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data-title="Xazir jangi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%AF_%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B2%D8%B1" title="جنگ خازر – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="جنگ خازر" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q27940416#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu 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href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Battle_of_Khazir&params=36.31_N_43.53_E_type:event_region:IQ-NI"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">36°19′N</span> <span class="longitude">43°32′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">36.31°N 43.53°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">36.31; 43.53</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-good-star" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Good_articles*" title="This is a good article. 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(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1034237262">.mw-parser-output .stack{box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .stack>div{margin:1px;overflow:hidden}@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-left{float:left;clear:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-right{float:right;clear:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-left{float:left;clear:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-right{float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-left{float:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-right{float:right;margin-left:1em}}</style><div class="stack mw-stack stack-clear-right"><div><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Battle of Khazir</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Fitna" title="Second Fitna">Second Muslim Civil War</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>6 August 686 CE</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location">Bar'ita (Bar'idta), along <a href="/wiki/Khazir_River" title="Khazir River">Khazir River</a></div><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Battle_of_Khazir&params=36.31_N_43.53_E_type:event_region:IQ-NI"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">36°19′N</span> <span class="longitude">43°32′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">36.31°N 43.53°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">36.31; 43.53</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> Pro-<a href="/wiki/Alids" title="Alids">Alid</a> victory</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad Caliphate</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> Pro-Alid forces of <a href="/wiki/Mukhtar_al-Thaqafi" title="Mukhtar al-Thaqafi">Mukhtar al-Thaqafi</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Ubayd_Allah_ibn_Ziyad" title="Ubayd Allah ibn Ziyad">Ubayd Allah ibn Ziyad</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Old English Text MT',serif"><b>†</b></span></a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Husayn_ibn_Numayr_al-Sakuni" title="Husayn ibn Numayr al-Sakuni">Husayn ibn Numayr al-Sakuni</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Old English Text MT',serif"><b>†</b></span></a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Humayd_ibn_Hurayth_al-Kalbi" class="mw-redirect" title="Humayd ibn Hurayth al-Kalbi">Humayd ibn Hurayth al-Kalbi</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Umayr_ibn_al-Hubab_al-Sulami" title="Umayr ibn al-Hubab al-Sulami">Umayr ibn al-Hubab al-Sulami</a> (defected) <br /> Shurahbil ibn Dhi'l Kala' al-Himyari <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Old English Text MT',serif"><b>†</b></span></a> <br /> Rabi'a ibn al-Mukhariq al-Ghanawi  <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Old English Text MT',serif"><b>†</b></span></a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_ibn_al-Ashtar" title="Ibrahim ibn al-Ashtar">Ibrahim ibn al-Ashtar</a> <br /> Tufayl ibn Laqit <br /> Sufyan ibn Yazid al-Azdi <br /> Ali ibn Malik al-Jushami <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Old English Text MT',serif"><b>†</b></span></a> <br /> Abd al-Rahman ibn Abd Allah al-Nakha'i</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Strength</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> ~60,000</td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> 13,000 or ~20,000</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Casualties and losses</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> Heavy</td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> Heavy</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="border-top:1px dotted #aaa;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Iraq_physical_map.svg/280px-Iraq_physical_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="280" height="285" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Iraq_physical_map.svg/420px-Iraq_physical_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Iraq_physical_map.svg/560px-Iraq_physical_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1238" data-file-height="1260" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:14.946%;left:48.857%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Battle of Khazir"><img alt="Battle of Khazir" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, 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class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Second_Fitna" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Second Fitna"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Second_Fitna" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Second Fitna"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Second_Fitna" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em"><a href="/wiki/Second_Fitna" title="Second Fitna">Second Fitna</a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>Pro-<a href="/wiki/Alid" class="mw-redirect" title="Alid">Alid</a> risings</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Karbala" title="Battle of Karbala">Karbala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ayn_al-Warda" title="Battle of Ayn al-Warda">Ayn al-Warda</a></li> <li>Revolt of <a href="/wiki/Al-Mukhtar" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Mukhtar">al-Mukhtar</a> (<a class="mw-selflink selflink">Khazir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Madhar_and_Harura" title="Battles of Madhar and Harura">Madhar & Harura</a>)</li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Zubayr%27s_revolt" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn al-Zubayr's revolt">Ibn al-Zubayr's Revolt</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_al-Harra" title="Battle of al-Harra">Al-Harra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Mecca_(683)" title="Siege of Mecca (683)">1st Mecca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Marj_Rahit_(684)" title="Battle of Marj Rahit (684)">Marj Rahit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Maskin" title="Battle of Maskin">Maskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Mecca_(692)" title="Siege of Mecca (692)">2nd Mecca</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div> <p>The <b>Battle of Khazir</b> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">يوم الخازر</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn"><i>Yawm Khāzir</i></i></span>) took place in August 686 near the <a href="/wiki/Khazir_River" title="Khazir River">Khazir River</a> in <a href="/wiki/Mosul" title="Mosul">Mosul</a>'s eastern environs, in modern-day <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>. The battle occurred during the <a href="/wiki/Second_Fitna" title="Second Fitna">Second Muslim Civil War</a> and was part of the larger struggle for control of Iraq between the <a href="/wiki/Bilad_al-Sham" title="Bilad al-Sham">Syria</a>-based <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad Caliphate</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Kufa" title="Kufa">Kufa</a>-based pro-<a href="/wiki/Alid" class="mw-redirect" title="Alid">Alid</a> forces of <a href="/wiki/Mukhtar_al-Thaqafi" title="Mukhtar al-Thaqafi">Mukhtar al-Thaqafi</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Abd_Allah_ibn_al-Zubayr#Revolt" title="Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr">Mecca-based caliphate</a> of <a href="/wiki/Abd_Allah_ibn_al-Zubayr" title="Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr">Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr</a>. It ended in a rout for the Umayyads and the expansion of Mukhtar's rule into the region of Mosul. </p><p>The Muslim civil war left the Umayyad realm restricted to <a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a> and its environs after most of their territories came under Ibn al-Zubayr's orbit. However, an Umayyad resurgence began with the accession of Caliph <a href="/wiki/Marwan_I" title="Marwan I">Marwan I</a>, who dispatched an army led by <a href="/wiki/Ubayd_Allah_ibn_Ziyad" title="Ubayd Allah ibn Ziyad">Ubayd Allah ibn Ziyad</a> to reconquer Iraq. This army's advance into Mosul precipitated the Battle of Khazir and its commander, Ubayd Allah, was an enemy of Mukhtar's pro-Alid partisans. Thus, Mukhtar quickly moved to halt the Umayyad advance, sending his Persian <i><a href="/wiki/Mawla" title="Mawla">mawālī</a></i>-dominated forces led by <a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_ibn_al-Ashtar" title="Ibrahim ibn al-Ashtar">Ibrahim ibn al-Ashtar</a> to confront the predominantly Syrian Arab army of the Umayyads. During the initial combat, part of Ibn al-Ashtar's forces were put to flight, but then regrouped under his command and charged against the Umayyad center. This resulted in heavy casualties on both sides and Ubayd Allah and several of his lieutenants were slain. The Umayyad commander <a href="/wiki/Umayr_ibn_al-Hubab_al-Sulami" title="Umayr ibn al-Hubab al-Sulami">Umayr ibn al-Hubab</a> and his <a href="/wiki/Banu_Sulaym" title="Banu Sulaym">Sulaymi</a> tribesmen deserted while the pro-Alids pursued the remaining Umayyad troops, scores of whom drowned in the Khazir River. </p><p>Khazir was a major setback for the Umayyads, who did not launch another invasion of Iraq until 691. However, Mukhtar's victory was short-lived as he was killed a year later when the <a href="/wiki/Abdullah_ibn_al-Zubayr" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdullah ibn al-Zubayr">Zubayrids</a> took over Kufa. Meanwhile, the <a href="/wiki/Qays-Yaman_rivalry" class="mw-redirect" title="Qays-Yaman rivalry">blood feud between the Qaysi and Yamani</a> tribal elements of the Umayyad Caliphate intensified due to Umayr's mid-battle defection and subsequent spearheading of attacks against the tribes of <a href="/wiki/Taghlib" title="Taghlib">Taghlib</a> and <a href="/wiki/Banu_Kalb" title="Banu Kalb">Kalb</a>. In these later battles, the Kalb were led by <a href="/wiki/Humayd_ibn_Hurayth_ibn_Bahdal" title="Humayd ibn Hurayth ibn Bahdal">Humayd ibn Hurayth al-Kalbi</a>, an Umayyad commander who survived Khazir. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Khazir&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad Caliphate</a> was shaken by the deaths of Caliph <a href="/wiki/Yazid_I" title="Yazid I">Yazid I</a> and his successor <a href="/wiki/Mu%27awiyah_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Mu'awiyah II">Mu'awiya II</a> in 683 and 684, respectively, amid the <a href="/wiki/Second_Fitna" title="Second Fitna">Second Muslim Civil War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy200477–78_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy200477–78-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the aftermath, they lost authority over <a href="/wiki/History_of_Iraq#Middle_Ages" title="History of Iraq">Iraq</a> (the part of <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a> south of <a href="/wiki/Tikrit" title="Tikrit">Tikrit</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFishbein199074,_note_283_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFishbein199074,_note_283-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) while the governors of northern <a href="/wiki/Bilad_al-Sham" title="Bilad al-Sham">Syria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jund_Filastin" title="Jund Filastin">Palestine</a> switched their allegiance to <a href="/wiki/Abd_Allah_ibn_al-Zubayr" title="Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr">Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr</a>, the anti-Umayyad claimant to the <a href="/wiki/Caliphate" title="Caliphate">caliphate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBosworth1993622_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBosworth1993622-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These and other defections restricted Umayyad rule to the region of <a href="/wiki/Jund_Dimashq" title="Jund Dimashq">Damascus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBosworth1993622_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBosworth1993622-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the Umayyad governor of Iraq, <a href="/wiki/Ubayd_Allah_ibn_Ziyad" title="Ubayd Allah ibn Ziyad">Ubayd Allah ibn Ziyad</a>, was forced out of his province, he left for Damascus to prop up Umayyad rule.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson2000a753_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2000a753-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result of his efforts and the consensus of loyalist <a href="/wiki/Arab" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab">Arab</a> tribes, later collectively known as the "Yaman", the Umayyad elder, <a href="/wiki/Marwan_I" title="Marwan I">Marwan ibn al-Hakam</a>, became caliph in June 684.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBosworth1993622_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBosworth1993622-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In August 684, the Umayyads and their tribal allies routed the pro-Zubayrid <a href="/wiki/Qays" title="Qays">Qaysi</a> tribes at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Marj_Rahit_(684)" title="Battle of Marj Rahit (684)">Battle of Marj Rahit</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBosworth1993622_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBosworth1993622-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Umayyad victory brought all of Syria under Marwan's authority,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBosworth1993622_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBosworth1993622-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but also led to the long-running <a href="/wiki/Qays%E2%80%93Yaman_rivalry" title="Qays–Yaman rivalry">feud between Qays and Yaman</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy200479_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy200479-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later, Marwan dispatched an army led by Ubayd Allah to wrest back Iraq.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBosworth1993622_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBosworth1993622-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWellhausen1927185_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWellhausen1927185-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Control of that region was split by a number of anti-Umayyad factions, including the partisans of <a href="/wiki/Mukhtar_al-Thaqafi" title="Mukhtar al-Thaqafi">Mukhtar al-Thaqafi</a>, other pro-<a href="/wiki/Alids" title="Alids">Alids</a> (supporters of Caliph <a href="/wiki/Ali" title="Ali">Ali</a> and his family) and Ibn al-Zubayr.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWellhausen1927185_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWellhausen1927185-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Marwan promised Ubayd Allah the governorship of all the territories that he conquered.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWellhausen1927185_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWellhausen1927185-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In early January 685, Ubayd Allah was mobilizing his troops at the <a href="/wiki/Euphrates_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Euphrates River">Euphrates River</a> town of <a href="/wiki/Manbij" title="Manbij">Jisr Manbij</a>. Around that time, his second-in-command, <a href="/wiki/Husayn_ibn_Numayr_al-Sakuni" title="Husayn ibn Numayr al-Sakuni">Husayn ibn Numayr al-Sakuni</a>, destroyed the Penitents, a pro-Alid band led by <a href="/wiki/Sulayman_ibn_Surad" title="Sulayman ibn Surad">Sulayman ibn Surad</a>, at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ayn_al-Warda" title="Battle of Ayn al-Warda">Battle of Ayn al-Warda</a> in modern-day <a href="/wiki/Ras_al-Ayn" title="Ras al-Ayn">Ras al-Ayn</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWellhausen1927185_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWellhausen1927185-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonner2010184_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonner2010184-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Marwan died in the spring of 685, while Ubayd Allah's army was camped at <a href="/wiki/Raqqa" title="Raqqa">Raqqa</a>, and Marwan's son <a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Malik_ibn_Marwan" title="Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan">Abd al-Malik</a> succeeded him as caliph.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBosworth1993622_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBosworth1993622-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the eighteen months following the Umayyad victory at Ayn al-Warda, Ubayd Allah's troops were bogged down by struggles with the Qaysi tribes of the <a href="/wiki/Al-Jazira_(caliphal_province)" title="Al-Jazira (caliphal province)">Jazira</a> (Upper Mesopotamia) led by the pro-Zubayrid <a href="/wiki/Zufar_ibn_al-Harith_al-Kilabi" title="Zufar ibn al-Harith al-Kilabi">Zufar ibn al-Harith al-Kilabi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWellhausen1927185_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWellhausen1927185-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonner2010184_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonner2010184-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the summer of 686, Ubayd Allah's troops advanced toward <a href="/wiki/Mosul" title="Mosul">Mosul</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWellhausen1927186_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWellhausen1927186-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> long controlled by a <a href="/wiki/Kufa" title="Kufa">Kufan</a> military elite,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson2000a37_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2000a37-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with the ultimate aim of conquering Iraq.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWellhausen1927186_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWellhausen1927186-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mukhtar, who in the weeks prior had seized Kufa from Ibn al-Zubayr's governor, rapidly organized and dispatched a force under his commander, <a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_ibn_al-Ashtar" title="Ibrahim ibn al-Ashtar">Ibrahim ibn al-Ashtar</a>, to confront the Umayyad army.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWellhausen1927186_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWellhausen1927186-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ubayd Allah defeated this force on 9–10 July 686.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWellhausen1927186_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWellhausen1927186-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meanwhile, <a href="/wiki/Mus%27ab_ibn_al-Zubayr" title="Mus'ab ibn al-Zubayr">Mus'ab ibn al-Zubayr</a> and the <i><a href="/wiki/Ashraf" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashraf">ashraf</a></i> (Arab tribal nobility) of Kufa used the absence of Mukhtar's forces as an opportunity to recapture Kufa.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonner2010184_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonner2010184-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The attempt failed as Mukhtar was able to recall his troops and defeat the pro-Zubayrid forces by the end of July.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonner2010184_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonner2010184-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With Kufa secured, Mukhtar again dispatched Ibn al-Ashtar to confront Ubayd Allah's army.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonner2010185_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonner2010185-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Combatants">Combatants</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Khazir&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Combatants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Umayyads">Umayyads</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Khazir&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Umayyads"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The ranks of Ubayd Allah's 60,000-strong army consisted of Arab tribesmen from Syria and as such was referred to in medieval sources as <i>jumū' ahl al-Shām</i> (host of the Syrians).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy200132_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy200132-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the time, according to one report cited by 9th-century historian <a href="/wiki/Al-Tabari" title="Al-Tabari">al-Tabari</a>, "[Caliph] Marwan's army was from <a href="/wiki/Banu_Kalb" title="Banu Kalb">Kalb</a> and their commander was <a href="/wiki/Humayd_ibn_Hurayth_ibn_Bahdal" title="Humayd ibn Hurayth ibn Bahdal">Ibn Bahdal</a>", while "the whole of Qays was in al-Jazira and were opponents of Marwan and the family of Marwan".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy200132_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy200132-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historian <a href="/wiki/Hugh_N._Kennedy" title="Hugh N. Kennedy">Hugh N. Kennedy</a> asserts that this "report is exaggerated" because Ubayd Allah recruited commanders from both Qays and Yaman (the latter were dominated by the Kalb), "but it does point to a general problem" regarding the effect of the Qaysi–Yamani rivalry on the Umayyad army.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy200133_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy200133-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alids">Alids</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Khazir&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Alids"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mukhtar's forces were smaller than Ubayd Allah's army,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFishbein199075_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFishbein199075-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but the morale of his men was high due to their victory in Kufa and their desire to avenge <a href="/wiki/Husayn_ibn_Ali" title="Husayn ibn Ali">Husayn ibn Ali</a> and Ibn Surad's Penitents, whose deaths were attributed to Ubayd Allah.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonner2010185_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonner2010185-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The report of the <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a> historian <a href="/wiki/Abu_Mikhnaf" title="Abu Mikhnaf">Abu Mikhnaf</a> (d. 774) has Ibn al-Ashtar's army as a well-organized, 20,000-strong cavalry force, while the account of the contemporary <a href="/wiki/Syriac_language" title="Syriac language">Syriac</a> historian <a href="/wiki/John_bar_Penkaye" title="John bar Penkaye">John bar Penkaye</a> describes this force as a rag-tag army of 13,000 foot soldiers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnthony2012282_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnthony2012282-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The foot soldiers were referred to as Mukhtar's <i><a href="/wiki/Shurta" title="Shurta">shurṭa</a></i> (select troops).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnthony2012282–283_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnthony2012282–283-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The army Mukhtar sent under Ibn al-Ashtar's command consisted largely of <i><a href="/wiki/Mawla" title="Mawla">mawālī</a></i> (sing. <i>mawlā</i>; non-Arab clients of Arab tribes).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZakeri1995206_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZakeri1995206-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ranks of the <i>mawālī</i> were dominated by the <a href="/wiki/Persian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian people">Persians</a> of Kufa led by <a href="/wiki/Abu_Amra_Kaysan" title="Abu Amra Kaysan">Abu Amra Kaysan</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZakeri1995206_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZakeri1995206-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the latter, a <i>mawlā</i> of a <a href="/wiki/Bajila" title="Bajila">Bajila</a> tribesman, either commanded the <i>shurṭa</i> or the <i><a href="/wiki/Al-Haras" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Haras">ḥaras</a></i> (personal guard) of Mukhtar.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnthony2012283_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnthony2012283-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The predominance of Persians in Mukhtar's army was noted by Umayyad defectors to Ibn al-Ashtar; they complained to have rarely heard a word of Arabic spoken by Mukhtar's soldiers, whom they viewed as unfit to confront the elite troops of the Umayyad army.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZakeri1995206_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZakeri1995206-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the 9th-century historian <a href="/wiki/Abu_Hanifa_Dinawari" title="Abu Hanifa Dinawari">al-Dinawari</a>, Ibn al-Ashtar responded that his troops were "the sons of noble warriors and chiefs of the Persians".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZakeri1995206_16-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZakeri1995206-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Arab cavalry also formed a significant part of Ibn al-Ashtar's forces and his lieutenant commanders were also Arabs.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZakeri1995206_16-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZakeri1995206-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnthony2012284_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnthony2012284-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Battle">Battle</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Khazir&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Battle"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Khazir_river_2010.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Khazir_river_2010.JPG/220px-Khazir_river_2010.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Khazir_river_2010.JPG/330px-Khazir_river_2010.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Khazir_river_2010.JPG/440px-Khazir_river_2010.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>The site of the battle was along the banks of the <a href="/wiki/Khazir_River" title="Khazir River">Khazir River</a> (<i>pictured in 2010</i>)</figcaption></figure> <p>In early August 686, the entire body of Ibn al-Ashtar's forces marched north toward the <a href="/wiki/Great_Zab" title="Great Zab">Zab River</a> to block the Umayyad army's advance into Iraq.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWellhausen1927186_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWellhausen1927186-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFishbein199074_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFishbein199074-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Without dividing his cavalry and infantry, Ibn al-Ashtar continued his northward march near the Umayyads' camp and drew in the forces of <a href="/wiki/Humayd_ibn_Hurayth_al-Kalbi" class="mw-redirect" title="Humayd ibn Hurayth al-Kalbi">Humayd ibn Hurayth al-Kalbi</a>, one of Ubayd Allah's commanders.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFishbein199074–75_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFishbein199074–75-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ibn al-Ashtar then dispatched his advance forces under Tufayl ibn Laqit<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to capture the village of Bar'ita, about 15 mi (24 km) east of Mosul, near the banks of the <a href="/wiki/Khazir_River" title="Khazir River">Khazir River</a>, a tributary of the Zab.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFishbein199075_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFishbein199075-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy200123_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy200123-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They encamped at Bar'ita while Ubayd Allah and his troops advanced and camped nearby.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFishbein199075_13-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFishbein199075-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That night, the commander of Ubayd Allah's left wing, <a href="/wiki/Umayr_ibn_al-Hubab_al-Sulami" title="Umayr ibn al-Hubab al-Sulami">Umayr ibn al-Hubab al-Sulami</a>, secretly met and defected to Ibn al-Ashtar, promising the latter that he and his Qaysi-dominated contingent would abandon Ubayd Allah mid-battle once Ibn al-Ashtar's forces attacked the Umayyad left wing.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFishbein199075_13-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFishbein199075-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Umayr then returned to the Umayyad camp, while Ibn al-Ashtar put his guards on alert for the remainder of the night.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFishbein199076_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFishbein199076-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At dawn, on 6 August, Ibn al-Ashtar mobilized his men and formed his battalions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy200123_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy200123-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFishbein199076_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFishbein199076-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He placed Sufyan ibn Yazid al-Azdi in command of the right wing, Ali ibn Malik al-Jushami in command of the left wing, his half-brother Abd al-Rahman ibn Abd Allah in charge of the cavalry, and Tufayl ibn Laqit in command of the foot soldiers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy200123_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy200123-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFishbein199076_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFishbein199076-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because the cavalry was so small, Ibn al-Ashtar kept them close to him in the right wing.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy200123_22-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy200123-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFishbein199076_23-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFishbein199076-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When his forces marched on foot to a hill overlooking the Umayyad camp,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy200123_22-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy200123-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ibn al-Ashtar sent one of his horsemen, Abd Allah ibn Zuhayr al-Saluli, to gather intelligence on Ubayd Allah's troops.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFishbein199076_23-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFishbein199076-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Al-Saluli exchanged words and insults with one of Ubayd Allah's soldiers and returned to Ibn al-Ashtar with news that the Umayyads were in "a state of confusion and dismay".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFishbein199076_23-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFishbein199076-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ibn al-Ashtar then reviewed his troops and rallied them to fight a <i><a href="/wiki/Jihad" title="Jihad">jihad</a></i> (holy war) against the "murderer of Husayn", i.e. Ubayd Allah.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy200124_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy200124-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFishbein199077–78_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFishbein199077–78-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When Ibn al-Ashtar returned to his position, he dismounted and the Umayyads advanced.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy200124_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy200124-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFishbein199078_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFishbein199078-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In command of the Umayyad right wing was Husayn ibn Numayr, in command of the left wing was Umayr ibn al-Hubab, while Shurahbil ibn Dhi'l Kala' al-Himyari led the cavalry.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFishbein199078_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFishbein199078-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ubayd Allah marched along with his foot soldiers. As the battle lines became closer, Husayn ibn Numayr's right wing assaulted al-Jushami's left wing. Al-Jushami fell, followed by his son Qurrah and their guards.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFishbein199078_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFishbein199078-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Consequently, Ibn al-Ashtar's left wing was driven back, but under Abd Allah ibn Warqa' al-Saluli they collected themselves and joined Ibn al-Ashtar's right wing.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFishbein199078–79_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFishbein199078–79-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Afterward, Ibn al-Ashtar directed the right wing under al-Azdi to assault the Umayyads' left wing in the hope that Umayr ibn al-Hubab would hold true to his promise and fall back as agreed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFishbein199079_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFishbein199079-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Umayr held his ground and fierce fighting ensued.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFishbein199079_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFishbein199079-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Once he saw that the Umayyads' left wing held firm, Ibn al-Ashtar changed tack and ordered his troops to attack the Umayyads' center, believing if he could disperse the core of the Umayyad army, the latter's right and left wings would likewise disperse.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFishbein199079_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFishbein199079-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ibn al-Ashtar took part in the assault and is said to have slain several Umayyad soldiers with his coterie of close companions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFishbein199080_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFishbein199080-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Amid the heavy clashes, numerous men on both sides were killed and the Umayyads were routed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy200132_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy200132-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFishbein199080_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFishbein199080-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Upon witnessing the rout, Umayr ibn al-Hubab communicated to Ibn al-Ashtar if he should defect to his camp;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFishbein199080_29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFishbein199080-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ibn al-Ashtar told him to hold off because he feared his men would harm Umayr amid their anger.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFishbein199080_29-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFishbein199080-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ubayd Allah was killed during the assault,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy200132_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy200132-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Ibn al-Ashtar is said to have slain him, "cut[ting] him in two, so that his feet had gone to the east and his arms to the west", according to the report of a certain Dahhak ibn Abdallah al-Mishraqi.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFishbein199080_29-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFishbein199080-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the same time, a Kufan soldier named <a href="/wiki/Sharik_ibn_Hudayr_al-Taghlibi" title="Sharik ibn Hudayr al-Taghlibi">Sharik ibn Hudayr al-Taghlibi</a> had attacked and killed Husayn ibn Numayr, mistaking the latter for Ubayd Allah.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy200132_11-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy200132-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFishbein199080–81_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFishbein199080–81-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shurahbil ibn Dhi'l Kala' was also killed, as was another of Ubayd Allah's lieutenants, Rabi'a ibn al-Mukhariq al-Ghanawi.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy200132_11-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy200132-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ibn al-Ashtar's troops seized the Umayyad camp and pursued their defeated army to the river.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFishbein199081_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFishbein199081-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More Umayyad troops drowned in the Khazir River than were slain in battle.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFishbein199080_29-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFishbein199080-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Khazir&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:First_Umayyad_gold_dinar,_Caliph_Abd_al-Malik,_695_CE.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/First_Umayyad_gold_dinar%2C_Caliph_Abd_al-Malik%2C_695_CE.jpg/220px-First_Umayyad_gold_dinar%2C_Caliph_Abd_al-Malik%2C_695_CE.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/First_Umayyad_gold_dinar%2C_Caliph_Abd_al-Malik%2C_695_CE.jpg/330px-First_Umayyad_gold_dinar%2C_Caliph_Abd_al-Malik%2C_695_CE.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/First_Umayyad_gold_dinar%2C_Caliph_Abd_al-Malik%2C_695_CE.jpg/440px-First_Umayyad_gold_dinar%2C_Caliph_Abd_al-Malik%2C_695_CE.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1173" data-file-height="1161" /></a><figcaption>The pro-<a href="/wiki/Alids" title="Alids">Alid</a> victory at Khazir delayed further attempted conquests of Iraq by the <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad</a> caliph <a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Malik_ibn_Marwan" title="Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan">Abd al-Malik</a> (<i>depicted in coin</i>) until 690/691</figcaption></figure> <p>Mukhtar and his supporters viewed Ubayd Allah's death as justice for his role in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Karbala" title="Battle of Karbala">killing of Husayn ibn Ali</a> at <a href="/wiki/Karbala" title="Karbala">Karbala</a> in 680.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHawting198753_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHawting198753-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result of the battle, Mukhtar gained control of Mosul and the surrounding region,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonner2010185_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonner2010185-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and he appointed Ibn al-Ashtar governor of Mosul.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnthony2012290_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnthony2012290-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Umayyad rout posed a major setback to Abd al-Malik's plans of establishing Umayyad authority over Iraq.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonner2010185_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonner2010185-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Qaysi–Yamani feud intensified in the aftermath of Khazir.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy200132_11-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy200132-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Qays of the Jazira, led by Zufar, gained confidence from the defeat of the Umayyad army, which was dominated by their Kalbi and <a href="/wiki/Kinda_(tribe)" title="Kinda (tribe)">Kindi</a> rivals.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWellhausen1927186_8-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWellhausen1927186-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their position was strengthened by the arrival of Umayr ibn al-Hubab and his <a href="/wiki/Banu_Sulaym" title="Banu Sulaym">Sulaymi</a> tribesmen.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWellhausen1927186_8-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWellhausen1927186-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The defection of Umayr and his men had contributed to the defeat of Ubayd Allah's army.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonner2010185_10-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonner2010185-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Kalbi chieftain and an Umayyad survivor of Khazir, Humayd ibn Hurayth, went on to lead the Kalb in the devastating <a href="/wiki/Qays-Yaman_rivalry#Ayyam_raids" class="mw-redirect" title="Qays-Yaman rivalry">tit-for-tat raids and battles</a> with Umayr and Zufar's Qaysi tribesmen in the years following Khazir.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWellhausen1927202–203_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWellhausen1927202–203-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Umayr's encroachments on the previously neutral <a href="/wiki/Taghlib" title="Taghlib">Taghlib</a> tribe drove the latter to join the Kalb, <a href="/wiki/Ghassanids" title="Ghassanids">Ghassan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Banu_Lakhm" title="Banu Lakhm">Lakhm</a> and the Kindi tribes of Sakun and Sakasik, as part of the Yamani faction; the opposing Qaysi tribes consisted of the <a href="/wiki/Banu_Kilab" title="Banu Kilab">Kilab</a>, <a href="/wiki/Banu_Uqayl" title="Banu Uqayl">Uqayl</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bahila" title="Bahila">Bahila</a> and Sulaym.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy200132_11-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy200132-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mukhtar's fortunes ended in early 687 when Mus'ab ibn al-Zubayr and the Kufan <i>ashraf</i> defeated Mukhtar's loyalists at the <a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Madhar_and_Harura" title="Battles of Madhar and Harura">battles of Madhar and Harura</a> and besieged Kufa.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonner2010185_10-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonner2010185-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mukhtar and 6,000 of his partisans were killed when the pro-Zubayrid army finally stormed the city in April 687.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonner2010185_10-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonner2010185-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ibn al-Ashtar had remained in Mosul with his troops and after Mukhtar's defeat defected to the Zubayrids.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnthony2012290–291_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnthony2012290–291-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although Ibn al-Zubayr had gained control of Iraq, he soon contended with <a href="/wiki/Kharijite" class="mw-redirect" title="Kharijite">Kharijite</a> revolts in the province and elsewhere.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonner2010185_10-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonner2010185-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Abd al-Malik desisted from further attempts to conquer Iraq following the debacle at Khazir, and instead focused on winning over disaffected tribal chieftains throughout the province.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy200133_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy200133-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was not until 690/91 that Abd al-Malik launched a major invasion of Iraq, personally leading an army whose command was largely staffed by the caliph's family, including <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Marwan" title="Muhammad ibn Marwan">Muhammad ibn Marwan</a> and Yazid I's sons <a href="/wiki/Khalid_ibn_Yazid" title="Khalid ibn Yazid">Khalid</a> and <a href="/wiki/Abd_Allah_ibn_Yazid" title="Abd Allah ibn Yazid">Abd Allah</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy200133_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy200133-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By then, many of Iraq's <i>ashraf</i> had accepted Umayyad sovereignty, and following the Umayyad victory at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Maskin" title="Battle of Maskin">Battle of Maskin</a>, in which both Mus'ab and Ibn al-Ashtar were slain, Umayyad rule in Iraq was reestablished.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy200133_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy200133-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Khazir&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tufayl ibn Laqit was a member of the Wahbil clan of the <a href="/wiki/Nukha_(tribe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nukha (tribe)">Nakha</a> tribe to which <a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_ibn_al-Ashtar" title="Ibrahim ibn al-Ashtar">Ibrahim ibn al-Ashtar</a> belonged. Tufayl is described as "a brave and valiant man" by the historian <a href="/wiki/Abu_Mikhnaf" title="Abu Mikhnaf">Abu Mikhnaf</a> (d. 774).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFishbein199075_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFishbein199075-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Khazir&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy200477–78-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy200477–78_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKennedy2004">Kennedy 2004</a>, pp. 77–78.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFishbein199074,_note_283-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFishbein199074,_note_283_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFishbein1990">Fishbein 1990</a>, p. 74, note 283.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBosworth1993622-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBosworth1993622_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBosworth1993622_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBosworth1993622_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBosworth1993622_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBosworth1993622_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBosworth1993622_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBosworth1993622_3-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBosworth1993">Bosworth 1993</a>, p. 622.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2000a753-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson2000a753_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRobinson2000a">Robinson 2000a</a>, p. 753.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy200479-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy200479_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKennedy2004">Kennedy 2004</a>, p. 79.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWellhausen1927185-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWellhausen1927185_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWellhausen1927185_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWellhausen1927185_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWellhausen1927185_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWellhausen1927185_6-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWellhausen1927">Wellhausen 1927</a>, p. 185.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonner2010184-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonner2010184_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonner2010184_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonner2010184_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonner2010184_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDonner2010">Donner 2010</a>, p. 184.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWellhausen1927186-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWellhausen1927186_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWellhausen1927186_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWellhausen1927186_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWellhausen1927186_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWellhausen1927186_8-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWellhausen1927186_8-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWellhausen1927186_8-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWellhausen1927">Wellhausen 1927</a>, p. 186.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2000a37-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson2000a37_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRobinson2000a">Robinson 2000a</a>, p. 37.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonner2010185-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonner2010185_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonner2010185_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonner2010185_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonner2010185_10-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonner2010185_10-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonner2010185_10-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonner2010185_10-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonner2010185_10-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDonner2010">Donner 2010</a>, p. 185.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy200132-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy200132_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy200132_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy200132_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy200132_11-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy200132_11-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy200132_11-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy200132_11-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy200132_11-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKennedy2001">Kennedy 2001</a>, p. 32.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy200133-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy200133_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy200133_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy200133_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy200133_12-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKennedy2001">Kennedy 2001</a>, p. 33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFishbein199075-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFishbein199075_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFishbein199075_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFishbein199075_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFishbein199075_13-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFishbein199075_13-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFishbein1990">Fishbein 1990</a>, p. 75.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnthony2012282-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnthony2012282_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAnthony2012">Anthony 2012</a>, p. 282.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnthony2012282–283-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnthony2012282–283_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAnthony2012">Anthony 2012</a>, pp. 282–283.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZakeri1995206-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZakeri1995206_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZakeri1995206_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZakeri1995206_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZakeri1995206_16-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZakeri1995206_16-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZakeri1995">Zakeri 1995</a>, p. 206.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnthony2012283-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnthony2012283_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAnthony2012">Anthony 2012</a>, p. 283.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnthony2012284-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnthony2012284_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAnthony2012">Anthony 2012</a>, p. 284.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFishbein199074-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFishbein199074_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFishbein1990">Fishbein 1990</a>, p. 74.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFishbein199074–75-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFishbein199074–75_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFishbein1990">Fishbein 1990</a>, pp. 74–75.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy200123-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy200123_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy200123_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy200123_22-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy200123_22-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy200123_22-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKennedy2001">Kennedy 2001</a>, p. 23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFishbein199076-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFishbein199076_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFishbein199076_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFishbein199076_23-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFishbein199076_23-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFishbein199076_23-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFishbein199076_23-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFishbein1990">Fishbein 1990</a>, p. 76.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy200124-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy200124_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy200124_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKennedy2001">Kennedy 2001</a>, p. 24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFishbein199077–78-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFishbein199077–78_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFishbein1990">Fishbein 1990</a>, pp. 77–78.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFishbein199078-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFishbein199078_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFishbein199078_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFishbein199078_26-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFishbein1990">Fishbein 1990</a>, p. 78.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFishbein199078–79-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFishbein199078–79_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFishbein1990">Fishbein 1990</a>, pp. 78–79.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFishbein199079-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFishbein199079_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFishbein199079_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFishbein199079_28-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFishbein1990">Fishbein 1990</a>, p. 79.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFishbein199080-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFishbein199080_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFishbein199080_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFishbein199080_29-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFishbein199080_29-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFishbein199080_29-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFishbein199080_29-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFishbein1990">Fishbein 1990</a>, p. 80.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFishbein199080–81-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFishbein199080–81_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFishbein1990">Fishbein 1990</a>, pp. 80–81.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFishbein199081-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFishbein199081_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFishbein1990">Fishbein 1990</a>, p. 81.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHawting198753-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHawting198753_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHawting1987">Hawting 1987</a>, p. 53.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnthony2012290-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnthony2012290_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAnthony2012">Anthony 2012</a>, p. 290.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWellhausen1927202–203-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWellhausen1927202–203_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWellhausen1927">Wellhausen 1927</a>, pp. 202–203.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnthony2012290–291-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnthony2012290–291_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAnthony2012">Anthony 2012</a>, pp. 290–291.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Khazir&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAnthony2012" class="citation book cs1">Anthony, Sean W. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yl1dJUUWZvIC"><i>The Caliph and the Heretic: Ibn Saba' and the Origins of Shi'ism</i></a>. Leiden: Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-20930-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-20930-5"><bdi>978-90-04-20930-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Caliph+and+the+Heretic%3A+Ibn+Saba%27+and+the+Origins+of+Shi%27ism&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-90-04-20930-5&rft.aulast=Anthony&rft.aufirst=Sean+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dyl1dJUUWZvIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Khazir" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBosworth1993" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Clifford_Edmund_Bosworth" title="Clifford Edmund Bosworth">Bosworth, C.E.</a> (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://referenceworks.brill.com/search?q=Marw%C4%81n+I+b.+al-%E1%B8%A4akam&source=%2Fdb%2Feieo">"Marwān I b. al-Ḥakam"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/C._E._Bosworth" class="mw-redirect" title="C. E. Bosworth">Bosworth, C. E.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Emeri_Johannes_van_Donzel" class="mw-redirect" title="Emeri Johannes van Donzel">van Donzel, E.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Wolfhart_Heinrichs" title="Wolfhart Heinrichs">Heinrichs, W. P.</a> & <a href="/wiki/Charles_Pellat" title="Charles Pellat">Pellat, Ch.</a> (eds.). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Encyclopaedia_of_Islam#2nd_edition,_EI2" class="mw-redirect" title="The Encyclopaedia of Islam">The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition</a>. </i>Volume VII:<i> Mif–Naz</i>. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 621–623. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-09419-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-09419-2"><bdi>978-90-04-09419-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Marw%C4%81n+I+b.+al-%E1%B8%A4akam&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopaedia+of+Islam%2C+Second+Edition.+Volume+VII%3A+Mif%E2%80%93Naz&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pages=621-623&rft.pub=E.+J.+Brill&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-90-04-09419-2&rft.aulast=Bosworth&rft.aufirst=C.E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Freferenceworks.brill.com%2Fsearch%3Fq%3DMarw%25C4%2581n%2BI%2Bb.%2Bal-%25E1%25B8%25A4akam%26source%3D%252Fdb%252Feieo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Khazir" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDonner2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Fred_Donner" title="Fred Donner">Donner, Fred M.</a> (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YM8RBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA185"><i>Muhammad and the Believers, at the Origins of Islam</i></a>. Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-05097-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-05097-6"><bdi>978-0-674-05097-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Muhammad+and+the+Believers%2C+at+the+Origins+of+Islam&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-674-05097-6&rft.aulast=Donner&rft.aufirst=Fred+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYM8RBAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA185&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Khazir" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFishbein1990" class="citation book cs1">Fishbein, Michael, ed. (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hS4m0l6OnyIC"><i>The History of al-Ṭabarī, Volume XXI: The Victory of the Marwānids, A.D. 685–693/A.H. 66–73</i></a>. SUNY Series in Near Eastern Studies. Albany, New York: State University of New York Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-0221-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-0221-4"><bdi>978-0-7914-0221-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+al-%E1%B9%ACabar%C4%AB%2C+Volume+XXI%3A+The+Victory+of+the+Marw%C4%81nids%2C+A.D.+685%E2%80%93693%2FA.H.+66%E2%80%9373&rft.place=Albany%2C+New+York&rft.series=SUNY+Series+in+Near+Eastern+Studies.&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-7914-0221-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhS4m0l6OnyIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Khazir" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHawting1987" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/G._R._Hawting" title="G. R. Hawting">Hawting, Gerald R.</a> (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tNiAAgAAQBAJ"><i>The First Dynasty of Islam: The Umayyad Caliphate AD 661–750</i></a> (First ed.). Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-809-31324-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-809-31324-3"><bdi>0-809-31324-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+First+Dynasty+of+Islam%3A+The+Umayyad+Caliphate+AD+661%E2%80%93750&rft.place=Carbondale&rft.edition=First&rft.pub=Southern+Illinois+University+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=0-809-31324-3&rft.aulast=Hawting&rft.aufirst=Gerald+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtNiAAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Khazir" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKennedy2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_N._Kennedy" title="Hugh N. 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London and New York: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-25093-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-25093-5"><bdi>0-415-25093-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Armies+of+the+Caliphs%3A+Military+and+Society+in+the+Early+Islamic+State&rft.place=London+and+New+York&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-415-25093-5&rft.aulast=Kennedy&rft.aufirst=Hugh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUIspERtZEHIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Khazir" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKennedy2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_N._Kennedy" title="Hugh N. Kennedy">Kennedy, Hugh</a> (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Wux0lWbxs1kC"><i>The Prophet and the Age of the Caliphates: The Islamic Near East from the 6th to the 11th Century</i></a> (Second ed.). Harlow: Longman. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-582-40525-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-582-40525-7"><bdi>978-0-582-40525-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Prophet+and+the+Age+of+the+Caliphates%3A+The+Islamic+Near+East+from+the+6th+to+the+11th+Century&rft.place=Harlow&rft.edition=Second&rft.pub=Longman&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-582-40525-7&rft.aulast=Kennedy&rft.aufirst=Hugh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWux0lWbxs1kC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Khazir" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobinson2000a" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Chase_F._Robinson" title="Chase F. Robinson">Robinson, Chase F.</a> (2000a). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iYlSHyDWUtQC&pg=PA36"><i>Empire and Elites after the Muslim Conquest: The Transformation of Northern Mesopotamia</i></a>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-78115-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-78115-9"><bdi>0-521-78115-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Empire+and+Elites+after+the+Muslim+Conquest%3A+The+Transformation+of+Northern+Mesopotamia&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-521-78115-9&rft.aulast=Robinson&rft.aufirst=Chase+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiYlSHyDWUtQC%26pg%3DPA36&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Khazir" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobinson2000" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Robinson, C. F. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://referenceworks.brill.com/search?q=%CA%BFUbayd+All%C4%81h+b.+Ziy%C4%81d&source=%2Fdb%2Feieo">"ʿUbayd Allāh b. Ziyād"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Peri_J._Bearman" class="mw-redirect" title="Peri J. Bearman">Bearman, P. J.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Thierry_Bianquis" title="Thierry Bianquis">Bianquis, Th.</a>; <a href="/wiki/C._E._Bosworth" class="mw-redirect" title="C. E. Bosworth">Bosworth, C. E.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Emeri_Johannes_van_Donzel" class="mw-redirect" title="Emeri Johannes van Donzel">van Donzel, E.</a> & <a href="/wiki/Wolfhart_Heinrichs" title="Wolfhart Heinrichs">Heinrichs, W. P.</a> (eds.). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Encyclopaedia_of_Islam#2nd_edition,_EI2" class="mw-redirect" title="The Encyclopaedia of Islam">The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition</a>. </i>Volume X:<i> T–U</i>. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 763–764. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-11211-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-11211-7"><bdi>978-90-04-11211-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%CA%BFUbayd+All%C4%81h+b.+Ziy%C4%81d&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopaedia+of+Islam%2C+Second+Edition.+Volume+X%3A+T%E2%80%93U&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pages=763-764&rft.pub=E.+J.+Brill&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-90-04-11211-7&rft.aulast=Robinson&rft.aufirst=C.+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Freferenceworks.brill.com%2Fsearch%3Fq%3D%25CA%25BFUbayd%2BAll%25C4%2581h%2Bb.%2BZiy%25C4%2581d%26source%3D%252Fdb%252Feieo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Khazir" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWellhausen1927" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Julius_Wellhausen" title="Julius Wellhausen">Wellhausen, Julius</a> (1927). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/arabkingdomandit029490mbp"><i>The Arab Kingdom and Its Fall</i></a>. Translated by Margaret Graham Weir. Calcutta: University of Calcutta. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/752790641">752790641</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Arab+Kingdom+and+Its+Fall&rft.place=Calcutta&rft.pub=University+of+Calcutta&rft.date=1927&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F752790641&rft.aulast=Wellhausen&rft.aufirst=Julius&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Farabkingdomandit029490mbp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Khazir" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZakeri1995" class="citation book cs1">Zakeri, Mohsen (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VfYnu5F20coC"><i>Sāsānid Soldiers in Early Muslim Society: The Origins of ʿAyyārān and Futuwwa</i></a>. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-447-03652-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-447-03652-8"><bdi>978-3-447-03652-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=S%C4%81s%C4%81nid+Soldiers+in+Early+Muslim+Society%3A+The+Origins+of+%CA%BFAyy%C4%81r%C4%81n+and+Futuwwa&rft.place=Wiesbaden&rft.pub=Otto+Harrassowitz&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-3-447-03652-8&rft.aulast=Zakeri&rft.aufirst=Mohsen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVfYnu5F20coC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Khazir" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Khazir&oldid=1259516364">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Khazir&oldid=1259516364</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:686" title="Category:686">686</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:680s_conflicts" title="Category:680s conflicts">680s conflicts</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:680s_in_the_Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Category:680s in the Umayyad Caliphate">680s in the Umayyad Caliphate</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Battles_involving_the_Alids" title="Category:Battles involving the Alids">Battles involving the Alids</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Battles_involving_the_Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Category:Battles involving the Umayyad Caliphate">Battles involving the Umayyad Caliphate</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Military_history_of_Mosul" title="Category:Military history of Mosul">Military history of Mosul</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Second_Fitna" title="Category:Second Fitna">Second Fitna</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_gadget_WikiMiniAtlas" title="Category:Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas">Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Good_articles" title="Category:Good articles">Good articles</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Coordinates_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Coordinates on Wikidata">Coordinates on Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Arabic-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Arabic-language text">Articles containing Arabic-language text</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 25 November 2024, at 16:27<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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