CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html><html class="no-js" lang="en-US"><head><meta charset="UTF-8"/> <script>var __ezHttpConsent={setByCat:function(src,tagType,attributes,category,force){var setScript=function(){if(force||window.ezTcfConsent[category]){var scriptElement=document.createElement(tagType);scriptElement.src=src;attributes.forEach(function(attr){for(var key in attr){if(attr.hasOwnProperty(key)){scriptElement.setAttribute(key,attr[key]);}}});var firstScript=document.getElementsByTagName(tagType)[0];firstScript.parentNode.insertBefore(scriptElement,firstScript);}};if(force||(window.ezTcfConsent&&window.ezTcfConsent.loaded)){setScript();}else if(typeof getEzConsentData==="function"){getEzConsentData().then(function(ezTcfConsent){if(ezTcfConsent&&ezTcfConsent.loaded){setScript();}else{console.error("cannot get ez consent data");force=true;setScript();}});}else{force=true;setScript();console.error("getEzConsentData is not a function");}},};</script> <script>var ezTcfConsent=window.ezTcfConsent?window.ezTcfConsent:{loaded:false,store_info:false,develop_and_improve_services:false,measure_ad_performance:false,measure_content_performance:false,select_basic_ads:false,create_ad_profile:false,select_personalized_ads:false,create_content_profile:false,select_personalized_content:false,understand_audiences:false,use_limited_data_to_select_content:false,};function getEzConsentData(){return new Promise(function(resolve){document.addEventListener("ezConsentEvent",function(event){var ezTcfConsent=event.detail.ezTcfConsent;resolve(ezTcfConsent);});});}</script> <script>if(typeof _setEzCookies!=='function'){function _setEzCookies(ezConsentData){var cookies=window.ezCookieQueue;for(var i=0;i<cookies.length;i++){var cookie=cookies[i];if(ezConsentData&&ezConsentData.loaded&&ezConsentData[cookie.tcfCategory]){document.cookie=cookie.name+"="+cookie.value;}}}} window.ezCookieQueue=window.ezCookieQueue||[];if(typeof addEzCookies!=='function'){function addEzCookies(arr){window.ezCookieQueue=[...window.ezCookieQueue,...arr];}} addEzCookies([{name:"ezoab_309627",value:"mod1; Path=/; Domain=primaryfacts.com; Max-Age=7200",tcfCategory:"store_info",isEzoic:"true",},{name:"ezosuibasgeneris-1",value:"49ed3e2a-041b-47a5-77d6-1a2282fb5c90; Path=/; Domain=primaryfacts.com; Expires=Mon, 23 Feb 2026 16:23:42 UTC; Secure; SameSite=None",tcfCategory:"understand_audiences",isEzoic:"true",}]);if(window.ezTcfConsent&&window.ezTcfConsent.loaded){_setEzCookies(window.ezTcfConsent);}else if(typeof getEzConsentData==="function"){getEzConsentData().then(function(ezTcfConsent){if(ezTcfConsent&&ezTcfConsent.loaded){_setEzCookies(window.ezTcfConsent);}else{console.error("cannot get ez consent data");_setEzCookies(window.ezTcfConsent);}});}else{console.error("getEzConsentData is not a function");_setEzCookies(window.ezTcfConsent);}</script><script type="text/javascript" data-ezscrex='false' data-cfasync='false'>window._ezaq = Object.assign({"edge_cache_status":11,"edge_response_time":1185,"url":"https://primaryfacts.com/author/james/"}, typeof window._ezaq !== "undefined" ? window._ezaq : {});</script><script type="text/javascript" data-ezscrex='false' data-cfasync='false'>window._ezaq = Object.assign({"ab_test_id":"mod1"}, typeof window._ezaq !== "undefined" ? window._ezaq : {});window.__ez=window.__ez||{};window.__ez.tf={};</script><script type="text/javascript" data-ezscrex='false' data-cfasync='false'>window.ezDisableAds = true;</script> <script data-ezscrex='false' data-cfasync='false' data-pagespeed-no-defer>var __ez=__ez||{};__ez.stms=Date.now();__ez.evt={};__ez.script={};__ez.ck=__ez.ck||{};__ez.template={};__ez.template.isOrig=true;window.__ezScriptHost="//www.ezojs.com";__ez.queue=__ez.queue||function(){var e=0,i=0,t=[],n=!1,o=[],r=[],s=!0,a=function(e,i,n,o,r,s,a){var l=arguments.length>7&&void 0!==arguments[7]?arguments[7]:window,d=this;this.name=e,this.funcName=i,this.parameters=null===n?null:w(n)?n:[n],this.isBlock=o,this.blockedBy=r,this.deleteWhenComplete=s,this.isError=!1,this.isComplete=!1,this.isInitialized=!1,this.proceedIfError=a,this.fWindow=l,this.isTimeDelay=!1,this.process=function(){f("... func = "+e),d.isInitialized=!0,d.isComplete=!0,f("... func.apply: "+e);var i=d.funcName.split("."),n=null,o=this.fWindow||window;i.length>3||(n=3===i.length?o[i[0]][i[1]][i[2]]:2===i.length?o[i[0]][i[1]]:o[d.funcName]),null!=n&&n.apply(null,this.parameters),!0===d.deleteWhenComplete&&delete t[e],!0===d.isBlock&&(f("----- F'D: "+d.name),m())}},l=function(e,i,t,n,o,r,s){var a=arguments.length>7&&void 0!==arguments[7]?arguments[7]:window,l=this;this.name=e,this.path=i,this.async=o,this.defer=r,this.isBlock=t,this.blockedBy=n,this.isInitialized=!1,this.isError=!1,this.isComplete=!1,this.proceedIfError=s,this.fWindow=a,this.isTimeDelay=!1,this.isPath=function(e){return"/"===e[0]&&"/"!==e[1]},this.getSrc=function(e){return void 0!==window.__ezScriptHost&&this.isPath(e)&&"banger.js"!==this.name?window.__ezScriptHost+e:e},this.process=function(){l.isInitialized=!0,f("... file = "+e);var i=this.fWindow?this.fWindow.document:document,t=i.createElement("script");t.src=this.getSrc(this.path),!0===o?t.async=!0:!0===r&&(t.defer=!0),t.onerror=function(){var e={url:window.location.href,name:l.name,path:l.path,user_agent:window.navigator.userAgent};"undefined"!=typeof _ezaq&&(e.pageview_id=_ezaq.page_view_id);var i=encodeURIComponent(JSON.stringify(e)),t=new XMLHttpRequest;t.open("GET","//g.ezoic.net/ezqlog?d="+i,!0),t.send(),f("----- ERR'D: "+l.name),l.isError=!0,!0===l.isBlock&&m()},t.onreadystatechange=t.onload=function(){var e=t.readyState;f("----- F'D: "+l.name),e&&!/loaded|complete/.test(e)||(l.isComplete=!0,!0===l.isBlock&&m())},i.getElementsByTagName("head")[0].appendChild(t)}},d=function(e,i){this.name=e,this.path="",this.async=!1,this.defer=!1,this.isBlock=!1,this.blockedBy=[],this.isInitialized=!0,this.isError=!1,this.isComplete=i,this.proceedIfError=!1,this.isTimeDelay=!1,this.process=function(){}};function c(e,i,n,s,a,d,c,u,f){var m=new l(e,i,n,s,a,d,c,f);!0===u?o[e]=m:r[e]=m,t[e]=m,h(m)}function h(e){!0!==u(e)&&0!=s&&e.process()}function u(e){if(!0===e.isTimeDelay&&!1===n)return f(e.name+" blocked = TIME DELAY!"),!0;if(w(e.blockedBy))for(var i=0;i<e.blockedBy.length;i++){var o=e.blockedBy[i];if(!1===t.hasOwnProperty(o))return f(e.name+" blocked = "+o),!0;if(!0===e.proceedIfError&&!0===t[o].isError)return!1;if(!1===t[o].isComplete)return f(e.name+" blocked = "+o),!0}return!1}function f(e){var i=window.location.href,t=new RegExp("[?&]ezq=([^&#]*)","i").exec(i);"1"===(t?t[1]:null)&&console.debug(e)}function m(){++e>200||(f("let's go"),p(o),p(r))}function p(e){for(var i in e)if(!1!==e.hasOwnProperty(i)){var t=e[i];!0===t.isComplete||u(t)||!0===t.isInitialized||!0===t.isError?!0===t.isError?f(t.name+": error"):!0===t.isComplete?f(t.name+": complete already"):!0===t.isInitialized&&f(t.name+": initialized already"):t.process()}}function w(e){return"[object Array]"==Object.prototype.toString.call(e)}return window.addEventListener("load",(function(){setTimeout((function(){n=!0,f("TDELAY -----"),m()}),5e3)}),!1),{addFile:c,addFileOnce:function(e,i,n,o,r,s,a,l,d){t[e]||c(e,i,n,o,r,s,a,l,d)},addDelayFile:function(e,i){var n=new l(e,i,!1,[],!1,!1,!0);n.isTimeDelay=!0,f(e+" ... FILE! TDELAY"),r[e]=n,t[e]=n,h(n)},addFunc:function(e,n,s,l,d,c,u,f,m,p){!0===c&&(e=e+"_"+i++);var w=new a(e,n,s,l,d,u,f,p);!0===m?o[e]=w:r[e]=w,t[e]=w,h(w)},addDelayFunc:function(e,i,n){var o=new a(e,i,n,!1,[],!0,!0);o.isTimeDelay=!0,f(e+" ... FUNCTION! TDELAY"),r[e]=o,t[e]=o,h(o)},items:t,processAll:m,setallowLoad:function(e){s=e},markLoaded:function(e){if(e&&0!==e.length){if(e in t){var i=t[e];!0===i.isComplete?f(i.name+" "+e+": error loaded duplicate"):(i.isComplete=!0,i.isInitialized=!0)}else t[e]=new d(e,!0);f("markLoaded dummyfile: "+t[e].name)}},logWhatsBlocked:function(){for(var e in t)!1!==t.hasOwnProperty(e)&&u(t[e])}}}();__ez.evt.add=function(e,t,n){e.addEventListener?e.addEventListener(t,n,!1):e.attachEvent?e.attachEvent("on"+t,n):e["on"+t]=n()},__ez.evt.remove=function(e,t,n){e.removeEventListener?e.removeEventListener(t,n,!1):e.detachEvent?e.detachEvent("on"+t,n):delete e["on"+t]};__ez.script.add=function(e){var t=document.createElement("script");t.src=e,t.async=!0,t.type="text/javascript",document.getElementsByTagName("head")[0].appendChild(t)};__ez.dot={};__ez.queue.addFile('/detroitchicago/boise.js', '/detroitchicago/boise.js?gcb=195-0&cb=5', true, [], true, false, true, false);__ez.queue.addFile('/parsonsmaize/abilene.js', '/parsonsmaize/abilene.js?gcb=195-0&cb=b5ead80933', true, [], true, false, true, false);__ez.queue.addFile('/parsonsmaize/mulvane.js', '/parsonsmaize/mulvane.js?gcb=195-0&cb=e75e48eec0', true, ['/parsonsmaize/abilene.js'], true, false, true, false);__ez.queue.addFile('/detroitchicago/birmingham.js', '/detroitchicago/birmingham.js?gcb=195-0&cb=539c47377c', true, ['/parsonsmaize/abilene.js'], true, false, true, false);</script> <script data-ezscrex="false" type="text/javascript" data-cfasync="false">window._ezaq = Object.assign({"ad_cache_level":1,"adpicker_placement_cnt":0,"ai_placeholder_cache_level":1,"ai_placeholder_placement_cnt":-1,"domain":"primaryfacts.com","domain_id":309627,"ezcache_level":1,"ezcache_skip_code":4,"has_bad_image":0,"has_bad_words":0,"is_sitespeed":0,"lt_cache_level":0,"response_size":139393,"response_size_orig":131499,"response_time_orig":1117,"template_id":5,"url":"https://primaryfacts.com/author/james/","word_count":0,"worst_bad_word_level":0}, typeof window._ezaq !== "undefined" ? window._ezaq : {});__ez.queue.markLoaded('ezaqBaseReady');</script> <script type='text/javascript' data-ezscrex='false' data-cfasync='false'> window.ezAnalyticsStatic = true; function analyticsAddScript(script) { var ezDynamic = document.createElement('script'); ezDynamic.type = 'text/javascript'; ezDynamic.innerHTML = script; document.head.appendChild(ezDynamic); } function getCookiesWithPrefix() { var allCookies = document.cookie.split(';'); var cookiesWithPrefix = {}; for (var i = 0; i < allCookies.length; i++) { var cookie = allCookies[i].trim(); for (var j = 0; j < arguments.length; j++) { var prefix = arguments[j]; if (cookie.indexOf(prefix) === 0) { var cookieParts = cookie.split('='); var cookieName = cookieParts[0]; var cookieValue = cookieParts.slice(1).join('='); cookiesWithPrefix[cookieName] = decodeURIComponent(cookieValue); break; // Once matched, no need to check other prefixes } } } return cookiesWithPrefix; } function productAnalytics() { var d = {"pr":[6],"omd5":"c80e91ab90240adacebe53e6647fec75","nar":"risk score"}; d.u = _ezaq.url; d.p = _ezaq.page_view_id; d.v = _ezaq.visit_uuid; d.ab = _ezaq.ab_test_id; d.e = JSON.stringify(_ezaq); d.ref = document.referrer; d.c = getCookiesWithPrefix('active_template', 'ez', 'lp_'); if(typeof ez_utmParams !== 'undefined') { d.utm = ez_utmParams; } var dataText = JSON.stringify(d); var xhr = new XMLHttpRequest(); xhr.open('POST','/ezais/analytics?cb=1', true); xhr.onload = function () { if (xhr.status!=200) { return; } if(document.readyState !== 'loading') { analyticsAddScript(xhr.response); return; } var eventFunc = function() { if(document.readyState === 'loading') { return; } document.removeEventListener('readystatechange', eventFunc, false); analyticsAddScript(xhr.response); }; document.addEventListener('readystatechange', eventFunc, false); }; xhr.setRequestHeader('Content-Type','text/plain'); xhr.send(dataText); } __ez.queue.addFunc("productAnalytics", "productAnalytics", null, true, ['ezaqBaseReady'], false, false, false, true); </script><base href="https://primaryfacts.com/author/james/"/> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"/> <meta name="theme-color" content=""/> <link rel="profile" href="http://gmpg.org/xfn/11"/> <meta name="robots" content="index, follow, max-image-preview:large, max-snippet:-1, max-video-preview:-1"/> <style>img:is([sizes="auto" i], [sizes^="auto," i]) { contain-intrinsic-size: 3000px 1500px }</style>  <title>James, Author at Primary Facts</title> <link rel="canonical" href="https://primaryfacts.com/author/james/"/> <link rel="next" href="https://primaryfacts.com/author/james/page/2/"/> <meta property="og:locale" content="en_US"/> <meta property="og:type" content="profile"/> <meta property="og:title" content="James, Author at Primary Facts"/> <meta property="og:url" content="https://primaryfacts.com/author/james/"/> <meta property="og:site_name" content="Primary Facts"/> <meta property="og:image" content="https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/2a6cda5aa4d07b217c632a617af86da2?s=500&d=mm&r=g"/> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image"/> <script type="application/ld+json" class="yoast-schema-graph">{"@context":"https://schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"ProfilePage","@id":"https://primaryfacts.com/author/james/","url":"https://primaryfacts.com/author/james/","name":"James, Author at Primary Facts","isPartOf":{"@id":"https://primaryfacts.com/#website"},"breadcrumb":{"@id":"https://primaryfacts.com/author/james/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https://primaryfacts.com/author/james/"]}]},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https://primaryfacts.com/author/james/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Home","item":"https://primaryfacts.com/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"Archives for James"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https://primaryfacts.com/#website","url":"https://primaryfacts.com/","name":"Primary Facts","description":"Interesting Facts for Kids, Pupils, Parents and Teachers","potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https://primaryfacts.com/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":{"@type":"PropertyValueSpecification","valueRequired":true,"valueName":"search_term_string"}}],"inLanguage":"en-US"},{"@type":"Person","@id":"https://primaryfacts.com/#/schema/person/72673214e0536ad8229933bc371d0185","name":"James","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https://primaryfacts.com/#/schema/person/image/","url":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/2a6cda5aa4d07b217c632a617af86da2?s=96&d=mm&r=g","contentUrl":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/2a6cda5aa4d07b217c632a617af86da2?s=96&d=mm&r=g","caption":"James"},"sameAs":["http://primaryfacts.com"],"mainEntityOfPage":{"@id":"https://primaryfacts.com/author/james/"}}]}</script>  <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//fonts.googleapis.com"/> <script type="text/javascript"> /* <![CDATA[ */ window._wpemojiSettings = {"baseUrl":"https:\/\/s.w.org\/images\/core\/emoji\/15.0.3\/72x72\/","ext":".png","svgUrl":"https:\/\/s.w.org\/images\/core\/emoji\/15.0.3\/svg\/","svgExt":".svg","source":{"concatemoji":"https:\/\/primaryfacts.com\/wp-includes\/js\/wp-emoji-release.min.js?ver=6.7.2"}}; /*! This file is auto-generated */ !function(i,n){var o,s,e;function c(e){try{var t={supportTests:e,timestamp:(new Date).valueOf()};sessionStorage.setItem(o,JSON.stringify(t))}catch(e){}}function p(e,t,n){e.clearRect(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height),e.fillText(t,0,0);var t=new Uint32Array(e.getImageData(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height).data),r=(e.clearRect(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height),e.fillText(n,0,0),new Uint32Array(e.getImageData(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height).data));return t.every(function(e,t){return e===r[t]})}function u(e,t,n){switch(t){case"flag":return n(e,"\ud83c\udff3\ufe0f\u200d\u26a7\ufe0f","\ud83c\udff3\ufe0f\u200b\u26a7\ufe0f")?!1:!n(e,"\ud83c\uddfa\ud83c\uddf3","\ud83c\uddfa\u200b\ud83c\uddf3")&&!n(e,"\ud83c\udff4\udb40\udc67\udb40\udc62\udb40\udc65\udb40\udc6e\udb40\udc67\udb40\udc7f","\ud83c\udff4\u200b\udb40\udc67\u200b\udb40\udc62\u200b\udb40\udc65\u200b\udb40\udc6e\u200b\udb40\udc67\u200b\udb40\udc7f");case"emoji":return!n(e,"\ud83d\udc26\u200d\u2b1b","\ud83d\udc26\u200b\u2b1b")}return!1}function f(e,t,n){var r="undefined"!=typeof WorkerGlobalScope&&self instanceof WorkerGlobalScope?new OffscreenCanvas(300,150):i.createElement("canvas"),a=r.getContext("2d",{willReadFrequently:!0}),o=(a.textBaseline="top",a.font="600 32px Arial",{});return e.forEach(function(e){o[e]=t(a,e,n)}),o}function t(e){var t=i.createElement("script");t.src=e,t.defer=!0,i.head.appendChild(t)}"undefined"!=typeof Promise&&(o="wpEmojiSettingsSupports",s=["flag","emoji"],n.supports={everything:!0,everythingExceptFlag:!0},e=new Promise(function(e){i.addEventListener("DOMContentLoaded",e,{once:!0})}),new Promise(function(t){var n=function(){try{var e=JSON.parse(sessionStorage.getItem(o));if("object"==typeof e&&"number"==typeof e.timestamp&&(new Date).valueOf()<e.timestamp+604800&&"object"==typeof e.supportTests)return e.supportTests}catch(e){}return null}();if(!n){if("undefined"!=typeof Worker&&"undefined"!=typeof OffscreenCanvas&&"undefined"!=typeof URL&&URL.createObjectURL&&"undefined"!=typeof Blob)try{var e="postMessage("+f.toString()+"("+[JSON.stringify(s),u.toString(),p.toString()].join(",")+"));",r=new Blob([e],{type:"text/javascript"}),a=new Worker(URL.createObjectURL(r),{name:"wpTestEmojiSupports"});return void(a.onmessage=function(e){c(n=e.data),a.terminate(),t(n)})}catch(e){}c(n=f(s,u,p))}t(n)}).then(function(e){for(var t in e)n.supports[t]=e[t],n.supports.everything=n.supports.everything&&n.supports[t],"flag"!==t&&(n.supports.everythingExceptFlag=n.supports.everythingExceptFlag&&n.supports[t]);n.supports.everythingExceptFlag=n.supports.everythingExceptFlag&&!n.supports.flag,n.DOMReady=!1,n.readyCallback=function(){n.DOMReady=!0}}).then(function(){return e}).then(function(){var e;n.supports.everything||(n.readyCallback(),(e=n.source||{}).concatemoji?t(e.concatemoji):e.wpemoji&&e.twemoji&&(t(e.twemoji),t(e.wpemoji)))}))}((window,document),window._wpemojiSettings); /* ]]> */ </script> <style id="wp-emoji-styles-inline-css" type="text/css"> img.wp-smiley, img.emoji { display: inline !important; border: none !important; box-shadow: none !important; height: 1em !important; width: 1em !important; margin: 0 0.07em !important; vertical-align: -0.1em !important; background: none !important; padding: 0 !important; } </style> <link rel="stylesheet" id="wp-block-library-css" href="https://primaryfacts.com/wp-includes/css/dist/block-library/style.min.css?ver=6.7.2" type="text/css" media="all"/> <style id="classic-theme-styles-inline-css" type="text/css"> /*! This file is auto-generated */ .wp-block-button__link{color:#fff;background-color:#32373c;border-radius:9999px;box-shadow:none;text-decoration:none;padding:calc(.667em + 2px) calc(1.333em + 2px);font-size:1.125em}.wp-block-file__button{background:#32373c;color:#fff;text-decoration:none} </style> <style id="global-styles-inline-css" type="text/css"> :root{--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--square: 1;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--4-3: 4/3;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--3-4: 3/4;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--3-2: 3/2;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--2-3: 2/3;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--16-9: 16/9;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--9-16: 9/16;--wp--preset--color--black: #000000;--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray: #abb8c3;--wp--preset--color--white: #ffffff;--wp--preset--color--pale-pink: #f78da7;--wp--preset--color--vivid-red: #cf2e2e;--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange: #ff6900;--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber: #fcb900;--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan: #7bdcb5;--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan: #00d084;--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue: #8ed1fc;--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue: #0693e3;--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple: #9b51e0;--wp--preset--gradient--vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(6,147,227,1) 0%,rgb(155,81,224) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(122,220,180) 0%,rgb(0,208,130) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(252,185,0,1) 0%,rgba(255,105,0,1) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(255,105,0,1) 0%,rgb(207,46,46) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(238,238,238) 0%,rgb(169,184,195) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--cool-to-warm-spectrum: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(74,234,220) 0%,rgb(151,120,209) 20%,rgb(207,42,186) 40%,rgb(238,44,130) 60%,rgb(251,105,98) 80%,rgb(254,248,76) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--blush-light-purple: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,206,236) 0%,rgb(152,150,240) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--blush-bordeaux: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(254,205,165) 0%,rgb(254,45,45) 50%,rgb(107,0,62) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-dusk: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,203,112) 0%,rgb(199,81,192) 50%,rgb(65,88,208) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--pale-ocean: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,245,203) 0%,rgb(182,227,212) 50%,rgb(51,167,181) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--electric-grass: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(202,248,128) 0%,rgb(113,206,126) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--midnight: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(2,3,129) 0%,rgb(40,116,252) 100%);--wp--preset--font-size--small: 13px;--wp--preset--font-size--medium: 20px;--wp--preset--font-size--large: 36px;--wp--preset--font-size--x-large: 42px;--wp--preset--spacing--20: 0.44rem;--wp--preset--spacing--30: 0.67rem;--wp--preset--spacing--40: 1rem;--wp--preset--spacing--50: 1.5rem;--wp--preset--spacing--60: 2.25rem;--wp--preset--spacing--70: 3.38rem;--wp--preset--spacing--80: 5.06rem;--wp--preset--shadow--natural: 6px 6px 9px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);--wp--preset--shadow--deep: 12px 12px 50px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.4);--wp--preset--shadow--sharp: 6px 6px 0px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);--wp--preset--shadow--outlined: 6px 6px 0px -3px rgba(255, 255, 255, 1), 6px 6px rgba(0, 0, 0, 1);--wp--preset--shadow--crisp: 6px 6px 0px rgba(0, 0, 0, 1);}:where(.is-layout-flex){gap: 0.5em;}:where(.is-layout-grid){gap: 0.5em;}body .is-layout-flex{display: flex;}.is-layout-flex{flex-wrap: wrap;align-items: center;}.is-layout-flex > :is(*, div){margin: 0;}body .is-layout-grid{display: grid;}.is-layout-grid > :is(*, div){margin: 0;}:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-flex){gap: 2em;}:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-grid){gap: 2em;}:where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-flex){gap: 1.25em;}:where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-grid){gap: 1.25em;}.has-black-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-black-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-black-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red) !important;}.has-very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-cool-to-warm-spectrum-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--cool-to-warm-spectrum) !important;}.has-blush-light-purple-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--blush-light-purple) !important;}.has-blush-bordeaux-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--blush-bordeaux) !important;}.has-luminous-dusk-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-dusk) !important;}.has-pale-ocean-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--pale-ocean) !important;}.has-electric-grass-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--electric-grass) !important;}.has-midnight-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--midnight) !important;}.has-small-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--small) !important;}.has-medium-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--medium) !important;}.has-large-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--large) !important;}.has-x-large-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--x-large) !important;} :where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-flex){gap: 1.25em;}:where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-grid){gap: 1.25em;} :where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-flex){gap: 2em;}:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-grid){gap: 2em;} :root :where(.wp-block-pullquote){font-size: 1.5em;line-height: 1.6;} </style> <link rel="stylesheet" id="cntctfrm_form_style-css" href="https://primaryfacts.com/wp-content/plugins/contact-form-plugin/css/form_style.css?ver=4.3.2" type="text/css" media="all"/> <link rel="stylesheet" id="sparkling-bootstrap-css" href="https://primaryfacts.com/wp-content/themes/sparkling/assets/css/bootstrap.min.css?ver=6.7.2" type="text/css" media="all"/> <link rel="stylesheet" id="sparkling-icons-css" href="https://primaryfacts.com/wp-content/themes/sparkling/assets/css/fontawesome-all.min.css?ver=5.1.1." type="text/css" media="all"/> <link rel="stylesheet" id="sparkling-fonts-css" href="//fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Open+Sans%3A400italic%2C400%2C600%2C700%7CRoboto+Slab%3A400%2C300%2C700&ver=6.7.2" type="text/css" media="all"/> <link rel="stylesheet" id="sparkling-style-css" href="https://primaryfacts.com/wp-content/themes/sparkling/style.css?ver=2.4.2" type="text/css" media="all"/> <style id="akismet-widget-style-inline-css" type="text/css"> .a-stats { --akismet-color-mid-green: #357b49; --akismet-color-white: #fff; --akismet-color-light-grey: #f6f7f7; max-width: 350px; width: auto; } .a-stats * { all: unset; box-sizing: border-box; } .a-stats strong { font-weight: 600; } .a-stats a.a-stats__link, .a-stats a.a-stats__link:visited, .a-stats a.a-stats__link:active { background: var(--akismet-color-mid-green); border: none; box-shadow: none; border-radius: 8px; color: var(--akismet-color-white); cursor: pointer; display: block; font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', 'Roboto', 'Oxygen-Sans', 'Ubuntu', 'Cantarell', 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif; font-weight: 500; padding: 12px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; transition: all 0.2s ease; } /* Extra specificity to deal with TwentyTwentyOne focus style */ .widget .a-stats a.a-stats__link:focus { background: var(--akismet-color-mid-green); color: var(--akismet-color-white); text-decoration: none; } .a-stats a.a-stats__link:hover { filter: brightness(110%); box-shadow: 0 4px 12px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.06), 0 0 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.16); } .a-stats .count { color: var(--akismet-color-white); display: block; font-size: 1.5em; line-height: 1.4; padding: 0 13px; white-space: nowrap; } </style> <link rel="stylesheet" id="upw_theme_standard-css" href="https://primaryfacts.com/wp-content/plugins/ultimate-posts-widget/css/upw-theme-standard.min.css?ver=6.7.2" type="text/css" media="all"/> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://primaryfacts.com/wp-includes/js/jquery/jquery.min.js?ver=3.7.1" id="jquery-core-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://primaryfacts.com/wp-includes/js/jquery/jquery-migrate.min.js?ver=3.4.1" id="jquery-migrate-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://primaryfacts.com/wp-content/themes/sparkling/assets/js/vendor/bootstrap.min.js?ver=6.7.2" id="sparkling-bootstrapjs-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://primaryfacts.com/wp-content/themes/sparkling/assets/js/functions.js?ver=20180503" id="sparkling-functions-js"></script> <link rel="https://api.w.org/" href="https://primaryfacts.com/wp-json/"/><link rel="alternate" title="JSON" type="application/json" href="https://primaryfacts.com/wp-json/wp/v2/users/1"/><script data-ad-client="ca-pub-5012399514841898" async="" src="https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js"></script><meta name="ahrefs-site-verification" content="46249902fbd90709b1ad01349c45905f8ad11cac0b746d56d43ddde4e2686aff"/><style type="text/css">.btn-default:hover, .btn-default:focus,.label-default[href]:hover, .label-default[href]:focus, .tagcloud a:hover, .tagcloud a:focus, button, .main-content [class*="navigation"] a:hover, .main-content [class*="navigation"] a:focus, #infinite-handle span:hover, #infinite-handle span:focus-within, .btn.btn-default.read-more:hover, .btn.btn-default.read-more:focus, .btn-default:hover, .btn-default:focus, .scroll-to-top:hover, .scroll-to-top:focus, .btn-default:active, .btn-default.active, .site-main [class*="navigation"] a:hover, .site-main [class*="navigation"] a:focus, .more-link:hover, .more-link:focus, #image-navigation .nav-previous a:hover, #image-navigation .nav-previous a:focus, #image-navigation .nav-next a:hover, #image-navigation .nav-next a:focus, .cfa-button:hover, .cfa-button:focus, .woocommerce a.button:hover, .woocommerce a.button:focus, .woocommerce button.button:hover, .woocommerce button.button:focus, .woocommerce input.button:hover, .woocommerce input.button:focus, .woocommerce #respond input#submit.alt:hover, .woocommerce #respond input#submit.alt:focus, .woocommerce a.button:hover, .woocommerce a.button:focus, .woocommerce button.button:hover, .woocommerce button.button:focus, .woocommerce input.button:hover, .woocommerce input.button:focus, .woocommerce a.button.alt:hover, .woocommerce a.button.alt:focus, .woocommerce button.button.alt:hover, .woocommerce button.button.alt:focus, .woocommerce input.button.alt:hover, .woocommerce input.button.alt:focus, a:hover .flex-caption h2 { background-color: #444444; border-color: #444444; }.pagination>li>a:focus, .pagination>li>a:hover, .pagination>li>span:focus-within, .pagination>li>span:hover {color: #444444;}body, .entry-content {color:#444444}.entry-content {font-size:16px}</style> <style type="text/css"> .navbar > .container .navbar-brand { color: #dadada; } </style> <script type='text/javascript'> var ezoTemplate = 'orig_site'; var ezouid = '1'; var ezoFormfactor = '1'; </script><script data-ezscrex="false" type='text/javascript'> var soc_app_id = '0'; var did = 309627; var ezdomain = 'primaryfacts.com'; var ezoicSearchable = 1; </script></head> <body class="archive author author-james author-1"> <a class="sr-only sr-only-focusable" href="#content">Skip to main content</a> <div id="page" class="hfeed site"> <header id="masthead" class="site-header" role="banner"> <nav class="navbar navbar-default " role="navigation"> <div class="container"> <div class="row"> <div class="site-navigation-inner col-sm-12"> <div class="navbar-header"> <div id="logo"> <p class="site-name"> <a class="navbar-brand" href="https://primaryfacts.com/" title="Primary Facts" rel="home">Primary Facts</a> </p> </div> <button type="button" class="btn navbar-toggle" data-toggle="collapse" data-target=".navbar-ex1-collapse"> <span class="sr-only">Toggle navigation</span> <span class="icon-bar"></span> <span class="icon-bar"></span> <span class="icon-bar"></span> </button> </div> <div class="collapse navbar-collapse navbar-ex1-collapse"><ul id="menu-main" class="nav navbar-nav"><li id="menu-item-5415" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-5415"><a href="https://primaryfacts.com/popular-articles/">Popular Articles</a></li> <li id="menu-item-115" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-115"><a href="https://primaryfacts.com/about-primary-facts/">About</a></li> <li id="menu-item-428" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-428"><a href="https://primaryfacts.com/privacy-policy/">Privacy</a></li> <li id="menu-item-608" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-608"><a href="https://primaryfacts.com/contact-primary-facts/">Contact</a></li> </ul></div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </header> <div id="content" class="site-content"> <div class="top-section"> </div> <div class="container main-content-area"> <div class="row side-pull-left"> <div class="main-content-inner col-sm-12 col-md-8"> <div id="primary" class="content-area"> <main id="main" class="site-main" role="main"> <header class="page-header"> <h1 class="page-title">Author: <span>James</span></h1> </header> <article id="post-9708" class="post-9708 post type-post status-publish format-standard hentry category-christmas"> <div class="blog-item-wrap"> <a href="https://primaryfacts.com/9708/christmas-in-australia/" title="Christmas in Australia: Facts About Australian Christmas Traditions"> </a> <div class="post-inner-content"> <header class="entry-header page-header"> <h2 class="entry-title"><a href="https://primaryfacts.com/9708/christmas-in-australia/" rel="bookmark">Christmas in Australia: Facts About Australian Christmas Traditions</a></h2> <div class="entry-meta"> <span class="posted-on"><i class="fa fa-calendar-alt"></i> <a href="https://primaryfacts.com/9708/christmas-in-australia/" rel="bookmark"><time class="entry-date published" datetime="2022-12-16T18:20:29+00:00"></time><time class="updated" datetime="2022-12-16T18:20:31+00:00"></time></a></span><span class="byline"> <i class="fa fa-user"></i> <span class="author vcard"><a class="url fn n" href="https://primaryfacts.com/author/james/">James</a></span></span> </div> </header> <div class="entry-content"> <p>Although only around fifty percent of Australians identify as Christian, Christmas is still an important celebration in Australia. Here are some facts and information about how Christmas is celebrated Down Under.</p><div id="ezoic-pub-ad-placeholder-129" data-inserter-version="2"></div> <div class="wp-block-image"> <figure class="aligncenter size-full"><a href="https://primaryfacts.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/Christmas-in-Australia-1.jpg"><img fetchpriority="high" decoding="async" width="600" height="571" src="https://primaryfacts.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/Christmas-in-Australia-1.jpg" alt="Christmas tree on an Australian beach" class="wp-image-9709" srcset="https://primaryfacts.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/Christmas-in-Australia-1.jpg 600w, https://primaryfacts.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/Christmas-in-Australia-1-300x286.jpg 300w" sizes="(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px"/></a></figure></div> <h2 class="wp-block-heading">Australian Christmas Traditions</h2> <ul class="wp-block-list"> <li>As in other countries in the world, Christmas in Australia is celebrated on 25th December. But unlike many European countries where Christmas time is during the winter, in Australia, Christmas falls during the summer.</li> <li>One of the most popular Australian Christmas traditions is to have a barbecue with friends and family. This is sometimes done at the beach, but more often takes place in a backyard or garden.</li> <li>Although many Australian Christmas decorations are similar to those seen in European or North American households, some feature native Australian plants and flowers, for example, the eucalyptus and the flannel flower.</li> <li>Outdoor Christmas lights and displays are commonplace in Australia, and it’s common for neighborhoods to hold competitions to celebrate the houses with the best decorations.</li> <li>Christmas caroling is a popular Australian Christmas tradition, and organised caroling events are often held in churches and schools.</li> <li>Families and friends commonly exchange gifts on Christmas Day.</li> <li>Although Christmas Day is Australia’s main day of celebration, Christmas Eve (the day before Christmas) is often marked with a special meal or party. As in the UK and US, children are encouraged to leave out a glass of sherry and a mince pie (or similar foods and drinks) for Santa Claus.</li> <li>In recent years, Secret Santa gift exchanges, where each person is assigned to buy a gift for someone else and the identity of the gift giver is kept secret until the gift is opened, have become more popular, especially among groups of friends or work colleagues.</li> <li>Christmas Day is an Australian public holiday, and people often spend the day relaxing at home with their families or going to the beach.</li> <li>At Christmas time many Australians think about those less fortunate than themselves. On Christmas Day many Australians donate their time or money to charities or local organisations.</li> </ul> <h2 class="wp-block-heading">Australian Christmas Food</h2> <ul class="wp-block-list"> <li>Just like in the UK, one of the most popular traditional Christmas foods in Australia is roast turkey, served with stuffing, gravy, roast potatoes and, roasted vegetables.</li> <li>Another popular Christmas dish is glazed ham, sometimes served with pineapple, cherries, and mustard.</li> <li>Prawns (called shrimp in the US) are a popular choice for a Christmas seafood dish, and they are often served as a starter or as part of a seafood platter. They are often a key part of a traditional Australian Christmas barbeque.</li> <li>Pavlova (a dessert made with a meringue base and topped with whipped cream and fruit) is a traditional Australian Christmas dessert.</li> <li>Mince pies (small pastry-encased tarts filled with a mixture of dried fruit and spices) are also popular at Christmas time in Australia, as is fruitcake, sometimes served with a glass of sherry or port.</li> <li>Another popular Australian Christmas dessert is plum pudding. This is made with dried fruit, nuts, and spices and is a very rich pudding. It is often referred to as Christmas pudding and is usually served with brandy butter or cream.</li> <li>Snags, a type of sausage, are often cooked on an Australian Christmas barbeque.</li> <li>Lamingtons, small chocolate-coated sponge cake squares rolled in coconut, are a popular Australian Christmas treat.</li> </ul> <h2 class="wp-block-heading">Australian Christmas Markets</h2> <p>Christmas Markets have become more popular in Australia in the last few years. Featuring stalls selling a range of Christmas foods, decorations, and handmade festive items, they often also feature live entertainment, such as carol-singing performances.<br/>Some of the largest Christmas Markets in Australia include the German Christmas Market in Adelaide, the Sydney Christmas Market (held at Martin Place), the Melbourne Christmas Market (at Fed Square), and the Perth Christmas Market (at Forrest Place).</p> <h2 class="wp-block-heading">Other Australian Christmas Traditions and Facts</h2> <ul class="wp-block-list"> <li>The Australian Children’s Christmas Carols Competition is a popular event held every year since 1957. It is a national contest for children to perform Christmas carols, and it is televised on Christmas Eve.</li> <li>The Boxing Day Test is an annual cricket match held on 26th December at the Melbourne Cricket Ground. It has become a popular tradition for many Australians and is often watched on television in many of the country’s households.</li> <li>Christmas bush (also known as bottlebrush) is a popular Christmas plant in Australia, and it is often used in Christmas decorations.</li> <li>The Christmas beetle, a type of brightly colored scarab beetle that is common in Australia in the weeks around Christmas, is often associated with an Australian Christmas.</li> <li>“Merry Christmas, mate!” is a typical Australian festive greeting.</li> </ul> <div class="wp-block-image"> <figure class="aligncenter size-full"><a href="https://primaryfacts.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/Christmas-in-Australia-2.jpg"><img decoding="async" width="600" height="714" src="https://primaryfacts.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/Christmas-in-Australia-2.jpg" alt="Decorated Australian Christmas tree on a sandy beach" class="wp-image-9710" srcset="https://primaryfacts.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/Christmas-in-Australia-2.jpg 600w, https://primaryfacts.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/Christmas-in-Australia-2-252x300.jpg 252w" sizes="(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px"/></a></figure></div> </div> </div> </div> </article> <article id="post-9695" class="post-9695 post type-post status-publish format-standard hentry category-uncategorized"> <div class="blog-item-wrap"> <a href="https://primaryfacts.com/9695/facts-about-the-minotaur/" title="Facts About The Minotaur"> </a> <div class="post-inner-content"> <header class="entry-header page-header"> <h2 class="entry-title"><a href="https://primaryfacts.com/9695/facts-about-the-minotaur/" rel="bookmark">Facts About The Minotaur</a></h2> <div class="entry-meta"> <span class="posted-on"><i class="fa fa-calendar-alt"></i> <a href="https://primaryfacts.com/9695/facts-about-the-minotaur/" rel="bookmark"><time class="entry-date published" datetime="2022-11-10T15:05:31+00:00"></time><time class="updated" datetime="2022-11-10T15:06:20+00:00"></time></a></span><span class="byline"> <i class="fa fa-user"></i> <span class="author vcard"><a class="url fn n" href="https://primaryfacts.com/author/james/">James</a></span></span> </div> </header> <div class="entry-content"> <p>The Minotaur is a mythical creature usually described as having a man’s body, and the head and tail of a bull. In the Ancient Greek and Roman stories, the Minotaur lived in the middle of a giant maze called The Labyrinth and was killed by the hero Theseus.</p><div id="ezoic-pub-ad-placeholder-129" data-inserter-version="2"></div> <div class="wp-block-image"> <figure class="aligncenter size-full"><a href="https://primaryfacts.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/Minotaur.png"><img decoding="async" width="421" height="585" src="https://primaryfacts.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/Minotaur.png" alt="" class="wp-image-9697" srcset="https://primaryfacts.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/Minotaur.png 421w, https://primaryfacts.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/Minotaur-216x300.png 216w" sizes="(max-width: 421px) 100vw, 421px"/></a></figure></div> <h2 class="wp-block-heading">Minotaur Facts</h2> <ul class="wp-block-list"> <li>In Greek mythology, the word Minotaur was a proper noun. The word Minotaur was the name of one individual. In recent times, the word is often used in novels and TV shows to describe a species or race of bull-headed creatures.</li> <li>According to Ancient Greek mythology, the Minotaur was the offspring of Pasiphae (Minos of Crete’s wife) and a white bull. As the Minotaur grew, it became violent and dangerous, and it lived off human flesh.</li> <li>Minos instructed the mastercraftsman Daedalus to build the Labyrinth to house the Minotaur. It was located near his palace in Knossos.</li> <li>Although the Minotaur is commonly shown with the head of a bull on a man’s body, other depictions exist of the creature with a man’s head on a bull’s body.</li> <li>In the Theseus myth, Theseus (a prince from Athens) volunteered to enter the Labyrinth and kill the Minotaur. Aided by Ariadne (Mino’s daughter), Theseus used a ball of thread to mark his route through the maze, and he killed the Minotaur with his bare hands (or a club, or a sword depending on which version you read).</li> <li>Although ruins of a palace have been discovered at Knossos in Crete, no evidence of the Labyrinth has yet been unearthed.</li> <li>The Minotaur makes an appearance in Dante’s <em>Inferno</em>. Virgil distracts the beast by taunting him with details from the Theseus myth.</li> <li>Albert Skira’s 1930s literary magazine was named <em>Minotaure</em>. Over the years, the magazine featured covers by famous artists such as Pablo Picasso, Salvador Dali, Rene Magritte, and Max Ernst.</li> <li>In the short story <em>The House of Asterion</em>, Jorge Luis Borges tells the Minotaur story from the beast’s perspective.</li> <li>Minotaurs featured in the Dungeons and Dragons role-playing game developed by Gary Gygax.</li> <li>The Minotaur appears in the 2018 <em>Assassin’s Creed: Odyssey</em> videogame, the <em>Hades</em> videogame from 2020, <em>Total War Saga: Troy</em>, <em>Heroes of Might and Magic</em>, 2002’s <em>Age of Mythology</em>, <em>Kings’s Quest VI</em>, <em>Teros</em>, and in <em>Miitopia</em>.</li> <li>There are numerous movies featuring the Minotaur (or characters based on the Minotaur) including, <em>Time Bandits</em> (1981), <em>Dave Made a Maze</em> (2017), <em>Your Highness</em> (2008), and <em>Sinbad and the Eye of the Tiger</em> (1976).</li> <li>Master Minotaur, introduced in Fortnite’s Chapter 2: Season 2, is an Epic Outfit (and costs 1500 V-Bucks).</li> <li>The Minotaur is a minor character in the 2005 <a href="https://primaryfacts.com/2304/rick-riordan-facts/">Rick Riordan</a> novel <em>Percy Jackson and the Olympians: The Lightning Theif</em>.</li> <li>Minotaurs appear in the <em>Dragonlance</em> books by Tracy Hickman and Margaret Weiss. The Minotaur Empire is located to the east of the continent of Ansalon.</li> <li>In 2018, a French company called La Machine created a kinetic sculpture of a minotaur. It was more than 15 metres tall, and it marched through the streets of Toulouse in France. It is now located in Halle De La Machine in Toulouse.</li> <li>A statue of Theseus and the Minotaur made by Antonio Canova in the 1780s is on display in London’s Victoria and Albert Museum.</li> <li>In Cheltenham in Gloucestershire, there is a statue called <em>The Hare and the Minotaur</em>. It is located on The Promenade and it was designed by the artist Sophie Ryder. It is made of reclaimed scrap metal.</li> <li>A statue of the Minotaur by Michael Ayton is located on the terrace outside the Guildhall School of Music and Drama in London. It was originally designed for a private estate and found its way to this location after several moves.</li> <li>David Gemmell’s fantasy book <em>Dark Prince</em> features a character based on the Minotaur.</li> <li>Minotaurs feature in the Blood Bowl board game. Some of their star players included Mad Bull Chainspleen, Udder Destruction, Bellow Thunderslam, and Grashnak Blackhoof.</li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </article> <article id="post-9691" class="post-9691 post type-post status-publish format-standard hentry category-uncategorized"> <div class="blog-item-wrap"> <a href="https://primaryfacts.com/9691/10-marcus-rashford-quotes/" title="10 Marcus Rashford Quotes"> </a> <div class="post-inner-content"> <header class="entry-header page-header"> <h2 class="entry-title"><a href="https://primaryfacts.com/9691/10-marcus-rashford-quotes/" rel="bookmark">10 Marcus Rashford Quotes</a></h2> <div class="entry-meta"> <span class="posted-on"><i class="fa fa-calendar-alt"></i> <a href="https://primaryfacts.com/9691/10-marcus-rashford-quotes/" rel="bookmark"><time class="entry-date published" datetime="2022-11-10T13:30:10+00:00"></time><time class="updated" datetime="2022-11-10T13:30:10+00:00"></time></a></span><span class="byline"> <i class="fa fa-user"></i> <span class="author vcard"><a class="url fn n" href="https://primaryfacts.com/author/james/">James</a></span></span> </div> </header> <div class="entry-content"> <p>Here are ten quotes from <a href="https://primaryfacts.com/9469/marcus-rashford-facts/">Marcus Rashford</a>, the Manchester United and England footballer, and a campaigner against child hunger and racism.</p><div id="ezoic-pub-ad-placeholder-129" data-inserter-version="2"></div> <blockquote class="wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow"> <p><strong>Food poverty is contributing to social unrest. Add school closures, redundancies, and furloughs into the equation and we have an issue that could negatively impact generations to come. It all starts with stability around access to food.</strong></p> <cite>Marcus Rashford (September, 2020)</cite></blockquote> <blockquote class="wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow"> <p><strong>Education is only effective when children can engage in learning. Right now, a generation who have already been penalised during this pandemic with lack of access to educational resources are now back in school struggling to concentrate due to worry and the sound of their rumbling stomachs.</strong></p> <cite>Marcus Rashford (October, 2020)</cite></blockquote> <blockquote class="wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow"> <p><strong>#endchildpoverty is not about children going hungry during the school holidays, this is about children going hungry full-stop. Let’s not lose sight of the bigger picture here. There are at least 1.5 million school children we are not reaching with the free school meal scheme.</strong></p> <cite>Marcus Rashford (October, 2020)</cite></blockquote> <blockquote class="wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow"> <p><strong>I don’t have the education of a politician, many on Twitter have made that clear today, but I have a social education having lived through this and having spent time with the families and children most affected. These children matter. And as long as they don’t have a voice they will have mine</strong>.</p> <cite>Marcus Rashford</cite></blockquote> <blockquote class="wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow"> <p><strong>Of course I am happy to play in any of the attacking roles, but for me, where I can score the most goals is down the middle.</strong></p> <cite>Marcus Rashford on his best position on the football pitch.</cite></blockquote> <blockquote class="wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow"> <p><strong>I want to score more goals; the main ambition is goals.</strong></p> <cite>Marcus Rashford</cite></blockquote> <blockquote class="wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow"> <p><strong>What families are going through now, I’ve once had to go through that, and it’s very difficult to find a way out. It’s very important for me to help people who are struggling. Whether the outcome changes or doesn’t change. That’s why I wrote it.</strong></p> <cite>Marcus Rashford on writing an open letter to the UK government.</cite></blockquote> <blockquote class="wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow"> <p><strong>I learn something new every game. Every game is always different, no matter how you try and think about it beforehand.</strong></p> <cite>Marcus Rashford</cite></blockquote> <blockquote class="wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow"> <p><strong>For me, sometimes it’s more important to perform well in training and know that I am improving rather than scoring in a game. It’s doing the hard work, day in, day out.</strong></p> <cite>Marcus Rashford</cite></blockquote> <blockquote class="wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow"> <p><strong>Emotionally, making my debut has been the highlight so far. I didn’t know I was starting until three minutes before. I went in and put my shirt on, and the team were already in the tunnel.</strong></p> <cite>Marcus Rashford on making his Manchester United debut in 2016 at the age of 18</cite></blockquote> </div> </div> </div> </article> <article id="post-9670" class="post-9670 post type-post status-publish format-standard hentry category-books-and-authors"> <div class="blog-item-wrap"> <a href="https://primaryfacts.com/9670/michael-rosen-facts/" title="Michael Rosen Facts"> </a> <div class="post-inner-content"> <header class="entry-header page-header"> <h2 class="entry-title"><a href="https://primaryfacts.com/9670/michael-rosen-facts/" rel="bookmark">Michael Rosen Facts</a></h2> <div class="entry-meta"> <span class="posted-on"><i class="fa fa-calendar-alt"></i> <a href="https://primaryfacts.com/9670/michael-rosen-facts/" rel="bookmark"><time class="entry-date published" datetime="2022-10-04T13:15:41+00:00"></time><time class="updated" datetime="2022-10-04T13:17:55+00:00"></time></a></span><span class="byline"> <i class="fa fa-user"></i> <span class="author vcard"><a class="url fn n" href="https://primaryfacts.com/author/james/">James</a></span></span> </div> </header> <div class="entry-content"> <p>Michael Rosen is best known as a children’s author and poet.</p><div id="ezoic-pub-ad-placeholder-129" data-inserter-version="2"></div> <p><strong>Disclaimer</strong>: This post includes Amazon product images that include affiliate links to Amazon. As an Amazon Associate, Primary Facts earns from qualifying purchases.</p> <h2 class="wp-block-heading">Facts About Michael Rosen</h2> <ul class="wp-block-list"><li>Michael Rosen’s full name is Michael Wayne Rosen, and he was born in 1946 in Middlesex, England.</li><li>After briefly working for the BBC, in 1972 he became a freelance writer and broadcaster.</li><li>His first book of poetry for children Mind Your Business was published in 1974. He followed this up with other collections including <em>Wouldn’t You Like to Know</em>, <em>You Tell Me</em>, and <em>Quick Let’s Get Out of Here</em>.</li><li>His most popular title is the children’s picture book <em>We’re Going on a Bear Hunt</em>.</li><li><em>Michael Rosen’s Sad Book</em> (published in 2004 and illustrated by <a href="https://primaryfacts.com/4616/quentin-blake-facts-and-information/">Quentin Blake</a>) won the English Association Best Illustrated Children’s Book of the Year award. The book is partly about grief and bereavement and was prompted by the death of Micheal’s son, Eddie, from meningitis at the age of 18 in 1999.</li><li>Michael Rosen appeared on the Radio 4 show <em>Desert Island Discs</em> in 2006.</li><li>Michael Rosen nearly died of COVID-19, and he wrote a book <em>Many Different Kinds of Love: A Story of Life, Death and the NHS</em>, detailing his experiences while in hospital after spending morethan 40 days in a coma in the intensive care unit.</li></ul> <div class="wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-1 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex"> <div class="wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow"> <center><a href="https://www.amazon.co.uk/Many-Different-Kinds-Love-story/dp/1529109469?keywords=michael+rosen&qid=1664889007&qu=eyJxc2MiOiI0LjkxIiwicXNhIjoiNC42NSIsInFzcCI6IjQuNDkifQ%3D%3D&sr=8-1&linkCode=li3&tag=primary-21&linkId=ab7a1c91c5b5dfe0a93373c479cd37f3&language=en_GB&ref_=as_li_ss_il" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img decoding="async" border="0" src="//ws-eu.amazon-adsystem.com/widgets/q?_encoding=UTF8&ASIN=1529109469&Format=_SL250_&ID=AsinImage&MarketPlace=GB&ServiceVersion=20070822&WS=1&tag=primary-21&language=en_GB"/></a><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" src="https://ir-uk.amazon-adsystem.com/e/ir?t=primary-21&language=en_GB&l=li3&o=2&a=1529109469" width="1" height="1" border="0" alt="" style="border:none !important; margin:0px !important;"/></center> </div> <div class="wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow"> <center><a href="https://www.amazon.co.uk/Michael-Rosens-Rosen-3-Jan-2011-Paperback/dp/B011T71JXO?crid=23KOR99U2B12F&keywords=michael+rosen+sad&qid=1664889054&qu=eyJxc2MiOiIwLjU1IiwicXNhIjoiMC4xMCIsInFzcCI6IjAuMDAifQ%3D%3D&sprefix=michael+rosen+sad%2Caps%2C110&sr=8-2&linkCode=li3&tag=primary-21&linkId=3a3a834a01d04240b3837232b07be09f&language=en_GB&ref_=as_li_ss_il" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img decoding="async" border="0" src="//ws-eu.amazon-adsystem.com/widgets/q?_encoding=UTF8&ASIN=B011T71JXO&Format=_SL250_&ID=AsinImage&MarketPlace=GB&ServiceVersion=20070822&WS=1&tag=primary-21&language=en_GB"/></a><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" src="https://ir-uk.amazon-adsystem.com/e/ir?t=primary-21&language=en_GB&l=li3&o=2&a=B011T71JXO" width="1" height="1" border="0" alt="" style="border:none !important; margin:0px !important;"/></center> </div> </div> <ul class="wp-block-list"><li>He was a supporter of Jeremy Corbyn during his bid to become Prime Miniter in the 2019 UK General Election.</li><li>In 2007, Michael Rosen became the sixth British Children’s Laureate, taking over the post from <a href="https://primaryfacts.com/4643/jacqueline-wilson-facts-and-information/">Jacqueline Wilson</a>. He held the post for two years, before being succeeded by Anthony Browne.</li><li>He has written more than 140 books.</li><li>His favourite books include <em>Catch 22</em> by Joseph Heller, <em>The Wool Pack</em> by Cynthia Harnett, and <em>Where the Wild Things Are</em> by Maurice Sendak.</li><li>He supports Arsenal Football Club.</li><li>In 2003, he named his Top 10 Books and included <em>Zebby Gone with the Wind</em> by Binette Schroeder, <em>Each Peach Pear Plum</em> by Janet & Allan Ahlberg, <em>In the Night Kitchen</em> by Maurice Sendak, <em>Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland </em>by <a href="https://primaryfacts.com/148/lewis-carroll-facts/">Lewis Carroll</a>, <em>Refugee Boy</em> by <a href="https://primaryfacts.com/5750/benjamin-zephaniah-facts-and-information/">Benjamin Zephaniah</a>, <em>Gulf</em> by Robert Westall, and <em>The War Poems</em> by <a href="https://primaryfacts.com/3599/siegfried-sassoon-facts-about-the-english-poet/">Siegfried Sassoon</a>.</li><li>He is an admirer of the authors James Joyce, DH Lawrence, Carl Sandburg, Gerald Manley Hopkins, Rosemary Sutcliff, James Thurber, and Peter Ustinov.</li><li>Michael Rosen’s <em>We’re Going on a Bear Hunt </em>has sold more than 11 million copies, and it has been translated into 42 languages.</li><li>His poetry performance videos on YouTube have been viewed more than 100 million times.</li></ul> <div class="wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-2 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex"> <div class="wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow"> <center><a href="https://www.amazon.co.uk/Were-Going-Bear-Michael-Rosen/dp/1406363073?crid=173ZAAC2D1EP6&keywords=michael+rosen+bear+hunt&qid=1664889175&qu=eyJxc2MiOiIxLjQwIiwicXNhIjoiMS4xNSIsInFzcCI6IjEuMDUifQ%3D%3D&sprefix=michael+rosen+bea%2Caps%2C95&sr=8-1&linkCode=li3&tag=primary-21&linkId=8a7b7be3d6de042707aec566ea55518f&language=en_GB&ref_=as_li_ss_il" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img decoding="async" border="0" src="//ws-eu.amazon-adsystem.com/widgets/q?_encoding=UTF8&ASIN=1406363073&Format=_SL250_&ID=AsinImage&MarketPlace=GB&ServiceVersion=20070822&WS=1&tag=primary-21&language=en_GB"/></a><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" src="https://ir-uk.amazon-adsystem.com/e/ir?t=primary-21&language=en_GB&l=li3&o=2&a=1406363073" width="1" height="1" border="0" alt="" style="border:none !important; margin:0px !important;"/></center> </div> <div class="wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow"> <center><a href="https://www.amazon.co.uk/Chocolate-Cake-Michael-Rosen/dp/0141379200?crid=9XWNWKUPZWPV&keywords=michael+rosen&qid=1664889261&qu=eyJxc2MiOiI0LjkxIiwicXNhIjoiNC42NSIsInFzcCI6IjQuNDkifQ%3D%3D&sprefix=michael+rosen%2Caps%2C109&sr=8-17&linkCode=li3&tag=primary-21&linkId=312129d0eb31731e04711e8a797669b9&language=en_GB&ref_=as_li_ss_il" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img decoding="async" border="0" src="//ws-eu.amazon-adsystem.com/widgets/q?_encoding=UTF8&ASIN=0141379200&Format=_SL250_&ID=AsinImage&MarketPlace=GB&ServiceVersion=20070822&WS=1&tag=primary-21&language=en_GB"/></a><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" src="https://ir-uk.amazon-adsystem.com/e/ir?t=primary-21&language=en_GB&l=li3&o=2&a=0141379200" width="1" height="1" border="0" alt="" style="border:none !important; margin:0px !important;"/></center> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </article> <article id="post-9664" class="post-9664 post type-post status-publish format-standard hentry category-famous-people-2 category-the-ancient-egyptians"> <div class="blog-item-wrap"> <a href="https://primaryfacts.com/9664/lord-carnarvon-facts/" title="Lord Carnarvon Facts"> </a> <div class="post-inner-content"> <header class="entry-header page-header"> <h2 class="entry-title"><a href="https://primaryfacts.com/9664/lord-carnarvon-facts/" rel="bookmark">Lord Carnarvon Facts</a></h2> <div class="entry-meta"> <span class="posted-on"><i class="fa fa-calendar-alt"></i> <a href="https://primaryfacts.com/9664/lord-carnarvon-facts/" rel="bookmark"><time class="entry-date published" datetime="2022-10-04T11:42:48+00:00"></time><time class="updated" datetime="2022-10-04T11:42:49+00:00"></time></a></span><span class="byline"> <i class="fa fa-user"></i> <span class="author vcard"><a class="url fn n" href="https://primaryfacts.com/author/james/">James</a></span></span> </div> </header> <div class="entry-content"> <p>Lord Carnarvon was an English aristocrat, best known for being the key financial backer of many of Howard Carter’s Egyptian excavation projects, including the excavation in the Valley of the Kings of the tomb of Tutankhamun.</p><div id="ezoic-pub-ad-placeholder-129" data-inserter-version="2"></div> <h2 class="wp-block-heading">Facts About Lord Carnarvon</h2> <ul class="wp-block-list"><li>Lord Carnarvon was born George Edward Stanhope Molyneux Herbert in 1866.</li><li>His father was Henry Herbert, the 4th Earl of Carnarvon, and his mother was Lady Evelyn Stanhope.</li><li>Lord Carnarvon attended Eton College and Trinity College, Cambridge.</li><li>From his maternal grandmother, he inherited Bretby Hall in Derbyshire, and he became the 5th Earl of Carnarvon following the death of his father in 1890.</li><li>In 1895 he married Almina Victoria Maria Alexandra Wombwell, the illegitimate daughter of Alfred de Rothschild. Rothschild paid a marriage settlement of £500,000 (a sum that would total more than £60 million today). This allowed Lord Carnarvon to pay off all of his debts.</li><li>In 1902, Lord Carnarvon set up the Highclere Stud to breed racehorses.</li><li>His grandson, the 7th Earl of Carnarvon was Queen Elizabeth II’s racing manager.</li><li>In 1903, after becoming injured in a car accident, his doctors recommended that he spend winters abroad. He started to visit Egypt, and became a keen Egyptologist, seeking out antiquities for a collection he was putting together in England.</li><li>In 1907, he employed <a href="https://primaryfacts.com/2794/howard-carter-facts-and-information/">Howard Carter</a> to carry out the excavation of some Ancient Egyptian tombs near Thebes.</li></ul> <div class="wp-block-image"> <figure class="aligncenter size-full"><a href="https://primaryfacts.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/Lord-Carnarvon-Howard-Carter.jpg"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="271" height="448" src="https://primaryfacts.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/Lord-Carnarvon-Howard-Carter.jpg" alt="Lord Carnarvon and Howard Carter" class="wp-image-9665" srcset="https://primaryfacts.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/Lord-Carnarvon-Howard-Carter.jpg 271w, https://primaryfacts.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/Lord-Carnarvon-Howard-Carter-181x300.jpg 181w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 271px) 100vw, 271px"/></a></figure></div> <ul class="wp-block-list"><li>In 1914, he again employed Howard Carter, this time to search the Valley of the Kings for any tombs missed during previous explorations and excavations. The search was hampered by World War I, but in 1922 Howard Carter sent a telegram to Lord Carnarvon to inform him that a sealed tomb had been located.</li><li>Lord Carnarvon was present with his daughter, Lady Evelyn Herbert, when the staircase to the tomb was cleared, and he was present when the sealed doorway to the room containing Tutankhamun’s cartouche was breached.</li><li>Some reports suggest that Howard Carter, Lord Carnarvon, and Lady Evelyn Herbert entered the inner burial chamber of Tutankhamun’s tomb before the arrival of the officials of the Egyptian Department of Antiquities.</li><li>Lord Carnarvon sold the rights to report on the Tutankhamun excavation to <em>The Times</em> newspaper.</li><li>In 1923, Lord Carnarvon received a severe mosquito bite. The bite became infected after he nicked it with a razor when he was shaving, and he died of blood poisoning in Cairo.</li><li>The press speculated that Lord Carnarvon had been struck down by the Curse of Tutankhamun, and <a href="https://primaryfacts.com/4686/sir-arthur-conan-doyle-facts-about-the-creator-of-sherlock-holmes/">Arthur Conan Doyle</a> (the author of the Sherlock Holmes books) suggested that Lord Carnarvon had been killed by elemental priests guarding the tomb.</li><li>Lord Carnarvon’s country house, Highclere Castle, featured in the <em>Downton Abbey </em>TV series.</li><li>Lord Carnarvon was played by Sam Neil in ITV’s 2016 <em>Tutankhamun</em> television series.</li></ul> </div> </div> </div> </article> <article id="post-9651" class="post-9651 post type-post status-publish format-standard hentry category-famous-artists"> <div class="blog-item-wrap"> <a href="https://primaryfacts.com/9651/peter-blake-facts/" title="Peter Blake Facts"> </a> <div class="post-inner-content"> <header class="entry-header page-header"> <h2 class="entry-title"><a href="https://primaryfacts.com/9651/peter-blake-facts/" rel="bookmark">Peter Blake Facts</a></h2> <div class="entry-meta"> <span class="posted-on"><i class="fa fa-calendar-alt"></i> <a href="https://primaryfacts.com/9651/peter-blake-facts/" rel="bookmark"><time class="entry-date published" datetime="2022-10-04T08:06:02+00:00"></time><time class="updated" datetime="2022-10-04T08:06:04+00:00"></time></a></span><span class="byline"> <i class="fa fa-user"></i> <span class="author vcard"><a class="url fn n" href="https://primaryfacts.com/author/james/">James</a></span></span> </div> </header> <div class="entry-content"> <p>Peter Blake is an English artist from England, best known for his pop art collage pieces and for designing the record sleeve for the Beatles’ <em>Sgt. Pepper’s Lonely Hearts Club Band</em>.</p><div id="ezoic-pub-ad-placeholder-129" data-inserter-version="2"></div> <p><strong>Disclaimer</strong>: This post includes Amazon product images that include affiliate links to Amazon. As an Amazon Associate, Primary Facts earns from qualifying purchases.</p> <h2 class="wp-block-heading">Facts About Peter Blake</h2> <ul class="wp-block-list"><li>Peter Blake was born in Dartford, UK, in 1932.</li><li>He was evacuated from London as a child during World War II.</li><li>He attended Gravesend Technical College and the Royal College of Art in London.</li><li>His work titled <em>On the Balcony</em> was produced in the mid-1950s and combines pop culture images with fine art. Although it looks like a collage, all of the elements are painted.</li><li>Other of his early works of pop art include <em>Self-Portrait With Badges</em>, <em>Girls with Their Hero</em>, <em>Captain Webb Matchbook</em>, and <em>The First Real Target</em>.</li></ul> <center><blockquote class="instagram-media" data-instgrm-permalink="https://www.instagram.com/p/B3m-O6FFgVf/?utm_source=ig_embed&utm_campaign=loading" data-instgrm-version="14" style=" background:#FFF; border:0; border-radius:3px; box-shadow:0 0 1px 0 rgba(0,0,0,0.5),0 1px 10px 0 rgba(0,0,0,0.15); margin: 1px; max-width:540px; min-width:326px; padding:0; width:99.375%; width:-webkit-calc(100% - 2px); width:calc(100% - 2px);"><div style="padding:16px;"> <a href="https://www.instagram.com/p/B3m-O6FFgVf/?utm_source=ig_embed&utm_campaign=loading" style=" background:#FFFFFF; line-height:0; padding:0 0; text-align:center; text-decoration:none; width:100%;" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> <div style=" display: flex; flex-direction: row; align-items: center;"> <div style="background-color: #F4F4F4; border-radius: 50%; flex-grow: 0; height: 40px; margin-right: 14px; width: 40px;"></div> <div style="display: flex; flex-direction: column; flex-grow: 1; justify-content: center;"> <div style=" background-color: #F4F4F4; border-radius: 4px; flex-grow: 0; height: 14px; margin-bottom: 6px; width: 100px;"></div> <div style=" background-color: #F4F4F4; border-radius: 4px; flex-grow: 0; height: 14px; width: 60px;"></div></div></div><div style="padding: 19% 0;"></div> <div style="display:block; height:50px; margin:0 auto 12px; width:50px;"><svg width="50px" height="50px" viewBox="0 0 60 60" version="1.1" xmlns="https://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="https://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><g stroke="none" stroke-width="1" fill="none" fill-rule="evenodd"><g transform="translate(-511.000000, -20.000000)" fill="#000000"><g><path d="M556.869,30.41 C554.814,30.41 553.148,32.076 553.148,34.131 C553.148,36.186 554.814,37.852 556.869,37.852 C558.924,37.852 560.59,36.186 560.59,34.131 C560.59,32.076 558.924,30.41 556.869,30.41 M541,60.657 C535.114,60.657 530.342,55.887 530.342,50 C530.342,44.114 535.114,39.342 541,39.342 C546.887,39.342 551.658,44.114 551.658,50 C551.658,55.887 546.887,60.657 541,60.657 M541,33.886 C532.1,33.886 524.886,41.1 524.886,50 C524.886,58.899 532.1,66.113 541,66.113 C549.9,66.113 557.115,58.899 557.115,50 C557.115,41.1 549.9,33.886 541,33.886 M565.378,62.101 C565.244,65.022 564.756,66.606 564.346,67.663 C563.803,69.06 563.154,70.057 562.106,71.106 C561.058,72.155 560.06,72.803 558.662,73.347 C557.607,73.757 556.021,74.244 553.102,74.378 C549.944,74.521 548.997,74.552 541,74.552 C533.003,74.552 532.056,74.521 528.898,74.378 C525.979,74.244 524.393,73.757 523.338,73.347 C521.94,72.803 520.942,72.155 519.894,71.106 C518.846,70.057 518.197,69.06 517.654,67.663 C517.244,66.606 516.755,65.022 516.623,62.101 C516.479,58.943 516.448,57.996 516.448,50 C516.448,42.003 516.479,41.056 516.623,37.899 C516.755,34.978 517.244,33.391 517.654,32.338 C518.197,30.938 518.846,29.942 519.894,28.894 C520.942,27.846 521.94,27.196 523.338,26.654 C524.393,26.244 525.979,25.756 528.898,25.623 C532.057,25.479 533.004,25.448 541,25.448 C548.997,25.448 549.943,25.479 553.102,25.623 C556.021,25.756 557.607,26.244 558.662,26.654 C560.06,27.196 561.058,27.846 562.106,28.894 C563.154,29.942 563.803,30.938 564.346,32.338 C564.756,33.391 565.244,34.978 565.378,37.899 C565.522,41.056 565.552,42.003 565.552,50 C565.552,57.996 565.522,58.943 565.378,62.101 M570.82,37.631 C570.674,34.438 570.167,32.258 569.425,30.349 C568.659,28.377 567.633,26.702 565.965,25.035 C564.297,23.368 562.623,22.342 560.652,21.575 C558.743,20.834 556.562,20.326 553.369,20.18 C550.169,20.033 549.148,20 541,20 C532.853,20 531.831,20.033 528.631,20.18 C525.438,20.326 523.257,20.834 521.349,21.575 C519.376,22.342 517.703,23.368 516.035,25.035 C514.368,26.702 513.342,28.377 512.574,30.349 C511.834,32.258 511.326,34.438 511.181,37.631 C511.035,40.831 511,41.851 511,50 C511,58.147 511.035,59.17 511.181,62.369 C511.326,65.562 511.834,67.743 512.574,69.651 C513.342,71.625 514.368,73.296 516.035,74.965 C517.703,76.634 519.376,77.658 521.349,78.425 C523.257,79.167 525.438,79.673 528.631,79.82 C531.831,79.965 532.853,80.001 541,80.001 C549.148,80.001 550.169,79.965 553.369,79.82 C556.562,79.673 558.743,79.167 560.652,78.425 C562.623,77.658 564.297,76.634 565.965,74.965 C567.633,73.296 568.659,71.625 569.425,69.651 C570.167,67.743 570.674,65.562 570.82,62.369 C570.966,59.17 571,58.147 571,50 C571,41.851 570.966,40.831 570.82,37.631"></path></g></g></g></svg></div><div style="padding-top: 8px;"> <div style=" color:#3897f0; font-family:Arial,sans-serif; font-size:14px; font-style:normal; font-weight:550; line-height:18px;">View this post on Instagram</div></div><div style="padding: 12.5% 0;"></div> <div style="display: flex; flex-direction: row; margin-bottom: 14px; align-items: center;"><div> <div style="background-color: #F4F4F4; border-radius: 50%; height: 12.5px; width: 12.5px; transform: translateX(0px) translateY(7px);"></div> <div style="background-color: #F4F4F4; height: 12.5px; transform: rotate(-45deg) translateX(3px) translateY(1px); width: 12.5px; flex-grow: 0; margin-right: 14px; margin-left: 2px;"></div> <div style="background-color: #F4F4F4; border-radius: 50%; height: 12.5px; width: 12.5px; transform: translateX(9px) translateY(-18px);"></div></div><div style="margin-left: 8px;"> <div style=" background-color: #F4F4F4; border-radius: 50%; flex-grow: 0; height: 20px; width: 20px;"></div> <div style=" width: 0; height: 0; border-top: 2px solid transparent; border-left: 6px solid #f4f4f4; border-bottom: 2px solid transparent; transform: translateX(16px) translateY(-4px) rotate(30deg)"></div></div><div style="margin-left: auto;"> <div style=" width: 0px; border-top: 8px solid #F4F4F4; border-right: 8px solid transparent; transform: translateY(16px);"></div> <div style=" background-color: #F4F4F4; flex-grow: 0; height: 12px; width: 16px; transform: translateY(-4px);"></div> <div style=" width: 0; height: 0; border-top: 8px solid #F4F4F4; border-left: 8px solid transparent; transform: translateY(-4px) translateX(8px);"></div></div></div> <div style="display: flex; flex-direction: column; flex-grow: 1; justify-content: center; margin-bottom: 24px;"> <div style=" background-color: #F4F4F4; border-radius: 4px; flex-grow: 0; height: 14px; margin-bottom: 6px; width: 224px;"></div> <div style=" background-color: #F4F4F4; border-radius: 4px; flex-grow: 0; height: 14px; width: 144px;"></div></div></a><p style=" color:#c9c8cd; font-family:Arial,sans-serif; font-size:14px; line-height:17px; margin-bottom:0; margin-top:8px; overflow:hidden; padding:8px 0 7px; text-align:center; text-overflow:ellipsis; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="https://www.instagram.com/p/B3m-O6FFgVf/?utm_source=ig_embed&utm_campaign=loading" style=" color:#c9c8cd; font-family:Arial,sans-serif; font-size:14px; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; line-height:17px; text-decoration:none;" target="_blank" rel="noopener">A post shared by Peter Blake (@peterblakeartist)</a></p></div></blockquote> <script async="" src="//www.instagram.com/embed.js"></script></center> <ul class="wp-block-list"><li>His artwork was shown at the 1961 Young Contemporaries exhibition alongside the work of <a href="https://primaryfacts.com/2493/david-hockney-facts-and-information/">David Hockney</a> and R. B. Kitaj.</li><li>He was also featured in a BBC pop art documentary called <em>Pop Goes the Easel</em> in 1962.</li><li>He famously designed the album sleeve for the Beatles’ Sgt. Pepper’s Lonely Hearts Club Band LP, but he has provided artwork for numerous other records, including Stanley Road by Paul Weller (1995), <em>Stop the Clocks</em> by Oasis (2006), <em>Face Dances</em> by The Who (1981), I Still Do by Eric Clapton (2016), and the Band Aid <em>Do They Know It’s Christmas?</em> charity single (1984).</li><li>In addition to his pop art work, Peter Blake has also produced paintings. In the early 1970s, he completed a series of watercolour paintings to illustrate an edition of Through the Looking Glass by <a href="https://primaryfacts.com/148/lewis-carroll-facts/">Lewis Carroll</a>.</li><li>In 1991, he painted a portrait of the wrestler Kendo Nagasaki.</li><li>In 2008, Peter Blake created an updated version of his <em>Sgt. Pepper’s Lonely Hearts Club Band</em> album artwork to support Liverpool’s bid to become European Capital of Culture 2008.</li><li>He updated the artwork again in 2012 to celebrate his 80th birthday. The new collage featured images of people who he had admired and been influenced by during his long career, including Twiggy, <a href="https://primaryfacts.com/3560/j-k-rowling-facts/">JK Rowling</a>, Grayson Perry, Amy Winehouse, Noel Gallagher, Paul Weller, Mick Jagger, <a href="https://primaryfacts.com/9648/vivienne-westwood-facts/">Vivienne Westwood</a>, Tom Stoppard, and Elvis Costello.</li></ul> <div class="wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-3 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex"> <div class="wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow"> <center><a href="https://www.amazon.co.uk/Sgt-Peppers-Lonely-Hearts-Club/dp/B0025KVLTM?crid=IF8KQV162M5K&keywords=sgt+peppers+lonely&qid=1664866340&qu=eyJxc2MiOiIxLjM3IiwicXNhIjoiMC4wMCIsInFzcCI6IjAuMDAifQ%3D%3D&sprefix=sgt+peppers+lonely%2Caps%2C132&sr=8-1&linkCode=li3&tag=primary-21&linkId=c5655373b631018acfb2f96322da3d33&language=en_GB&ref_=as_li_ss_il" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img decoding="async" border="0" src="//ws-eu.amazon-adsystem.com/widgets/q?_encoding=UTF8&ASIN=B0025KVLTM&Format=_SL250_&ID=AsinImage&MarketPlace=GB&ServiceVersion=20070822&WS=1&tag=primary-21&language=en_GB"/></a><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" src="https://ir-uk.amazon-adsystem.com/e/ir?t=primary-21&language=en_GB&l=li3&o=2&a=B0025KVLTM" width="1" height="1" border="0" alt="" style="border:none !important; margin:0px !important;"/></center> </div> <div class="wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow"> <center><a href="https://www.amazon.co.uk/WHO-Limited-Deluxe-Who/dp/B07XVFMQJ7?crid=209AVO6GVQNRZ&keywords=who+detour&qid=1664866443&qu=eyJxc2MiOiIwLjY5IiwicXNhIjoiMC4wMCIsInFzcCI6IjAuMDAifQ%3D%3D&sprefix=who+detour%2Caps%2C109&sr=8-1&linkCode=li3&tag=primary-21&linkId=22e7bf1057fbc265052afdd3d86dfbdb&language=en_GB&ref_=as_li_ss_il" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img decoding="async" border="0" src="//ws-eu.amazon-adsystem.com/widgets/q?_encoding=UTF8&ASIN=B07XVFMQJ7&Format=_SL250_&ID=AsinImage&MarketPlace=GB&ServiceVersion=20070822&WS=1&tag=primary-21&language=en_GB"/></a><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" src="https://ir-uk.amazon-adsystem.com/e/ir?t=primary-21&language=en_GB&l=li3&o=2&a=B07XVFMQJ7" width="1" height="1" border="0" alt="" style="border:none !important; margin:0px !important;"/></center> </div> </div> <ul class="wp-block-list"><li>He is a supporter of Chelsea FC, and in 2010, he produced a collage to promote their 2010 kit.</li><li>He created the <em>London Stands Together</em> poster in 2020, and it was distributed via the <em>Evening Standard</em> newspaper.</li></ul> <center><blockquote class="instagram-media" data-instgrm-permalink="https://www.instagram.com/p/B-Kc3FGoOx3/?utm_source=ig_embed&utm_campaign=loading" data-instgrm-version="14" style=" background:#FFF; border:0; border-radius:3px; box-shadow:0 0 1px 0 rgba(0,0,0,0.5),0 1px 10px 0 rgba(0,0,0,0.15); margin: 1px; max-width:540px; min-width:326px; padding:0; width:99.375%; width:-webkit-calc(100% - 2px); width:calc(100% - 2px);"><div style="padding:16px;"> <a href="https://www.instagram.com/p/B-Kc3FGoOx3/?utm_source=ig_embed&utm_campaign=loading" style=" background:#FFFFFF; line-height:0; padding:0 0; text-align:center; text-decoration:none; width:100%;" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> <div style=" display: flex; flex-direction: row; align-items: center;"> <div style="background-color: #F4F4F4; border-radius: 50%; flex-grow: 0; height: 40px; margin-right: 14px; width: 40px;"></div> <div style="display: flex; flex-direction: column; flex-grow: 1; justify-content: center;"> <div style=" background-color: #F4F4F4; border-radius: 4px; flex-grow: 0; height: 14px; margin-bottom: 6px; width: 100px;"></div> <div style=" background-color: #F4F4F4; border-radius: 4px; flex-grow: 0; height: 14px; width: 60px;"></div></div></div><div style="padding: 19% 0;"></div> <div style="display:block; height:50px; margin:0 auto 12px; width:50px;"><svg width="50px" height="50px" viewBox="0 0 60 60" version="1.1" xmlns="https://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="https://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><g stroke="none" stroke-width="1" fill="none" fill-rule="evenodd"><g transform="translate(-511.000000, -20.000000)" fill="#000000"><g><path d="M556.869,30.41 C554.814,30.41 553.148,32.076 553.148,34.131 C553.148,36.186 554.814,37.852 556.869,37.852 C558.924,37.852 560.59,36.186 560.59,34.131 C560.59,32.076 558.924,30.41 556.869,30.41 M541,60.657 C535.114,60.657 530.342,55.887 530.342,50 C530.342,44.114 535.114,39.342 541,39.342 C546.887,39.342 551.658,44.114 551.658,50 C551.658,55.887 546.887,60.657 541,60.657 M541,33.886 C532.1,33.886 524.886,41.1 524.886,50 C524.886,58.899 532.1,66.113 541,66.113 C549.9,66.113 557.115,58.899 557.115,50 C557.115,41.1 549.9,33.886 541,33.886 M565.378,62.101 C565.244,65.022 564.756,66.606 564.346,67.663 C563.803,69.06 563.154,70.057 562.106,71.106 C561.058,72.155 560.06,72.803 558.662,73.347 C557.607,73.757 556.021,74.244 553.102,74.378 C549.944,74.521 548.997,74.552 541,74.552 C533.003,74.552 532.056,74.521 528.898,74.378 C525.979,74.244 524.393,73.757 523.338,73.347 C521.94,72.803 520.942,72.155 519.894,71.106 C518.846,70.057 518.197,69.06 517.654,67.663 C517.244,66.606 516.755,65.022 516.623,62.101 C516.479,58.943 516.448,57.996 516.448,50 C516.448,42.003 516.479,41.056 516.623,37.899 C516.755,34.978 517.244,33.391 517.654,32.338 C518.197,30.938 518.846,29.942 519.894,28.894 C520.942,27.846 521.94,27.196 523.338,26.654 C524.393,26.244 525.979,25.756 528.898,25.623 C532.057,25.479 533.004,25.448 541,25.448 C548.997,25.448 549.943,25.479 553.102,25.623 C556.021,25.756 557.607,26.244 558.662,26.654 C560.06,27.196 561.058,27.846 562.106,28.894 C563.154,29.942 563.803,30.938 564.346,32.338 C564.756,33.391 565.244,34.978 565.378,37.899 C565.522,41.056 565.552,42.003 565.552,50 C565.552,57.996 565.522,58.943 565.378,62.101 M570.82,37.631 C570.674,34.438 570.167,32.258 569.425,30.349 C568.659,28.377 567.633,26.702 565.965,25.035 C564.297,23.368 562.623,22.342 560.652,21.575 C558.743,20.834 556.562,20.326 553.369,20.18 C550.169,20.033 549.148,20 541,20 C532.853,20 531.831,20.033 528.631,20.18 C525.438,20.326 523.257,20.834 521.349,21.575 C519.376,22.342 517.703,23.368 516.035,25.035 C514.368,26.702 513.342,28.377 512.574,30.349 C511.834,32.258 511.326,34.438 511.181,37.631 C511.035,40.831 511,41.851 511,50 C511,58.147 511.035,59.17 511.181,62.369 C511.326,65.562 511.834,67.743 512.574,69.651 C513.342,71.625 514.368,73.296 516.035,74.965 C517.703,76.634 519.376,77.658 521.349,78.425 C523.257,79.167 525.438,79.673 528.631,79.82 C531.831,79.965 532.853,80.001 541,80.001 C549.148,80.001 550.169,79.965 553.369,79.82 C556.562,79.673 558.743,79.167 560.652,78.425 C562.623,77.658 564.297,76.634 565.965,74.965 C567.633,73.296 568.659,71.625 569.425,69.651 C570.167,67.743 570.674,65.562 570.82,62.369 C570.966,59.17 571,58.147 571,50 C571,41.851 570.966,40.831 570.82,37.631"></path></g></g></g></svg></div><div style="padding-top: 8px;"> <div style=" color:#3897f0; font-family:Arial,sans-serif; font-size:14px; font-style:normal; font-weight:550; line-height:18px;">View this post on Instagram</div></div><div style="padding: 12.5% 0;"></div> <div style="display: flex; flex-direction: row; margin-bottom: 14px; align-items: center;"><div> <div style="background-color: #F4F4F4; border-radius: 50%; height: 12.5px; width: 12.5px; transform: translateX(0px) translateY(7px);"></div> <div style="background-color: #F4F4F4; height: 12.5px; transform: rotate(-45deg) translateX(3px) translateY(1px); width: 12.5px; flex-grow: 0; margin-right: 14px; margin-left: 2px;"></div> <div style="background-color: #F4F4F4; border-radius: 50%; height: 12.5px; width: 12.5px; transform: translateX(9px) translateY(-18px);"></div></div><div style="margin-left: 8px;"> <div style=" background-color: #F4F4F4; border-radius: 50%; flex-grow: 0; height: 20px; width: 20px;"></div> <div style=" width: 0; height: 0; border-top: 2px solid transparent; border-left: 6px solid #f4f4f4; border-bottom: 2px solid transparent; transform: translateX(16px) translateY(-4px) rotate(30deg)"></div></div><div style="margin-left: auto;"> <div style=" width: 0px; border-top: 8px solid #F4F4F4; border-right: 8px solid transparent; transform: translateY(16px);"></div> <div style=" background-color: #F4F4F4; flex-grow: 0; height: 12px; width: 16px; transform: translateY(-4px);"></div> <div style=" width: 0; height: 0; border-top: 8px solid #F4F4F4; border-left: 8px solid transparent; transform: translateY(-4px) translateX(8px);"></div></div></div> <div style="display: flex; flex-direction: column; flex-grow: 1; justify-content: center; margin-bottom: 24px;"> <div style=" background-color: #F4F4F4; border-radius: 4px; flex-grow: 0; height: 14px; margin-bottom: 6px; width: 224px;"></div> <div style=" background-color: #F4F4F4; border-radius: 4px; flex-grow: 0; height: 14px; width: 144px;"></div></div></a><p style=" color:#c9c8cd; font-family:Arial,sans-serif; font-size:14px; line-height:17px; margin-bottom:0; margin-top:8px; overflow:hidden; padding:8px 0 7px; text-align:center; text-overflow:ellipsis; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="https://www.instagram.com/p/B-Kc3FGoOx3/?utm_source=ig_embed&utm_campaign=loading" style=" color:#c9c8cd; font-family:Arial,sans-serif; font-size:14px; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; line-height:17px; text-decoration:none;" target="_blank" rel="noopener">A post shared by Peter Blake (@peterblakeartist)</a></p></div></blockquote> <script async="" src="//www.instagram.com/embed.js"></script></center> <ul class="wp-block-list"><li>Peter Blake was knighted in 2002 for services to art.</li><li>In 2005 he produced a set of collages titled Homage to Schwitters, based on the work of <a href="https://primaryfacts.com/9643/kurt-schwitters-facts/">Kurt Schwitters</a>.</li><li>Although he admired the Beatles, he was a bigger fan of the Beach Boys, and he also enjoyed the music of the Four Freshman, Dionne Warrick, Chet Baker, the Hi-Lo’s, the Kirby Stone Four, and Bo Diddley.</li><li>He is a big admirer of the work of Simon Rodia.</li><li>Some of his favourite books include <em>Under Milk Wood</em> by Dylan Thomas, <em>The Great Gatsby</em> by F. Scott Fitzgerald, and <em>Ulysses</em> by James Joyce.</li><li>He has vast collections of items and objects, including taxidermy, puppets, ornaments, toys, and folk art.</li></ul> </div> </div> </div> </article> <article id="post-9648" class="post-9648 post type-post status-publish format-standard hentry category-uncategorized"> <div class="blog-item-wrap"> <a href="https://primaryfacts.com/9648/vivienne-westwood-facts/" title="Vivienne Westwood Facts"> </a> <div class="post-inner-content"> <header class="entry-header page-header"> <h2 class="entry-title"><a href="https://primaryfacts.com/9648/vivienne-westwood-facts/" rel="bookmark">Vivienne Westwood Facts</a></h2> <div class="entry-meta"> <span class="posted-on"><i class="fa fa-calendar-alt"></i> <a href="https://primaryfacts.com/9648/vivienne-westwood-facts/" rel="bookmark"><time class="entry-date published" datetime="2022-10-04T06:38:50+00:00"></time><time class="updated" datetime="2022-12-30T06:55:49+00:00"></time></a></span><span class="byline"> <i class="fa fa-user"></i> <span class="author vcard"><a class="url fn n" href="https://primaryfacts.com/author/james/">James</a></span></span> </div> </header> <div class="entry-content"> <p>Vivienne Westwood was a fashion designer from England. She was best known for shaping the fashion of London’s punk movement in the 1970s.</p><div id="ezoic-pub-ad-placeholder-129" data-inserter-version="2"></div> <p><strong>Disclaimer</strong>: This post includes Amazon product images that include affiliate links to Amazon. As an Amazon Associate, Primary Facts earns from qualifying purchases.</p> <h2 class="wp-block-heading">Vivienne Westwood Facts</h2> <ul class="wp-block-list"> <li>Vivienne Westwood was born Vivienne Isabel Swire in 1941 in Tintwistle in Cheshire, England.</li> <li>She took a course in jewellery-making and silversmithing at the University of Westminster but quit after just one term. Instead, she trained as a primary school teacher and made jewellery in her free time, selling it from a stall on London’s Portobello Road.</li> <li>Vivienne Westwood met Derek Westwood in 1962, and they got married the same year. She designed and made her own wedding dress.</li> <li>The marriage of Vivienne and Derek Westwood ended when Vivienne met Malcolm McClaren. Malcolm McClaren and Vivienne Westwood lived together in Balham, London, and they collaborated to produce pieces of clothing.</li> <li>In the 1970s, Vivienne Westwood co-managed a shop with Malcolm McClaren that became a hub for the London punk scene. The Sex Pistols band, managed by Malcolm McClaren wore clothes designed by Vivienne Westwood and McClaren, and Vivienne Westwood is often credited as being one of the key architects of punk style.</li> </ul> <blockquote class="wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow"> <p><strong>Vivienne and Malcolm use clothes to shock, irritate and provoke a reaction but also to inspire change. Mohair jumpers, knitted on big needles, so loosely that you can see all the way through them, T-shirts slashed and written on by hand, seams and labels on the outside, showing the construction of the piece; these attitudes are reflected in the music we make. It’s OK to not be perfect, to show the workings of your life and your mind in your songs and your clothes </strong></p> <cite>Viv Albertine</cite></blockquote> <div class="wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-4 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex"> <div class="wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow"> <center><a href="https://www.amazon.co.uk/Vivienne-Westwood-VA-Claire-Wilcox/dp/185177405X?crid=1ACVX4INVKJ70&keywords=vivienne+westwood+book&qid=1664859380&qu=eyJxc2MiOiIzLjAwIiwicXNhIjoiMS43OCIsInFzcCI6IjEuODYifQ%3D%3D&sprefix=vivienne+westwood+book%2Caps%2C102&sr=8-17&linkCode=li3&tag=primary-21&linkId=63b20e895ebcc23c14a654c82784842a&language=en_GB&ref_=as_li_ss_il" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img decoding="async" border="0" src="//ws-eu.amazon-adsystem.com/widgets/q?_encoding=UTF8&ASIN=185177405X&Format=_SL250_&ID=AsinImage&MarketPlace=GB&ServiceVersion=20070822&WS=1&tag=primary-21&language=en_GB"/></a><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" src="https://ir-uk.amazon-adsystem.com/e/ir?t=primary-21&language=en_GB&l=li3&o=2&a=185177405X" width="1" height="1" border="0" alt="" style="border:none !important; margin:0px !important;"/></center> </div> <div class="wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow"> <center><a href="https://www.amazon.co.uk/Vivienne-Westwood-Catwalk-Complete-Collections/dp/0500023794?crid=1ACVX4INVKJ70&keywords=vivienne+westwood+book&qid=1664859465&qu=eyJxc2MiOiIzLjAwIiwicXNhIjoiMS43OCIsInFzcCI6IjEuODYifQ%3D%3D&sprefix=vivienne+westwood+book%2Caps%2C102&sr=8-1&linkCode=li3&tag=primary-21&linkId=3f2f5f3b0bc849afb777f1319421ad2f&language=en_GB&ref_=as_li_ss_il" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img decoding="async" border="0" src="//ws-eu.amazon-adsystem.com/widgets/q?_encoding=UTF8&ASIN=0500023794&Format=_SL250_&ID=AsinImage&MarketPlace=GB&ServiceVersion=20070822&WS=1&tag=primary-21&language=en_GB"/></a><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" src="https://ir-uk.amazon-adsystem.com/e/ir?t=primary-21&language=en_GB&l=li3&o=2&a=0500023794" width="1" height="1" border="0" alt="" style="border:none !important; margin:0px !important;"/></center> </div> </div> <ul class="wp-block-list"> <li>The first Vivienne Westwood and Malcolm McClaren fashion collection to be shown to the media was called <em>Pirate</em>, and they went on to collaborate on other collections, including <em>Savages</em> (1981), <em>Punkature</em> (1982), and <em>World’s End</em> (1984).</li> <li>In the late-1980s, Vivienne Westwood combined the Victorian crinoline (a stiff petticoat designed to hold a skirt away from the body) and the miniskirt, creating the mini-crini.</li> <li>In 2007, Vivienne Westwood designed the academic gowns for London’s King’s College.</li> <li>She also designed uniforms for Richard Branson’s Virgin Atlantic cabin crew.</li> <li>Vivienne Westwood designed for numerous big-name clients over the years, including Dita Von Teese (wedding dress), Marion Cotillard (dress for film premiere), Princess Eugenie (dresses for the wedding of Prince William and Catherine Middleton), and Pharrell Williams (Buffalo hat).</li> <li>In the video game Final Fantasy XV one of the characters, Lunafreya Nox Fleuret, is shown wearing a wedding dress designed by Vivienne Westwood.</li> <li>In the 2008 <em>Sex and the City</em> movie, one of the main characters, Carrie Bradshaw, wears a Vivienne Westwood wedding dress.</li> <li>Although she was at times a supporter of both Britain’s Labour Party and the Conservative Party, in 2015 she supported the Green Party of England and Wales.</li> <li>In 2017, she endorsed Jeremy Corbyn’s bid to become Prime Minister at the UK general election. He was unsuccessful.</li> <li>She supported many different campaigns, charities, and causes over the years, including PETA, climate change awareness, the Trillion Fund (clean energy), Liberty, and the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament (CND).</li> <li>In 2008 Vivienne Westwood published the Vivienne Westwood Opus 2008 book at London Fashion Week. It featured 97 large-format Polaroid photographs. The subjects include Kate Moss, Naomi Campbell, Sarah Ferguson, Helena Bonham Carter, and Sir Bob Geldof.</li> <li>Vivienne Westwood was awarded the OBE in 1992, and the DBE in 2006 for services to fashion.</li> <li>She was included in the updated version of <a href="https://primaryfacts.com/9651/peter-blake-facts/">Peter Blake</a>‘s <em>Sgt. Pepper’s Lonely Hearts Club Band</em> Beatles album cover.</li> <li>In 2012, one of Vivienne Westwood’s tartan outfits appeared on a Royal Mail postage stamp to celebrate Great British Fashion.</li> <li>She is a vegetarian.</li> <li>She moved into a house in Clapham, London, once owned by Captain James Cook’s mother.</li> <li>Vivienne Westwood was twice named British Designer of the Year.</li> <li>The Richest website estimates that Vivienne Westwood had a net worth of more than £150 million.</li> <li>In recent years, many celebrities have worn clothes and accessories designed by Vivienne Westwood, including Dua Lipa, Hailey Bieber, Rita Ora, Gigi Hadid, Elle Fanning, Miley Cyrus, and Kristen Stewart.</li> <li>Vivienne Westwood died on 29th December 2022. She was 81.</li> <li>Following her death, celebrities such as the designer Marc Jacobs, the actress Kim Catrall, the supermodel Claudia Schiffer, and former Spice Girl, Victoria Beckham.</li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </article> <article id="post-9643" class="post-9643 post type-post status-publish format-standard hentry category-uncategorized"> <div class="blog-item-wrap"> <a href="https://primaryfacts.com/9643/kurt-schwitters-facts/" title="Kurt Schwitters Facts"> </a> <div class="post-inner-content"> <header class="entry-header page-header"> <h2 class="entry-title"><a href="https://primaryfacts.com/9643/kurt-schwitters-facts/" rel="bookmark">Kurt Schwitters Facts</a></h2> <div class="entry-meta"> <span class="posted-on"><i class="fa fa-calendar-alt"></i> <a href="https://primaryfacts.com/9643/kurt-schwitters-facts/" rel="bookmark"><time class="entry-date published" datetime="2022-10-03T13:49:02+00:00"></time><time class="updated" datetime="2022-10-04T08:08:22+00:00"></time></a></span><span class="byline"> <i class="fa fa-user"></i> <span class="author vcard"><a class="url fn n" href="https://primaryfacts.com/author/james/">James</a></span></span> </div> </header> <div class="entry-content"> <p>Kurt Schwitters was a German artist. Although he produced works of poetry, painting, sculpture, and graphic design, he is best known for his works of collage.</p><div id="ezoic-pub-ad-placeholder-129" data-inserter-version="2"></div> <p><strong>Disclaimer</strong>: This post includes Amazon product images that include affiliate links to Amazon. As an Amazon Associate, Primary Facts earns from qualifying purchases.</p> <h2 class="wp-block-heading">Facts About Kurt Schwitters</h2> <ul class="wp-block-list"><li>Kurt Schwitters was born in 1887 in Hannover, Germany.</li><li>In 1901, as a teenager, he experienced his first epileptic fit.</li><li>He studied art at the Dresden Academy, and then he began a career as an artist, initially as a post-impressionist.</li><li>His work became more expressionist as World War I progressed.</li><li>Although Kurt Schwitters was conscripted into the 73rd Hanoverian Regiment in 1917, he was exempted due to his epilepsy. During World War I, he worked as a draftsman in a factory.</li><li>The style of work he produced changed dramatically in the years following the end of World War I.</li><li>Kurt Schwitters produced his first abstract collages in 1919. He called these works <em>Merz</em> (after text appearing on one of the paper fragments).</li><li>In his collages, Kurt Schwitters included fragments of found objects, personal items (such as tickets, and items given to him by friends), and pieces of newspaper.</li></ul> <blockquote class="wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow"><p><strong>I could see no reason why used tram tickets, bits of driftwood, buttons and old junk from attics and rubbish heaps should not serve well as materials for paintings; they suited the purpose just as well as factory-made paints</strong>.</p><cite>Kurt Schwitters</cite></blockquote> <ul class="wp-block-list"><li>From 1923 to 1937, he worked on an ambitious 3-D construction at his Hanover studio. It started out as a single column, but soon expanded to fill his enitr working and living space with a series of angular pillars, caves, and grottoes. He called this work <em>Merzbau</em>.</li><li>From 1937-1948, Kurt Schwitters and his son fled Germany for Norway to avoid being arrested by the Gestapo. his wife remained in Germany to manage their four properties.</li><li>When the Nazi’s invaded Norway in 1940, Kurt Schwitters moved to Leith in Scotland before being relocated to Hutchinson Camp in Douglas in the Isle of Man.</li><li>During his internement, Kurt Schwitters produced more than 200 works of art.</li><li>He was released from the internment camp in 1941, and he moved to London.</li><li>In London, he was in contact with the artists Ben Nicholson, Naum Gabo, and Laszlo Moholy-Nagy.</li><li>During this period of his career, Kurt Schwitters started to incorporate more natural elements into his work, including pebbles, and sea-worn pottery.</li><li>In 1944, Kurt Schwitters suffered a stroke, and he learned that his wife had died of cancer in Germany.</li></ul> <div class="wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-5 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex"> <div class="wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow"> <center><a href="https://www.amazon.co.uk/Poisoned-Abstraction-Schwitters-between-Revolution/dp/0300257082?crid=2VFUP7VVFTPWA&keywords=kurt+schwitters&qid=1664801650&qu=eyJxc2MiOiI0LjAyIiwicXNhIjoiMi45NyIsInFzcCI6IjIuNjEifQ%3D%3D&sprefix=kurt+schwitetrs%2Caps%2C1173&sr=8-1&linkCode=li3&tag=primary-21&linkId=3e6d3fd896be627050b469f5a54475ec&language=en_GB&ref_=as_li_ss_il" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img decoding="async" border="0" src="//ws-eu.amazon-adsystem.com/widgets/q?_encoding=UTF8&ASIN=0300257082&Format=_SL250_&ID=AsinImage&MarketPlace=GB&ServiceVersion=20070822&WS=1&tag=primary-21&language=en_GB"/></a><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" src="https://ir-uk.amazon-adsystem.com/e/ir?t=primary-21&language=en_GB&l=li3&o=2&a=0300257082" width="1" height="1" border="0" alt="" style="border:none !important; margin:0px !important;"/></center> </div> <div class="wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow"> <center><a href="https://www.amazon.co.uk/Myself-My-Aims-Writings-Criticism/dp/022612939X?crid=2VFUP7VVFTPWA&keywords=kurt+schwitters&qid=1664801709&qu=eyJxc2MiOiI0LjAyIiwicXNhIjoiMi45NyIsInFzcCI6IjIuNjEifQ%3D%3D&sprefix=kurt+schwitetrs%2Caps%2C1173&sr=8-3&linkCode=li3&tag=primary-21&linkId=73af07728868f28de71ac091904b889c&language=en_GB&ref_=as_li_ss_il" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img decoding="async" border="0" src="//ws-eu.amazon-adsystem.com/widgets/q?_encoding=UTF8&ASIN=022612939X&Format=_SL250_&ID=AsinImage&MarketPlace=GB&ServiceVersion=20070822&WS=1&tag=primary-21&language=en_GB"/></a><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" src="https://ir-uk.amazon-adsystem.com/e/ir?t=primary-21&language=en_GB&l=li3&o=2&a=022612939X" width="1" height="1" border="0" alt="" style="border:none !important; margin:0px !important;"/></center> </div> </div> <ul class="wp-block-list"><li>He moved to the Lake District in 1947, and he died in 1948 on the day after he had received the news that he had been granted British citizenship. He was sixty years old.</li><li>The artists <a href="https://primaryfacts.com/9146/damien-hirst-facts/">Damien Hirst</a>, Robert Rauschenberg, Richard Hamilton, <a href="https://primaryfacts.com/9651/peter-blake-facts/">Peter Blake</a>, <a href="https://primaryfacts.com/9457/eduardo-paolozzi-facts/">Eduardo Paolozzi</a>, Ed Ruscha, and Al Hansen, have all said that Kurt Schwitters has influenced their work.</li><li>In 2014, one of Kurt Schwitters’ 1920s works, <em>Ja-Was?-Bild</em> (an abstract composition combining paper, cardboard, fabric, wood, and nails), sold at auction for just under £14 million.</li></ul> </div> </div> </div> </article> <article id="post-9638" class="post-9638 post type-post status-publish format-standard hentry category-uncategorized"> <div class="blog-item-wrap"> <a href="https://primaryfacts.com/9638/what-is-photorealism/" title="What is Photorealism? Facts and Information"> </a> <div class="post-inner-content"> <header class="entry-header page-header"> <h2 class="entry-title"><a href="https://primaryfacts.com/9638/what-is-photorealism/" rel="bookmark">What is Photorealism? Facts and Information</a></h2> <div class="entry-meta"> <span class="posted-on"><i class="fa fa-calendar-alt"></i> <a href="https://primaryfacts.com/9638/what-is-photorealism/" rel="bookmark"><time class="entry-date published" datetime="2022-10-03T07:32:35+00:00"></time><time class="updated" datetime="2022-10-03T07:32:36+00:00"></time></a></span><span class="byline"> <i class="fa fa-user"></i> <span class="author vcard"><a class="url fn n" href="https://primaryfacts.com/author/james/">James</a></span></span> </div> </header> <div class="entry-content"> <p>Photorealism is an art genre in which the artist attempts to recreate a photographed image in another medium. The work is incredibly detailed and faithful to the source image. As a result, works of photorealism often feel cool and emotionless, as the artist is trying to achieve a perfect copy of what was seen through the camera’s lens, free from emotion or artistic style.</p><div id="ezoic-pub-ad-placeholder-129" data-inserter-version="2"></div> <p>The term Photorealism was first used by Louis L Meisel (an American gallery owner and art dealer) in 1969 to describe artists who gathered information with cameras and photographs and produced work that appeared photographic.</p> <h2 class="wp-block-heading">Who were the first Photorealists?</h2> <p>Know as the American Photorealists, the first Photorealist artists included Richard Estes, <a href="https://primaryfacts.com/9632/audrey-flack-facts/">Audrey Flack</a>, Ralph Goings, <a href="https://primaryfacts.com/9413/chuck-close-facts/">Chuck Close</a>, Don Eddy, Richard McLean, John Salt, Tom Blackwell, Ron Kleeman, and Ben Schonzeit.</p><div id="ezoic-pub-ad-placeholder-137" data-inserter-version="2"></div> <p>These artists worked independently of each other, and produced landscapes, portraits, and still lifes.</p> <p>Many of the original Photorealists moved away from this genre of art as their careers progressed and evolved, but since 2000 and the rise in digital photography, new Photorealist artists have emerged.</p> <p>Other artists who have produced works of Photorealism include Roberto Bernardi, Bryan Charnley, Raphaella Spense, Glennray Tutor, Tjalf Sparnaay, Robert Neffson, Clive Head, and William Nichols.</p><div id="ezoic-pub-ad-placeholder-138" data-inserter-version="2"></div> <h2 class="wp-block-heading">What is the difference between Hyperrealism and Photorealism?</h2> <p>Although the term Hyperrealism has been used to describe the work of Photorealist artists, the Hyperrealism movement is considered a distinct offshoot of the Photorealism genre.</p> <p>Unlike Photorealist painters who focused on recreating mundane and everyday scenes in a precise, mechanical manner without emotion or narrative, the Hyperrealists, using digital photography as their starting point, try to create an illusion of reality that is not present in the original (creating a simulation of something which has never really existed). Hyperrealist works often focus on social, cultural, and political themes, and they often portray the subject with emotion and feeling.</p> <blockquote class="wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow"><p>Hyperrealist painters at once simulate and improve upon precise photographic images to produce optically convincing visual illusions of reality, often in a social or cultural context.</p><cite>Petra Halkes</cite></blockquote> <p>Some artists who have produced works of Hyperrealism include Dennis Peterson, Gottfried Heinwein, Ron Mueck, Andreas Orosz, Peter Maier, Mark Jenkins, Eric Dillman, and Jack Mendenhall.</p> <h2 class="wp-block-heading">Famous Photorealist Paintings</h2> <p>Some of the most well-known works of Photorealism include:</p><div id="ezoic-pub-ad-placeholder-139" data-inserter-version="2"></div> <ul class="wp-block-list"><li><em>’71 Buick</em> by Robert Bechtle</li><li><em>Gum Ball No 10</em> by Charles Ball</li><li><em>Stanley II</em> by Chuck Close</li><li><em>Tattoo</em> by Robert Cottingham</li><li><em>The Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum</em> by Richard Estes</li><li><em>Medalion</em> by Richard McLean</li><li><em>McDonald’s Pickup</em> by Ralph Goings</li><li><em>A Season of Moment </em>by Glennray Tutor</li><li><em>Shiva Blue</em> by Audrey Flack</li></ul> </div> </div> </div> </article> <article id="post-9632" class="post-9632 post type-post status-publish format-standard hentry category-famous-artists"> <div class="blog-item-wrap"> <a href="https://primaryfacts.com/9632/audrey-flack-facts/" title="Audrey Flack Facts"> </a> <div class="post-inner-content"> <header class="entry-header page-header"> <h2 class="entry-title"><a href="https://primaryfacts.com/9632/audrey-flack-facts/" rel="bookmark">Audrey Flack Facts</a></h2> <div class="entry-meta"> <span class="posted-on"><i class="fa fa-calendar-alt"></i> <a href="https://primaryfacts.com/9632/audrey-flack-facts/" rel="bookmark"><time class="entry-date published" datetime="2022-10-02T08:03:05+00:00"></time><time class="updated" datetime="2022-10-02T08:03:05+00:00"></time></a></span><span class="byline"> <i class="fa fa-user"></i> <span class="author vcard"><a class="url fn n" href="https://primaryfacts.com/author/james/">James</a></span></span> </div> </header> <div class="entry-content"> <p>Audrey Flack is an American artist working in the genre of photorealism. Her work incorporates painting, sculpture, and photography, and it often portrays women, everyday objects, and important moments in modern history.</p><div id="ezoic-pub-ad-placeholder-129" data-inserter-version="2"></div> <p><strong>Disclaimer</strong>: This post includes Amazon product images that include affiliate links to Amazon. As an Amazon Associate, Primary Facts earns from qualifying purchases.</p> <h2 class="wp-block-heading">Facts About Audrey Flack</h2> <ul class="wp-block-list"><li>Audrey Flack was born in 1931 in Washington Heights in New York City, US.</li><li>She went to school at the High School of Music and Arts in New York, and she went on to earn a graduate degree from New York’s Cooper Union and a Fine Arts degree from Yale University. She also studied Art History at the Institute of Fine Arts in New York.</li><li>Audrey Flack started out as an abstract expressionist painter, but in the 1960s she started to develop a photorealism approach.</li><li>In 1966, Audrey Flack was the first photorealist painter to have work included in the Museum of Modern Art (New York) collection.</li><li>Audrey Flack was one of the first painters to use photographs as the basis for her paintings. Her photorealist work is based around a cluttered and busy tabletop still life, including everyday objects such as lipstick tubes, perfume bottles, and fruit.</li></ul> <blockquote class="wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow"><p><strong>There is an instinct for realism, a powerful drive to reproduce oneself. The fascination of photorealistic paintings lies partly in their apparent replication of life, but these are not merely replications. These paintings are often out of life scale, varying from over life-size to under life-size, from brilliant, heightened color to pale, undertone hues.</strong></p><cite>Audrey Flack on Photorealism</cite></blockquote> <ul class="wp-block-list"><li>In addition to being a painter, Audrey Flack is also a talented sculptor. Her sculptures often feature heroic and powerful women and goddesses from history and myth. Some of her sculptures include <em>Medusa</em> (1989), <em>Egyptian Rocket Goddess</em> (1990), and <em>Sofia</em> (1995).</li></ul> <blockquote class="wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow"><p><strong>I believe art cuts across time. Art lives forever.</strong></p><cite>Audrey Flack</cite></blockquote> <ul class="wp-block-list"><li>Audrey Flacks has had her work shown in exhibitions and galleries in cities all over America, including New York, Tampa, Minneapolis, Louisville, San Francisco, Austin, Charlotte, Phoenix, and Roanoke.</li><li>Audrey Flack plays the banjo in the band Art Band. The band performs songs about famous artists, including <a href="https://primaryfacts.com/2210/jackson-pollock-facts-and-information/">Jackson Pollock</a>, <a href="https://primaryfacts.com/2084/vincent-van-gogh-facts-and-information/">Vincent Van Gogh</a>, <a href="https://primaryfacts.com/2091/pablo-picasso-facts-and-information/">Picasso</a>, Mary Cassat, Lee Krasner, and Camille Claudel. A CD of their music was released in 2013.</li><li>She is inspired by Rembrandt, Pablo Picasso, Juan Gris and <a href="https://primaryfacts.com/5314/georges-braque-facts-and-information/">Georges Braque</a>, Franz Kline, Jackson Pollock, and Spanish sculptor Luisa Roldan.</li><li>Alongside <a href="https://primaryfacts.com/9413/chuck-close-facts/">Chuck Close</a>, Wayne Thiebaud, and Malcolm Morely, Audrey Flack is considered one of the key artists of the photorealism movement. Some of her best-known photorealist works include <em>Marilyn: Golden Girl</em> and <em>Fortune (Vanitas)</em>, <em>World War II</em> (Vanitas), and <em>Wheel of Fortune</em>.</li></ul> <div class="wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-6 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex"> <div class="wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow"> <center><a href="https://www.amazon.co.uk/Audrey-Flack-Painting/dp/0810922355?keywords=audrey+flack&qid=1664609891&qu=eyJxc2MiOiIxLjg4IiwicXNhIjoiMS41MCIsInFzcCI6IjEuNTkifQ%3D%3D&sr=8-4&linkCode=li3&tag=primary-21&linkId=aa2e3c43ad61eef9a573447f670a051b&language=en_GB&ref_=as_li_ss_il" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img decoding="async" border="0" src="//ws-eu.amazon-adsystem.com/widgets/q?_encoding=UTF8&ASIN=0810922355&Format=_SL250_&ID=AsinImage&MarketPlace=GB&ServiceVersion=20070822&WS=1&tag=primary-21&language=en_GB"/></a><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" src="https://ir-uk.amazon-adsystem.com/e/ir?t=primary-21&language=en_GB&l=li3&o=2&a=0810922355" width="1" height="1" border="0" alt="" style="border:none !important; margin:0px !important;"/></center> </div> <div class="wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow"> <center><a href="https://www.amazon.co.uk/Soul-Compass-Audrey-Flack-1992-01-31/dp/B01K0TIG1U?keywords=audrey+flack&qid=1664609988&qu=eyJxc2MiOiIxLjg4IiwicXNhIjoiMS41MCIsInFzcCI6IjEuNTkifQ%3D%3D&sr=8-5&linkCode=li3&tag=primary-21&linkId=479e13218be9846f39ab58f63ae3fd1e&language=en_GB&ref_=as_li_ss_il" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img decoding="async" border="0" src="//ws-eu.amazon-adsystem.com/widgets/q?_encoding=UTF8&ASIN=B01K0TIG1U&Format=_SL250_&ID=AsinImage&MarketPlace=GB&ServiceVersion=20070822&WS=1&tag=primary-21&language=en_GB"/></a><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" src="https://ir-uk.amazon-adsystem.com/e/ir?t=primary-21&language=en_GB&l=li3&o=2&a=B01K0TIG1U" width="1" height="1" border="0" alt="" style="border:none !important; margin:0px !important;"/></center> </div> </div> <ul class="wp-block-list"><li>Audrey Flack has written three books about art and her creative process. They are titled <em>Audrey Flack On Painting</em>, <em>Audrey Flack: The Daily Muse</em>, and <em>Art and Soul: Notes on Creating</em>.</li></ul> <blockquote class="wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow"><p><strong>Every still-life painter has her bag of tricks. You have your prop closet and just pull them out. One of the beauties of being an artist is that no one can tell me what to paint.</strong></p><cite>Audrey Flack in 1978</cite></blockquote> <center><blockquote class="instagram-media" data-instgrm-permalink="https://www.instagram.com/p/BwuDHzalOb_/?utm_source=ig_embed&utm_campaign=loading" data-instgrm-version="14" style=" background:#FFF; border:0; border-radius:3px; box-shadow:0 0 1px 0 rgba(0,0,0,0.5),0 1px 10px 0 rgba(0,0,0,0.15); margin: 1px; max-width:540px; min-width:326px; padding:0; width:99.375%; width:-webkit-calc(100% - 2px); width:calc(100% - 2px);"><div style="padding:16px;"> <a href="https://www.instagram.com/p/BwuDHzalOb_/?utm_source=ig_embed&utm_campaign=loading" style=" background:#FFFFFF; line-height:0; padding:0 0; text-align:center; text-decoration:none; width:100%;" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> <div style=" display: flex; flex-direction: row; align-items: center;"> <div style="background-color: #F4F4F4; border-radius: 50%; flex-grow: 0; height: 40px; margin-right: 14px; width: 40px;"></div> <div style="display: flex; flex-direction: column; flex-grow: 1; justify-content: center;"> <div style=" background-color: #F4F4F4; border-radius: 4px; flex-grow: 0; height: 14px; margin-bottom: 6px; width: 100px;"></div> <div style=" background-color: #F4F4F4; border-radius: 4px; flex-grow: 0; height: 14px; width: 60px;"></div></div></div><div style="padding: 19% 0;"></div> <div style="display:block; height:50px; margin:0 auto 12px; width:50px;"><svg width="50px" height="50px" viewBox="0 0 60 60" version="1.1" xmlns="https://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="https://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><g stroke="none" stroke-width="1" fill="none" fill-rule="evenodd"><g transform="translate(-511.000000, -20.000000)" fill="#000000"><g><path d="M556.869,30.41 C554.814,30.41 553.148,32.076 553.148,34.131 C553.148,36.186 554.814,37.852 556.869,37.852 C558.924,37.852 560.59,36.186 560.59,34.131 C560.59,32.076 558.924,30.41 556.869,30.41 M541,60.657 C535.114,60.657 530.342,55.887 530.342,50 C530.342,44.114 535.114,39.342 541,39.342 C546.887,39.342 551.658,44.114 551.658,50 C551.658,55.887 546.887,60.657 541,60.657 M541,33.886 C532.1,33.886 524.886,41.1 524.886,50 C524.886,58.899 532.1,66.113 541,66.113 C549.9,66.113 557.115,58.899 557.115,50 C557.115,41.1 549.9,33.886 541,33.886 M565.378,62.101 C565.244,65.022 564.756,66.606 564.346,67.663 C563.803,69.06 563.154,70.057 562.106,71.106 C561.058,72.155 560.06,72.803 558.662,73.347 C557.607,73.757 556.021,74.244 553.102,74.378 C549.944,74.521 548.997,74.552 541,74.552 C533.003,74.552 532.056,74.521 528.898,74.378 C525.979,74.244 524.393,73.757 523.338,73.347 C521.94,72.803 520.942,72.155 519.894,71.106 C518.846,70.057 518.197,69.06 517.654,67.663 C517.244,66.606 516.755,65.022 516.623,62.101 C516.479,58.943 516.448,57.996 516.448,50 C516.448,42.003 516.479,41.056 516.623,37.899 C516.755,34.978 517.244,33.391 517.654,32.338 C518.197,30.938 518.846,29.942 519.894,28.894 C520.942,27.846 521.94,27.196 523.338,26.654 C524.393,26.244 525.979,25.756 528.898,25.623 C532.057,25.479 533.004,25.448 541,25.448 C548.997,25.448 549.943,25.479 553.102,25.623 C556.021,25.756 557.607,26.244 558.662,26.654 C560.06,27.196 561.058,27.846 562.106,28.894 C563.154,29.942 563.803,30.938 564.346,32.338 C564.756,33.391 565.244,34.978 565.378,37.899 C565.522,41.056 565.552,42.003 565.552,50 C565.552,57.996 565.522,58.943 565.378,62.101 M570.82,37.631 C570.674,34.438 570.167,32.258 569.425,30.349 C568.659,28.377 567.633,26.702 565.965,25.035 C564.297,23.368 562.623,22.342 560.652,21.575 C558.743,20.834 556.562,20.326 553.369,20.18 C550.169,20.033 549.148,20 541,20 C532.853,20 531.831,20.033 528.631,20.18 C525.438,20.326 523.257,20.834 521.349,21.575 C519.376,22.342 517.703,23.368 516.035,25.035 C514.368,26.702 513.342,28.377 512.574,30.349 C511.834,32.258 511.326,34.438 511.181,37.631 C511.035,40.831 511,41.851 511,50 C511,58.147 511.035,59.17 511.181,62.369 C511.326,65.562 511.834,67.743 512.574,69.651 C513.342,71.625 514.368,73.296 516.035,74.965 C517.703,76.634 519.376,77.658 521.349,78.425 C523.257,79.167 525.438,79.673 528.631,79.82 C531.831,79.965 532.853,80.001 541,80.001 C549.148,80.001 550.169,79.965 553.369,79.82 C556.562,79.673 558.743,79.167 560.652,78.425 C562.623,77.658 564.297,76.634 565.965,74.965 C567.633,73.296 568.659,71.625 569.425,69.651 C570.167,67.743 570.674,65.562 570.82,62.369 C570.966,59.17 571,58.147 571,50 C571,41.851 570.966,40.831 570.82,37.631"></path></g></g></g></svg></div><div style="padding-top: 8px;"> <div style=" color:#3897f0; font-family:Arial,sans-serif; font-size:14px; font-style:normal; font-weight:550; line-height:18px;">View this post on Instagram</div></div><div style="padding: 12.5% 0;"></div> <div style="display: flex; flex-direction: row; margin-bottom: 14px; align-items: center;"><div> <div style="background-color: #F4F4F4; border-radius: 50%; height: 12.5px; width: 12.5px; transform: translateX(0px) translateY(7px);"></div> <div style="background-color: #F4F4F4; height: 12.5px; transform: rotate(-45deg) translateX(3px) translateY(1px); width: 12.5px; flex-grow: 0; margin-right: 14px; margin-left: 2px;"></div> <div style="background-color: #F4F4F4; border-radius: 50%; height: 12.5px; width: 12.5px; transform: translateX(9px) translateY(-18px);"></div></div><div style="margin-left: 8px;"> <div style=" background-color: #F4F4F4; border-radius: 50%; flex-grow: 0; height: 20px; width: 20px;"></div> <div style=" width: 0; height: 0; border-top: 2px solid transparent; border-left: 6px solid #f4f4f4; border-bottom: 2px solid transparent; transform: translateX(16px) translateY(-4px) rotate(30deg)"></div></div><div style="margin-left: auto;"> <div style=" width: 0px; border-top: 8px solid #F4F4F4; border-right: 8px solid transparent; transform: translateY(16px);"></div> <div style=" background-color: #F4F4F4; flex-grow: 0; height: 12px; width: 16px; transform: translateY(-4px);"></div> <div style=" width: 0; height: 0; border-top: 8px solid #F4F4F4; border-left: 8px solid transparent; transform: translateY(-4px) translateX(8px);"></div></div></div> <div style="display: flex; flex-direction: column; flex-grow: 1; justify-content: center; margin-bottom: 24px;"> <div style=" background-color: #F4F4F4; border-radius: 4px; flex-grow: 0; height: 14px; margin-bottom: 6px; width: 224px;"></div> <div style=" background-color: #F4F4F4; border-radius: 4px; flex-grow: 0; height: 14px; width: 144px;"></div></div></a><p style=" color:#c9c8cd; font-family:Arial,sans-serif; font-size:14px; line-height:17px; margin-bottom:0; margin-top:8px; overflow:hidden; padding:8px 0 7px; text-align:center; text-overflow:ellipsis; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="https://www.instagram.com/p/BwuDHzalOb_/?utm_source=ig_embed&utm_campaign=loading" style=" color:#c9c8cd; font-family:Arial,sans-serif; font-size:14px; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; line-height:17px; text-decoration:none;" target="_blank" rel="noopener">A post shared by Audrey Flack (@flackart18)</a></p></div></blockquote> <script async="" src="//www.instagram.com/embed.js"></script></center> <ul class="wp-block-list"><li>In a 1994 interview, Audrey Flack said she was intrigued by some of the great 19th cenury sculptors, including Willam Rush, Charles Grafly, Malvina Hoffman, Bessie Potter Vonnoh, and Hiram Powers.</li></ul> <blockquote class="wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow"><p><strong>What makes for great art is the courage to speak and write and paint what you know and care about.</strong></p><cite>Audrey Flack</cite></blockquote> <center><blockquote class="instagram-media" data-instgrm-permalink="https://www.instagram.com/p/qmyCPotY4x/?utm_source=ig_embed&utm_campaign=loading" data-instgrm-version="14" style=" background:#FFF; border:0; border-radius:3px; box-shadow:0 0 1px 0 rgba(0,0,0,0.5),0 1px 10px 0 rgba(0,0,0,0.15); margin: 1px; max-width:540px; min-width:326px; padding:0; width:99.375%; width:-webkit-calc(100% - 2px); width:calc(100% - 2px);"><div style="padding:16px;"> <a href="https://www.instagram.com/p/qmyCPotY4x/?utm_source=ig_embed&utm_campaign=loading" style=" background:#FFFFFF; line-height:0; padding:0 0; text-align:center; text-decoration:none; width:100%;" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> <div style=" display: flex; flex-direction: row; align-items: center;"> <div style="background-color: #F4F4F4; border-radius: 50%; flex-grow: 0; height: 40px; margin-right: 14px; width: 40px;"></div> <div style="display: flex; flex-direction: column; flex-grow: 1; justify-content: center;"> <div style=" background-color: #F4F4F4; border-radius: 4px; flex-grow: 0; height: 14px; margin-bottom: 6px; width: 100px;"></div> <div style=" background-color: #F4F4F4; border-radius: 4px; flex-grow: 0; height: 14px; width: 60px;"></div></div></div><div style="padding: 19% 0;"></div> <div style="display:block; height:50px; margin:0 auto 12px; width:50px;"><svg width="50px" height="50px" viewBox="0 0 60 60" version="1.1" xmlns="https://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="https://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><g stroke="none" stroke-width="1" fill="none" fill-rule="evenodd"><g transform="translate(-511.000000, -20.000000)" fill="#000000"><g><path d="M556.869,30.41 C554.814,30.41 553.148,32.076 553.148,34.131 C553.148,36.186 554.814,37.852 556.869,37.852 C558.924,37.852 560.59,36.186 560.59,34.131 C560.59,32.076 558.924,30.41 556.869,30.41 M541,60.657 C535.114,60.657 530.342,55.887 530.342,50 C530.342,44.114 535.114,39.342 541,39.342 C546.887,39.342 551.658,44.114 551.658,50 C551.658,55.887 546.887,60.657 541,60.657 M541,33.886 C532.1,33.886 524.886,41.1 524.886,50 C524.886,58.899 532.1,66.113 541,66.113 C549.9,66.113 557.115,58.899 557.115,50 C557.115,41.1 549.9,33.886 541,33.886 M565.378,62.101 C565.244,65.022 564.756,66.606 564.346,67.663 C563.803,69.06 563.154,70.057 562.106,71.106 C561.058,72.155 560.06,72.803 558.662,73.347 C557.607,73.757 556.021,74.244 553.102,74.378 C549.944,74.521 548.997,74.552 541,74.552 C533.003,74.552 532.056,74.521 528.898,74.378 C525.979,74.244 524.393,73.757 523.338,73.347 C521.94,72.803 520.942,72.155 519.894,71.106 C518.846,70.057 518.197,69.06 517.654,67.663 C517.244,66.606 516.755,65.022 516.623,62.101 C516.479,58.943 516.448,57.996 516.448,50 C516.448,42.003 516.479,41.056 516.623,37.899 C516.755,34.978 517.244,33.391 517.654,32.338 C518.197,30.938 518.846,29.942 519.894,28.894 C520.942,27.846 521.94,27.196 523.338,26.654 C524.393,26.244 525.979,25.756 528.898,25.623 C532.057,25.479 533.004,25.448 541,25.448 C548.997,25.448 549.943,25.479 553.102,25.623 C556.021,25.756 557.607,26.244 558.662,26.654 C560.06,27.196 561.058,27.846 562.106,28.894 C563.154,29.942 563.803,30.938 564.346,32.338 C564.756,33.391 565.244,34.978 565.378,37.899 C565.522,41.056 565.552,42.003 565.552,50 C565.552,57.996 565.522,58.943 565.378,62.101 M570.82,37.631 C570.674,34.438 570.167,32.258 569.425,30.349 C568.659,28.377 567.633,26.702 565.965,25.035 C564.297,23.368 562.623,22.342 560.652,21.575 C558.743,20.834 556.562,20.326 553.369,20.18 C550.169,20.033 549.148,20 541,20 C532.853,20 531.831,20.033 528.631,20.18 C525.438,20.326 523.257,20.834 521.349,21.575 C519.376,22.342 517.703,23.368 516.035,25.035 C514.368,26.702 513.342,28.377 512.574,30.349 C511.834,32.258 511.326,34.438 511.181,37.631 C511.035,40.831 511,41.851 511,50 C511,58.147 511.035,59.17 511.181,62.369 C511.326,65.562 511.834,67.743 512.574,69.651 C513.342,71.625 514.368,73.296 516.035,74.965 C517.703,76.634 519.376,77.658 521.349,78.425 C523.257,79.167 525.438,79.673 528.631,79.82 C531.831,79.965 532.853,80.001 541,80.001 C549.148,80.001 550.169,79.965 553.369,79.82 C556.562,79.673 558.743,79.167 560.652,78.425 C562.623,77.658 564.297,76.634 565.965,74.965 C567.633,73.296 568.659,71.625 569.425,69.651 C570.167,67.743 570.674,65.562 570.82,62.369 C570.966,59.17 571,58.147 571,50 C571,41.851 570.966,40.831 570.82,37.631"></path></g></g></g></svg></div><div style="padding-top: 8px;"> <div style=" color:#3897f0; font-family:Arial,sans-serif; font-size:14px; font-style:normal; font-weight:550; line-height:18px;">View this post on Instagram</div></div><div style="padding: 12.5% 0;"></div> <div style="display: flex; flex-direction: row; margin-bottom: 14px; align-items: center;"><div> <div style="background-color: #F4F4F4; border-radius: 50%; height: 12.5px; width: 12.5px; transform: translateX(0px) translateY(7px);"></div> <div style="background-color: #F4F4F4; height: 12.5px; transform: rotate(-45deg) translateX(3px) translateY(1px); width: 12.5px; flex-grow: 0; margin-right: 14px; margin-left: 2px;"></div> <div style="background-color: #F4F4F4; border-radius: 50%; height: 12.5px; width: 12.5px; transform: translateX(9px) translateY(-18px);"></div></div><div style="margin-left: 8px;"> <div style=" background-color: #F4F4F4; border-radius: 50%; flex-grow: 0; height: 20px; width: 20px;"></div> <div style=" width: 0; height: 0; border-top: 2px solid transparent; border-left: 6px solid #f4f4f4; border-bottom: 2px solid transparent; transform: translateX(16px) translateY(-4px) rotate(30deg)"></div></div><div style="margin-left: auto;"> <div style=" width: 0px; border-top: 8px solid #F4F4F4; border-right: 8px solid transparent; transform: translateY(16px);"></div> <div style=" background-color: #F4F4F4; flex-grow: 0; height: 12px; width: 16px; transform: translateY(-4px);"></div> <div style=" width: 0; height: 0; border-top: 8px solid #F4F4F4; border-left: 8px solid transparent; transform: translateY(-4px) translateX(8px);"></div></div></div> <div style="display: flex; flex-direction: column; flex-grow: 1; justify-content: center; margin-bottom: 24px;"> <div style=" background-color: #F4F4F4; border-radius: 4px; flex-grow: 0; height: 14px; margin-bottom: 6px; width: 224px;"></div> <div style=" background-color: #F4F4F4; border-radius: 4px; flex-grow: 0; height: 14px; width: 144px;"></div></div></a><p style=" color:#c9c8cd; font-family:Arial,sans-serif; font-size:14px; line-height:17px; margin-bottom:0; margin-top:8px; overflow:hidden; padding:8px 0 7px; text-align:center; text-overflow:ellipsis; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="https://www.instagram.com/p/qmyCPotY4x/?utm_source=ig_embed&utm_campaign=loading" style=" color:#c9c8cd; font-family:Arial,sans-serif; font-size:14px; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; line-height:17px; text-decoration:none;" target="_blank" rel="noopener">A post shared by Audrey Flack (@flackart18)</a></p></div></blockquote> <script async="" src="//www.instagram.com/embed.js"></script></center> </div> </div> </div> </article> <nav class="navigation pagination" aria-label="Posts pagination"> <h2 class="screen-reader-text">Posts pagination</h2> <div class="nav-links"><span aria-current="page" class="page-numbers current">1</span> <a class="page-numbers" href="https://primaryfacts.com/author/james/page/2/">2</a> <span class="page-numbers dots">…</span> <a class="page-numbers" href="https://primaryfacts.com/author/james/page/113/">113</a> <a class="next page-numbers" href="https://primaryfacts.com/author/james/page/2/">Older posts <i class="fa fa-chevron-right"></i></a></div> </nav> </main> </div> </div> <div id="secondary" class="widget-area col-sm-12 col-md-4" role="complementary"> <div class="well"> <aside id="search-4" class="widget widget_search"> <form role="search" method="get" class="form-search" action="https://primaryfacts.com/"> <div class="input-group"> <label class="screen-reader-text" for="s">Search for:</label> <input type="text" class="form-control search-query" placeholder="Search…" value="" name="s" title="Search for:"/> <span class="input-group-btn"> <button type="submit" class="btn btn-default" name="submit" id="searchsubmit" value="Search"><span class="glyphicon glyphicon-search"></span></button> </span> </div> </form> </aside><aside id="text-12" class="widget widget_text"> <div class="textwidget"><div id="ezoic-pub-ad-placeholder-104"><script async="" src="https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js"></script><br/> <br/> <ins class="adsbygoogle" style="display: block;" data-ad-client="ca-pub-5012399514841898" data-ad-slot="4571824071" data-ad-format="auto" data-full-width-responsive="true"></ins><br/> <script> (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); </script></div> </div> </aside><aside id="block-2" class="widget widget_block widget_text"> <p><a href="https://primaryfacts.com/amazon-associates-disclaimer/" data-type="page" data-id="8492">Amazon Affiliate Disclaimer</a></p> </aside><aside id="widget_sp_image-2" class="widget widget_sp_image"><h3 class="widget-title">Rise of the Metrimancer</h3><a href="https://www.royalroad.com/fiction/80241/rise-of-the-metrimancer/chapter/1486991/chapter-1-the-marking-ceremony" target="_blank" class="widget_sp_image-image-link" title="Rise of the Metrimancer"><img width="245" height="400" alt="Rise of the Metrimancer" class="attachment-full aligncenter" style="max-width: 100%;" srcset="https://primaryfacts.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/Rise-of-the-Metrimancer.jpg 245w, https://primaryfacts.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/Rise-of-the-Metrimancer-184x300.jpg 184w" sizes="(max-width: 245px) 100vw, 245px" src="https://primaryfacts.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/Rise-of-the-Metrimancer.jpg"/></a></aside> <aside id="recent-posts-5" class="widget widget_recent_entries"> <h3 class="widget-title">Recent Posts</h3> <ul> <li> <a href="https://primaryfacts.com/9708/christmas-in-australia/">Christmas in Australia: Facts About Australian Christmas Traditions</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://primaryfacts.com/9695/facts-about-the-minotaur/">Facts About The Minotaur</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://primaryfacts.com/9691/10-marcus-rashford-quotes/">10 Marcus Rashford Quotes</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://primaryfacts.com/9670/michael-rosen-facts/">Michael Rosen Facts</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://primaryfacts.com/9664/lord-carnarvon-facts/">Lord Carnarvon Facts</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://primaryfacts.com/9651/peter-blake-facts/">Peter Blake Facts</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://primaryfacts.com/9648/vivienne-westwood-facts/">Vivienne Westwood Facts</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://primaryfacts.com/9643/kurt-schwitters-facts/">Kurt Schwitters Facts</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://primaryfacts.com/9638/what-is-photorealism/">What is Photorealism? Facts and Information</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://primaryfacts.com/9632/audrey-flack-facts/">Audrey Flack Facts</a> </li> </ul> </aside> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="footer-area"> <div class="container footer-inner"> <div class="row"> <div class="footer-widget-area"> <div class="col-sm-4 footer-widget" role="complementary"> <div id="block-3" class="widget widget_block widget_text"> <p><a href="https://primaryfacts.com/amazon-associates-disclaimer/" data-type="page" data-id="8492">Amazon Affiliate Disclaimer</a></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <footer id="colophon" class="site-footer" role="contentinfo"> <div class="site-info container"> <div class="row"> <nav role="navigation" class="col-md-6"> </nav> <div class="copyright col-md-6"> sparkling Theme by <a href="http://colorlib.com/" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener">Colorlib</a> Powered by <a href="http://wordpress.org/" target="_blank">WordPress</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="scroll-to-top"><i class="fa fa-angle-up"></i></div> </footer> </div> </div> <script type="text/javascript"> jQuery(document).ready(function ($) { if ($(window).width() >= 767) { $('.navbar-nav > li.menu-item > a').click(function () { if ($(this).attr('target') !== '_blank') { window.location = $(this).attr('href') } }) } }) </script> <style id="core-block-supports-inline-css" type="text/css"> .wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-1{flex-wrap:nowrap;}.wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-2{flex-wrap:nowrap;}.wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-3{flex-wrap:nowrap;}.wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-4{flex-wrap:nowrap;}.wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-5{flex-wrap:nowrap;}.wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-6{flex-wrap:nowrap;} </style> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://primaryfacts.com/wp-content/themes/sparkling/assets/js/skip-link-focus-fix.min.js?ver=20140222" id="sparkling-skip-link-focus-fix-js"></script> <span id="ezoic-pub-ad-placeholder-100"></span><script>!function(){function t(t,e){(null==e||e>t.length)&&(e=t.length);for(var r=0,n=new Array(e);r<e;r++)n[r]=t[r];return n}!function(){function e(){return document.querySelector('ins[data-anchor-shown="true"][data-anchor-status="displayed"]')}function r(t){var e=t.querySelector("iframe");e&&requestAnimationFrame((function(){var r=parseFloat(getComputedStyle(e).height);isNaN(r)||t.style.setProperty("height","".concat(r+5,"px"),"important")}))}function n(t){t.style.setProperty("width","100%","important"),t.style.maxWidth="none"}function o(t){var e=t.querySelector("iframe");e&&(e.style.setProperty("display","block","important"),e.style.setProperty("margin","0 auto","important"))}function a(e){if(e){var a=new WeakSet;a.has(e)||(a.add(e),new MutationObserver((function(a){var i,u=function(e,r){var n="undefined"!=typeof Symbol&&e[Symbol.iterator]||e["@@iterator"];if(!n){if(Array.isArray(e)||(n=function(e,r){if(e){if("string"==typeof e)return t(e,r);var n=Object.prototype.toString.call(e).slice(8,-1);return"Object"===n&&e.constructor&&(n=e.constructor.name),"Map"===n||"Set"===n?Array.from(e):"Arguments"===n||/^(?:Ui|I)nt(?:8|16|32)(?:Clamped)?Array$/.test(n)?t(e,r):void 0}}(e))||r&&e&&"number"==typeof e.length){n&&(e=n);var o=0,a=function(){};return{s:a,n:function(){return o>=e.length?{done:!0}:{done:!1,value:e[o++]}},e:function(t){throw t},f:a}}throw new TypeError("Invalid attempt to iterate non-iterable instance.\nIn order to be iterable, non-array objects must have a [Symbol.iterator]() method.")}var i,u=!0,c=!1;return{s:function(){n=n.call(e)},n:function(){var t=n.next();return u=t.done,t},e:function(t){c=!0,i=t},f:function(){try{u||null==n.return||n.return()}finally{if(c)throw i}}}}(a);try{for(u.s();!(i=u.n()).done;)"style"===i.value.attributeName&&(r(e),n(e),o(e))}catch(t){u.e(t)}finally{u.f()}})).observe(e,{attributes:!0,attributeFilter:["style"]}))}}!function(){var t=e();if(t)return r(t),n(t),o(t),void a(t);var i=new MutationObserver((function(){var t=e();t&&(r(t),n(t),o(t),a(t),i.disconnect())}));i.observe(document.body,{attributes:!0,subtree:!0,childList:!0})}()}()}();</script><script data-cfasync="false">function _emitEzConsentEvent(){var customEvent=new CustomEvent("ezConsentEvent",{detail:{ezTcfConsent:window.ezTcfConsent},bubbles:true,cancelable:true,});document.dispatchEvent(customEvent);} (function(window,document){function _setAllEzConsentTrue(){window.ezTcfConsent.loaded=true;window.ezTcfConsent.store_info=true;window.ezTcfConsent.develop_and_improve_services=true;window.ezTcfConsent.measure_ad_performance=true;window.ezTcfConsent.measure_content_performance=true;window.ezTcfConsent.select_basic_ads=true;window.ezTcfConsent.create_ad_profile=true;window.ezTcfConsent.select_personalized_ads=true;window.ezTcfConsent.create_content_profile=true;window.ezTcfConsent.select_personalized_content=true;window.ezTcfConsent.understand_audiences=true;window.ezTcfConsent.use_limited_data_to_select_content=true;window.ezTcfConsent.select_personalized_content=true;} function _clearEzConsentCookie(){document.cookie="ezCMPCookieConsent=tcf2;Domain=.primaryfacts.com;Path=/;expires=Thu, 01 Jan 1970 00:00:00 GMT";} _clearEzConsentCookie();if(typeof window.__tcfapi!=="undefined"){window.ezgconsent=false;var amazonHasRun=false;function _ezAllowed(tcdata,purpose){return(tcdata.purpose.consents[purpose]||tcdata.purpose.legitimateInterests[purpose]);} function _handleConsentDecision(tcdata){window.ezTcfConsent.loaded=true;if(!tcdata.vendor.consents["347"]&&!tcdata.vendor.legitimateInterests["347"]){window._emitEzConsentEvent();return;} window.ezTcfConsent.store_info=_ezAllowed(tcdata,"1");window.ezTcfConsent.develop_and_improve_services=_ezAllowed(tcdata,"10");window.ezTcfConsent.measure_content_performance=_ezAllowed(tcdata,"8");window.ezTcfConsent.select_basic_ads=_ezAllowed(tcdata,"2");window.ezTcfConsent.create_ad_profile=_ezAllowed(tcdata,"3");window.ezTcfConsent.select_personalized_ads=_ezAllowed(tcdata,"4");window.ezTcfConsent.create_content_profile=_ezAllowed(tcdata,"5");window.ezTcfConsent.measure_ad_performance=_ezAllowed(tcdata,"7");window.ezTcfConsent.use_limited_data_to_select_content=_ezAllowed(tcdata,"11");window.ezTcfConsent.select_personalized_content=_ezAllowed(tcdata,"6");window.ezTcfConsent.understand_audiences=_ezAllowed(tcdata,"9");window._emitEzConsentEvent();} function _handleGoogleConsentV2(tcdata){if(!tcdata||!tcdata.purpose||!tcdata.purpose.consents){return;} var googConsentV2={};if(tcdata.purpose.consents[1]){googConsentV2.ad_storage='granted';googConsentV2.analytics_storage='granted';} if(tcdata.purpose.consents[3]&&tcdata.purpose.consents[4]){googConsentV2.ad_personalization='granted';} if(tcdata.purpose.consents[1]&&tcdata.purpose.consents[7]){googConsentV2.ad_user_data='granted';} if(googConsentV2.analytics_storage=='denied'){gtag('set','url_passthrough',true);} gtag('consent','update',googConsentV2);} __tcfapi("addEventListener",2,function(tcdata,success){if(!success||!tcdata){window._emitEzConsentEvent();return;} if(!tcdata.gdprApplies){_setAllEzConsentTrue();window._emitEzConsentEvent();return;} if(tcdata.eventStatus==="useractioncomplete"||tcdata.eventStatus==="tcloaded"){if(typeof gtag!='undefined'){_handleGoogleConsentV2(tcdata);} _handleConsentDecision(tcdata);if(tcdata.purpose.consents["1"]===true&&tcdata.vendor.consents["755"]!==false){window.ezgconsent=true;(adsbygoogle=window.adsbygoogle||[]).pauseAdRequests=0;} if(window.__ezconsent){__ezconsent.setEzoicConsentSettings(ezConsentCategories);} __tcfapi("removeEventListener",2,function(success){return null;},tcdata.listenerId);if(!(tcdata.purpose.consents["1"]===true&&_ezAllowed(tcdata,"2")&&_ezAllowed(tcdata,"3")&&_ezAllowed(tcdata,"4"))){if(typeof __ez=="object"&&typeof __ez.bit=="object"&&typeof window["_ezaq"]=="object"&&typeof window["_ezaq"]["page_view_id"]=="string"){__ez.bit.Add(window["_ezaq"]["page_view_id"],[new __ezDotData("non_personalized_ads",true),]);}}}});}else{_setAllEzConsentTrue();window._emitEzConsentEvent();}})(window,document);</script></body></html>