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href="#The_Aristeuein-ideal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>The <i>Aristeuein</i>-ideal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Aristeuein-ideal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stasis_in_Archaic_Athens" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stasis_in_Archaic_Athens"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span><i>Stasis</i> in Archaic Athens</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stasis_in_Archaic_Athens-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item 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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p>In <a href="/wiki/Political_history" title="Political history">political history</a>, <b>stasis</b> (<a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: <span lang="grc">στάσις</span> in the sense of "faction, discord"; plural: <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="grc-Latn">staseis</span></span>) refers to an episode of <a href="/wiki/Civil_war" title="Civil war">civil war</a> within an <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece"> ancient Greek</a> city-state or <a href="/wiki/Polis" title="Polis">polis</a>. It was the result of opposition between groups of citizens, fighting over the <a href="/wiki/Constitution" title="Constitution">constitution</a> of the city or over social and economic problems.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="grc-Latn">Staseis</span></span> were endemic throughout the ancient Greek world, in mainland Greece as well as in the colonies of <a href="/wiki/Magna_Graecia" title="Magna Graecia">Magna Graecia</a>. With 19 episodes of civil strife between 650 and 214 BC, <a href="/wiki/Syracuse,_Sicily" title="Syracuse, Sicily"> Syracuse</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a>, was the city with the most recorded <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="grc-Latn">staseis</span></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Stasis_in_Ancient_Greece"><i>Stasis</i> in Ancient Greece</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stasis_(ancient_Greece)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Stasis in Ancient Greece"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>For centuries, <i>stasis</i> was an important factor in Greek history, and not only in Athens: Almost every major polis suffered from violent stasis at least once between the sixth and first centuries BCE, and many more than once (Lintott 1982; Gehrke 1985; Berger 1992). It has been argued that the Greek cities were largely pacified only at the end of the Hellenistic era with the establishment of the Roman Empire (Börm 2019). Historians have long recognized the importance of stasis and have discussed the question of the causes of stasis. The explanations proposed can be subsumed under four models: </p> <ul><li>Some scholars believe that outbreaks of violence in a polis were caused primarily by the involvement of the parties in external conflicts. According to this model, <i>stasis</i> thus was a by-product of interstate conflict (e. g. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Eberhard_Ruschenbusch&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eberhard Ruschenbusch (page does not exist)">Eberhard Ruschenbusch</a>).</li> <li>A second explanation identifies economic inequality, social tensions, and <a href="/wiki/Class_struggle" class="mw-redirect" title="Class struggle">class struggle</a> as the real roots of stasis. Scholars who followed this model, particularly prominent in British research (e. g. <a href="/wiki/G._E._M._de_Ste._Croix" title="G. E. M. de Ste. Croix">G. E. M. de Ste. Croix</a>), argue that the ancient actors alleged other reasons, in particular the struggle between oligarchs and democrats, to put an ideological veneer on conflicts that were primarily economic in nature.</li> <li>Proponents of the third model agree with the second insofar as they also believe that the real motives of the historical actors were often concealed. However, scholars such as <a href="/wiki/Hans-Joachim_Gehrke" title="Hans-Joachim Gehrke">Hans-Joachim Gehrke</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Henning_B%C3%B6rm&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Henning Börm (page does not exist)">Henning Börm</a> argue that stasis was essentially the product of power struggles among polis elites: competing factions mobilized the citizenry merely as pawns in their struggle against their rivals, who themselves were members of the elite. According to this view, honor and vengeance were often the motives for the violent escalation of conflicts.</li> <li>Finally, some scholars suggest <i>stasis</i> was a natural manifestation of a conflictual model of political life (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Nicole_Loraux" title="Nicole Loraux">Nicole Loraux</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This reading suggests that such conflict is endemic to democracy, rather than the product of problematic dynamics either within or without. This relates to political theorists who draw on Greek city states in telling the story of <a href="/wiki/Agonism" title="Agonism">agonism</a> as the fundamental dynamic of democratic political life.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_Aristeuein-ideal">The <i>Aristeuein</i>-ideal</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stasis_(ancient_Greece)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: The Aristeuein-ideal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to the <i><a href="/wiki/Iliad" title="Iliad">Iliad</a></i>, the goal of all men of honour in Archaic Greece was to "always be the first and superior to the others".<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This ideal was called the <i>aristeuein</i>- or <i>aristeia</i>-Ideal. In <a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a>'s days, this ideal was mainly based on performance skills in speaking and fighting, and included wisdom, self-restraint, loyalty, and bravery (e.g., leading armies in the front row). For decades, prestige, which was a requisite for might, originated in speaking ability and military virtues. This is true for the cases of both <a href="/wiki/Solon" title="Solon">Solon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Peisistratos_(Athens)" class="mw-redirect" title="Peisistratos (Athens)">Peisistratos</a> by <a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and by <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a> in the <i>Athenaion Politeia</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, success at the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Olympic_Games" title="Ancient Olympic Games">Olympic Games</a>, especially in the field of four-horse chariot racing, was a peaceful way to gain prestige.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Stasis_in_Archaic_Athens"><i>Stasis</i> in Archaic Athens</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stasis_(ancient_Greece)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Stasis in Archaic Athens"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since ancient Athens before <a href="/wiki/Solon" title="Solon">Solon</a> did not have a fixed state order or instruments of power that belonged only to the state, the aristocrats would compete violently for office and property.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result, as methods became more and more violent, aristocrats and their <i>oikoi</i> (families and followers) were engaged in civil strife against each other. At the beginning of the 6th century, the situation worsened,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> so that the aristocrats of <a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a> made Solon a lawmaker and arbitrator. The result was the <a href="/wiki/Solon#Solon's_reforms" title="Solon">Solonic Reforms</a>. From then on, the term <i>tyrannos</i> (tyrant) became increasingly connected with violence and lawless might, a development which was fruitful only after the death of Solon's successor, the <i>tyrannos</i> <a href="/wiki/Peisistratos_(Athens)" class="mw-redirect" title="Peisistratos (Athens)">Peisistratos</a>. </p><p>After Solon's retirement from Athenian politics, the struggle for might continued, because the Athenian society wasn't ready for a fixed state order yet.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under Peisistratos' regime, the <i>stasis</i> seems to have continued, but only for charges under the tyrant, thus both securing him by appeasing the other aristocrats, and accustoming them to fixed charges given by a ruler, which paved the way for the reforms of <a href="/wiki/Cleisthenes" title="Cleisthenes">Cleisthenes</a>. Thus, aristocrats like <a href="/wiki/Callias" class="mw-redirect" title="Callias">Callias</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cimon" title="Cimon">Cimon</a> had to struggle for prestige by winning in Olympia or showing off their wealth, not by becoming tyrants, while <a href="/wiki/Miltiades_the_Elder" title="Miltiades the Elder">Miltiades the Elder</a> emigrated from Athens and became head of an <i>apoikia</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stasis_(ancient_Greece)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Berger: <i>Revolution and Society</i>, p. 10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Berger: <i>Revolution and Society</i>, p. 34. Berger records 72 <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="grc-Latn">staseis</span></span> for all the cities of Magna Graecia.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Loraux, Nicole. 2023. "Greek Civil War: Stasis." Journal of Continental Philosophy. Vol. 4. Pgs. 27-60.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Iliad 6, 208.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://classics.mit.edu/Herodotus/history.1.i.html">1,60</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/ancient/aristotle-athcon.txt">2.1</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Herodotus (5, 71 <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://classics.mit.edu/Herodotus/history.5.v.html">[1]</a>) mentions this when introducing <a href="/wiki/Cylon_of_Athens" title="Cylon of Athens">Kylon</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Alcaeus_of_Mytilene" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcaeus of Mytilene">Alcaeus</a> writes about 600 BC: "Money is the man", while both <a href="/wiki/Hesiod" title="Hesiod">Hesiod</a> and <a href="/wiki/Solon" title="Solon">Solon</a> mention aristocrats ruthlessly trying to enlarge their wealth during the 7th century BC</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a>: Solon, 13, see also <i>Athenaion Politeia</i>: 5,1 <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/ancient/aristotle-athcon.txt">[2]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Schlange-Schöningen, p. 32</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://classics.mit.edu/Herodotus/history.6.vi.html">Herodotus (6,34)</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stasis_(ancient_Greece)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Moshe Berent: <i>Stasis, or the Greek invention of Politics</i>. In: <i>History of Political Thought</i> 19, 1998, pp. 331ff.</li> <li>Shlomo Berger: <i>Revolution and Society in Greek Sicily and Southern Italy</i>. Stuttgart 1992.</li> <li>Iain Bruce: <i>The Corcyraean Civil War of 427 B. C.</i> In: <i>Phoenix</i> 25, 1971, pp. 108ff.</li> <li>Henning Börm: <i>Stasis in Post-Classical Greece. The Discourse of Civil Strife in the Hellenistic World</i>. In: Henning Börm, <a href="/wiki/Nino_Luraghi" title="Nino Luraghi">Nino Luraghi</a> (eds.): <i>The Polis in the Hellenistic World</i>. Stuttgart 2018, pp. 53ff. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/29500528/Stasis_in_Post-Classical_Greece_The_Discourse_of_Civil_Strife_in_the_Hellenistic_World_in_H._B%C3%B6rm_-_N._Luraghi_eds._The_Polis_in_the_Hellenistic_World_Stuttgart_Franz_Steiner_Verlag_2018_pp._53ff">online</a>.</li> <li>Henning Börm: <i>Mordende Mitbürger. Stasis und Bürgerkrieg in griechischen Poleis des Hellenismus</i> (= <i>Historia-Einzelschriften</i> 258). Stuttgart 2019.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Joachim_Gehrke" title="Hans-Joachim Gehrke">Hans-Joachim Gehrke</a>: <i>Stasis. Untersuchungen zu den inneren Kriegen in den griechischen Staaten des 5. und 4. Jh. v. Chr.</i> (= <i>Vestigia</i> 35). Munich 1985.</li> <li>Benjamin Gray: <i>Stasis and Stability</i>. Oxford 2015.</li> <li>Mogens Herman Hansen: <i>Stasis as an essential Aspect of the Polis.</i> In: M. H. Hansen, T. H. Nielsen (eds.): <i>An inventory of Archaic and Classical Poleis.</i> Oxford 2004, pp. 124ff.</li> <li>Nick Fisher: <i>Hybris, revenge and stasis in the Greek city-states.</i> In: H. van Wees (ed.): <i>War and Violence in Ancient Greece.</i> London 2000, pp. 83ff.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Lintott" title="Andrew Lintott">Andrew Lintott</a>: <i>Violence, Civil Strife and Revolution in the Classical City 750–330 BC.</i> London 1982.</li> <li>Dirk Loenen: <i>Stasis. Enige aspecten van de begrippen partij- en klassen strijd in Oud-Griekenland</i>. Amsterdam 1953.</li> <li>Nicole Loraux: <i>The Divided City.</i> New York 2002.</li> <li>Jonathan J. Price: <i>Thucydides and internal war.</i> Cambridge 2001.</li> <li>Eberhard Ruschenbusch: <i>Untersuchungen zu Staat und Politik in Griechenland. Vom 7. - 4. Jh. v. Chr.</i> Bamberg 1978.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._E._M._de_Ste._Croix" title="G. E. M. de Ste. Croix">G. E. M. de Ste. Croix</a>: <i><a href="/wiki/The_Class_Struggle_in_the_Ancient_Greek_World" title="The Class Struggle in the Ancient Greek World">The Class Struggle in the Ancient Greek World</a>.</i> London 1981.</li> <li>Hans van Wees: <i>"Stasis, Destroyer of Men": Mass, Elite, Political Violence and Security in Archaic Greece.</i> In: C. Brélaz et al. (eds.): <i>Sécurité Collective et Ordre Public dans les Sociétés Anciennes</i>. Geneva 2008, pp. 1–39.</li> <li>Ronald L. Weed: <i>Aristotle on Stasis. A Moral Psychology of Political Conflict.</i> Berlin 2007.</li> <li>Aloys Winterling: <i>Polisbegriff und Stasistheorie des <a href="/wiki/Aeneas_Tacticus" title="Aeneas Tacticus">Aeneas Tacticus</a>. Zur Frage der Grenzen der griechischen Polisgesellschaften im 4. Jahrhundert v. Chr.</i> In: <i>Historia </i> 40, 1991, pp. 195ff.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Agamben" title="Giorgio Agamben">Giorgio Agamben</a>: <i>Stasis: Civil War as a Political Paradigm</i>. Homo Sacer II, 2. Stanford, 2015.</li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stasis_(ancient_Greece)&oldid=1254031121">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stasis_(ancient_Greece)&oldid=1254031121</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_ancient_Greece" title="Category:Society of ancient Greece">Society of ancient Greece</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ancient_Greek_government" title="Category:Ancient Greek government">Ancient Greek government</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Greek_words_and_phrases" title="Category:Greek words and phrases">Greek words and phrases</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Political_concepts" title="Category:Political concepts">Political concepts</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden category: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Ancient_Greek_(to_1453)-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text">Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 29 October 2024, at 02:40<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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