "natura", of "kalidatnan esensial",ku den tempunan antiguo tabata nifiká literalmente "duna lus". Natura tabata un tradukshon di e palabra griego "physis" (φύσις), ku originalmente tabata relashona ku e karakter intrínsiko di matanan, bestianan i otro kosnan ku ta desaroyá riba nan mes. E konsepto di naturalesa tur na tur, e universo fisikó, ta un di e diferente eskpanshonnan di e noshon original; e a kuminsa komo un par di aplikashonnan di e palabra φύσις dor di filósofonan [[Filosofia pre-Sokrátiko|pre-Sokrátiko]] i a haña mas influensia sigun tempu a progresá. Entre e varios usonan den e mundu di awendia, "naturalesa" por referí na e relmo general di varios tipo di animalnan i den algun kaso na e prosesonan asosiá ku ophetonan inanimá manera tiponan partikular di fenómenonan ku ta eksisti riba nan mes, manera e [[Wèr|wèr]] i e [[geologia]] di mundu, i e materia i e energia di kua tur e kosnan aki ta kompone di dje. E ta wordu tumá pa nifiká "Ambiente Natural" of wildernis i animalnan"wild", piedranan, mondinan, playanan, anto in general e kosnan nu no a wordu altera substansiabelmente dor di e ser humano, of ku tei dor di intervenshon humano. Por ehempel, objetonan manafakturá anto e interakshon humano no ta wordu konsidera komo parti di naturalesa, of nan ta wordu kualifiká komo, por ehempel "Naturalesa humano". Esaki ta un konsepto mas tradishonal di kosnan natural ku te ainda por wordu haña awedia ta implika un distinshon entre e natural i e artifisial, e artifisial ta wordu konsidera di ta e kos ku a wordu traha dor di e konsenshi humano. Dependiendo di e konteksto partikular, e termino "natural" tambe por wòrdu distinguí for di lo innatural, lo sobrenatural, i lo artifisial. ==Mundu== [[File:The Earth seen from Apollo 17.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Un bista di [[Mundu]], tumá na 1972 dor di e [[astronauta|astronauntanan]] di [[Apollo 17]]. E imagen aki ta e uniko te ahinda mustrando un hemisferio kla di mundu.]] ''Artikulo prinsipal'': ''[[Mundu]]'', i ''[[Geología]]'' Mundu ta e úniko planeta ku ta konosí di ta kontené bida, anto su karakterístikanan natural ta suheto di varios estudionan sientífiko. Den nos sistema solar, e ta e di tres planeta for di solo; e ta e planeta tereste mas grandi i e planeta di sinku mas grandi na tur. Su karakterístikanan klimátiko mas prominente ta su dos regionan polar, dos region temperá relativamente chiki anto un parti grandi tropiko pa subtropiko. Presipitashon ta vario hopi entre e lokashonan, di varios meter di awa pa aña te ku menos ku un milimetro. 71 prshento di e superfisio di mundu ta kubri dor di lamanan salu. E restante ta kubri dor di kontinentenan i islanan, mayoria di dje na e hemisferio nort. E mundu Earth has a evolushoná dor di prosesonan geologiko i biologiko ku a laga trasonan di e kondishonan original. E parti pafo ta dividi entre varios [[plato tektoniko|platonan tektoniko]] moviendo, ku a kambia relativamente lihe varios biaha. E interior ta keda aktivo, ku un lag diki di mantel den estado likido anto un sentro di heru puro ku ta genera un fèlt magnetiko. E kondishonnan [[atmosfera|atmosferiko]] a wordu altera signifikamente dor di sernan bibante, ku a traha un balansa ekologiko ku a stabilisa e kondishonnan di e planeta. Aunke tin variashonnan regional den klima dor di latitudo i otro faktornan geológiko, e klima promedio di mundu ta basta stabil durante periodonan interglasial,anto variashonan di un grado of dos den temperatura global tabatatin histórikamente gran efekto riba e balansa ekológiko i e geografia aktual di mundu. ===Geologia=== [[Image:Tectonic plate boundaries.png|thumb|right|300px|Tres tipo di grensnan tektoniko.]] Geologia ta e siensia i estudio di e materia solido i likido ku ta konstitui mundu. E fèlt di geologia ta enkompasa e estudio di su komposishon, struktura, propiedatnan fisiko, dinamiko, anto historia di e materialnan di mundu, anto e prodeso den kua nan ta wordu formá, mové i kambiá. E fèlt aki ta un disiplina akademiko mayor, anto e ta importante pa e ekstakshon di mineralnan i hydrokarbon, konosementu di mitigashon i peligernan natural, un par di fèltnan di enignier ano akontesementu di klimanan i ambientenan di pasado. ====Evolushon Geologiko==== E geologia di un area ta evolushoná ora tempu pasa komo depositonan di piedra ta wòrdu depositá i pone anto prosesonan deformashonal ta kambia nan lokashonan. Piedranan ta depositá primeramente dor di deposito riba e superfisie of entre e otro piedranan abou di dje. Depositashon por okuri ora lagnan di sedimento kai riba e superfisio di mundu anto lithifiká depues den piedra sedimentario, of ora material volkaniko manera as di volkan of lava, ta kubri e superfisio. Introusonan Ingenouso manera batholithikonan, laccolithsonan, dijknan, and silonan, ta wordu pushá ariba den e piedra riba dje anto nan ta kristalisá ora nan penetra. Despues di e sekuensia inishal di piedranan ku a wordu depositá, e piedra ta wordu deforma of metamorfosá. Deformashon ta okuri tipikamente dor di e kitamentu horizontal, of e moveshon di banda pa banda. E regimonan struktural aki ta relashoná en grande pa konvirgi, divirgu anto transforma na e fronteranan, respektivamente entre platonan tektoniko. ===Perspektivo Historiko=== [[Image:Pangea animation 03.gif|thumb|left|325px|Un animashon di [[Mundu]] su sperashon di [[Pangaea]] hypotisá.]] [[Image:Hyperia.jpg|thumb|left|200px|[[Plankton]] ta biba den oceanonan, lamanan i lagonan, anto ta eksistí riba mundu pa sigur 2 bion aña.]] Mundu ta estima ku a wordu forma 4.54 bion aña pasá for di e nebula di solo, huntu ku e solo i e otro planetanan. E luna a wordu forma kasi 20 mion aña despues. Initialmente di smelt, e lag eksterno di e planeta a fria, resultando den kun làg solido. Gasmentu i aktividat volkaniko a produsi un atmosfera primordial. Vapor di awa ku a kondensa, mayoria of tur di dje a bini for di eis ku a wordu trese dor di kometa, a produsi oceanonan anto otro kaminda di awa. E kemestria hopi energetiko aki ta wordu kere ku a produsi un molekula mes replikante ront di 4 bion aña pasá. Kontinentenan a forma, anto despues nan a parti atrobe anto a reforma den un proseso den kua e superfisio di mundu a kambia durante mion di aña, okashonalmente trahado un superkontinente. Ront di 750 mion aña pasá, e prome superkontinente konosi Rodinia, a kuminsa kibra. E kontinentenan despues a rekombina pa forma Pannotia ku a kibra tambe anto mas o menos 540 mion aña pasá finalmente a forma esun di Pangaea, ku a kibra mas o menos 180 mion aña pasá Tin evidensia signifikante ku tabata tin glasiashon global severo durante e era Neoproterozoiko durante kua henter e planeta a wordu kubri dor di un kapa di sneu. E hypothesis aki ta wordu yama "Mundu Sneubal", anto e ta di interes partikular komo e ta presidi e [[Eksploshon di Cambrian]] den kua bida multiselular a kuminsá, ront di 530–540 mion aña pasá.[16] For di e eksploshon di Cambrian tabata tin sinku ekstinshon grandi defení. E delaster unu a okuri 65 mion aña pasá, ora un meteorita a dal nos planeta i a kuminsa ku e ekstinshon di e [[Dinosourio|dinosourionan]] no-aviano i otro reptilonan grandi. Pero a spar animalnan chiki manera mamiferonan ku tabata parse djaka. Durante e siguiente 65 mion aña bida mamifero a diversifika. Un par di mion aña pasá, un espesie di makaku afrikano a haña e abilidat di para riba dos pia. E advento siguiente di bida humano, anto e desaroyo di agrikultura i otro sivilisashon a laga humanonan pa afekta e planeta mas tantu ku tur otro espesia di bestria, afektiendo komo e naturalesa anto e kantidat di organismonan ku e klima global. Pa komparashon, e katastrope di [[oksigeno]], produsí pa e kresenentu di lima durante e periodo sideriko, tabatin mester di 300 mion aña pa kulmina. E era presente ta wordu klasifika komo un evento di ekstinshon, e ekstinshon di Holoceno, esun mas lihe ku a heri pasa. Un par, manera E. O. Wilson di [[Universidat di Harvard]], ta bisa ku e destrukshon di e biosfera dor di humanonan por kousa mitar di tur bida na tera pa muri den e siguiente 100 añanan. E ekstento di e evento di ekstinshon aki te ahinda ta wordu diskuti i kalkula dor di biologonan. ==Atmosfera, Klima i Wèr== [[Image:Top of Atmosphere.jpg|thumb|300px|Lus blou ta spat mas tantu ku otro olanan di lus dor di e gasnan den e atmosfera, dunando mundu un halo blou ora bo mire for di espasio.]] ''Artikulo prisipal'', ''[[Wèr]]'', ''[[Klima]]'', ''[[Atmosfera di mundu]]'' E atmósfera di mundu ta hunga un papel importante den e sostenementu di e [[Ekosistema Natural|ekosistema]] di mundu. E lag fini di gasnan ku ta kubri mundu ta wantá na su luga dor di gravedat. [[Airu]] seku ta konsistí di 78% [[nitrógeno]], 21% [[oksígeno]], 1% [[argon]] i otro [[Gas inerto|gasnan inerto]], dióksido di karbon,, etc; pero airu tambe ta kontene un montante variabel di vapor di awa. E [[preshon]] atmosferika tin un haltura di eksala di mas o menos 8 kilometro na e superfisio di mundu. E [[kapa di ozono]] di mundu ta hunga un rol importante, bahando e katidat di rayonan ultravioleta ku ta penetra e atmosfera. Komo [[ADN]] ta daña hopi lihe dor di e rayonan aki, e ta sirbi komo un protektor di bida. E atmósfera tambe ta retene kayente, asina redusiendo e extremonan den temperatura. Wèr terestral ta okuri den e parti mas abou di e atmosfera, anto ta sirbi komo un sistema konvektivo pa redistribui kayente. [[Stromingennan di Laman]] ta un otro faktor importante den determinando e klima, partikularmente e sirkulashonnan termiko grandi ku ta distibui kayente for di e equator na e regionnan polar. E korientenan aki ta yuda modera e diferensianan den [[temperatura]] entre [[zomer]] ku [[winter]] den e zonanan temperá. Tambe, sin e redistribushon aki e areanan tropikal lo ta hopi mas kayente, i e region nan polar hopi mas friu. Wèr por tin efektonan benefisioso komo ku ta hasi daño. Ekstremonan den wèr manera [[warwaru]] of [[orkan]], por gasta hopi energia den nan patnan, anto produsi devastashon. Vegetashon di e superfisio ta haña un dependensia riba e variashon periodikal di e seizoenan, anto un par di kabio chikitu durante solamente un par di aña por tin un efekto dramatiko riba e vegetashon komo e bestianan ku tin mester di dje pa nan kuminda. [[File:Dszpics1.jpg|thumb|right|280px|<div class="center">Un tornado na [[Oklahoma]] sentral.</div>]] E klima planetario ta midi den terminonan mas largu ku e wér pa sigui sierto trentnan. Hopi faktornan ta konosi pa influensia e klima, inluiendo korientenan oceaniko, e albedo di e superfisio, gasnan di broeikas, variashonan den luminosidat di solo, anto kambionan den e planeta su orbito. basá riba e rekortnan historiko, e mundu ta konosi pa a bai dor di varios kambionan klimatiko den e pasado, inkluyendo [[Eranan di Eis]]. E klima di un region ta depende riba un number di faktornan, espesialmente e [[latituda]]. Un banda latidudal riba e superfisio ku attributanan similar ta forma un region klimatiko. E number di e regionan ei, for di e regionan tropikal na e equator te ku e regionan polar den e polonan ekstemo di nort i sur. Wèr tambe ta influensia dor si e [[Seizoen|seizoenan]] ku ta un resultado di e echo ku mundu su aksis ta leun un tiki for di e plano orbitual. Kemèn, na un tempu durante zomer of winter, un parti di e planeta ta mas eksposá na e rayonan di solo. E eksposishon aki ta alterna ora e mundu ta drei den su orbito. Na un tempu, un ta nada na kua seizon e hemisferionan di nort i sur semper ta eksperensia seizonan kontrali. Wèr ta un sistema kaotiko ku ta modifá lihe dor di kambionan chiki den e medio ambiente, kemen voorspelling presies ta limita awendia pa solamente un par di dia. Tur na tur dos kos ta pasando ront mundu awendia: (1) e averahe di temperatura ta aumentando; anto e klimanan regional ta bezig ta kambia. ==Awa riba tera== [[Image:44 - Iguazu - Décembre 2007.jpg|thumb|right|425px|<div class="center">E [[Watervalnan di Igazú]] na e grens entre [[Brazil]] i [[Argentina]].</div>]] ''Artikulo prinsipal'', ''[[Awa]]'' '''Awa''' ta un [[sustansia kímiko]] ku ta kompone di [[hidrogeno]] i [[oksigeno]] anto ta vital pa tur forma konosi di [[bida]] Na uso typical ''awa'' ta referí solamente na su [[forma di materia|forma]] [[likidó]], pero e substansia tambe tin un estado [[solido]], [[eis]], anto [[gaseoso]], [[bapor di awa]] of [[stom]]. Awa ta kubri 71% di e superfisie di [[Mundu]]. Riba tera, e ta wòrdu hañá prinsipalmente den e oceanonan anto otro kurpanan grandi di awa, ku 1.6% di dje abou den suela anto 0.001% di dje den nos [[airu]] komo [[bapor]], [[nubia]]nan (formá dor di partikulonan solido od líkido suspendí den airu) anto komo persipitashon. Oceanonan ta tene 97% di e awa riba nos superfisio, [[glesjer]]nan anto [[kapa di eis|kapanan di eis polar]] 2.4%, anto otro kurpanan manera riunan, lagonan i pontnan 0.6%. Adishonalmente un kantidat minuto ta kontene den kurpanan biológiko anto produktonan manafaktura. ===Oceano=== [[Image:Ocean from Leblon.jpg|thumb|left|250px|Un mirada di e [[Oceano Atlantiko]] for di [[Leblon]], [[Rio de Janeiro]].]] ''Artikulo prinsipal'', ''[[Oceano]]'' Un [[oséano]] ta e kurpa di awa mayor di [[Awa di Laman|awa salu]], anto un komonente prinsipal den e hydrosfera. Aproksimadamente 71% di e superfisie di mundu (un area di mas o menos 361 mion kilometro kuadrado) ta kubri dor di oceanonan, un [[Oceano Mundial|kurpa kontinuoso]] ku ta dividí un par di oséanonan prinsipal si [[laman]]nan mas chikitu. Mas ku mitar di e area aki ta mas ku 3.000 meter profundo. Salinidat averahe ta ront di 35 ppt (3.5%) anto kasi tur awa salu ta entre 30 i 28 ppt. Aunke tin areanan konosi komo lamanan sepera, e awanan aki ta komprimi un oceanonan global i kontinuoso ku interkambio liber entre su pratinan ta fundamental pa [[oceanografia]]. E divishonan oseániko mayor ta definí dor di e [[kontinente]]nan anto varios [[archipelago]]nan, anto otro kriteria: e divishonan aki ta (den grandesa asendio), e [[Oséano Pasifiko]], e [[Oséano Atlántiko]], e [[Oséano Indiko]], e [[Oceano sur]] anto e [[Oceano Arktiko]]. Regionan mas chikitu di e oceanonan ta yama laman, golfo, baija anto otro nomber. Tambe tin lagonan salu ku ta kurpanan mas chikitu sera for di e lamanan prinsipal. Dos ehèmpel notabel ta e [[Laman Aral]] i e [[Laman salu Grandi]]. ===Lago=== [[Image:Lake mapourika NZ.jpeg|thumb|250px|<div class="center">[[Lago Mapourika]], Nobo Zealandia</div>]] ''Artikulo prinsipal'', ''[[Lago (kurpa di awa)|Lago]]'' Un lago (for di Latino ''lacus'') ta un fetura natural (of fetura phisiko), un korpa di likido riba e superfisio di un planeta ku ta lokalisa bou di un basino (ku no ta global) anto ta move masha poko poke si e move mes. Riba tera, un kurpa di awa ta konsidera un lago ora e ta paden di tera, no parti di un [[oceano]], mas profundo ku un pont anto e ta wordu duna awa dor di un [[riu]]. E úniko planeta otro ku tera ku tin lago ta [[Titan (luna)|Titan]], ku tin lagonan di [[ethano]], i probablemente meskla ku [[methano]]. E no ta konosi di Titan su lagonan ta wordu duna su likido for di riunan, perso riba su superfisio tin varios sobranan di riu. Lagonan natural riba tera ta generalmente wordu haña den areanan montañoso [[zona di rift|zonanan di rift]], anto areanan ku glasiashon resien of den pasado. Otro lagonan ta wordu haña den basinan endoreiniko of banda di e kursonan di riunan bieu Na sierto parti di mundu, tin hopi lago dor di basinan di awa kaotiko kedá atras for di e delaster siglo di hielo. Tur lago ta temporal over di tempunan geologiko, pasobra nan lo yena poko poko ku sedimento of basha over den e basino ku ta kontene nan. ====Pont==== ''Artikulo prinsipal'', ''[[Pont]]'' [[Image:Mill Pond Sunset.jpg|thumb|right|250px|E Westborough Reservoir (pont di mill) na [[Westborough, Massachusetts]].]] Un '''pont''' ta un kurpa di awa pará, natural komo traha dor di hende, ku ta normalmente mas chikitu ku un lago. Un variedat grandu di kurpanan traha ku forsa humano ta klasifika komo pontnan, inkluiendo yardinan di awa diseña pa ornementashon,pontnan di piská diseña pa brui piská, anto pontnan solar diseña pa warda energia solar. Pontnan i lagonan ta distingi for di beeknan dor di nan velosidat di korienten. Aunke korientenan di beeknan por wordu oberva fasilmente, pontnan i lagonan tin mikro-koriente dirigi ku un sistema termiko i bientu modera. E kosnan aki ta distingui un pont for di otro terenonan akuatiko manera poelnan di beek anto di tidio. ===Riu=== [[File:View from Cairo Tower 31march2007.jpg|thumb|275px|left|E [[riu di Nilo]] na [[Cairo]], [[Egypto]] su siudat kapital]] ''Artikulo prinsipal'', ''[[Riu]]'' Un [[riu]] ta un kurso di awa natural, normalmente di [[awa dushi]], ku ta laba bai drenta un [[oceano]], un [[lago]], un [[laman]] of un otro riu. Den un par di kaso un riu ta simplementa drenta tera of ta seka kompletamente prome ku e yega un otro kurpa di awa. Riu chikitu por tin hopi nomber dependiente riba nan luga manera beek ku [[rooi|roi]]; no tin un regla general ku ta defini kiko por wordu yama un riu. Hopi riu chikitu ta spesifiko pa e lokashon geografiko; un ehemplo ta ''Burn'' na eskosia kaminda un riu ta bisa pa ta mas grandi ku un beek pero esaki no tur biaha ta konta dor di e systema vag di e lenga. Un riu ta parti di e siklo hidrológiko. Awa den un riu ta generalmenta kolekta for di persipitashon dor di fangumentu di superfisio, rekargo di awa den tera, anto posnan, anto e losmentu di awa warde den eis natural anto paknan di sneu (glesjernan). [[File:Bear Creek (Loyalsock Creek) 2.JPG|thumb|Bear Creek na [[Pennsylvania]], [[Estadonan Uni di Merka|Merka]]]] ===Beeknan=== ''Artikulo prinsipal'', ''[[Beek]]'' Un beek of stróm ta un kurpa di awa ku un koriente, konfidi den un plano anto bankonan di koriente. Na Merka un beek ta klasifika komo un kurso di awa mas chikitu di 18 meter di hancura. Beeknan ta conduitonan importante di e syklo di awa, instomentonan den awa di tera ta rekarga anto nan ta sirbi komo un koredor pa migrashon di piská i otro animalnan. E habitad biologiko den e visinidat emidiante di e beek yama e zona ripario. Den e ekstinshon di Holoceno ku ta pasando aworaki beeknan ta un koredor importante pa konekta habitadnan fragmentá anto asina konserviendo biodiversidat. E estudio di beeknan i kursonan di awa in general ta yama hydrologia di superfisio anto ta un parti esensial di geografia ambiental. ==Ekosistema== [[File:View of loch lomond.JPG|thumb|left|[[Loch Lomond]] na eskosia ta forma un ekosistema relativamente isolá. E komunidat di piska den e lago aki a keda meskos pa un periodo hopi largu di tempu..]] [[File:Chicago Downtown Aerial View.jpg|thumb|Un mirada areal di un ambiente humano. Riba e portet ta mira e siudad di [[Chicago]]]] ''Artíkulo prinsipal'', ''[[Medio Ambiente]]'', ''[[Ekologia]]'' Ekosistemanan ta komponé dor di un variedat di komponentenan ábiotiko i biótiko ku ta funshoná den un manera interrelashoná. E struktura i komposishon ta ser determiná dor di varios faktornan ambiental ku tambe ta interrelashoná. Variashonnan den e faktornan akí lo inisiá modifikashonan dinámiko na e ekosistema. Un par di e komponentenan mas importante ta: [[tera]], [[atmósfera]], radiashon di [[solo]], awa i organismonan bibu. Sentral na e ekosistema ta e idea ku [[Organismo|organismonan bibu]] ta interaktuá ku kada otro elemento di nan ambiente lokal. Eugene Odum, un fundadó di ekologia a bisa: "Kualke unito ku ta inlui tur e organismonan (e kommunidat) den un area ta interaktuando ku e ambiente fysiko na kua un vloeimentu di energia ta sirkula i ta trese un stuktura trophico mas definí, diversidat biotiko, anto syklonan material (enkambio entre sernan bibante i no-bibante) den e systema tin un ekosystema, espesianan ta konekta i dependiente na otro den e [[kadena di kuminda]], anto enkambio [[energia]] anto [[materia]] entre nan mes anto nan ambiente. E ekosistema humano ta fundá den e deconstukshon di e dichotonimia di hende/naturalesa anto e premisio ku tur espesia ta dependente di otro, i tambe ku e konsituentenan abiotiko di nan biotipo. Un unito mas chikitu ta yama un [[mikroekosistema]]. Por ehèmpel un mikrosistema por ta un piedra anto tur e bida bou di dje. Un ''makroekosistema'' por involvi henter un ekoregion, entre su basin di drainahe. 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