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It was originally a private [[English Baroque]] and then [[Neo-Palladian]] mansion owned by the [[Earl of Burlington|Earls of Burlington]]. It was significantly expanded in the mid-19th century after being purchased by the British government. Today, the [[Royal Academy]] and five [[learned societies]] occupy much of the building. ==History== The house was one of the earliest of a number of very large private residences built on the north side of [[Piccadilly]], previously a country lane, from the 1660s onwards. The first version was begun by [[John Denham (poet)|Sir John Denham]] in about 1664.<ref>Date in ''The John Madeski Fine Rooms: An Architectural Guide'' (Royal Academy of Arts).</ref> It was a red-brick double-pile hip-roofed mansion with a recessed centre, typical of the style of the time, or perhaps even a little old fashioned. Denham may have acted as his own architect, or he may have employed [[Hugh May]], who certainly became involved in the construction after the house was sold in an incomplete state in 1667 to [[Richard Boyle, 1st Earl of Burlington]], from whom it derives its name.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.asp?compid=41482 |title=Burlington House &#124; Survey of London: volumes 31 and 32 (pp. 390–429) |publisher=British-history.ac.uk |access-date=2013-03-26}}</ref> Burlington had the house completed, which was the largest structure on his land, the [[Burlington Estate]]. [[File:Burlington House 1698-99.jpg|thumb|left|250px|Burlington House from [[Jan Kip and Leonard Knyff]]'s ''Britannia Illustrata'', 1707]] In 1704, the house was passed on to ten-year-old [[Richard Boyle, 3rd Earl of Burlington]], who was to become the principal patron of the [[Neo-Palladian]] movement in England, and an architect in his own right. Around 1709, during Burlington's minority, Lady Juliana Boyle, the second Countess, commissioned [[James Gibbs]] to reconfigure the staircase and make exterior alterations to the house, including a quadrant Doric colonnade which was later praised by Sir [[William Chambers (architect)|William Chambers]] as "one of the finest pieces of architecture". The colonnade separated the house from increasingly urbanized Piccadilly with a ''[[cour d'honneur]]''. Inside, [[Baroque painting|Baroque]] decorative paintings in the entrance hall and a staircase by [[Sebastiano Ricci]] and [[Giovanni Antonio Pellegrini]] makes it one of the richest interiors in London.<ref>Pellegrini's decorations were removed by 1727 and survive at [[Narford Hall]], Norfolk; canvases from Ricci's screen are no longer ''in situ'' but remain at Burlington House (''The John Madeski Fine Rooms'').</ref> [[File:Burlington Housec. 1806-8.jpg|thumb|250px|One of [[James Gibbs]]'s colonnades at Burlington, functioned as wall to enclose the house from the street, in watercolour {{circa|1806}}–08. (later demolished)]] In between his two [[Grand Tour]]s of Italy (1714 and 1719), the 3rd Earl of Burlington's taste was transformed by the publication of [[Giacomo Leoni]]'s ''Palladio'', which made him develop a passion for [[Palladian architecture]]. In 1717 or 1718, the young Lord Burlington began making major modifications to Burlington House, and the supervision of the work was undertaken by Gibbs. Later, [[Colen Campbell]] was appointed to replace Gibbs, who was working in the Baroque style of [[Sir Christopher Wren]], to recast the work in a new manner on the old foundation. This was a key moment in the history of English architecture, as Campbell's work was in a strict Palladian style. The aesthetic preferences of Campbell and Burlington, soon joined by the aesthetic style of their close associate [[William Kent]] (who worked on interiors at Burlington House), were to provide the leading strain in English architecture and interior decoration for two generations. Campbell's work closely followed the form of the previous building and reused much of the structure, but the conventional front (south) façade was replaced with an austere two-storey composition, taking Palladio's [[Palazzo Porto|Palazzo Iseppo di Porti]] in Vicenza for a model<ref>"A fairly faithful transcript", according to [[James Lees-Milne]], ''The Earls of Creation'', 1962:99; Leoni had provided an engraving; Campbell had already used the scheme in a design dedicated to Lord Islay in his ''[[Vitruvius Britannicus]]''.</ref> but omitting sculpture and substituting a [[balustrade]] for the attic storey. The ground floor became a rusticated basement, which supported a monumental ''[[piano nobile]]'' of nine bays. This had no centrepiece but was highlighted by [[venetian window]]s in the projecting end bays, the first to be seen in England. Other alterations included a monumental screening gateway to Piccadilly and the reconstruction of most of the principal interiors, with typical Palladian features such as rich coved ceilings. The Saloon, constructed immediately after William Kent's return from Rome in December 1719, has survived in the most intact condition; it was the first Kentian interior designed in England. Its plaster [[putti]] above the pedimented doorcases were probably by [[Giovanni Battista Guelfi]].<ref name="The John Madeski Fine Rooms">''The John Madeski Fine Rooms''.</ref> [[File:Burlington House South Front edited.jpg|thumb|left|250px|Photograph of the original main block of Burlington House, before the addition of the top storey, the facade dated from 1725 and designed by [[Colen Campbell]].]] Lord Burlington transferred his architectural energies to [[Chiswick House]] after 1722. Upon Burlington's death in 1753, Burlington House was passed on to the [[Duke of Devonshire|Dukes of Devonshire]], but they had no need of it as they already owned [[Devonshire House]] just along Piccadilly. The fourth Duke's younger son [[George Cavendish, 1st Earl of Burlington|Lord George Cavendish]] and a Devonshire in-law, [[William Cavendish-Bentinck, 3rd Duke of Portland]], each used the house for at least two separate periods. Portland had some of the interiors altered by [[John Carr (architect)|John Carr]] in the 1770s. Eventually Lord George, who was a rich man in his own right due to having married an heiress, purchased the house from his nephew, [[William Cavendish, 6th Duke of Devonshire]], for £70,000 in 1815. Lord George employed [[Samuel Ware]] to shift the staircase to the centre and reshape the interiors to provide a suite of "Fine Rooms" ''[[en enfilade]]'', linking the new state dining room at the west end<ref>Now the General Assembly Room, it was originally a bedroom; its opening into the enfilade was blocked in 1885 by [[Richard Norman Shaw]], who centred the room on his new staircase; the enfilade has been reopened with the restoration of the "Fine Rooms".</ref> to the new ballroom at the east end. Like Carr's work, Ware's was sympathetic with the Palladian style of the house, providing an early example of the "Kent Revival",<ref name="The John Madeski Fine Rooms"/> a particularly English prefiguration of [[Baroque Revival architecture]]. In 1819, the [[Burlington Arcade]] was built along the western part of the grounds. In 1854, Burlington House was sold to the British government for £140,000, originally with the plan of demolishing the building and using the site to build the [[University of London]]. This plan, however, was abandoned in the face of strong opposition. In 1857, Burlington House was occupied by the scientifically focused, [[Royal Society]], the [[Linnean Society of London|Linnean Society]], and the [[Chemical Society]] (later the [[Royal Society of Chemistry]]). [[File:Burlington House ILN 1874.jpg|thumb|right|The façade of the original main block in the 1870s, showing additional storey and colonnade added as part of the expansion of the complex]] The [[Royal Academy of Arts]] took over the main block in 1867 on a 999-year lease, with rent of £1 per year. It was required to pay for its top-lit main art galleries, designed by [[Sidney Smirke]] on a part of the gardens to the north of the main range and its art school premises; Smirke also raised the central block with a third storey. The former east and west service wings on either side of the courtyard and the wall and gate to Piccadilly were replaced by much more voluminous wings by the partnership of [[Robert Richardson Banks]] and [[Charles Barry Jr.]],<ref>Charles Barry, Jr. was the son of the better-known [[Sir Charles Barry]], architect of the [[Houses of Parliament]].</ref> in an approximation of Campbell's style. These were completed in 1873, and the three societies moved into these. In 1874, they were joined by the [[Geological Society of London]], the [[Royal Astronomical Society]] and the [[Society of Antiquaries of London|Society of Antiquaries.]] [[File:Burlington House ILN 1873.jpg|thumb|left|The street façade of the Piccadilly wing]] This arrangement lasted until 1968, when the Royal Society moved to new premises in [[Carlton House Terrace]], and its apartments were split between the Royal Society of Chemistry and the [[British Academy]]. The British Academy also moved to Carlton House Terrace in 1998, and the Royal Society of Chemistry took over the rest of the east wing. In 2004, the Courtyard Societies went to court against the [[Office of the Deputy Prime Minister]] over the terms of their tenure of the apartments in Burlington House, which they have enjoyed rent-free.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/2004/jan/31/science.highereducation |title=Royal societies facing eviction in row over rent |last=Adam |first=David |date=31 January 2004 |website=The Guardian |access-date=27 October 2016}}</ref> The dispute was sent to mediation, after which the following statement was released: "The Office of the Deputy Prime Minister and the Learned Societies had a very constructive meeting on 16 March which envisages the continued presence of the Learned Societies at Burlington House. Discussions are continuing with a view to formalising the arrangement on a basis which is acceptable to all parties."{{citation needed|date=December 2014}} In August 2019, the [[Ministry of Housing, Communities and Local Government|MHCLG]] (the successor body to the Office of the Deputy Prime Minister) gave formal notice to the Courtyard Societies that by 2022 they would have to pay commercial rents for the premises at Burlington House.<ref>Trustees’ report and financial statements 2018, Royal Society of Chemistry</ref><ref>Council Minutes - February 2018, Royal Astronomical Society</ref><ref>'Piccadilly Circus', ''Private Eye'', 23 October 2020</ref> The imposition of higher rents on the Courtyard Societies who are reliant on charitable funds and membership income was set to bankrupt them unless they leave, effectively ending 150 years of joint intellectual effort and public scientific meetings at Burlington House.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022 |title=Leases and Rents: The Linnean Society at Burlington House |url=https://ca1-tls.edcdn.com/Lease-History-Linn-Soc-BH_web.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20220319203737/https://ca1-tls.edcdn.com/Lease-History-Linn-Soc-BH_web.pdf |archive-date=2022-03-19}}</ref> After several years of negotiations, the Courtyard Societies and MHCLG agreed a 999-year lease for the building in March 2024, with the Geological Society paying £5.5 million in instalments over 10 years for their share.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Successful conclusion of Burlington House lease negotiations |url=https://www.rsc.org/news-events/articles/2024/03-march/burlington-house-lease-agreement-government-dluhc/ |access-date=2024-03-09 |website=Royal Society of Chemistry |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Geological Society of London - Burlington House |url=https://www.geolsoc.org.uk/burlingtonhouse |access-date=2024-03-09 |website=www.geolsoc.org.uk}}</ref> [[File:Burlington House, Society of Antiquaries rooms, October 2021.jpg|thumb|280px|One of the rooms in the west wing used by the Society of Antiquaries]] [[File:Royal Academy of Arts, Burlington House, Piccadilly-geograph-2090231.jpg|thumb|280px|The courtyard of Burlington House]] [[File:Burlington House.jpg|thumb|280px|Sometimes the courtyard hosts temporary sculptures or exhibitions, such as this one in 2009]] ==Present occupants== Burlington House is most familiar to the general public as the venue for art exhibitions from the [[Royal Academy]]. The academy is housed in the main building at the northern end of the courtyard. Five [[learned societies]] occupy the two wings on the east and west sides of the courtyard and the Piccadilly wing at the southern end. Collectively known as the Courtyard Societies, these societies are as listed below: *[[Geological Society of London]] (Piccadilly/east wing) *[[Linnean Society of London]] (Piccadilly/west wing) *[[Royal Astronomical Society]] (west wing) *[[Society of Antiquaries of London]] (west wing) *[[Royal Society of Chemistry]] (east wing) Burlington House has been [[Listed building#England and Wales|listed Grade II*]] on the [[National Heritage List for England]] since February 1970.<ref name=NHLE>{{NHLE|num=1226676|desc=Royal Academy including Burlington House and galleries and Royal Academy School buildings|access-date=14 December 2017|mode=cs2}}</ref> ==Public access== The courtyard of Burlington House, known as the "Annenberg Courtyard",<ref name="AU">{{cite web|url=http://burlingtonhouse.org/about-us/|title=About Us|publisher=Burlington House|access-date=25 September 2014}}</ref> is open to the public during the day. It features a [[statue of Joshua Reynolds]] and fountains arranged in the pattern of the planets at the time of his birth.<ref name="AU" /> The Royal Academy's public art exhibitions are staged in nineteenth-century additions to the main block which are of little architectural interest. However, in 2004 the principal reception rooms on the ''piano nobile'' were opened to the public after restoration as the "[[John Madejski]] Fine Rooms". They contain many of the principal works in the academy's permanent collection, which predominantly features works by Royal Academicians and small temporary exhibitions drawn from the collection. The east, west and Piccadilly wings are occupied by the learned societies and are generally not open to the public unless for attending public lectures or academic exhibitions by appointment. ==See also== * [[Burlington Estate]] * [[6 Burlington Gardens]] ==References== {{Reflist}} *David Pearce, ''London's Mansions'' (1986). {{ISBN|0-7134-8702-X}}. ==External links== {{Commons category}} {{NIE Poster}} *[http://www.burlingtonhouse.org Burlington House – arts and sciences in the heart of London] – The Burlington House lectures represent a joint interdisciplinary initiative organised in conjunction with the Royal Academy and the five learned societies that occupy this historic building. *[http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.asp?compid=41482 Survey of London] – very detailed coverage of Burlington House from the government sponsored survey of London (1963). *[http://www.jennyuglow.com/# Article 'The Burlington Five' published in ''The Times'', 18 January 2004] {{Authority control}} 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