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Your current IP address is 8.222.208.146. </p> <div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><div style="font-size: 16px;"> <p>Even while globally blocked, you will <i>usually</i> still be able to edit pages on <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="m:">Meta-Wiki</a>. </p> </div> <div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><div style="font-size: 16px;"> <p>If you believe you were blocked by mistake, you can find additional information and instructions in the <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Stewards/Wizard" class="extiw" title="m:Special:MyLanguage/Stewards/Wizard">Stewards Block Wizard</a>. </p> </div> <p>Other useful links: <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Global_blocks" class="extiw" title="m:Global blocks">Global blocks</a> · <a href="/wiki/Help:I_have_been_blocked" title="Help:I have been blocked">Help:I have been blocked</a> </p> </div></li></ul><hr /> <div id="viewsourcetext">You can view and copy the source of this page:</div><textarea readonly="" accesskey="," id="wpTextbox1" cols="80" rows="25" style="" class="mw-editfont-monospace" lang="en" dir="ltr" name="wpTextbox1">{{Short description|none}}  {{good article}} {{Use mdy dates|date=February 2012}} {{Infobox tropical cyclone season | Basin = Atl | Year = 1961 | Track = 1961 Atlantic hurricane season summary map.png | First storm formed = June 10, 1961 | Last storm dissipated = November 20, 1961 | Strongest storm name = [[Hurricane Hattie|Hattie]] | Strongest storm pressure = 914 | Strongest storm winds = 145 | Average wind speed = 1 | Total depressions = 14 | Total storms = 12 | Total hurricanes = 8 | Total intense = 5 | Fatalities = 437 | Damages = 392.34 | five seasons = [[1959 Atlantic hurricane season|1959]], [[1960 Atlantic hurricane season|1960]], '''1961''', [[1962 Atlantic hurricane season|1962]], [[1963 Atlantic hurricane season|1963]] | East Pacific season = 1961 Pacific hurricane season | North Indian season = 1961 North Indian Ocean cyclone season | West Pacific season = 1961 Pacific typhoon season }} The '''1961 Atlantic hurricane season''' was a very active Atlantic hurricane season, with an [[accumulated cyclone energy]] (ACE) total of 189, the highest since [[1950 Atlantic hurricane season|1950]] and until being surpassed by [[1995 Atlantic hurricane season|1995]]. The season, however, was an average one in terms of named storms. The season featured eight hurricanes and a well above average number of five major hurricanes. It was previously thought that the season had a record-tying seven major hurricanes, before the [[Atlantic hurricane reanalysis project]] downgraded two storms in 2019. Two Category 5 hurricanes were seen in 1961, making it one of only eight Atlantic hurricane seasons to feature multiple Category 5 hurricanes in one season. The season started on June 15, and ended on November 15. These dates conventionally delimit the period of each year when most [[tropical cyclone]]s form in the [[Atlantic basin]]. The first system, an operationally unclassified tropical depression, formed offshore east [[Central Florida]] on June&nbsp;10, but dissipated a few days later. Next, [[Hurricane Anna (1961)|Hurricane Anna]] developed in the eastern [[Caribbean Sea]] near the [[Windward Islands]] on July&nbsp;20. It brought minor damage to the islands in, as well as wind and flood impacts to [[Central America]] after striking [[Belize]] as a hurricane.{{#tag:ref|Prior to its independence in 1981, [[Belize]] was known as [[British Honduras]]|group="nb"}} Anna caused one death and about $300,000 (1961&nbsp;[[United States dollar|USD]]){{#tag:ref|All damage figures are in 1961 [[United States dollar]], unless otherwise noted|group="nb"}} in damage. Activity went dormant for nearly a month and a half, until Hurricane Betsy developed on September&nbsp;2. Betsy peaked as a Category&nbsp;4 hurricane, but remained at sea and caused no impact. One of the most significant storms of the season was [[Hurricane Carla]], which peaked as a [[List of Category 4 Atlantic hurricanes|Category&nbsp;4 hurricane]], before striking Texas. Carla caused 43&nbsp;deaths and approximately $325.74&nbsp;million in damage. [[Hurricane Debbie (1961)|Hurricane Debbie]] was a Category&nbsp;1 storm that existed in the eastern Atlantic Ocean. Early in its duration, unsettled weather from Debbie in [[Cape Verde]] resulted in a plane crash and the death of 60&nbsp;people. The [[Extratropical cyclone|extratropical]] remnants of Debbie then brushed [[Ireland]], causing severe damage over the [[British Isles]]. The next storm, [[Hurricane Esther (1961)|Hurricane Esther]], threatened to strike New England as a major hurricane, but rapidly weakened and made landfall in [[Massachusetts]] as only a tropical storm. Impact was generally minor, with about $6&nbsp;million in damage and seven deaths, all of which from a [[United States Navy]] plane crash. An unnamed tropical storm and Hurricane Frances caused minimal impact on land. In mid-October, Tropical Storm Gerda brought flooding to [[Jamaica]] and eastern [[Cuba]], resulting in twelve deaths. Another significant storm was [[Hurricane Hattie]], a late-season Category&nbsp;5 hurricane that struck Belize. Hattie caused 319&nbsp;confirmed fatalities and about $60.3&nbsp;million in damage. Destruction was so severe in Belize that the government had to relocate inland to a new city, [[Belmopan]]. In early November, the depression that would later strengthen into Hurricane Jenny brought light rainfall to [[Puerto Rico]]. The final storm, Tropical Storm Inga, dissipated on November&nbsp;8, after causing no impact on land. On September&nbsp;11, three hurricanes existed simultaneously – Betsy, Carla, and Debbie – the most on a single day in the Atlantic basin since [[1893 Atlantic hurricane season|1893]] and until [[1998 Atlantic hurricane season|1998]]. Collectively, the storms of the 1961&nbsp;Atlantic hurricane season caused about $392.34&nbsp;million in damage and at least 437&nbsp;fatalities. == Season summary == {{center| <timeline> ImageSize = width:800 height:220 PlotArea = top:10 bottom:80 right:20 left:20 Legend = columns:3 left:30 top:58 columnwidth:270 AlignBars = early DateFormat = dd/mm/yyyy Period = from:01/06/1961 till:01/12/1961 TimeAxis = orientation:horizontal ScaleMinor = grid:black unit:month increment:1 start:01/06/1961 Colors = id:canvas value:gray(0.88) id:GP value:red id:TD value:rgb(0.43,0.76,0.92) legend:Tropical_Depression_=_≤38_mph_(≤62_km/h) id:TS value:rgb(0.3,1,1) legend:Tropical_Storm_=_39–73_mph_(63–117_km/h) id:C1 value:rgb(1,1,0.85) legend:Category_1_=_74–95_mph_(118–153_km/h) id:C2 value:rgb(1,0.85,0.55) legend:Category_2_=_96–110_mph_(154–177_km/h) id:C3 value:rgb(1,0.62,0.35) legend:Category_3_=_111–129_mph_(178–208_km/h) id:C4 value:rgb(1,0.45,0.54) legend:Category_4_=_130–156_mph_(209–251_km/h) id:C5 value:rgb(0.55,0.46,0.90) legend:Category_5_=_≥157_mph_(≥252_km/h) Backgroundcolors = canvas:canvas BarData = barset:Hurricane bar:Month PlotData= barset:Hurricane width:11 align:left fontsize:S shift:(4,-4) anchor:till from:10/06/1961 till:11/06/1961 color:TD text:TD from:17/07/1961 till:24/07/1961 color:C2 text:[[Hurricane Anna (1961)|Anna (C2)]] from:02/09/1961 till:10/09/1961 color:C4 text:Betsy (C4) from:03/09/1961 till:13/09/1961 color:C4 text:[[Hurricane Carla|Carla (C4)]] from:05/09/1961 till:14/09/1961 color:C1 text:[[Hurricane Debbie (1961)|Debbie (C1)]] from:10/09/1961 till:26/09/1961 color:C5 text:[[Hurricane Esther|Esther (C5)]] from:12/09/1961 till:15/09/1961 color:TS text:Six (TS) barset:break from:30/09/1961 till:08/10/1961 color:C4 text:Frances (C4) from:12/10/1961 till:14/10/1961 color:TD text:TD from:17/10/1961 till:20/10/1961 color:TS text:Gerda (TS) from:26/10/1961 till:01/11/1961 color:C5 text:[[Hurricane Hattie|Hattie (C5)]] from:02/11/1961 till:10/11/1961 color:C1 text:Jenny (C1) from:04/11/1961 till:08/11/1961 color:TS text:Inga (TS) from:17/11/1961 till:20/11/1961 color:TS text:Twelve (TS) bar:Month width:5 align:center fontsize:S shift:(0,-20) anchor:middle color:canvas from:01/06/1961 till:01/07/1961 text:June from:01/07/1961 till:01/08/1961 text:July from:01/08/1961 till:01/09/1961 text:August from:01/09/1961 till:01/10/1961 text:September from:01/10/1961 till:01/11/1961 text:October from:01/11/1961 till:01/12/1961 text:November TextData = pos:(570,30) text:"(From the" pos:(617,30) text:"[[Saffir–Simpson scale]])" </timeline> }} [[File:Hurricane_carla_radar.jpg|thumb|upright=.90|[[WSR-57]] radar image of [[Hurricane Carla]] out of [[Galveston, Texas]] on September&nbsp;10]] The Atlantic hurricane season officially began on June&nbsp;15.<ref name="jones">{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/71391342/the-miami-herald/|title=Scientists Preparing To Break 'Cane's Back|author=E. V. W. Jones|date=June 11, 1961|page=20-A|newspaper=Miami Herald|access-date=February 18, 2021|via=Newspapers.com}} {{free access}}</ref> It was an above average season in which twelve tropical storms formed; this was above the 1950–2000&nbsp;average of 9.6&nbsp;named storms.<ref name="Gray Dec">{{cite report|author=Philip J. Klotzbach |author2=William M. Gray |date=December 8, 2006 |title=Extended Range Forecast of Atlantic Seasonal Hurricane Activity and U.S. Landfall Strike Probability for 2007 |publisher=[[Colorado State University]] |access-date=March 28, 2014 |url=http://hurricane.atmos.colostate.edu/forecasts/2006/dec2006/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061218105454/http://hurricane.atmos.colostate.edu/forecasts/2006/dec2006/ |archive-date=December 18, 2006 |url-status=dead |location=Boulder, Colorado }}</ref> Eight of these reached hurricane status, also above of the 1950–2000&nbsp;average of 5.9.{{Atlantic hurricane best track}}<ref name="Gray Dec" /> Furthermore, five storms reached major hurricane status. It was originally believed that the season had seven major hurricanes, though later analysis resulted in a downgrade of two storms.<ref name="ACE"/> Of the five major hurricanes, two became Category&nbsp;5 hurricanes. Four hurricanes and two tropical storms made [[Landfall (meteorology)|landfall]] during the season,{{Atlantic hurricane best track}} causing 348&nbsp;deaths and $391.6&nbsp;million in damage.<ref>{{cite report |url = http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/general/lib/lib1/nhclib/mwreviews/1961.pdf |title = The Hurricane Season of 1961 |author = Gordon E. Dunn |date = March 1962 |work = [[National Weather Service|United States Weather Bureau]] |publisher = [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]]; [[Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory]] |access-date = January 31, 2014 |location = Miami, Florida }} * {{cite report |url = http://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/orders/IPS-9FF6F836-52BD-4912-9F1F-2C5B28F9E210.pd |title = Storm Data And Unusual Weather Phenomena: September 1961 |author = Luther Hodges |date = 1961 |work = [[United States Department of Commerce]] |pages = 99–101, 103 |publisher = [[National Climatic Data Center]]; National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration |access-date = February 1, 2014 |format = PDF |location = Asheville, North Carolina |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140201051314/http://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/orders/IPS-9FF6F836-52BD-4912-9F1F-2C5B28F9E210.pdf |archive-date = February 1, 2014 }} * {{cite report |url = http://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/orders/IPS-52F4B7BD-1C8E-49D5-8E58-2306A1702BBA.pdf |title = Storm Data and Unusual Weather Phenomena: December 1961 |author = Luther Hodges |work = United States Department of Commerce |page = 120 |publisher = National Climatic Data Center; National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration |location = Asheville, North Carolina |access-date = February 1, 2014 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140201052024/http://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/orders/IPS-52F4B7BD-1C8E-49D5-8E58-2306A1702BBA.pdf |archive-date = February 1, 2014 }} * {{cite news|newspaper=Irish Independent|date=September 18, 1961|title=Gale Killed Fifteen|page=3}} {{subscription required|via=Irish Newspaper Archives}} * {{cite report |publisher = Met Éireann |year = 2012 |access-date = March 28, 2014 |title = Exceptional Weather Events - "Hurricane Debbie" |url = http://www.met.ie/climate-ireland/weather-events/Sep1961_hurricane-Debbie.pdf |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131112040048/http://www.met.ie/climate-ireland/weather-events/Sep1961_hurricane-Debbie.pdf |archive-date = November 12, 2013 |url-status = dead |df = mdy-all }} * {{cite report |url = http://www.ss346.com/PDFs/ImhofRescue1961.pdf |title = Rescue at Sea |access-date = March 28, 2014 |author = Patrick J. Imhof |pages = 4–6 |date = September 13, 2005 |location = Pensacola, Florida |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120204203444/http://www.ss346.com/PDFs/ImhofRescue1961.pdf |archive-date = February 4, 2012 |df = mdy }} * {{cite news |url = http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/atlantic/atl1961/gerda/news/savannah.gif |title = Floods Fatal To 5 Jamaicans |date = October 20, 1961 |agency = Associated Press |newspaper = [[Savannah Morning News]] |page = 5 |access-date = August 18, 2013 |location = Kingston, Jamaica }} * {{cite press release |title = Belize Marked 45th Anniversary of Deadly Hurricane Hattie |url = http://www.nemo.org.bz/cgi-bin/nemonews/exec/view.cgi?archive=1&num=285 |work = Belize National Emergency Management Organization (NEMO) |access-date = December 3, 2012 |publisher = NEMO Press Officer |archive-url = https://www.webcitation.org/6Ce1gvhur?url=http://www.nemo.org.bz/cgi-bin/nemonews/exec/view.cgi?archive=1&num=285 |archive-date = December 3, 2012 |date = November 2, 2006 |url-status = dead }}</ref> Hurricane Debbie also caused damage and deaths, despite remaining offshore and then after becoming extratropical. [[Tropical cyclogenesis]] began with an initially unclassified tropical depression, which developed on June&nbsp;10.<ref name="meta"/> More than a month later, [[Hurricane Anna (1961)|Hurricane Anna]] formed on July&nbsp;17 and dissipated on July&nbsp;24. Thereafter, no other systems developed in July or the month of August.{{Atlantic hurricane best track}} A lack of cyclonic activity in the Atlantic basin in August is rare, with such phenomenon not occurring again until the [[1997 Atlantic hurricane season|1997]] and [[2022 Atlantic hurricane season|2022]] seasons.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/climate-environment/2022/08/25/august-may-pass-without-single-named-tropical-storm-atlantic/|title=August may pass without a single named tropical storm in the Atlantic|author=Matthew Cappuci|date=August 25, 2022|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|accessdate=August 28, 2022}}</ref> The Atlantic basin remained dormant until Hurricane Betsy developed on September&nbsp;2. During the next four days, two other tropical cyclones formed – Carla and Debbie. On September&nbsp;11, the three storms – Betsy, Carla, and Debbie – existed simultaneously as hurricanes,{{Atlantic hurricane best track}} the most in a single day since [[1893 Atlantic hurricane season|1893]] and until [[1998 Atlantic hurricane season|1998]].<ref>{{cite report|url=http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/tcfaq/E18.html|title=Subject: E18) What was the largest number of hurricanes in the Atlantic Ocean at the same time?|author=Christopher W. Landsea|work=[[Hurricane Research Division]]|publisher=[[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]]; [[Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory]]|access-date=August 31, 2021|location=Miami, Florida|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170701034516/http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/tcfaq/E18.html|archive-date=July 1, 2017}}</ref> Esther, which developed on September&nbsp;10, did not reach hurricane status until September&nbsp;12. Later that day, a tropical storm that went unnamed formed over the Bahamas and moved across the [[East Coast of the United States]] for its brief duration.{{Atlantic hurricane best track}}<ref name="unnamed" /> After Debbie became extratropical on September&nbsp;14, another tropical cyclone developed over two weeks later, Hurricane Frances. Thereafter, tropical cyclogenesis slowed in October, which featured only three systems, a second previously unclassified tropical depression, Gerda, and Hattie. The latter was the strongest tropical cyclone of the season, peaking with [[maximum sustained wind]]s of {{convert|165|mph|km/h|abbr=on}} and a minimum [[barometric pressure]] of {{convert|914|mbar|inHg|abbr=on|lk=on}}. After weakening slightly, Hattie struck [[Belize]] on October&nbsp;31, before dissipating on November&nbsp;1. Later that day, Hurricane Jenny developed northeast of [[Antigua]]. Jenny remained weak for much of its duration and became extratropical on November&nbsp;8. The final system, Tropical Storm Inga, formed in the [[Gulf of Mexico]] on November&nbsp;4. Four days later, Inga dissipated,{{Atlantic hurricane best track}} one week before the season officially ended.<ref name="jones"/> The season's activity was reflected with an [[accumulated cyclone energy]] (ACE) rating of 189, one of the highest values recorded. ACE is, broadly speaking, a measure of the power of the hurricane multiplied by the length of time it existed, so storms that last a long time, as well as particularly strong hurricanes, have high ACEs. It is only calculated for full advisories on tropical systems at or exceeding {{convert|39|mph|km/h|abbr=on}}, which is the threshold for tropical storm strength.<ref name="ACE">{{cite report|work=Hurricane Research Division; Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory|publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|date=March 2011|title=Atlantic basin Comparison of Original and Revised HURDAT|access-date=March 6, 2012|url=http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/hurdat/comparison_table.html}}</ref> == Systems == === Hurricane Anna === {{Infobox Hurricane Small | Basin = Atl | Image = Hurricane Anna 1961.JPG | Track = Anna 1961 track.png | Formed = July 17 | Dissipated = July 24 | 1-min winds = 90 | Pressure = 976 }} {{Main|Hurricane Anna (1961)}} A tropical wave that emerged into the Atlantic from the west coast of Africa around mid-July developed about {{convert|575|mi|km|abbr=on|round=5}} northeast of [[Cayenne]], [[French Guiana]], late on July&nbsp;17.<ref name="meta">{{cite web|url=https://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/hurdat/metadata-1961-1965.pdf|title=1961 Atlantic Hurricane Database Reanalysis|date=2019|author=Christopher W. Landsea|author2=Sandy Delgado|publisher=Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory|access-date=May 3, 2021|location=Miami, Florida|format=PDF}}</ref>{{rp|2}}{{Atlantic hurricane best track}} The depression moved west-northwestward and by the following day, it intensified into a Tropical Storm Anna. After passing just south of [[Grenada]] early on July&nbsp;20, Anna entered the [[Caribbean Sea]]. Favorable environmental conditions allowed Anna to reach hurricane intensity late on July&nbsp;20. The cyclone continued to slowly intensifying, reaching Category&nbsp;2 intensity on July&nbsp;22 and peaking with maximum sustained winds of {{convert|105|mph|km/h|abbr=on}}. However, the storm weakened slightly before making landfall as a Category&nbsp;1 hurricane in [[Honduras]] near Barra Patuca, [[Gracias a Dios Department]], with winds of {{convert|80|mph|km/h|abbr=on}}. After re-emerging into the Caribbean, Anna weakened slightly further, striking [[Utila]] around 01:00&nbsp;UTC on July&nbsp;24 with winds of {{convert|75|mph|km/h|abbr=on}}. About nine hours later, the hurricane made landfall in Belize near [[Monkey River Town]] at the same intensity. Anna rapidly weakened over land and dissipated late on July&nbsp;24.{{Atlantic hurricane best track}} As a developing tropical cyclone over the Windward Islands, Anna produced strong winds on Grenada, though damage was limited to some crops, trees, and telephone poles.<ref name="tg">{{cite news|newspaper=[[The Daily Gleaner]]|year=1961|title=Anna Should Miss Jamaica}}</ref> Other islands experienced gusty winds, but no damage. Passing just north of [[Venezuela]], the hurricane produced strong winds over the country, peaking as high as {{convert|70|mph|km/h|abbr=on}}.<ref name="nhca">{{cite report|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/atlantic/atl1961/anna/preloc/pshsju02.gif|title=Report on Hurricane Anna – July 20, 1961|author=Ralph L. Higgs|date=August 4, 1961|work=U.S. Weather Bureau Office San Juan, Puerto Rico|publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration; National Hurricane Center|page=2|access-date=December 2, 2013|location=San Juan, Puerto Rico}}</ref> Strong winds caused widespread damage in northern Honduras. Throughout the country, at least 36&nbsp;homes were destroyed and 228&nbsp;were damaged.<ref name="pshmhtg">{{cite report|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/atlantic/atl1961/anna/preloc/pshmhtg.gif|title=Report on Hurricane Anna|author1=Etat |author2=Gordon E. Dunn |date=August 4, 1961|work=U.S. Weather Bureau Office Miami, Florida|publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration; National Hurricane Center|page=11|access-date=December 3, 2013|location=Miami, Florida}}</ref> Severe damage in the Gracias a Dios Department left hundreds of people homeless.<ref name="mgp">{{cite news|publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration; National Hurricane Center|year=1961|title=Miami Gets Pelted With Short Storms|access-date=December 3, 2013|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/atlantic/atl1961/anna/news/miami.gif}}</ref> Additionally, high winds toppled approximately 10,000&nbsp;coconut trees.<ref name="pshmhtg" /> Overall, Anna caused one fatality and $300,000&nbsp;in damage, primarily in Central America.<ref name="MWR">{{cite report|url=http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/general/lib/lib1/nhclib/mwreviews/1961.pdf|title=The Hurricane Season of 1961|author=Gordon E. Dunn|date=March 1962|work=[[National Weather Service|United States Weather Bureau]]|publisher=[[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]]; [[Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory]]|access-date=January 31, 2014|location=Miami, Florida}}</ref><ref name="mgp" /> {{Clear}} === Hurricane Betsy === {{Infobox Hurricane Small | Basin = Atl | Image = Hurricane Betsy 1961.JPG | Track = Betsy 1961 track.png | Formed = September 2 | Dissipated = September 11 | 1-min winds = 115 | Pressure = 945 }} In early September, a tropical wave was noted in the [[Intertropical Convergence Zone]] (ITCZ).<ref name=MWR /><ref name=BetsyTCR>{{cite report|title=Hurricane Betsy, September 2-11, 1961|url=http://docs.lib.noaa.gov/rescue/hurricanes/QC9452B472H81961.pdf|location=Miami, Florida|work=United States Weather Bureau|publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|access-date=February 1, 2014}}</ref> On September&nbsp;2, the disturbance was analyzed to have attained tropical storm strength, after nearby [[weather forecasting|ship reports]] indicated strong winds associated with anomalously low barometric pressures.<ref name=MWR /> Moving steadily northwestward, favorable conditions allowed Betsy to quickly intensify later that day.{{Atlantic hurricane best track}} Shortly after, a [[trough (meteorology)|trough]] situated along [[50th meridian west|50°W]] steered Betsy to a more northerly course. Another low-pressure area later formed in the trough, perturbing the [[ridge (meteorology)|ridge]] to the north of Betsy for much of its initial stages, causing the hurricane's central pressure to rise,<ref name=MWR /> despite an increase in sustained winds.{{Atlantic hurricane best track}} However, on September&nbsp;5, a [[shortwave (meteorology)|shortwave]] forced the low northeastward, allowing for Betsy to strengthen further.<ref name=MWR /> Early on September&nbsp;6, Betsy attained Category 4 hurricane strength, peaking with maximum sustained winds of {{convert|130|mph|km/h|abbr=on}} and a central pressure of {{convert|945|mbar|hPa inHg|abbr=on}},{{Atlantic hurricane best track}} based on reconnaissance flights into the system.<ref name="meta"/>{{rp|15–16}} However, as a result of missing the short wave itself, the hurricane later weakened and fell to Category&nbsp;3 intensity while located about {{convert|440|mi|km}} east-northeast of Bermuda. Betsy weakened further to Category&nbsp;2 hurricane before becoming nearly stationary beginning on September&nbsp;6.<ref name=MWR /> Moving into higher latitudes, Betsy began to weaken, degenerating back to Category&nbsp;1&nbsp;hurricane intensity on late on September&nbsp;8.{{Atlantic hurricane best track}} A separate, minor trough was later able to move the system northeastwards by the following day.<ref name=MWR /> Betsy re-intensified into a Category&nbsp;2 hurricane early on September&nbsp;10, but transitioned into [[extratropical cyclone]] several hours later. The extratropical remnants continued northeastward and weakened, before executing a large loop over the far north Atlantic. The remnants dissipated well north of the [[Azores]] on September&nbsp;16.{{Atlantic hurricane best track}} {{clear}} === Hurricane Carla === {{Infobox Hurricane Small | Basin = Atl | Image = Hurricane Carla Satellite.JPG | Track = Carla 1961 track.png | Formed = September 3 | Dissipated = September 13 | 1-min winds = 125 | Pressure = 927 }} {{Main|Hurricane Carla}} {{see also|Hurricane Carla tornado outbreak}} A tropical depression developed from an area of [[squall]]y weather embedded within the ITCZ in the southwestern Caribbean Sea on September&nbsp;3.<ref name="new12">{{cite report|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/atlantic/atl1961/carla/preloc/new12.gif|title=Carla Preliminary Report|author=ECH|date=September 21, 1961|work=United States Weather Bureau|publisher=National Hurricane Center; National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|page=12|access-date=February 1, 2014|location=New Orleans, Louisiana}}</ref> Initially a tropical depression, it strengthened slowly while heading northwestward, and by September&nbsp;4, the system was upgraded to Tropical Storm Carla.{{Atlantic hurricane best track}} About 24&nbsp;hours later, Carla was upgraded to a hurricane.<ref name="HURDAT"/><ref name="new14">{{cite report|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/atlantic/atl1961/carla/preloc/new14.gif|title=Carla Preliminary Report|author=ECH|date=September 21, 1961|work=United States Weather Bureau|publisher=National Hurricane Center; National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|page=14|access-date=February 1, 2014|format=GIF|location=New Orleans, Louisiana}}</ref> Shortly thereafter, the storm curved northward while approaching the [[Yucatán Channel]]. Late on September&nbsp;7, Carla entered the [[Gulf of Mexico]] while passing just northeast of the [[Yucatán Peninsula]]. The cyclone reached major hurricane intensity around 12:00&nbsp;UTC on the next day. Resuming its northwestward course, Carla continued intensification and on September&nbsp;11, it peaked as a Category&nbsp;4 hurricane. Carla made landfall near [[Port O'Connor, Texas]], with winds of {{convert|145|mph|km/h|abbr=on}}. It weakened quickly inland and was reduced to a tropical storm on September&nbsp;12. Heading generally northward, Carla transitioned into an extratropical cyclone on September&nbsp;13, while centered over southern [[Oklahoma]]. However, the remnants continued generally northeastward and entered Canada on September&nbsp;14, before dissipating near [[Cape Chidley]] early on September&nbsp;16.{{Atlantic hurricane best track}} While crossing the Yucatán Channel, the [[Rainband|outer bands]] of Carla brought gusty winds and severe local [[flooding]] in western [[Cuba]] and the Yucatán Peninsula.<ref name=MWR /><ref name="google72">{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/69488105/the-miami-news/|title=Hurricane Whips Cuba; Winds Batter Key West|page=72|date=September 7, 1961|newspaper=[[The Miami News]]|access-date=February 7, 2021|via=Newspapers.com}} {{free access}}</ref> Although initially considered a significant threat to [[Florida]],<ref>{{cite report|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/atlantic/atl1961/carla/public/tcp0710z.gif|title=Hurricane Advisory Number 15 Carla|author=Conner|date=September 7, 1961|work=Weather Bureau Office New Orleans, Louisiana|publisher=National Hurricane Center; National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|access-date=February 1, 2014}}</ref> the storm brought only light winds and small amounts of precipitation, reaching no more than {{convert|3.15|in|mm|abbr=on}}.<ref name="google72" /> In Texas, wind gusts as high as {{convert|170|mph|km/h|abbr=on}} were observed in [[Port Lavaca, Texas|Port Lavaca]]. Additionally, several [[tornado]]es spawned in the state caused notable impacts, with the most destructive tornado striking [[Galveston, Texas]] at F4 intensity, resulting in 200&nbsp;buildings being severely damaged, of which 60-75&nbsp;were destroyed, eight deaths and 200&nbsp;injuries.<ref name="pshaus1">{{cite report|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/atlantic/atl1961/carla/preloc/pshaus1.gif|title=Hurricane Carla in Texas September&nbsp;8 to 13th, 1961|author=Robert Orton|date=September 16, 1961|work=Weather Bureau Office Galveston, Texas|publisher=National Hurricane Center; National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|page=1|access-date=January 11, 2013}}</ref> Throughout the state, Carla destroyed 1,915&nbsp;homes, 568&nbsp;farm buildings, and 415&nbsp;other buildings. Additionally, 50,723&nbsp;homes, 5,620&nbsp;farm buildings, and 10,487&nbsp;other buildings suffered damage. There were 34&nbsp;fatalities and at least $300&nbsp;million in losses in Texas alone. Several tornadoes also touched down in [[Louisiana]], causing the destruction of 140&nbsp;homes and 11&nbsp;farms and other buildings, and major damage to 231&nbsp;additional homes and 11&nbsp;farm and other buildings. Minor to moderate damage was also reported to 748&nbsp;homes and 75&nbsp;farm and other buildings.<ref>{{cite report|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/atlantic/atl1961/carla/preloc/pshaus.gif|title=List of known dead in Texas from Hurricane Carla as of September 18th|author=Robert Orton|date=September 18, 1961|work=Weather Bureau Office Galveston, Texas|publisher=National Hurricane Center; National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|access-date=February 1, 2014}}</ref> Six deaths and $25&nbsp;million in losses in Louisiana were attributed to Carla.<ref name="tcr2">{{cite report|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/atlantic/atl1961/carla/prenhc/prelim2.gif|title=Hurricane Carla: September&nbsp;4–14, 1961 (A Preliminary Report)|date=September 18, 1961|work=United States Weather Bureau|publisher=National Hurricane Center; National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|page=2|access-date=February 1, 2014|location=Miami, Florida}}</ref> Heavy rainfall occurred in several other states, especially in Kansas,<ref name="tcmidwest">{{cite report|url=http://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.gov/tropical/rain/tcmidwest.html|title=Tropical Cyclone Rainfall for the Midwest|date=2013|publisher=Weather Prediction Center; National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|access-date=February 1, 2014|location=College Park, Maryland}}</ref> where flash flooding severely damaged crops and drowned five people.<ref name="stormdata961">{{cite report|url=http://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/orders/IPS-9FF6F836-52BD-4912-9F1F-2C5B28F9E210.pd|title=Storm Data And Unusual Weather Phenomena: September 1961|author=Luther Hodges|date=1961|work=[[United States Department of Commerce]]|pages=99–101, 103|publisher=[[National Climatic Data Center]]; National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|access-date=February 1, 2014|format=PDF|location=Asheville, North Carolina|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201051314/http://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/orders/IPS-9FF6F836-52BD-4912-9F1F-2C5B28F9E210.pdf|archive-date=February 1, 2014}}</ref> Overall, Carla resulted in $325.74&nbsp;million in losses and 46&nbsp;fatalities.<ref name="tcr2" /><ref name="stormdata961" /><ref name="stormdata1261">{{cite report|url=http://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/orders/IPS-52F4B7BD-1C8E-49D5-8E58-2306A1702BBA.pdf|title=Storm Data and Unusual Weather Phenomena: December 1961|author=Luther Hodges|work=United States Department of Commerce|page=120|publisher=National Climatic Data Center; National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|location=Asheville, North Carolina|access-date=February 1, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201052024/http://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/orders/IPS-52F4B7BD-1C8E-49D5-8E58-2306A1702BBA.pdf|archive-date=February 1, 2014}}</ref> In Canada, the remnants of Carla brought strong winds to Ontario and New Brunswick, though impact was primarily limited to power outages and falling trees and branches.<ref>{{cite report|url=http://www.ec.gc.ca/hurricane/default.asp?lang=En&n=9D9BF402-1|title=1961-Carla|date=November 5, 2009|publisher=[[Environment Canada]]|access-date=April 3, 2014|location=Fredericton, New Brunswick|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130703044445/http://www.ec.gc.ca/hurricane/default.asp?lang=En&n=9D9BF402-1|archive-date=July 3, 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> {{clear}} === Hurricane Debbie === {{Infobox Hurricane Small | Basin = Atl | Image = Hurricane Debbie on September 7, 1961.png | Track = Debbie 1961 track.png | Formed = September 5 | Dissipated = September 16 | 1-min winds = 80 | Pressure = 975 }} {{Main|Hurricane Debbie (1961)}} A tropical disturbance was first identified in late August over Central Africa.<ref name="Precursor">{{cite report|author=C. O. Erickson|publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|date=February 1963|access-date=August 31, 2021|title=An Incipient Hurricane Near The West African Coast|pages=61–68|url=https://journals.ametsoc.org/view/journals/mwre/91/2/1520-0493_1963_091_0061_aihntw_2_3_co_2.xml?tab_body=pdf|location=Miami, Florida|format=PDF}}</ref> The wave developed into a tropical depression just offshore [[Senegal]] around 12:00&nbsp;UTC on September&nbsp;5. It was estimated to have intensified into Tropical Storm Debbie early the next day. Several hours later, Debbie passed through the southern [[Cape Verde Islands]] as a strong tropical storm or minimal hurricane,{{Atlantic hurricane best track}} resulting in a plane crash and the death of 60&nbsp;people.<ref name="metie">{{cite report|publisher=Met Éireann|year=2012|access-date=March 28, 2014|title=Exceptional Weather Events - "Hurricane Debbie"|url=http://www.met.ie/climate-ireland/weather-events/Sep1961_hurricane-Debbie.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131112040048/http://www.met.ie/climate-ireland/weather-events/Sep1961_hurricane-Debbie.pdf|archive-date=November 12, 2013|url-status=dead|df=mdy-all}}</ref> Once clear of the islands, data on the storm became sparse, and the status of Debbie was uncertain over the following several days as it tracked west-northwestward and later northward. It was not until a commercial airliner intercepted the storm on September&nbsp;10 that its location was certain.<ref name="Prelim">{{cite report|url=http://docs.lib.noaa.gov/rescue/hurricanes/Qc9452d393h81961.pdf|title=Hurricane Debbie&nbsp;— September 7–15, 1961 Preliminary Report|year=1961|work=National Weather Bureau|publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|access-date=February 5, 2014|location=Miami, Florida}}</ref> The following day, Debbie intensified and reached its peak intensity as a strong Category&nbsp;1 hurricane with maximum sustained winds of {{convert|90|mph|km/h|abbr=on}}. The hurricane gradually slowed its forward motion and weakened.{{Atlantic hurricane best track}} By September&nbsp;13, Debbie's motion became influenced by the [[westerlies]], causing the system to accelerate east-northeastward.<ref name="Prelim" /> The storm transitioned into an extratropical cyclone late on September&nbsp;14 about {{convert|140|mi|km|abbr=on|round=5}} west-southwest of [[Horta, Azores]].{{Atlantic hurricane best track}} The remnants of Debbie soon passed east-northeastward throughout the Azores and then curved northeastward. The system deepened slightly as it neared the [[British Isles]], skirting the coast of Western Ireland on September&nbsp;16.{{Atlantic hurricane best track}} In Ireland, Debbie brought record winds to much of the island, with a peak gust of {{convert|114|mph|km/h|abbr=on}} measured just offshore.<ref name="CS1">{{cite news|newspaper=Connacht Sentinel|date=September 19, 1961|title=Repairing Hurricane Damage|page=10}} {{subscription required|via=Irish Newspaper Archives}}</ref> Widespread wind damage and disruption occurred, downing tens of thousands of trees and power lines.<ref name="AC1">{{cite news|newspaper=Anglo-Celt|date= September 23, 1961|title=Storm Reports From The Areas|page=9}} {{subscription required|via=Irish Newspaper Archives}}</ref><ref name="UH1">{{cite news|newspaper=Ulster Herald|date=September 23, 1961|title=The Storm Made Much Work|page=7}} {{subscription required|via=Irish Newspaper Archives}}</ref> Countless structures sustained varying degrees of damage, with many smaller buildings destroyed.<ref name="JSTOR">{{cite journal|journal=The Irish Naturalists' Journal|author1=J. G. Gruickshank |author2=N. Stephens |author3=L. J. Symons |date=January 1962|volume=14|issue=1|pages=4–12|title=Report of the Hurricane in Ireland on Saturday, 16 September, 1961|jstor=25534822}}</ref> Agriculture experienced extensive losses to barley, corn and wheat crops.<ref>{{cite news|newspaper=Irish Farmers Journal|title=Crop Losses|date=September 23, 1961|page=1}} {{subscription required|via=Irish Newspaper Archives}}</ref> Throughout Ireland, Debbie killed 18&nbsp;people, with 12 in the [[Republic of Ireland]] and six in [[Northern Ireland]].<ref name="ii">{{cite news|newspaper=Irish Independent|date=September 18, 1961|title=Gale Killed Fifteen|page=3}} {{subscription required|via=Irish Newspaper Archives}}</ref>  The storm also battered parts of [[Great Britain]] with winds in excess of {{convert|100|mph|km/h|abbr=on}}.<ref name="MWR" /> {{clear}} === Hurricane Esther === {{Infobox Hurricane Small | Basin = Atl | Image = Hurricane Esther.jpg | Track = Esther 1961 track.png | Formed = September 10 | Dissipated = September 26 | 1-min winds = 140 | Pressure = 919 }} {{Main|Hurricane Esther}} On September&nbsp;10, [[Television Infrared Observation Satellite]] (TIROS) III observed an area of disturbed weather well southwest of the Cape Verde Islands.<ref name="MWR" /> Later that day, a tropical depression developed about {{convert|510|mi|km|round=5}} west-southwest of the southernmost Cape Verde Islands. Moving northwestward, the depression strengthened into Tropical Storm Esther on September&nbsp;11, before reaching hurricane intensity on the following day. Early on September&nbsp;13, Esther curved westward and deepened into a major hurricane. The storm remained a Category&nbsp;3 hurricane for about four days and gradually moved in west-northwestward direction. Esther strengthened into a Category&nbsp;4 hurricane on September&nbsp;16 and peaked as a Category&nbsp;5 hurricane on the following day with sustained winds of {{convert|160|mph|km/h|abbr=on|round=10}}.{{Atlantic hurricane best track}} The storm curved north-northeastward on September&nbsp;19, while offshore North Carolina. Esther began to weaken while approaching New England and fell to Category&nbsp;2 intensity early on September&nbsp;21. The storm turned eastward on the following day and gradually weakened to a tropical storm. It then executed a large cyclonic loop, until curving northward on September&nbsp;25. Early on the following day, Esther made two landfalls in [[Massachusetts]], first on [[Muskeget Island]] and then near [[South Yarmouth, Massachusetts|South Yarmouth]] with winds of {{convert|60|mph|km/h|abbr=on}}. The storm then emerged over the [[Gulf of Maine]] and made landfall in [[Brunswick, Maine]], around 11:00&nbsp;UTC on September&nbsp;26 with winds of {{convert|40|mph|km/h|abbr=on}}. Esther weakened to a tropical depression late on September&nbsp;26 before weakening to a tropical depression and becoming extratropical over southeastern [[Quebec]].{{Atlantic hurricane best track}} The remnants persisted for about 12&nbsp;hours, before dissipating early on September&nbsp;27.{{Atlantic hurricane best track}} Between North Carolina and [[New Jersey]] effects were primarily limited to strong winds and minor [[Coastal erosion|beach erosion]] and [[coastal flooding]] due to storm surge.<ref name="EstherPrelim">{{cite report|url=http://docs.lib.noaa.gov/rescue/hurricanes/Qc9452e82h81961.pdf|title=Hurricane Esther&nbsp;— September 12–26, 1961 Preliminary Report|year=1961|work=National Weather Bureau|publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|page=4|access-date=March 28, 2014|location=Miami, Florida}}</ref> In New York, strong winds led to severe crop losses and over 300,000&nbsp;power outages. High tides caused coastal flooding and damaged a number of pleasure boats. Similar impact was reported in Massachusetts. Additionally, some areas observed more than {{convert|8|in|mm}} of rainfall, flooding basements, low-lying roads, and underpasses.<ref name="stormdata961" /> Overall, damage was minor, totaling about $6&nbsp;million.<ref name="MWR" /> There were also seven deaths reported when a United States Navy P5M aircraft crashed about {{convert|120|mi|km}} north of [[Bermuda]].<ref>{{cite report|url=http://www.ss346.com/PDFs/ImhofRescue1961.pdf |title=Rescue at Sea |access-date=March 28, 2014 |author=Patrick J. Imhof |pages=4–6 |date=September 13, 2005 |location=Pensacola, Florida |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120204203444/http://www.ss346.com/PDFs/ImhofRescue1961.pdf |archive-date=February 4, 2012 |df=mdy }}</ref> {{clear}} === Tropical Storm Six === {{Infobox Hurricane Small | Basin = Atl | Image = Tropical Storm Six (1961).JPG | Track = 1961 Atlantic tropical storm 6 track.png | Formed = September 12 | Dissipated = September 15 | 1-min winds = 55 | Pressure = 996 }} TIROS III imagery indicated a vortex east of the Bahamas between September&nbsp;9 and September&nbsp;12.<ref name="unnamed">{{cite report|url=https://journals.ametsoc.org/view/journals/mwre/90/8/1520-0493_1962_090_0351_ntc_2_0_co_2.xml?tab_body=pdf|title=Northbound Tropical Cyclone|author=Richard Fay|date=August 1962|publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|work=United States Weather Bureau|access-date=August 31, 2021}}</ref> A tropical depression formed at 12:00&nbsp;UTC on September&nbsp;12 near [[Great Harbour Cay]] in the Bahamas,{{Atlantic hurricane best track}} after TIROS revealed a surface circulation.<ref name="unnamed"/> The depression tracked northward and intensified into a tropical storm while located offshore North Carolina. Around 12:00&nbsp;UTC September&nbsp;14, it made landfall in the state near [[Topsail Beach, North Carolina]], with winds of {{convert|45|mph|km/h|abbr=on}}. The storm curved accelerated northeastward and intensified despite mostly remaining over land, striking near the southern tip of the [[Delmarva Peninsula]] about nine hours later with winds of {{convert|50|mph|km/h|abbr=on}}. After re-emerging into the Atlantic late on September&nbsp;14, the cyclone made landfall near [[Islip, New York]], with peak winds of {{convert|65|mph|km/h|abbr=on}} around 06:00&nbsp;UTC on September&nbsp;15, followed by another landfall near [[Guilford, Connecticut]], about an hour later at the same intensity. The cyclone became extratropical over southern Maine around 12:00&nbsp;UTC and quickly dissipated.{{Atlantic hurricane best track}} Impact from the storm was generally minor. In [[Savannah, Georgia]], the storm produced an F2 tornado that blew the roof off of a lumber company building. In North Carolina, {{convert|3.12|in|mm}} of precipitation fell at [[Williamston, North Carolina|Williamston]].{{Tropical Cyclone Point Maxima}} Strong winds lashed [[Rhode Island]], with winds as high as {{convert|70|mph|km/h|abbr=on}} in [[Point Judith, Rhode Island|Point Judith]]. About 29,000&nbsp;homes were left without electricity, while 1,200&nbsp;lost telephone service. Hundreds of small crafts and a few ferries and barges were swamped or sank. Hurricane-force wind gusts in Massachusetts felled trees, electrical wires, and TV antennas. Some roads in the southeastern portion of the state were blocked by fallen trees. Similar impact was reported in [[Maine]], where an F2 tornado/waterspout tracked {{convert|19.1|mi|km}} from [[Beals, Maine|Beals]] through [[Roque Bluffs, Maine|Roque Bluffs]] before dissipating in [[Dog Town, Maine|Dog Town]] just east of [[East Machias, Maine|East Machias]]. Power lines were considerably damaged and numerous trees were knocked down, including two incidents where trees fell on and damaged homes. The tornado caused one injury when a man was hit by a flying wooden plank.<ref name="stormdata961" /> {{clear}} === Hurricane Frances === {{Infobox Hurricane Small | Basin = Atl | Image = Hurricane Frances analysis 9 Oct 1961.png | Track = Frances 1961 track.png | Formed = September 30 | Dissipated = October 9 | 1-min winds = 115 | Pressure = 948 }} A westward-moving tropical wave organized into Tropical Storm Frances on September&nbsp;30, east of the northern [[Lesser Antilles]].<ref name=FrancesTCR>{{cite report|title=Hurricane Frances, Sept. 30 &ndash; Oct. 9, 1961|url=http://atlas.amicale-des-ouragans.org/dossiers/frances1961/1961_Frances.pdf|location=Miami, Florida|work=United States Weather Bureau|publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|access-date=August 31, 2021|format=PDF}}</ref>{{Atlantic hurricane best track}} Six hours later, the depression strengthened into Tropical Storm Frances. Heading westward, it crossed through the Leeward Islands and entered the Caribbean Sea on October&nbsp;1.{{Atlantic hurricane best track}} Thereafter, the lack of divergence at high levels prevented significant strengthening for a few days.<ref name=FrancesTCR /> While situated south of Puerto Rico on October&nbsp;2, Frances curved northwestward.{{Atlantic hurricane best track}} The storm brought heavy rainfall to Puerto Rico, peaking at {{convert|10.15|in|mm}} in the Indiera Baja barrio of [[Maricao, Puerto Rico|Maricao]].{{Tropical Cyclone Point Maxima}} Considerable damage to roads and bridges occurred. However, due to swift evacuations of residents by the [[Puerto Rico State Agency for Emergency and Disaster Management|Civil Defense]] and [[American Red Cross]], no fatalities were reported.<ref name=FrancesTCR /> Tracking to the northwest, Frances made landfall near [[Punta Cana]], [[Dominican Republic]], early on October&nbsp;3 with winds of {{convert|60|mph|km/h|abbr=on}}. No impact was reported on the island. Later on October&nbsp;3, Frances emerged into the Atlantic Ocean just southeast of the [[Turks and Caicos Islands]]. Thereafter, the storm accelerated somewhat and resumed intensification, reaching hurricane status on October&nbsp;4. Around that time, it curved northeastward and deepened further. Early on October&nbsp;7, Frances attained its peak intensity with winds of {{convert|130|mph|km/h|abbr=on}} and a minimum barometric pressure of {{convert|948|mbar|inHg|abbr=on}}.{{Atlantic hurricane best track}} The storm passed by Bermuda around that time, where it dropped {{convert|1.35|in|mm}} of precipitation.{{Tropical Cyclone Point Maxima}} Later on October&nbsp;7, Frances re-curved to the north. Early on the following day, the storm became extratropical as it approached the [[Gulf of Maine]]. The remnants curved east-northeastward and struck Nova Scotia, before dissipating early on October&nbsp;10.{{Atlantic hurricane best track}} {{clear}} === Tropical Storm Gerda === {{Infobox Hurricane Small | Basin = Atl | Track = Gerda 1961 track.png | Image = Tropical Storm Gerda surface analysis October 20, 1961.png | Formed = October 17 | Dissipated = October 20 | 1-min winds = 60 | Pressure = 988 }} A westward-moving tropical wave reached the central Caribbean by mid-October.<ref name=MWR /> The wave crossed [[Jamaica]], causing flooding that damaged roads and forced many to evacuate their homes in [[Kingston, Jamaica|western Kingston]]. Five fatalities were reported in Jamaica.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/atlantic/atl1961/gerda/news/savannah.gif|title=Floods Fatal To 5 Jamaicans|date=October 20, 1961|agency=Associated Press|newspaper=[[Savannah Morning News]]|page=5B|access-date=August 18, 2013|location=Kingston, Jamaica}}</ref> Early on October&nbsp;17, the wave developed into a tropical depression just southwest of [[Cape Cruz]], [[Cuba]]. It continued northward and made another landfall near [[Santa Cruz del Sur]] several hours later.{{Atlantic hurricane best track}} The depression also brought heavy rainfall to eastern Cuba, which resulted in seven deaths.<ref name=MWR /> After striking Cuba, the depression emerged into the Atlantic early on October&nbsp;18 as it intensified into Tropical Storm Gerda.{{Atlantic hurricane best track}} Moving across the Bahamas later on October&nbsp;18, Gerda accelerated to the north-northeast. The storm curved northeastward on October&nbsp;20, while peaking with winds of {{convert|70|mph|km/h|abbr=on}}.{{Atlantic hurricane best track}} However, a [[Texas Towers|Texas Tower]] offshore Massachusetts observed hurricane-force winds.<ref name=MWR /> At 00:00&nbsp;UTC on October&nbsp;20, Gerda transitioned into an extratropical cyclone while situated about {{convert|165|mi|km|round=5}} southeast of [[Nantucket]], [[Massachusetts]].{{Atlantic hurricane best track}} Damage from the storm in New England was "about the same as that from a typical wintertime northeaster".<ref name=MWR /> The remnants of Gerda moved northeastward and then to the east, before dissipating between Newfoundland and the Azores late on October&nbsp;22.{{Atlantic hurricane best track}} {{clear}} === Hurricane Hattie === {{Infobox Hurricane Small | Basin = Atl | Image = Hurricane Hattie radar 30 Oct 1961 - cropped.jpg | Track = Hattie 1961 track.png | Formed = October 27 | Dissipated = November 1 | 1-min winds = 145 | Pressure = 914 }} {{Main|Hurricane Hattie}} In late October, an area of [[Low-pressure area|low pressure]] persisted in the western Caribbean Sea for several days.<ref name="HattiePrelim">{{cite report|url=http://docs.lib.noaa.gov/rescue/hurricanes/Qc9452h39h81961.pdf|title=Hurricane Esther&nbsp;— October 27–31, 1961 Preliminary Report|year=1961|work=National Weather Bureau|publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|page=4|access-date=August 31, 2021|location=Miami, Florida|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170429192329/http://docs.lib.noaa.gov/rescue/hurricanes/Qc9452h39h81961.pdf|archive-date=April 29, 2017}}</ref> Around 00:00&nbsp;UTC on October&nbsp;26, a tropical depression developed about {{convert|100|mi|km|abbr=on|round=5}} northeast of [[Colón, Panama]]. Approximately 12&nbsp;hours later, the depression intensified into Tropical Storm Hattie. Moving towards the north and north-northeast, the storm quickly gained hurricane status early on October&nbsp;28 and reached major hurricane intensity that same day. Hattie turned towards the west to the east of Jamaica and strengthened into a Category 5 hurricane with maximum sustained winds of {{convert|165|mph|km/h|abbr=on}} on October&nbsp;31. The storm then weakened to a Category 4 hurricane prior to landfall south of [[Belize City]], [[British Honduras]], with winds of {{convert|150|mph|km/h|abbr=on}}. Continuing southwest, the storm rapidly weakened over the mountainous terrain of Central America, dissipating on November&nbsp;1.{{Atlantic hurricane best track}} It was originally thought that the remnants may have contributed to the development of [[1961 Pacific hurricane season|Tropical Storm Simone]] in the eastern Pacific Ocean, but a 2019 reanalysis concluded that the remnants of Hattie instead became a Central American [[Ocean gyre|gyre]].<ref name="meta"/> Hattie first affected regions in the southwestern Caribbean, producing hurricane-force winds and causing one death on San Andres Island.<ref name="MWR" /> It was initially forecast to continue north and strike Cuba, which prompted evacuations.<ref>{{cite news|title='Cane Hattie Threatens Western Cuba, Florida|agency=Associated Press|newspaper=The Palm Beach Post|page=1|location=West Palm Beach, Florida|date=October 30, 1961|access-date=February 6, 2021|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/46430170/the-palm-beach-post/|via=Newspapers.com}} {{free access}}</ref> Little effects were reported as Hattie turned to the west, although rainfall reached {{convert|11.5|in|mm|abbr=on}} on [[Grand Cayman]].<ref name="HattiePrelim" /> The worst damage was in the country of Belize. The former capital, Belize City, was flooded by a powerful storm surge and high waves and affected by strong winds. The territory governor estimated 70% of the buildings in the city were damaged, which left over 10,000&nbsp;people homeless.<ref name="upi112">{{cite news|agency=United Press International|date=November 2, 1961|title=Hattie's Toll is 62: Martial Law Declared|newspaper=St. Petersburg Times|pages=1A, 2A|location=St. Petersburg, Florida|access-date=March 28, 2014|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=204nAAAAIBAJ&sjid=JHkDAAAAIBAJ&pg=5523%2C397222}}</ref> The damage was severe enough that it prompted the government to relocate inland to a new city, [[Belmopan]].<ref>{{cite news|newspaper=Sarasota Herald-Tribune|date=September 7, 1971|title=Hurricane 'Edith' Deepens Rapidly|agency=Associated Press|pages=1A, 4A|location=Sarasota, Florida|access-date=March 28, 2014|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=HjogAAAAIBAJ&sjid=c2YEAAAAIBAJ&pg=7339,2936965}}</ref> In the territory, Hattie left about $60&nbsp;million in damage and caused 307&nbsp;deaths.<ref name="MWR" /><ref>{{cite press release|title=Belize Marked 45th Anniversary of Deadly Hurricane Hattie |url=http://www.nemo.org.bz/cgi-bin/nemonews/exec/view.cgi?archive=1&num=285 |work=Belize National Emergency Management Organization (NEMO) |access-date=December 3, 2012 |publisher=NEMO Press Officer |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120723114312/http://www.nemo.org.bz/cgi-bin/nemonews/exec/view.cgi?archive=1&num=285 |archive-date=July 23, 2012 |date=November 2, 2006 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The government estimated that Hattie was more damaging than a [[1931 Belize hurricane|hurricane in 1931]] that killed 2,000&nbsp;people; the lower toll for Hattie was due to advance warning. Elsewhere in Central America, the hurricane killed 11&nbsp;people in Guatemala and one in Honduras.<ref name="MWR" /> {{clear}} === Hurricane Jenny === {{Infobox Hurricane Small | Basin = Atl | Track = Jenny 1961 track.png | Image = Hurricane Jenny surface analysis November 6, 1961.png | Formed = November 1 | Dissipated = November 10 | 1-min winds = 70 | Pressure = 974 }} A surface trough of low pressure developed in the eastern Caribbean Sea on October&nbsp;30. The trough split, with the northern portion spawning a tropical depression near [[Antigua]] at 00:00&nbsp;UTC on November&nbsp;2.{{Atlantic hurricane best track}}<ref name="WPCJenny">{{cite report|author=David M. Roth|work=Weather Prediction Center|publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|date=October 16, 2008|access-date=March 28, 2014|title=Hurricane Jenny – October 30 November 2, 1961|url=http://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.gov/tropical/rain/jenny1961.html|location=College Park, Maryland}}</ref> The precursor to Jenny brought light rainfall to Puerto Rico, peaking at {{convert|4.97|in|mm}} in [[Río Blanco, Naguabo, Puerto Rico|Río Blanco, Naguabo]].<ref name="WPCJenny" /> Moving northeastward ahead of an upper-level trough, the depression remained weak for over three days. On November&nbsp;3, the system curved eastward, before briefly turning to the southeast on November&nbsp;4. The depression tracked in a circular path during the next 24&nbsp;hours, moving northeastward, north-northwestward, and then west-northward. Finally, the system strengthened into Tropical Storm Jenny early on November&nbsp;5.{{Atlantic hurricane best track}} Jenny intensified further and reached hurricane status at 12:00&nbsp;UTC on November&nbsp;6. Later that day, the United States Weather Bureau began advisories and described Jenny as having "characteristic of many storms in the sub-tropics late in the hurricane season."<ref name=JennyTCR>{{cite report|title=Hurricane Jenny, November 6-8, 1961|url=http://docs.lib.noaa.gov/rescue/hurricanes/Qc9452j45h81961.pdf|location=Miami, Florida|work=United States Weather Bureau|publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|access-date=March 28, 2014}}</ref> Around 18:00&nbsp;UTC on November&nbsp;6, Jenny attained its peak intensity with maximum sustained winds of {{convert|80|mph|km/h|abbr=on}} and a minimum barometric pressure of {{convert|974|mbar|inHg|abbr=on}}. Thereafter, the storm briefly decelerated and weakened, falling to tropical storm intensity around midday on November&nbsp;7. Jenny curved northeastward and continued to weaken, transitioning into an extratropical cyclone late on November&nbsp;10 about {{convert|545|mi|km|abbr=on|round=5}} east of [[Cape Race]], [[Newfoundland and Labrador|Newfoundland]].{{Atlantic hurricane best track}} The extratropical remnants continued to move northeastward and weakened before being absorbed by a larger extratropical cyclone on the following day.<ref name="meta"/>{{rp|97}} {{clear}} === Tropical Storm Inga === {{Infobox Hurricane Small | Basin = Atl | Image = Tropical Storm Inga analysis 6 Nov 1961.png | Track = Inga 1961 track.png | Formed = November 4 | Dissipated = November 8 | 1-min winds = 60 | Pressure = 997 }} Early on November&nbsp;4, the ''SS Navigator'' encountered a weather system in the Gulf of Mexico that produced northwesterly winds of {{convert|81|to|92|mph|km/h|abbr=on}}. Reconnaissance aircraft data indicated that Tropical Storm Inga developed at 00:00&nbsp;UTC on November&nbsp;4,<ref name=MWR /> while located about {{convert|145|mi|km|round=5}} northeast of [[Veracruz, Veracruz|Veracruz]].{{Atlantic hurricane best track}} A strong high pressure system and a cold front entering the Gulf of Mexico from Texas caused the storm to move southward and then southeastward. Inga slowly strengthened and peaked as a {{convert|70|mph|km/h|abbr=on}} tropical storm early on November&nbsp;7. Thereafter, the storm became nearly stationary and began weakening.<ref name=MWR /> By 12:00&nbsp;UTC on November&nbsp;8, Inga dissipated in the Bay of Campeche,{{Atlantic hurricane best track}} as reconnaissance aircraft found no closed circulation.<ref name=MWR /> {{clear}} === Tropical Storm Twelve === {{Infobox Hurricane Small | Basin = Atl | Image = | Track = 1961 Atlantic tropical storm 12 track.png | Formed = November 17 | Dissipated = November 20 | 1-min winds = 50 | Prepressure = ≤ | Pressure = 992 }} A stationary front across the central Atlantic Ocean led to the development of a low pressure area by November&nbsp;16, northeast of the Lesser Antilles. A day later, it is estimated that a tropical depression developed, although due to the system's large size, it was possible it was a subtropical cyclone. The depression moved northeastward and slowly intensified, based on observations from nearby ships. On November&nbsp;19, the depression strengthened into a tropical storm. The storm strengthened to reach peak winds of {{convert|60|mph|km/h|abbr=on}} on November&nbsp;20. By that time, a cold front was approaching the storm, causing the storm to transition into an extratropical cyclone on November&nbsp;21; later that day, the front absorbed the former tropical storm.<ref name="meta"/> {{clear}} === Other storms === In addition to the twelve systems reaching at least tropical storm status, two other cyclones formed but remained at tropical depression intensity. The first such system, also the first tropical cyclone of the season, originated from a tropical wave about {{convert|35|mi|km|abbr=on|round=5}} east of [[Palm Bay, Florida]], on June&nbsp;10. Moving quickly northeastward, the depression may have reached tropical storm intensity on June&nbsp;12 but degenerated into a trough offshore [[New England]] on the next day.<ref name="meta"/>{{rp|108}} On October&nbsp;12, a trough developed into a tropical depression about halfway between [[Bermuda]] and [[North Carolina]]. This depression also moved quickly northeastward and merged with a frontal boundary by October&nbsp;15.<ref name="meta"/>{{rp|109}} A report from Mexico indicates that a tropical depression formed off the west coasts of [[Tabasco]] and [[Coatzacoalcos]]. The depression significantly impacted the northern portions of [[Veracruz]] with heavy rainfall on June&nbsp;30.<ref name="vera">{{cite report|language=es|url=http://www.uv.mx/eventos/inundaciones2005/PDF/20_%20RIESGO.pdf|journal=Inundaciones 2005 en el Estado de Veracruz|title=Riesgo Quimico Asociado a Fenominos Hidrometeorologicos en el Estado de Verzacruz|author1=Humberto Bravo Alavarez |author2=Rodolfo Sosa Echeverria |author3=Pablo Sanchez Alavarez |author4=Arturo Butron Silva |page=317|date=June 22, 2006|publisher=Universidad Veracruzana|access-date=March 28, 2014}}</ref> However, the Atlantic hurricane best track does not list this system as a tropical depression.<ref name="HURDAT"/> == Storm names == The following list of names was used for named storms (tropical storms and hurricanes) that formed in the North Atlantic in 1961.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/69488210/the-miami-news/|title=Go Blame An Ill Wind|date=June 9, 1961|newspaper=The Miami News|page=1|access-date=February 6, 2021|via=Newspapers.com}} {{free access}}</ref> Storms were named ''Frances'', ''Hattie'', ''Inga'' and ''Jenny'' for the first time in 1961. {| style="width:80%;" | * [[Hurricane Anna (1961)|Anna]] * Betsy * [[Hurricane Carla|Carla]] * [[Hurricane Debbie (1961)|Debbie]] * [[Hurricane Esther|Esther]] * Frances * Gerda | * [[Hurricane Hattie|Hattie]] * Inga * Jenny * {{tcname unused|Kara}} * {{tcname unused|Laurie}} * {{tcname unused|Martha}} * {{tcname unused|Netty}} | * {{tcname unused|Orva}} * {{tcname unused|Peggy}} * {{tcname unused|Rhoda}} * {{tcname unused|Sadie}} * {{tcname unused|Tanya}} * {{tcname unused|Virgy}} * {{tcname unused|Wenda}} |} === Retirement === {{See also|List of retired Atlantic hurricane names}} The names ''Carla'' and ''Hattie'' were retired after the season due to their severity of impacts.<ref name="retired">{{cite web|url=https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/aboutnames_history.shtml|title=Tropical Cyclone Naming History and Retired Names|publisher=National Hurricane Center|location=Miami, Florida|access-date=February 16, 2024}}</ref> They were replaced with ''Carol'' and ''Holly'', respectively, for the [[1965 Atlantic hurricane season|1965 season]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=cjBAAAAAIBAJ&sjid=ClkMAAAAIBAJ&pg=771,2204280&dq=hurricane+anna+betsy+carol&hl=en|title="Anna" Will Be First Hurricane|date=May 23, 1965|agency=Associated Press|newspaper=Youngstown Vindicator|page=2|access-date=February 20, 2013}}</ref> == Season effects == This is a table of all of the storms that formed in the 1961 Atlantic hurricane season. It includes their name, duration, peak classification and intensities, areas affected, damage, and death totals. Deaths in parentheses are additional and indirect (an example of an indirect death would be a traffic accident), but were still related to that storm. Damage and deaths include totals while the storm was extratropical, a wave, or a low, and all of the damage figures are in 1961 USD. {{Saffir-Simpson small|align=center}}<div style="text-align: center;"> {{TC stats table start3|year=1961|basin=Atlantic hurricane}} {{TC stats cyclone3|cat=depression|name=Depression|dates=June&nbsp;10&nbsp;– 12|max-winds=35 (55)|min-press=Unknown|areas=None|damage=None|deaths=None}} {{TC stats cyclone3|cat=cat2|name=[[Hurricane Anna (1961)|Anna]]|dates=July&nbsp;20&nbsp;– 24|max-winds=105 (165)|min-press=976|areas=[[Windward Islands]], [[Colombia]], [[Venezuela]], [[Central America]], [[Jamaica]]|damage=$300,000|deaths=1}} {{TC stats cyclone3|cat=cat4|name=Betsy|dates=September&nbsp;2&nbsp;– 11|max-winds=130 (215)|min-press=945|areas=None|damage=None|deaths=None}} {{TC stats cyclone3|cat=cat4|name=[[Hurricane Carla|Carla]]|dates=September&nbsp;3&nbsp;– 13|max-winds=145 (230)|min-press=927|areas=[[Central America]], [[Yucatán Peninsula]], [[Central United States]], [[Eastern Canada]]|damage=$325.74 million|deaths=43}} {{TC stats cyclone3|cat=cat1|name=[[Hurricane Debbie (1961)|Debbie]]|dates=September&nbsp;6&nbsp;– 16|max-winds=90 (150)|min-press=975|areas=[[Cape Verde]], [[Azores]], [[Ireland]], [[United Kingdom]], [[Norway]], [[Soviet Union]]|damage=Unknown|deaths=60}} {{TC stats cyclone3|cat=cat5|name=[[Hurricane Esther|Esther]]|dates=September&nbsp;10&nbsp;– 26|max-winds=160 (260)|min-press=919|areas=[[North Carolina]], [[Virginia]], [[New England]], [[Mid-Atlantic (United States)|Mid-Atlantic]], [[Atlantic Canada]]|damage=$6 million|deaths=0 (7)}} {{TC stats cyclone3|cat=storm|name=Six|dates=September&nbsp;12&nbsp;– 15|max-winds=65 (100)|min-press=996|areas=[[The Bahamas]], [[East Coast of the United States]], [[Atlantic Canada]]|damage=Minimal|deaths=None}} {{TC stats cyclone3|cat=cat4|name=Frances|dates=September&nbsp;30&nbsp;– October&nbsp;9|max-winds=130 (215)|min-press=948|areas=[[Lesser Antilles]], [[Puerto Rico]], [[Dominican Republic]], [[Bermuda]], [[Maine]], [[Atlantic Canada]]|damage=Unknown|deaths=None}} {{TC stats cyclone3|cat=depression|name=Depression|dates=October&nbsp;12&nbsp;– 14|max-winds=35 (55)|min-press=Unknown|areas=None|damage=None|deaths=None}} {{TC stats cyclone3|cat=storm|name=Gerda|dates=October&nbsp;16&nbsp;– 20|max-winds=70 (110)|min-press=988|areas=[[Jamaica]], [[Cuba]], [[The Bahamas]], [[New England]], [[Atlantic Canada]]|damage=Unknown|deaths=7}} {{TC stats cyclone3|cat=cat5|name=[[Hurricane Hattie|Hattie]]|dates=October&nbsp;27&nbsp;– November&nbsp;1|max-winds=165 (270)|min-press=914|areas=[[Central America]] (Belize)|damage=$60.3 million|deaths=319}} {{TC stats cyclone3|cat=cat1|name=Jenny|dates=November&nbsp;1&nbsp;– 10|max-winds=80 (130)|min-press=974|areas=[[Puerto Rico]], [[Leeward Islands]]|damage=None|deaths=None}} {{TC stats cyclone3|cat=storm|name=Inga|dates=November&nbsp;4&nbsp;– 8|max-winds=70 (110)|min-press=997|areas=[[Mexico]]|damage=None|deaths=None}} {{TC stats cyclone3|cat=storm|name=Twelve|dates=November&nbsp;17&nbsp;– 20|max-winds=60 (95)|min-press=992|areas=None|damage=None|deaths=None}} {{TC stats table end3|num-cyclones=14|dates=June&nbsp;10&nbsp;– November&nbsp;20|max-winds=165 (270)|min-press=914|tot-areas=|tot-damage=$392.34 million|tot-deaths=448 (7)}}</div> == See also == {{Portal|Tropical cyclones}} * [[1961 Pacific hurricane season]] * [[1961 Pacific typhoon season]] * [[1961 North Indian Ocean cyclone season]] * Australian region cyclone seasons: [[1960–61 Australian region cyclone season|1960–61]] [[1961–62 Australian region cyclone season|1961–62]] * South Pacific cyclone seasons: [[1960–61 South Pacific cyclone season|1960–61]] [[1961–62 South Pacific cyclone season|1961–62]] * South-West Indian Ocean cyclone seasons: [[1960–61 South-West Indian Ocean cyclone season|1960–61]] [[1961–62 South-West Indian Ocean cyclone season|1961–62]] == Notes == {{reflist|group=nb}} == References == {{reflist|colwidth=30em}} == External links == * [http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/general/lib/lib1/nhclib/mwreviews/1961.pdf Monthly Weather Review] {{Highest ACE Atlantic hurricane seasons navbox}} {{1961 Atlantic hurricane season buttons}} {{TC Decades|Year=1960|basin=Atlantic|type=hurricane}} {{Tropical cyclone season|1961}} [[Category:1961 Atlantic hurricane season| ]] [[Category:Articles which contain graphical timelines]] </textarea><div class="templatesUsed"><div class="mw-templatesUsedExplanation"><p><span id="templatesused">Pages transcluded onto the current version of this page<span class="posteditwindowhelplinks"> (<a href="/wiki/Help:Transclusion" title="Help:Transclusion">help</a>)</span>:</span> </p></div><ul> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:1961_Atlantic_hurricane_season_buttons" title="Template:1961 Atlantic hurricane season buttons">Template:1961 Atlantic hurricane season buttons</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:1961_Atlantic_hurricane_season_buttons&action=edit" title="Template:1961 Atlantic 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