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Charles Kupperman - Wikipedia
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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">American government official (born 1950)</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Charles Kupperman</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Reagan_Contact_Sheet_C42578_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2a/Reagan_Contact_Sheet_C42578_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="69" height="106" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="69" data-file-height="106" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Kupperman in 1987</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">31st <a href="/wiki/Deputy_National_Security_Advisor_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Deputy National Security Advisor (United States)">United States Deputy National Security Advisor</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />January 11, 2019 – September 22, 2019</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mira_Ricardel" title="Mira Ricardel">Mira Ricardel</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Pottinger" title="Matthew Pottinger">Matthew Pottinger</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Acting <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Advisor_(United_States)" title="National Security Advisor (United States)">United States National Security Advisor</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />September 10, 2019 – September 18, 2019</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/John_R._Bolton" class="mw-redirect" title="John R. Bolton">John R. Bolton</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Robert_C._O%27Brien_(attorney)" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert C. O'Brien (attorney)">Robert O'Brien</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Charles Martin Kupperman</div><br /><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday">1950-11-09</span>) </span>November 9, 1950<span class="noprint ForceAgeToShow"> (age 74)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data">Judie Kupperman</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">3</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Purdue_University" title="Purdue University">Purdue University</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts" title="Bachelor of Arts">BA</a>)<br /><a href="/wiki/University_of_British_Columbia" title="University of British Columbia">University of British Columbia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Master_of_Arts" title="Master of Arts">MA</a>)<br /><a href="/wiki/University_of_Southern_California" title="University of Southern California">University of Southern California</a> (<a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Philosophy" title="Doctor of Philosophy">PhD</a>)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Charles Martin Kupperman</b><sup id="cite_ref-UBC_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UBC-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (born November 9, 1950) is a former <a href="/wiki/Deputy_National_Security_Advisor_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Deputy National Security Advisor (United States)">United States Deputy National Security Advisor</a> for President <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a>, a position he held from January to September 2019. He also was the acting <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Advisor_(United_States)" title="National Security Advisor (United States)">United States National Security Advisor</a> for eight days in September 2019 between <a href="/wiki/John_Bolton" title="John Bolton">John Bolton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Robert_C._O%27Brien_(attorney)" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert C. O'Brien (attorney)">Robert C. O'Brien</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_education">Early life and education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Kupperman&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kupperman graduated from <a href="/wiki/Waukegan_High_School" title="Waukegan High School">Waukegan High School</a> in 1968, where he played varsity baseball; his parents owned a paint factory in Waukegan.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kupperman earned a bachelor's degree in political science from <a href="/wiki/Purdue_University" title="Purdue University">Purdue University</a> in 1972. He received a master's degree in international relations from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_British_Columbia" title="University of British Columbia">University of British Columbia</a> in 1973.<sup id="cite_ref-Trump_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Trump-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Reagan_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reagan-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His master's thesis was entitled <i>Strategy, Technology and the Making of United States Strategic Doctrines 1945–1972</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-UBC_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UBC-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kupperman completed a doctorate in strategic studies at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Southern_California" title="University of Southern California">University of Southern California</a> in 1980.<sup id="cite_ref-Trump_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Trump-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Reagan_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reagan-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His doctoral thesis was entitled <i>The SALT II Debate</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and supervised by <a href="/wiki/William_Van_Cleave" title="William Van Cleave">William Van Cleave</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Career">Career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Kupperman&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Reagan_Contact_Sheet_C42578_(cropped3).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Reagan_Contact_Sheet_C42578_%28cropped3%29.jpg/220px-Reagan_Contact_Sheet_C42578_%28cropped3%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Reagan_Contact_Sheet_C42578_%28cropped3%29.jpg/330px-Reagan_Contact_Sheet_C42578_%28cropped3%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7d/Reagan_Contact_Sheet_C42578_%28cropped3%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="425" data-file-height="282" /></a><figcaption>Kupperman greeting <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President</a> <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> in 1987</figcaption></figure> <p>From 1978 to 1980, Kupperman was the senior defense analyst for the <a href="/wiki/Committee_on_the_Present_Danger" title="Committee on the Present Danger">Committee on the Present Danger</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1980, Kupperman was a foreign policy adviser to <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan_1980_presidential_campaign" title="Ronald Reagan 1980 presidential campaign">Ronald Reagan's presidential campaign</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After Reagan was elected, Kupperman joined the <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Ronald_Reagan" title="Presidency of Ronald Reagan">Reagan administration</a>. He was executive assistant to the acting administrator of the <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">National Aeronautics and Space Administration</a>, beginning in December 1985,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and then the Executive Director of the General Advisory Committee on Arms Control<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of the <a href="/wiki/Arms_Control_and_Disarmament_Agency" title="Arms Control and Disarmament Agency">U.S. Arms Control and Disarmament Agency</a>, before becoming the executive assistant to the director of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Office_of_Personnel_Management" title="United States Office of Personnel Management">Office of Personnel Management</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In July 1986 he became special assistant to the president and deputy director of the Office of Administration.<sup id="cite_ref-Reagan_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reagan-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1991, Kupperman became the president and chief executive of Xsirius Superconductivity,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a small <a href="/wiki/Arlington_County,_Virginia" title="Arlington County, Virginia">Arlington, Virginia</a> company developing commercial applications for high-temperature <a href="/wiki/Superconductivity" title="Superconductivity">superconductivity</a> technology.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kupperman also worked at two defense contractors, <a href="/wiki/Lockheed_Martin" title="Lockheed Martin">Lockheed Martin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Boeing" title="Boeing">Boeing</a>; he was the vice president for business development for missile defense systems for Boeing and the vice president of Washington Space Operations for Lockheed Martin Corporation. He retired from Boeing in July 2006, after six years.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From 2001 to 2010, Kupperman was on the board of directors for the <a href="/wiki/Center_for_Security_Policy" title="Center for Security Policy">Center for Security Policy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-appointee_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-appointee-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In late 2014, he was the treasurer of the Bolton for New Hampshire PAC.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In April 2018, after Bolton was chosen to be the national security advisor, Kupperman took a temporary leadership post on the <a href="/wiki/United_States_National_Security_Council" title="United States National Security Council">National Security Council</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In January 2019, he became the deputy national security advisor,<sup id="cite_ref-Trump_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Trump-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> replacing <a href="/wiki/Mira_Ricardel" title="Mira Ricardel">Mira Ricardel</a>, who had left that position in mid-November 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Trump_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Trump-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On September 10, 2019, when <a href="/wiki/John_R._Bolton" class="mw-redirect" title="John R. Bolton">John Bolton</a> departed from his position of <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Advisor_(United_States)" title="National Security Advisor (United States)">United States national security advisor</a>, Kupperman was made acting United States national security advisor.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Council_on_American_Islamic_Relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Council on American Islamic Relations">Council on American Islamic Relations</a> said that it was "appalled" by Kupperman's appointment because of the Center for Security Policy's record of anti-Islam statements.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With the appointment of <a href="/wiki/Robert_C._O%27Brien_(attorney)" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert C. O'Brien (attorney)">Robert O'Brien</a> on September 18, he was removed as acting national security advisor; he was replaced as deputy national security advisor four days later, on September 22, with <a href="/wiki/Matt_Pottinger" class="mw-redirect" title="Matt Pottinger">Matt Pottinger</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Trump-Ukraine_scandal">Trump-Ukraine scandal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Kupperman&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Trump-Ukraine scandal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Trump%E2%80%93Ukraine_scandal" title="Trump–Ukraine scandal">Trump–Ukraine scandal</a></div> <p>Kupperman was on the July 25 call when President Trump allegedly pressured <a href="/wiki/Volodymyr_Zelensky" class="mw-redirect" title="Volodymyr Zelensky">Ukrainian President Zelensky</a> to investigate the Bidens.<sup id="cite_ref-Mary_Kay_Mallonee,_Adam_Levine_and_Caroline_Kelly_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mary_Kay_Mallonee,_Adam_Levine_and_Caroline_Kelly-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kupperman was scheduled to testify on October 28, 2019, before three House committees handling the <a href="/wiki/Impeachment_inquiry_against_Donald_Trump" class="mw-redirect" title="Impeachment inquiry against Donald Trump">impeachment inquiry against Donald Trump</a> with respect to the <a href="/wiki/Trump%E2%80%93Ukraine_scandal" title="Trump–Ukraine scandal">Trump-Ukraine scandal</a>. The Trump administration, through White House counsel <a href="/wiki/Pat_Cipollone" title="Pat Cipollone">Pat Cipollone</a>, directed Kupperman in writing not to comply with the House subpoena claiming "constitutional immunity" would protect him.<sup id="cite_ref-Mary_Kay_Mallonee,_Adam_Levine_and_Caroline_Kelly_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mary_Kay_Mallonee,_Adam_Levine_and_Caroline_Kelly-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Subsequently, Kupperman filed a lawsuit asking a federal judge to decide whether or not he must comply with the House subpoena or the Trump Administration's request to not testify. Kupperman's lawyer argued that he is faced with "irreconcilable commands" between the <a href="/wiki/Legislative_branch" class="mw-redirect" title="Legislative branch">legislative</a> and <a href="/wiki/Executive_(government)" title="Executive (government)">executive</a> branches of government which can only be decided by the <a href="/wiki/Judicial_branch" class="mw-redirect" title="Judicial branch">judicial</a> branch.<sup id="cite_ref-Mary_Kay_Mallonee,_Adam_Levine_and_Caroline_Kelly_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mary_Kay_Mallonee,_Adam_Levine_and_Caroline_Kelly-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to the withdrawal of the House subpoena, on December 30, 2019, Judge <a href="/wiki/Richard_J._Leon" title="Richard J. Leon">Richard J. Leon</a> dismissed <i>Charles M. Kupperman v United States House of Representatives, et al.</i>, over the plaintiff's objections that he was still exposed to contempt, arrest, and fines from reissued subpoenas even though the House's lawyers had made promises not to do so.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Kupperman&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Personal life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kupperman is Jewish.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His wife Judie also graduated from Waukegan Township High School.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He and his wife have three children.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Kupperman&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-UBC-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-UBC_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UBC_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://open.library.ubc.ca/media/download/pdf/831/1.0101490/1/1536">"Strategy, Technology and the Making of United States Strategic Doctrines 1945–1972"</a>. <i>Ubc.ca</i>. September 1973<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 3,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ubc.ca&rft.atitle=Strategy%2C+Technology+and+the+Making+of+United+States+Strategic+Doctrines+1945%E2%80%931972&rft.date=1973-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopen.library.ubc.ca%2Fmedia%2Fdownload%2Fpdf%2F831%2F1.0101490%2F1%2F1536&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Kupperman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColeman2019" class="citation web cs1">Coleman, Emily K. (September 11, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chicagotribune.com/suburbs/lake-county-news-sun/ct-lns-kupperman-from-waukegan-st-0912-20190911-occuukqiubcn5m5gnmgytuehyy-story.html">"Waukegan High School classmates recall Trump's new interim national security adviser as 'very smart guy' with open ambition"</a>. <i>chicagotribune.com</i>. Lake County News-Sun<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 12,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=chicagotribune.com&rft.atitle=Waukegan+High+School+classmates+recall+Trump%27s+new+interim+national+security+adviser+as+%27very+smart+guy%27+with+open+ambition&rft.date=2019-09-11&rft.aulast=Coleman&rft.aufirst=Emily+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chicagotribune.com%2Fsuburbs%2Flake-county-news-sun%2Fct-lns-kupperman-from-waukegan-st-0912-20190911-occuukqiubcn5m5gnmgytuehyy-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Kupperman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Trump-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Trump_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Trump_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Trump_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Trump_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trumpwhitehouse.archives.gov/briefings-statements/white-house-national-security-advisor-announces-senior-staff-appointment-2/">"White House National Security Advisor Announces Senior Staff Appointment"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Whitehouse.gov" title="Whitehouse.gov">whitehouse.gov</a></i>. January 11, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 11,</span> 2019</span> – via <a href="/wiki/NARA" class="mw-redirect" title="NARA">National Archives</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=whitehouse.gov&rft.atitle=White+House+National+Security+Advisor+Announces+Senior+Staff+Appointment&rft.date=2019-01-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftrumpwhitehouse.archives.gov%2Fbriefings-statements%2Fwhite-house-national-security-advisor-announces-senior-staff-appointment-2%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Kupperman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Reagan-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Reagan_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Reagan_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Reagan_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reaganlibrary.gov/research/speeches/073186b">"Appointment of Charles M. Kupperman as Special Assistant to the President and Deputy Director of the Office of Administration"</a>. <i>Reaganlibrary.gov</i>. July 31, 1986<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 27,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=Impeachment+witness+asks+federal+judge+to+decide+if+he+is+obliged+to+testify&rft.date=2019-10-26&rft.au=Mary+Kay+Mallonee%2C+Adam+Levine+and+Caroline+Kelly&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2019%2F10%2F25%2Fpolitics%2Fimpeachment-witness-house-investigators-lawsuit%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Kupperman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWagtendonk2019" class="citation web cs1">Wagtendonk, Anya van (October 26, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vox.com/policy-and-politics/2019/10/26/20933547/trump-impeachment-inquiry-testimonies-constitutional-immunity">"Trump's latest attempt to block impeachment inquiry testimonies faces a key court battle"</a>. <i>Vox</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 27,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Vox&rft.atitle=Trump%27s+latest+attempt+to+block+impeachment+inquiry+testimonies+faces+a+key+court+battle&rft.date=2019-10-26&rft.aulast=Wagtendonk&rft.aufirst=Anya+van&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vox.com%2Fpolicy-and-politics%2F2019%2F10%2F26%2F20933547%2Ftrump-impeachment-inquiry-testimonies-constitutional-immunity&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Kupperman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Savage, Charlie. (December 30, 2019). "Judge Dismisses Lawsuit by Ex-Trump Aide Subpoenaed in Impeachment Inquiry". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2019/12/30/us/kupperman-lawsuit-dismissed.html">NY Times website</a> Retrieved February 7, 2020.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tucker, Eric. (December 30, 2019). "Judge dismisses impeachment suit from ex-White House aide". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apnews.com/9f297f831a4e1769e8e9448123e882ec">AP News website</a> Retrieved February 7, 2020.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">United States District Court for the District of Columbia. (December 30, 2019). Memorandum Opinion. Case 1:19-cv-03224-RJL. <i>Charles M. Kupperman v. United States House of Representatives et. al.</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://static.politico.com/7a/03/7ca36c734158b8e8b6af7bd77551/kupperman-ruling.pdf">Politico website</a> Retrieved February 7, 2020.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jta.org/1980/04/21/archive/reagan-names-11-jews-among-his-68-foreign-policy-and-defense-advisors">"Reagan Names 11 Jews Among His 68 Foreign Policy and Defense Advisors"</a>. <i>Jewish Telegraphic Agency</i>. April 21, 1980<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 10,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jewish+Telegraphic+Agency&rft.atitle=Reagan+Names+11+Jews+Among+His+68+Foreign+Policy+and+Defense+Advisors&rft.date=1980-04-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jta.org%2F1980%2F04%2F21%2Farchive%2Freagan-names-11-jews-among-his-68-foreign-policy-and-defense-advisors&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Kupperman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jns.org/kupperman-boltons-acting-replacement-is-jewish-worked-under-reagan/">"Kupperman, Bolton's acting replacement, is Jewish, worked under Reagan"</a>. <i>Jewish Telegraphic Agency</i>. September 11, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 11,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jewish+Telegraphic+Agency&rft.atitle=Kupperman%2C+Bolton%27s+acting+replacement%2C+is+Jewish%2C+worked+under+Reagan&rft.date=2019-09-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jns.org%2Fkupperman-boltons-acting-replacement-is-jewish-worked-under-reagan%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Kupperman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Kupperman&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Charles_Kupperman" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Charles Kupperman">Charles Kupperman</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/John_R._Bolton" class="mw-redirect" title="John R. Bolton">John R. Bolton</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Advisor_(United_States)" title="National Security Advisor (United States)">National Security Advisor</a><br />Acting </b><br />2019 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Robert_C._O%27Brien_(attorney)" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert C. O'Brien (attorney)">Robert O'Brien</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:NSAA" title="Template:NSAA"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:NSAA" title="Template talk:NSAA"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:NSAA" title="Special:EditPage/Template:NSAA"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Assistants_to_the_president_for_national_security_affairs" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/National_Security_Advisor_(United_States)" title="National Security Advisor (United States)">Assistants to the president for national security affairs</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Cutler" title="Robert Cutler">Cutler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dillon_Anderson" title="Dillon Anderson">Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Harding_Jackson" title="William Harding Jackson">Jackson</a> (acting)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Cutler" title="Robert Cutler">Cutler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Gray_(politician)" title="Gordon Gray (politician)">Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McGeorge_Bundy" title="McGeorge Bundy">Bundy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walt_Rostow" title="Walt Rostow">Rostow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Kissinger" title="Henry Kissinger">Kissinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brent_Scowcroft" title="Brent Scowcroft">Scowcroft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zbigniew_Brzezinski" title="Zbigniew Brzezinski">Brzezinski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_V._Allen" title="Richard V. Allen">Allen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_W._Nance" title="James W. Nance">Nance</a> (acting)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_P._Clark_Jr." title="William P. Clark Jr.">Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_McFarlane_(American_politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert McFarlane (American politician)">McFarlane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Poindexter" title="John Poindexter">Poindexter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Carlucci" title="Frank Carlucci">Carlucci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colin_Powell" title="Colin Powell">Powell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brent_Scowcroft" title="Brent Scowcroft">Scowcroft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Lake" title="Anthony Lake">Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandy_Berger" title="Sandy Berger">Berger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Condoleezza_Rice" title="Condoleezza Rice">C. Rice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Hadley" title="Stephen Hadley">Hadley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_L._Jones" title="James L. Jones">Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_E._Donilon" title="Thomas E. Donilon">Donilon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_Rice" title="Susan Rice">S. Rice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Flynn" title="Michael Flynn">Flynn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keith_Kellogg" title="Keith Kellogg">Kellogg</a> (acting)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._R._McMaster" title="H. R. McMaster">McMaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bolton" title="John Bolton">Bolton</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kupperman</a> (acting)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_C._O%27Brien" title="Robert C. O'Brien">O'Brien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jake_Sullivan" title="Jake Sullivan">Sullivan</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:US-WhiteHouse-Logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="White House Logo"><img alt="White House Logo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/US-WhiteHouse-Logo.svg/75px-US-WhiteHouse-Logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="52" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/US-WhiteHouse-Logo.svg/113px-US-WhiteHouse-Logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/US-WhiteHouse-Logo.svg/150px-US-WhiteHouse-Logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="83" data-file-height="58" /></a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60671620#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60671620#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60671620#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000029582068">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/65589042">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJcR6qPyhvyw6x6My8hJXd">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n88644674">United States</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <!-- NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐f69cdc8f6‐67nx9 Cached time: 20241122154409 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.789 seconds Real time usage: 0.997 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 9824/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 75197/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 5536/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 17/100 Expensive parser function count: 3/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 106009/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.454/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 8303975/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 --> <!-- Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 916.967 1 -total 31.12% 285.329 1 Template:Infobox_officeholder 29.16% 267.392 1 Template:Reflist 18.94% 173.696 14 Template:Cite_web 16.61% 152.340 17 Template:Infobox_officeholder/office 10.62% 97.427 1 Template:Short_description 9.59% 87.963 1 Template:NSAA 9.15% 83.862 1 Template:Navbox 6.42% 58.893 2 Template:Pagetype 5.33% 48.838 9 Template:Main_other --> <!-- Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:59701275-0!canonical and timestamp 20241122154409 and revision id 1249941956. 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