CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>Just a moment...</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><style>*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;color:#313131;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica Neue,Arial,Noto Sans,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol,Noto Color Emoji}body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100vh;min-height:100vh}.main-content{margin:8rem auto;max-width:60rem;padding-left:1.5rem}@media (width <= 720px){.main-content{margin-top:4rem}}.h2{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:2.25rem}@media (width <= 720px){.h2{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5rem}}#challenge-error-text{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding-left:34px}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body{background-color:#222;color:#d9d9d9}}</style><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="390"></head><body class="no-js"><div class="main-wrapper" role="main"><div class="main-content"><noscript><div class="h2"><span id="challenge-error-text">Enable JavaScript and cookies to continue</span></div></noscript></div></div><script>(function(){window._cf_chl_opt={cvId: '3',cZone: "www.manchesteruniversitypress.co.uk",cType: 'managed',cRay: '913a01a9edbffd69',cH: 'DpnpPPgXDtEBNudyz.QHeSBICwhvjve3LUFLA2X8qFg-1739839653-1.2.1.1-axr3L3DnFF2UwbGpmBI0i27tRC3.p6K1hhmD8KZB4v9oZA8y.k6Le0_cJgTep9O5',cUPMDTk: "\/?__cf_chl_tk=bhAwRVUaYf4nF43OgJ4BF6GrBHbaCLj8v5id87CAqCc-1739839653-1.0.1.1-b.NI1HcnJJiZr_cnk_hAKzFzReLdlvlzPGYBwx.9GYY",cFPWv: 'g',cITimeS: '1739839653',cTTimeMs: '1000',cMTimeMs: '390000',cTplC: 0,cTplV: 5,cTplB: 'cf',cK: "",fa: "\/?__cf_chl_f_tk=bhAwRVUaYf4nF43OgJ4BF6GrBHbaCLj8v5id87CAqCc-1739839653-1.0.1.1-b.NI1HcnJJiZr_cnk_hAKzFzReLdlvlzPGYBwx.9GYY",md: "T9VgLiMzmtR7plN1WGomdLTMtOSjit6L_UKfJz9fTzA-1739839653-1.2.1.1-g7MM.M4hYmDoC_QovEwQVYHcKHEJopxleinir_Vp8y7G6Vltnfr9eH1Pv1u_2JgiRGow6kSzG3oMw6e_Qe5BhNTNJnmJG2nzmPvsEclEAXP4QZ4kOlT.u6NroCvsuNttH7TncBioJPLbZB._R4x3k5Ggx2uwe_TIuZdzPkwuPniHAqIo4DES02EfTkv2fbygFT.ovbJyR2Cj.Zb7XP1iQoBVPzqF8kZRrWQWHMO1GgcpgDq5Wl2SFIRIqc2oeUSCBvl58FshVspveXXPn6ihKqG6gH_Jg9FRsB.pEw3x1YSlBds3k5sweWIsZnLEzLynkDPBtRJuE6Ry_IPv4MjHoiZSs9SGJvocYaGHbR1mXnmx8QfZV9.dhU0QlqV.W..KEMINBzF1RzUHwg.eSJ5ZikaPz6o07zWNyyq96Nd3ddGEXJ9fQF83pbG1OVem91gXb31EfpCanMrsl_niOXDJBnWopJrFQkV04MA0b7iZnROLi1mKLNJaQNoG6DrnCtz6mGXgzWlfd_bfEcX0Xq4DVYBJrNlJiRzHGtj.pouOOA5ggYbBw7B6u6HA1eZI2LQQHwILToJ07ntRU2HqnhNDLP2kbTcUkmJYlg0Ts2xS4TouUafqX8vKmkxtgMoRSAy0v4AIjNUkpTo4oqb3qyla.5JlYniMkFuqCVzBDaaaHHLHLaTY9Hh0nSRVCrd22SZrmbYMQuVd1rHgQTn.8jItJD8GcQve9POCXtMrpD7eWejYpx1RC1Iuue1a1a_vbBPeiULVFKvyL7eM2q4hUhnGoE4MOcRZQshXV3lUv9HvfNCdOMuAbhuj_rICXAYkDHaBCVSpcqllupRRHbjZFJKXmrHH7JOZMK5j_ViQsVkwCdjtOGsvqyb.Bx5ED.20fwaeekPDv0FfaPQLlpEsZqCsvzcyA7SxFTJH6wqcZijo1vEzC4UNT9fsSvWF5lpFsvN.GbETFuV6Xdw8ogaTYs0f0UD7UxwrAP1vJ2deI7dK6U8_8hLketWZsU3.70Osmvm5MlDwDU1jTxDlKForrBrTQa_Z7FrnX7nTL3vKItEmpRygKQXlCi1W163.KG4B9d9.lO4JCfOZJ9F0j3qQKaRhyfC_ClFvGrBf6Bveozk1blJGjIWxdKjSM_W5NuUp.O79ms_CNHn0HLbFHst1.V6ygvhmZtBrJ2VHia_fb5z5sHpzI4ja6y.llGqYgTrObtDjniUWtNidHoTQZ411LL7PpmUps3LL1HZt05arI3lEijVo2RRqJBp_zh14fs4AAk3p89KOn0FKD6RVKhh1OMO6.845v41cb_Smlxta6P_J1suEbQAKjF0OpDBzcY9q2KMho68ILLCsl74CjWB0YCFPxZjt04m0ml93ge_Yg2SzPJCEt4ScAHUUxJTfBxikqBeKQcEfhjB83rUYZIWSQe2IVxsuyP4qOhK2R.6nYolPuz43UxqU8pS9lUhWXKOr9LDTzphG5wolHRNyCoGXiOtqkCSTTR5AdJXTtECQxUoKcnf.wO6T0pLLWr_6HAXvpOLKsUCW.PyY729D2a8jM6Cx7IBwBXEmjXvS78_ezxtqobvvMxAAg40NSBCgCgyzzG91oBSSkPqz5jvyc_d76hE7V2fWaneijuLUgUgtO7w2JKhiW_upGJTBG1TyHVkkqauXWhpXn47wuExk5ohcl4OIM_B.F.rzmRPrlZZmPcK4F6Vtdw1yk8wrBp.wRtm5cOP5RtrWElrsEhF_tVaRuLu1_CJTNj.Uf8wV1g6HWBnOIcR2ZdnbDAoHT.zIeIHjjiqRvHj2Fz5_qDSL.jysOEphN2dGK7qudbOU_ut8rbj38R1NlSSfRb04G6AqT99lJTa.LfHU4wlJXyURvCBjSq2uM5a83mIQ2t3MoFR.J..Wb.SbXzP29KCMlcKonALu5E3UYABznMftWoZ4aIZwZgC2bv2dDAK5Bn0_wfXelQ2NNVbfCEULCAU_CYute1AoTdS_9MgLUGAg1ZwQyuGqb773ISgYGkXkrk_0FDbcnWGtnBdYk5QZT6kCnheyO1aurj.R7zO6Xezt8iiY8LOACqTai_9M.wYi0dk8YKzVwVxypa1cwGqZK4V_cS72Hq4LZCj6iPjzeKuQFKrrK4g6x6zBg8.OpuO05UXc6WYu8pGiXoneUfL5zT651uKRzJRDDHRJMXJ7We89FkMc2LL4X5WW8ExmACiL6SA516WmzdtW5s6EZyOKL.ldvtTOerDNMppQGNW9.bHzs0QwmsiDrgn4nS6XwRf0uDSNXuRKha3mZgo8msgoeQ8iLrFMmlr.jr.yp4rxJEJIX65sDVhFnZqo99zQ2poUoDn5g8rTwJ1z9_kFuGncm6Tf4t0n58PRu.4Kk.d8pNo0TJkmosMAg6RZQVTaTRx8GX2WlE2xt8FFOAuVtBqc8Lo6LvtBef.b1zq7PDLBoTL_kSbR_Oez0Jywbkt.owwU.4nEpWIqcH0INlj_RBELzdHSwux1VR1tE12Mv4Q74YqKgE9sc9pQBAel2AnO3pj8Jzp0w5dZ1UYYxdk",mdrd: "Ym3gE7i8fsqnalx1HgsKrW98LGFe3T.0ZrQh_P426lY-1739839653-1.2.1.1-VFq.2rF95xcdDqPt_UXA9SjQbLp3WYrDjDwKQ9EHjx3ETKeo_5tbrFn9OQ8oN4dLM2dBzG.4M.TIttIRpobHY8oSqp7aVWOzJUlRR5tqQ4PzMqhOVEdGa_Bfse8x.ADv3Sd1MW2FTXvph4hChIUPap5tsqF9KqAtKLc43fGD0e7WGICtvDHqN3fXRilb79z9R1nRnAhCm0FOOkd9kbqDhav3nW4IMPCcBkLyYXUoHUlhFjwsaAy1Czm16jKr3r7P1FdaAczUKxo2WbKE.jbUja0XT8jl6Oql8rJvm5lPB8Vvz3rHYf.1yO7RfPZsRT4JnrD5FV2mXZxQT2g07Y1CZH2_OKu1w5NEfYAyTJH_R.kHG.HjxXmMR6Hl3flfuiFJ4j1YCess7kBmN_UrKsIKYr2odHxGnBbbxIJtdZLM4B.YwwEOEYsoB5P_G9FVV.tWQAMjxrCkKCencZKuFjqVvguN1C9MVC6kzlpqqlKp94V3WAo5V_MvFpGjo5Nk6bmTJBYdTUg_n6stq8wtEr33YbHrO347OsQs9VYqCfxeXIpAMe8ZXgijrtWMrJZtXd0ufL_PsNOZ53bMS0pUvRXXvUvgDZ5cSVgBeQRTnYxeUFOW5jqA.fprESP4r9F9Uq4TuyEhfISnERjAN2sZ_QDU8tnd7q9xnue0hS8K6EzDGvg_MF60V1ynoS9KRvAUg_uOg3q3LL2k3rsVQBgsr.lwEg"};var cpo = document.createElement('script');cpo.src = '/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/g/orchestrate/chl_page/v1?ray=913a01a9edbffd69';window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash = location.hash === '' && location.href.indexOf('#') !== -1 ? '#' : location.hash;window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery = location.search === '' && location.href.slice(0, location.href.length - window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash.length).indexOf('?') !== -1 ? '?' : location.search;if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) {var ogU = location.pathname + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash;history.replaceState(null, null, "\/?__cf_chl_rt_tk=bhAwRVUaYf4nF43OgJ4BF6GrBHbaCLj8v5id87CAqCc-1739839653-1.0.1.1-b.NI1HcnJJiZr_cnk_hAKzFzReLdlvlzPGYBwx.9GYY" + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash);cpo.onload = function() {history.replaceState(null, null, ogU);}}document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);}());</script></body></html>