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Marshall – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="James C. Marshall" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_C._Marshall" title="James C. Marshall – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="James C. Marshall" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BC%D1%81_%D0%9A._%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB" title="Джеймс К. Маршалл – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Джеймс К. 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background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><div style="display:inline-block" class="fn">James Creel Marshall</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa;; line-height: 1.5em"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:James_C._Marshall.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Head and shoulders of man in military uniform" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/James_C._Marshall.jpg/220px-James_C._Marshall.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="281" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/James_C._Marshall.jpg/330px-James_C._Marshall.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/James_C._Marshall.jpg/440px-James_C._Marshall.jpg 2x" data-file-width="469" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1897-10-15</span>)</span>15 October 1897<br /><a href="/wiki/Plattsburg,_Missouri" title="Plattsburg, Missouri">Plattsburg, Missouri</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">19 July 1977<span style="display:none">(1977-07-19)</span> (aged 79)<br /><a href="/wiki/Syracuse,_New_York" title="Syracuse, New York">Syracuse, New York</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Place of burial</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="label"><a href="/wiki/West_Point_Cemetery" title="West Point Cemetery">West Point Cemetery</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Allegiance</th><td class="infobox-data">United States</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Service <wbr />/ branch</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">United States Army</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Years of service</th><td class="infobox-data">1918–1947</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:US-O7_insignia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/US-O7_insignia.svg/15px-US-O7_insignia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/US-O7_insignia.svg/23px-US-O7_insignia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/US-O7_insignia.svg/30px-US-O7_insignia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="622" data-file-height="583" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Brigadier_general_(United_States)" title="Brigadier general (United States)">Brigadier General</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em"><a href="/wiki/Service_number" title="Service number">Service number</a></th><td class="infobox-data">0–9316</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Commands</th><td class="infobox-data">Binghamton District<br />Syracuse District<br /><a href="/wiki/Manhattan_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Manhattan District">Manhattan District</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Boston_Port_of_Embarkation" title="Boston Port of Embarkation">Boston Port of Embarkation</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Battles / wars</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a><br /><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Guinea_campaign" title="New Guinea campaign">New Guinea campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippines_Campaign_(1944%E2%80%9345)" class="mw-redirect" title="Philippines Campaign (1944–45)">Philippines Campaign (1944–45)</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Legion_of_Merit" title="Legion of Merit">Legion of Merit</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Star_Medal" title="Bronze Star Medal">Bronze Star Medal</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Army_Commendation_Medal" class="mw-redirect" title="Army Commendation Medal">Army Commendation Medal</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em"><a href="/wiki/Alma_mater" title="Alma mater">Alma mater</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Military_Academy" title="United States Military Academy">United States Military Academy</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Science" title="Bachelor of Science">BS</a>)</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><a href="/wiki/Brigadier_general_(United_States)" title="Brigadier general (United States)">Brigadier General</a> <b>James Creel Marshall</b> (15 October 1897 – 19 July 1977) was a <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Corps_of_Engineers" title="United States Army Corps of Engineers">United States Army Corps of Engineers</a> officer who was initially in charge of the <a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Project" title="Manhattan Project">Manhattan Project</a> to build an atomic bomb during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. </p><p>A member of the June 1918 class of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Military_Academy" title="United States Military Academy">United States Military Academy</a> at <a href="/wiki/West_Point" class="mw-redirect" title="West Point">West Point</a> that graduated early due to <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, Marshall saw service on the Mexican border. Between the wars he worked on engineering projects in the United States and the <a href="/wiki/Panama_Canal_Zone" title="Panama Canal Zone">Panama Canal Zone</a>. In January 1942, shortly after the United States entered World War II, he became District Engineer of the <a href="/wiki/Syracuse,_New_York" title="Syracuse, New York">Syracuse</a> District, and oversaw the construction of the <a href="/wiki/Griffiss_Air_Force_Base" title="Griffiss Air Force Base">Rome Air Depot</a>. </p><p>In June 1942, Marshall was placed in charge of the Manhattan Project, then known as the Laboratory Development of Substitute Materials. Although superseded as head of the project by Brigadier General <a href="/wiki/Leslie_R._Groves_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Leslie R. Groves Jr.">Leslie R. Groves Jr.</a>, in September, he was Manhattan District engineer from 13 August 1942 to 13 August 1943. In November 1943 he became Assistant Chief of Staff (G-4) of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Services_of_Supply" title="United States Army Services of Supply">United States Army Services of Supply</a> (USASOS) in the <a href="/wiki/South_West_Pacific_Area_(command)" class="mw-redirect" title="South West Pacific Area (command)">Southwest Pacific Area</a>, serving in Australia, New Guinea and the Philippines. </p><p>Marshall left the Army in 1947, and moved to <a href="/wiki/Riverside,_Connecticut" title="Riverside, Connecticut">Riverside, Connecticut</a>, where he worked for <a href="/wiki/M._W._Kellogg_Co." class="mw-redirect" title="M. W. Kellogg Co.">M. W. Kellogg Co.</a> He later joined <a href="/wiki/Koppers" title="Koppers">Koppers</a>, building a coal loading facility in Turkey, and worked on mining projects in Africa. He was Commissioner of Highways in <a href="/wiki/Minnesota" title="Minnesota">Minnesota</a> from 1961 to 1965. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_career">Early life and career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_C._Marshall&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:James_Creel_Marshall_(1897%E2%80%931977)_at_West_Point_in_1918.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/James_Creel_Marshall_%281897%E2%80%931977%29_at_West_Point_in_1918.png/150px-James_Creel_Marshall_%281897%E2%80%931977%29_at_West_Point_in_1918.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/James_Creel_Marshall_%281897%E2%80%931977%29_at_West_Point_in_1918.png/225px-James_Creel_Marshall_%281897%E2%80%931977%29_at_West_Point_in_1918.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/James_Creel_Marshall_%281897%E2%80%931977%29_at_West_Point_in_1918.png/300px-James_Creel_Marshall_%281897%E2%80%931977%29_at_West_Point_in_1918.png 2x" data-file-width="807" data-file-height="1023" /></a><figcaption>At West Point in 1918</figcaption></figure> <p>James Creel Marshall was born in <a href="/wiki/Plattsburg,_Missouri" title="Plattsburg, Missouri">Plattsburg, Missouri</a>, on 14 October 1897,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAncellMiller1996205_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAncellMiller1996205-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the son of Walter Scott Marshall and his wife Cora Sutphen née Creel.<sup id="cite_ref-West_Point_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-West_Point-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was appointed to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Military_Academy" title="United States Military Academy">United States Military Academy</a> at <a href="/wiki/West_Point" class="mw-redirect" title="West Point">West Point</a> in 1915.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECullum19301298_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECullum19301298-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His classmates included <a href="/wiki/Hugh_John_Casey" title="Hugh John Casey">Hugh John Casey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lucius_D._Clay" title="Lucius D. Clay">Lucius D. Clay</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_M._Miley" title="William M. Miley">William M. Miley</a> and <a href="/wiki/Edwin_L._Sibert" title="Edwin L. Sibert">Edwin L. Sibert</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECullum19301289,_1299_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECullum19301289,_1299-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The entire class graduated early on 12 June 1918 due to <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, and Marshall, who was ranked 24th in the class, was commissioned as a substantive <a href="/wiki/First_lieutenant" title="First lieutenant">first lieutenant</a> and temporary <a href="/wiki/Captain_(United_States_O-3)" title="Captain (United States O-3)">captain</a> in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Corps_of_Engineers" title="United States Army Corps of Engineers">United States Army Corps of Engineers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECullum19201978_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECullum19201978-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECasey1993xi–xiii_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECasey1993xi–xiii-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was posted to <a href="/wiki/Camp_A._A._Humphreys" class="mw-redirect" title="Camp A. A. Humphreys">Camp A. A. Humphreys</a> from 8 to 15 July 1918, and then was sent to the Engineer Officers' Training School at <a href="/wiki/Fort_Lee_(Virginia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort Lee (Virginia)">Camp Lee, Virginia</a>, for additional training.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECullum19201978_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECullum19201978-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While there, he married Mabel Estelle Wolff from <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn" title="Brooklyn">Brooklyn</a>. They had two children, Beryl, born in 1919, and Robert Creel, born in 1921.<sup id="cite_ref-West_Point_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-West_Point-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 24 August 1918, Marshall joined the 8th Engineers at <a href="/wiki/Fort_Bliss,_Texas" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort Bliss, Texas">Fort Bliss, Texas</a>. He returned to Camp A. A. Humphreys as a student officer from 10 February 1919 to 12 June 1919. Young officers like Marshall who had not served overseas during the war were sent on battlefield tours. From 20 June to 30 August 1919, he toured the battlefields of World War I, visiting Britain, France, Belgium and Germany, before returning to Camp A. A. Humphreys on 10 September 1919.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECullum19201978_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECullum19201978-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After service at Camp A. A. Humphreys with the <a href="/wiki/Reserve_Officers%27_Training_Corps" title="Reserve Officers' Training Corps">Reserve Officers' Training Corps</a>, Marshall was posted to the 13th Engineers as its adjutant on 10 February 1921, but attended the Engineer School Basic Course from 6 June 1921, graduating on 15 August 1921, after which he became an instructor there. On 25 June 1922 he became Assistant District Engineer of the 2nd District, based in New York City.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECullum19301298_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECullum19301298-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Like many of his fellow officers, Marshall was reduced to his substantive rank of first lieutenant on 18 November 1922. On 4 August 1923 he took charge of the Engineer Office of the 3rd New York District, located in <a href="/wiki/Fort_Hancock,_New_Jersey" title="Fort Hancock, New Jersey">Fort Hancock, New Jersey</a>. He then served in the <a href="/wiki/Panama_Canal_Zone" title="Panama Canal Zone">Panama Canal Zone</a> as a company commander in the 11th Engineers from 9 April 1926 to 14 June 1928. He became an instructor in the Department of Engineering at West Point on 24 August 1928.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECullum19301298_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECullum19301298-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was posted to <a href="/wiki/Fort_Belvoir" title="Fort Belvoir">Fort Belvoir</a>, Virginia, on 10 August 1932, where he was promoted to captain again on 1 June 1933. There followed duty in the Office of the Chief Of Engineers in Washington, DC, as Assistant Chief of the River and Harbor Section from 21 January 1937 to 3 September 1939.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECullum1940366_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECullum1940366-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="World_War_II">World War II</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_C._Marshall&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: World War II"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Marshall attended the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Command_and_General_Staff_College" title="United States Army Command and General Staff College">U.S. Army Command and General Staff College</a> at <a href="/wiki/Fort_Leavenworth" title="Fort Leavenworth">Fort Leavenworth</a>, Kansas, from 11 September 1939 to 3 February 1940. He then became executive officer of the <a href="/wiki/1st_Engineer_Battalion_(United_States)" title="1st Engineer Battalion (United States)">1st Engineers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECullum1940366_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECullum1940366-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the outbreak of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> in Europe, promotion accelerated, and he was promoted to <a href="/wiki/Major_(rank)" title="Major (rank)">major</a> on 1 March 1940. He became District Engineer of the <a href="/wiki/Binghamton,_New_York" title="Binghamton, New York">Binghamton</a> District on 25 May 1940, with the rank of <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_colonel_(United_States)" title="Lieutenant colonel (United States)">lieutenant colonel</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Army_of_the_United_States" title="Army of the United States">Army of the United States</a> from 12 June 1941.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECullum1950258_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECullum1950258-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 31 January 1942, he became District Engineer of the <a href="/wiki/Syracuse,_New_York" title="Syracuse, New York">Syracuse</a> District, which covered New York and part of Pennsylvania, with the rank of <a href="/wiki/Colonel_(United_States)" title="Colonel (United States)">colonel</a> from 1 February 1942.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECullum1950258_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECullum1950258-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At Binghamton and Syracuse was responsible for a number of major projects, including ammunition and explosive plants, and the construction of the <a href="/wiki/Griffiss_Air_Force_Base" title="Griffiss Air Force Base">Rome Air Depot</a>. He also had to attend to flood control measures on the upper <a href="/wiki/Delaware_River" title="Delaware River">Delaware River</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-West_Point_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-West_Point-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 18 June 1942 Marshall was called to Washington to take over the reorganised <a href="/wiki/Atomic_bomb" class="mw-redirect" title="Atomic bomb">atomic bomb</a> project, then known as the DSM (Laboratory Development of Substitute Materials).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones198544_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones198544-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Marshall read the 13 June 1942 report from <a href="/wiki/Vannevar_Bush" title="Vannevar Bush">Vannevar Bush</a> and <a href="/wiki/James_Bryan_Conant" class="mw-redirect" title="James Bryan Conant">James Conant</a> and recalled that: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>I spent the night without sleep trying to figure out what this was all about. I had never heard of nuclear fission, but I did know that you could not build much of a plant, much less four of them, for ninety million dollars. At the moment among other construction projects in the Syracuse district, I had one for a TNT plant in Pennsylvania estimated to cost one hundred twenty eight million dollars.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENichols198735_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENichols198735-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p></blockquote> <p>In a report to Colonel <a href="/wiki/Leslie_Groves" title="Leslie Groves">Leslie Groves</a>, the head of the Construction Branch in the Office of the Chief of Engineers, on 11 August 1942, Marshall called for the creation a new district without territorial limits to administer the DSM project. His proposal was approved on 13 August. As district engineer of the new district, Marshall reported directly to Groves, and not the Chief of Engineers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENichols198740,_60_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENichols198740,_60-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He established the district headquarters on the 18th floor of <a href="/wiki/Tower_270" title="Tower 270">270 Broadway</a> in New York City, with the innocuous name of the <a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Engineer_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Manhattan Engineer District">Manhattan Engineer District</a>, following the usual practice of naming engineer districts after the city in which their headquarters area were located. He selected the Boston firm of <a href="/wiki/Stone_%26_Webster" title="Stone & Webster">Stone & Webster</a> as the project's principal contractor.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERhodes1986412_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERhodes1986412-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Marshall and his deputy district engineer, <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Nichols" title="Kenneth Nichols">Kenneth Nichols</a>, visited Tennessee on 30 June 1942 to examine the proposed location for the production plants in the <a href="/wiki/Clinch_River" title="Clinch River">Clinch River</a> area, but Marshall chose to delay the actual purchase of the land until it was needed. Nichols felt that Marshall's desire for orderly procedures ultimately told against him.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENichols198738–39_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENichols198738–39-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By September, Bush was expressing dissatisfaction with slow progress and the lack of the highest priority for the project, going to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_War" title="United States Secretary of War">United States Secretary of War</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henry_L._Stimson" title="Henry L. Stimson">Henry L. Stimson</a>, and then directly to the <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President</a>, <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENichols198749_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENichols198749-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Groves was appointed to head the project on 17 September 1942. Groves was also a colonel, and ranked below Marshall on the permanent list,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENichols1987100_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENichols1987100-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although Groves was promoted to <a href="/wiki/Brigadier_general_(United_States)" title="Brigadier general (United States)">brigadier general</a> before assuming command on 23 September.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGroves196223_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGroves196223-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Nichols, Groves and Marshall "disagreed in a major way on how to handle personnel",<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENichols1987100_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENichols1987100-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Nichols "did witness several confrontations".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENichols1987102_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENichols1987102-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Major_General_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Major General (United States)">Major General</a> <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_D._Styer" title="Wilhelm D. Styer">Wilhelm D. Styer</a>, the Chief of Staff of the <a href="/wiki/Army_Service_Forces" title="Army Service Forces">Army Service Forces</a>, decided that Marshall would be replaced by Nichols. Marshall would be replaced given an overseas posting. He was informed by Nichols on June; to him it seemed he was "getting fired",<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENichols1987100_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENichols1987100-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although he had previously expressed a desire to Groves for just such an overseas assignment.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENichols1987100_15-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENichols1987100-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Indeed, when first assigned to the project, both Nichols and Groves had also have expressed a preference for an overseas combat assignment.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGroves19623_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGroves19623-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENichols1987101_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENichols1987101-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nichols had "liked working for him and was happy to have him as a buffer between Groves and myself",<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENichols1987101_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENichols1987101-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> because Groves was "abrasive and often very critical".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENichols1987102_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENichols1987102-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Marshall asked Nichols to transfer his secretary, Virginia Olsson, to Oak Ridge when the Manhattan District headquarters moved there, leaving Nichols's own secretary, Anne Phillips, in the New York office. "This concern for personnel", Nichols noted, "was typical of Marshall".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENichols1987101_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENichols1987101-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the Manhattan District had been officially created on 13 August 1942, Marshall chose to formally leave on 13 August 1943, so that he had held the job for exactly one year.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENichols1987101_19-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENichols1987101-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Groves's account says that: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>shortly after, Nichols replaced Marshall as District Engineer ... the Chief of Engineers asked me if I could relieve Marshall for a key overseas assignment, which would mean his promotion to brigadier. Since the project was by that time well organized, I did not feel I should refuse, and appointed Nichols in his stead. This was an excellent choice and one I have never regretted.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGroves196229_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGroves196229-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p></blockquote> <p>Marshall was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Legion_of_Merit" title="Legion of Merit">Legion of Merit</a>, "for exceptionally meritorious conduct in the performance of outstanding services", in conjunction with his service with the Manhattan Project.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was posted to <a href="/wiki/Camp_Sutton" class="mw-redirect" title="Camp Sutton">Camp Sutton</a>, North Carolina, as commander of the Engineer Replacement Training Center there until 26 November 1943.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECullum1950258_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECullum1950258-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He then had his sought-after overseas service, in the <a href="/wiki/South_West_Pacific_Area_(command)" class="mw-redirect" title="South West Pacific Area (command)">Southwest Pacific Area</a>, where he became Assistant Chief of Staff (G-4) of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Services_of_Supply" title="United States Army Services of Supply">United States Army Services of Supply</a> (USASOS).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAncellMiller1996205_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAncellMiller1996205-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He saw service in Australia, New Guinea and the Philippines. He was promoted to brigadier general on 10 November 1944, and awarded the <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Star_Medal" title="Bronze Star Medal">Bronze Star Medal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECullum1950258_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECullum1950258-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He returned to the United States for medical reasons on 12 February 1945.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECullum1950258_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECullum1950258-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-West_Point_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-West_Point-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His final command was of the <a href="/wiki/Boston_Port_of_Embarkation" title="Boston Port of Embarkation">Boston Port of Embarkation</a>, for which he received the <a href="/wiki/Army_Commendation_Medal" class="mw-redirect" title="Army Commendation Medal">Army Commendation Medal</a>. On 29 January 1946 he became head of the Engineer Research and Development Laboratory at Fort Belvoir. He reverted to his permanent rank of colonel on 5 March 1946, and retired from the Army on a disability on 31 March 1947. On 29 June 1948, he was promoted to brigadier general on the retired list.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECullum1950258_8-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECullum1950258-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Later_life">Later life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_C._Marshall&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Later life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After leaving the Army, he moved to <a href="/wiki/Riverside,_Connecticut" title="Riverside, Connecticut">Riverside, Connecticut</a>, where he worked for <a href="/wiki/M._W._Kellogg_Co." class="mw-redirect" title="M. W. Kellogg Co.">M. W. Kellogg Co.</a> He eventually tired of commuting to New York City, and took a job with <a href="/wiki/Koppers" title="Koppers">Koppers</a>, building a coal loading facility in Turkey. He then worked for the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> Korean Relief at the <a href="/wiki/Headquarters_of_the_United_Nations" title="Headquarters of the United Nations">headquarters of the United Nations</a> in New York. He was also involved in mining projects in Africa. He made his home in <a href="/wiki/Skaneateles_(village),_New_York" title="Skaneateles (village), New York">Skaneateles, New York</a>, while working on various projects around the world. In January 1961 he accepted an offer from the <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Minnesota" title="Governor of Minnesota">Governor of Minnesota</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elmer_L._Andersen" title="Elmer L. Andersen">Elmer L. Andersen</a>, to become that state's Commissioner of Highways. His four-year term was marred by a change of government in the state in 1963, and his final years saw a series of clashes with the new governor, <a href="/wiki/Karl_F._Rolvaag" class="mw-redirect" title="Karl F. Rolvaag">Karl F. Rolvaag</a>, and his attorney-general <a href="/wiki/Walter_Mondale" title="Walter Mondale">Walter Mondale</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-West_Point_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-West_Point-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When his term as Commissioner of Highways ended in 1965, Marshall returned to Skaneateles, where he became an engineering consultant and a professional engineering arbitrator. He served as mayor of Skaneateles for six years. His contributions included the addition of an ambulance squad to the fire department and the construction of an indoor ice skating rink. His wife Mabel died of cancer in 1976. On 19 July 1977, Marshall also died from cancer. The two are buried together in the <a href="/wiki/West_Point_Cemetery" title="West Point Cemetery">West Point Cemetery</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-West_Point_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-West_Point-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Marshall's son Robert Creel Marshall graduated from West Point with the class of 1943, and served in Europe during World War II.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECullum19501210_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECullum19501210-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He later served in Vietnam, and became Deputy Chief of Engineers in 1976, with the rank of major general.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_C._Marshall&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAncellMiller1996205-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAncellMiller1996205_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAncellMiller1996205_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAncellMiller1996">Ancell & Miller 1996</a>, p. 205.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-West_Point-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-West_Point_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-West_Point_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-West_Point_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-West_Point_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-West_Point_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-West_Point_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMarshall" class="citation web cs1">Marshall, Robert C. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140826012139/http://apps.westpointaog.org/Memorials/Article/5915/">"James C. Marshall 1918"</a>. West Point Association of Graduates. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://apps.westpointaog.org/Memorials/Article/5915/">the original</a> on 26 August 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=James+C.+Marshall+1918&rft.pub=West+Point+Association+of+Graduates&rft.aulast=Marshall&rft.aufirst=Robert+C.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fapps.westpointaog.org%2FMemorials%2FArticle%2F5915%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+C.+Marshall" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECullum19301298-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECullum19301298_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECullum19301298_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECullum19301298_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCullum1930">Cullum 1930</a>, p. 1298.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECullum19301289,_1299-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECullum19301289,_1299_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCullum1930">Cullum 1930</a>, pp. 1289, 1299.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECullum19201978-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECullum19201978_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECullum19201978_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECullum19201978_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCullum1920">Cullum 1920</a>, p. 1978.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECasey1993xi–xiii-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECasey1993xi–xiii_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCasey1993">Casey 1993</a>, pp. xi–xiii.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECullum1940366-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECullum1940366_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECullum1940366_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCullum1940">Cullum 1940</a>, p. 366.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECullum1950258-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECullum1950258_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECullum1950258_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECullum1950258_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECullum1950258_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECullum1950258_8-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECullum1950258_8-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCullum1950">Cullum 1950</a>, p. 258.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones198544-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones198544_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJones1985">Jones 1985</a>, p. 44.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENichols198735-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENichols198735_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNichols1987">Nichols 1987</a>, p. 35.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENichols198740,_60-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENichols198740,_60_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNichols1987">Nichols 1987</a>, pp. 40, 60.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERhodes1986412-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERhodes1986412_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRhodes1986">Rhodes 1986</a>, p. 412.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENichols198738–39-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENichols198738–39_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNichols1987">Nichols 1987</a>, pp. 38–39.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENichols198749-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENichols198749_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNichols1987">Nichols 1987</a>, p. 49.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENichols1987100-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENichols1987100_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENichols1987100_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENichols1987100_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENichols1987100_15-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNichols1987">Nichols 1987</a>, p. 100.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGroves196223-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGroves196223_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGroves1962">Groves 1962</a>, p. 23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENichols1987102-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENichols1987102_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENichols1987102_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNichols1987">Nichols 1987</a>, p. 102.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGroves19623-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGroves19623_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGroves1962">Groves 1962</a>, p. 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENichols1987101-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENichols1987101_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENichols1987101_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENichols1987101_19-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENichols1987101_19-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNichols1987">Nichols 1987</a>, p. 101.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGroves196229-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGroves196229_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGroves1962">Groves 1962</a>, p. 29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://valor.militarytimes.com/recipient.php?recipientid=95766">"Valor awards for James Creel Marshall"</a>. Military Times<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Valor+awards+for+James+Creel+Marshall&rft.pub=Military+Times&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvalor.militarytimes.com%2Frecipient.php%3Frecipientid%3D95766&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+C.+Marshall" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECullum19501210-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECullum19501210_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCullum1950">Cullum 1950</a>, p. 1210.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gouniforms.blogspot.com.au/2012/04/major-general-robert-creel-marshall.html">"Major General Robert Creel Marshall"</a>. The Akers Historical Uniform Collection<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Major+General+Robert+Creel+Marshall&rft.pub=The+Akers+Historical+Uniform+Collection&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgouniforms.blogspot.com.au%2F2012%2F04%2Fmajor-general-robert-creel-marshall.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+C.+Marshall" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_C._Marshall&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAncellMiller1996" class="citation book cs1">Ancell, R. Manning; Miller, Christine (1996). <i>The Biographical Dictionary of World War II Generals and Flag Officers: The US Armed Forces</i>. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-313-29546-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-313-29546-8"><bdi>0-313-29546-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/33862161">33862161</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Biographical+Dictionary+of+World+War+II+Generals+and+Flag+Officers%3A+The+US+Armed+Forces&rft.place=Westport%2C+Connecticut&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F33862161&rft.isbn=0-313-29546-8&rft.aulast=Ancell&rft.aufirst=R.+Manning&rft.au=Miller%2C+Christine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+C.+Marshall" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCasey1993" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_John_Casey" title="Hugh John Casey">Casey, Hugh J.</a>, ed. (1993), <i>Major General Hugh J. Casey</i>, Engineer Memoirs, <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>: <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Army" title="United States Department of the Army">United States Department of the Army</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Major+General+Hugh+J.+Casey&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.series=Engineer+Memoirs&rft.pub=United+States+Department+of+the+Army&rft.date=1993&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+C.+Marshall" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCullum1920" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_Cullum" title="George Washington Cullum">Cullum, George W.</a> (1920). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digital-library.usma.edu/cdm/compoundobject/collection/p16919coll3/id/17964/rec/7"><i>Biographical Register of the Officers and Graduates of the US Military Academy at West Point New York Since Its Establishment in 1802: Supplement Volume VI 1910–1920</i></a>. Chicago: R. R. Donnelly and Sons, The Lakeside Press<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biographical+Register+of+the+Officers+and+Graduates+of+the+US+Military+Academy+at+West+Point+New+York+Since+Its+Establishment+in+1802%3A+Supplement+Volume+VI+1910%E2%80%931920&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=R.+R.+Donnelly+and+Sons%2C+The+Lakeside+Press&rft.date=1920&rft.aulast=Cullum&rft.aufirst=George+W.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdigital-library.usma.edu%2Fcdm%2Fcompoundobject%2Fcollection%2Fp16919coll3%2Fid%2F17964%2Frec%2F7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+C.+Marshall" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCullum1930" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_Cullum" title="George Washington Cullum">Cullum, George W.</a> (1930). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digital-library.usma.edu/cdm/compoundobject/collection/p16919coll3/id/24660/rec/8"><i>Biographical Register of the Officers and Graduates of the US Military Academy at West Point New York Since Its Establishment in 1802: Supplement Volume VII 1920–1930</i></a>. Chicago: R. R. Donnelly and Sons, The Lakeside Press<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biographical+Register+of+the+Officers+and+Graduates+of+the+US+Military+Academy+at+West+Point+New+York+Since+Its+Establishment+in+1802%3A+Supplement+Volume+VII+1920%E2%80%931930&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=R.+R.+Donnelly+and+Sons%2C+The+Lakeside+Press&rft.date=1930&rft.aulast=Cullum&rft.aufirst=George+W.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdigital-library.usma.edu%2Fcdm%2Fcompoundobject%2Fcollection%2Fp16919coll3%2Fid%2F24660%2Frec%2F8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+C.+Marshall" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCullum1940" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_Cullum" title="George Washington Cullum">Cullum, George W.</a> (1940). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digital-library.usma.edu/cdm/compoundobject/collection/p16919coll3/id/19424/rec/9"><i>Biographical Register of the Officers and Graduates of the US Military Academy at West Point New York Since Its Establishment in 1802: Supplement Volume VIII 1930–1940</i></a>. Chicago: R. R. Donnelly and Sons, The Lakeside Press<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biographical+Register+of+the+Officers+and+Graduates+of+the+US+Military+Academy+at+West+Point+New+York+Since+Its+Establishment+in+1802%3A+Supplement+Volume+VIII+1930%E2%80%931940&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=R.+R.+Donnelly+and+Sons%2C+The+Lakeside+Press&rft.date=1940&rft.aulast=Cullum&rft.aufirst=George+W.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdigital-library.usma.edu%2Fcdm%2Fcompoundobject%2Fcollection%2Fp16919coll3%2Fid%2F19424%2Frec%2F9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+C.+Marshall" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCullum1950" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_Cullum" title="George Washington Cullum">Cullum, George W.</a> (1950). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digital-library.usma.edu/cdm/compoundobject/collection/p16919coll3/id/22314/rec/10"><i>Biographical Register of the Officers and Graduates of the US Military Academy at West Point New York Since Its Establishment in 1802: Supplement Volume IX 1940–1950</i></a>. Chicago: R. R. Donnelly and Sons, The Lakeside Press<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biographical+Register+of+the+Officers+and+Graduates+of+the+US+Military+Academy+at+West+Point+New+York+Since+Its+Establishment+in+1802%3A+Supplement+Volume+IX+1940%E2%80%931950&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=R.+R.+Donnelly+and+Sons%2C+The+Lakeside+Press&rft.date=1950&rft.aulast=Cullum&rft.aufirst=George+W.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdigital-library.usma.edu%2Fcdm%2Fcompoundobject%2Fcollection%2Fp16919coll3%2Fid%2F22314%2Frec%2F10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+C.+Marshall" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGroves1962" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Leslie_Groves" title="Leslie Groves">Groves, Leslie</a> (1962). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nowitcanbetolds00grov"><i>Now It Can Be Told: The Story of the Manhattan Project</i></a></span>. New York: Harper. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-306-70738-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-306-70738-1"><bdi>0-306-70738-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/537684">537684</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Now+It+Can+Be+Told%3A+The+Story+of+the+Manhattan+Project&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Harper&rft.date=1962&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F537684&rft.isbn=0-306-70738-1&rft.aulast=Groves&rft.aufirst=Leslie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnowitcanbetolds00grov&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+C.+Marshall" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones1985" class="citation book cs1">Jones, Vincent (1985). <i>Manhattan: The Army and the Atomic Bomb</i>. Washington, D.C.: <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Center_of_Military_History" title="United States Army Center of Military History">United States Army Center of Military History</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/10913875">10913875</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Manhattan%3A+The+Army+and+the+Atomic+Bomb&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pub=United+States+Army+Center+of+Military+History&rft.date=1985&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F10913875&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Vincent&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+C.+Marshall" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNichols1987" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Nichols" title="Kenneth Nichols">Nichols, Kenneth</a> (1987). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/roadtotrinity0000nich"><i>The Road to Trinity: A Personal Account of How America's Nuclear Policies Were Made</i></a></span>. New York: William Morrow. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/068806910X" title="Special:BookSources/068806910X"><bdi>068806910X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Road+to+Trinity%3A+A+Personal+Account+of+How+America%27s+Nuclear+Policies+Were+Made&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=William+Morrow&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=068806910X&rft.aulast=Nichols&rft.aufirst=Kenneth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Froadtotrinity0000nich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+C.+Marshall" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRhodes1986" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Rhodes" title="Richard Rhodes">Rhodes, Richard</a> (1986). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Making_of_the_Atomic_Bomb" title="The Making of the Atomic Bomb">The Making of the Atomic Bomb</a></i>. London: Simon and Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0671441337" title="Special:BookSources/0671441337"><bdi>0671441337</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Making+of+the+Atomic+Bomb&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=0671441337&rft.aulast=Rhodes&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+C.+Marshall" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_C._Marshall&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.atomicheritage.org/profile/james-marshall-0"><i>James Marshall</i> at the Atomic Heritage Foundation</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200517130249/http://www.atomicheritage.org/profile/james-marshall-0">Archived</a> 17 May 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://manhattanprojectvoices.org/oral-histories/colonel-james-c-marshalls-interview"><i>1965 Audio Interview with James Marshall by Stephane Groueff</i> at Voices of the Manhattan Project</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://generals.dk/general/Marshall/James_Creel/USA.html">Generals of World War II</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ames_Project" title="Ames Project">Ames</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calutron" title="Calutron">Berkeley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metallurgical_Laboratory" title="Metallurgical Laboratory">Chicago</a> (<a href="/wiki/Site_A" title="Site A">Site A</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayton_Project" title="Dayton Project">Dayton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanford_Engineer_Works" title="Hanford Engineer Works">Hanford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Camel" title="Project Camel">Inyokern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Y" title="Project Y">Los Alamos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montreal_Laboratory" title="Montreal Laboratory">Montreal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K-25" title="K-25">New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinton_Engineer_Works" title="Clinton Engineer Works">Oak Ridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt_Wells_Pilot_Plant" title="Salt Wells Pilot Plant">Salt Wells Pilot Plant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinity_(nuclear_test)" title="Trinity (nuclear test)">Trinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wendover_Air_Force_Base" title="Wendover Air Force Base">Wendover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P-9_Project" title="P-9 Project">Heavy water sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Administrators</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vannevar_Bush" title="Vannevar Bush">Vannevar Bush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Compton" title="Arthur Compton">Arthur Compton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_B._Conant" title="James B. Conant">James B. Conant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priscilla_Duffield" title="Priscilla Duffield">Priscilla Duffield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Farrell_(United_States_Army_officer)" title="Thomas Farrell (United States Army officer)">Thomas Farrell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leslie_Groves" title="Leslie Groves">Leslie Groves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lansdale_Jr." title="John Lansdale Jr.">John Lansdale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Lawrence" title="Ernest Lawrence">Ernest Lawrence</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">James Marshall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_Matthias" title="Franklin Matthias">Franklin Matthias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_McKibbin" title="Dorothy McKibbin">Dorothy McKibbin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Nichols" title="Kenneth Nichols">Kenneth Nichols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Robert_Oppenheimer" title="J. Robert Oppenheimer">Robert Oppenheimer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Sterling_Parsons" title="William Sterling Parsons">Deak Parsons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boris_Pash" title="Boris Pash">Boris Pash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_R._Purnell" title="William R. Purnell">William Purnell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Spedding" title="Frank Spedding">Frank Spedding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Allen_Thomas" title="Charles Allen Thomas">Charles Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Tibbets" title="Paul Tibbets">Paul Tibbets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_L._Uanna" title="William L. Uanna">Bud Uanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Urey" title="Harold Urey">Harold Urey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stafford_L._Warren" title="Stafford L. Warren">Stafford Warren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ed_Westcott" title="Ed Westcott">Ed Westcott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roscoe_Charles_Wilson" title="Roscoe Charles Wilson">Roscoe Wilson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scientists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Luis_Walter_Alvarez" title="Luis Walter Alvarez">Luis Alvarez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bacher" title="Robert Bacher">Robert Bacher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Bethe" title="Hans Bethe">Hans Bethe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aage_Bohr" title="Aage Bohr">Aage Bohr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr">Niels Bohr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norris_Bradbury" title="Norris Bradbury">Norris Bradbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Chadwick" title="James Chadwick">James Chadwick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Cockcroft" title="John Cockcroft">John Cockcroft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Critchfield" title="Charles Critchfield">Charles Critchfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Daghlian" title="Harry Daghlian">Harry Daghlian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_R._Dunning" title="John R. Dunning">John R. Dunning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enrico_Fermi" title="Enrico Fermi">Enrico Fermi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Feynman" title="Richard Feynman">Richard Feynman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Val_Logsdon_Fitch" title="Val Logsdon Fitch">Val Fitch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Franck" title="James Franck">James Franck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klaus_Fuchs" title="Klaus Fuchs">Klaus Fuchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Goeppert_Mayer" title="Maria Goeppert Mayer">Maria Goeppert Mayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Kistiakowsky" title="George Kistiakowsky">George Kistiakowsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Koval" title="George Koval">George Koval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willard_Libby" title="Willard Libby">Willard Libby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_McMillan" title="Edwin McMillan">Edwin McMillan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Oliphant" title="Mark Oliphant">Mark Oliphant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_B._Pegram" title="George B. Pegram">George B. Pegram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Ramsey_Jr." title="Norman Ramsey Jr.">Norman Ramsey Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isidor_Isaac_Rabi" title="Isidor Isaac Rabi">Isidor Isaac Rabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Rainwater" title="James Rainwater">James Rainwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruno_Rossi" title="Bruno Rossi">Bruno Rossi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glenn_T._Seaborg" title="Glenn T. Seaborg">Glenn Seaborg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emilio_Segr%C3%A8" title="Emilio Segrè">Emilio Segrè</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Slotin" title="Louis Slotin">Louis Slotin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_DeWolf_Smyth" title="Henry DeWolf Smyth">Henry DeWolf Smyth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Szilard" title="Leo Szilard">Leo Szilard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Teller" title="Edward Teller">Edward Teller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Ulam" title="Stanisław Ulam">Stanisław Ulam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_von_Neumann" title="John von Neumann">John von Neumann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Archibald_Wheeler" title="John Archibald Wheeler">John Wheeler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Wigner" title="Eugene Wigner">Eugene Wigner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_R._Wilson" title="Robert R. Wilson">Robert Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leona_Woods" title="Leona Woods">Leona Woods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chien-Shiung_Wu" title="Chien-Shiung Wu">Chien-Shiung Wu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Operations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alsos_Mission" title="Alsos Mission">Alsos Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">Bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Crossroads" title="Operation Crossroads">Operation Crossroads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Peppermint" title="Operation Peppermint">Operation Peppermint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Alberta" title="Project Alberta">Project Alberta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silverplate" title="Silverplate">Silverplate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/509th_Composite_Group" title="509th Composite Group">509th Composite Group</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Enola_Gay" title="Enola Gay">Enola Gay</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bockscar" title="Bockscar">Bockscar</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Great_Artiste" title="The Great Artiste">The Great Artiste</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Weapons</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fat_Man" title="Fat Man">Fat Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Boy" title="Little Boy">Little Boy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumpkin_bomb" title="Pumpkin bomb">Pumpkin bomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thin_Man_(nuclear_bomb)" title="Thin Man (nuclear bomb)">Thin Man</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_scientists_and_technicians_on_the_Manhattan_Project" title="African-American scientists and technicians on the Manhattan Project">African Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atomic_Energy_Act_of_1946" title="Atomic Energy Act of 1946">Atomic Energy Act of 1946</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bismuth_phosphate_process" title="Bismuth phosphate process">Bismuth phosphate process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_contribution_to_the_Manhattan_Project" title="British contribution to the Manhattan Project">British contribution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calutron_Girls" title="Calutron Girls">Calutron Girls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Pile-1" title="Chicago Pile-1">Chicago Pile-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demon_core" title="Demon core">Demon core</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Einstein%E2%80%93Szilard_letter" title="Einstein–Szilard letter">Einstein–Szilard letter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franck_Report" title="Franck Report">Franck Report</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interim_Committee" title="Interim Committee">Interim Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K-25" title="K-25">K-25 Project</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Los_Alamos_Primer" title="Los Alamos Primer">Los Alamos Primer</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates_who_worked_on_the_Manhattan_Project" title="List of Nobel laureates who worked on the Manhattan Project">Nobel Prize laureates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oppenheimer_security_hearing" class="mw-redirect" title="Oppenheimer security hearing">Oppenheimer security hearing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium">Plutonium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quebec_Agreement" title="Quebec Agreement">Quebec Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RaLa_Experiment" title="RaLa Experiment">RaLa Experiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S-1_Executive_Committee" 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