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<li id="toc-Early_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Early history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-"The_Jewish_Valley"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#"The_Jewish_Valley""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>"The Jewish Valley"</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-"The_Jewish_Valley"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Soviet_times,_Holocaust_and_modern_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Soviet_times,_Holocaust_and_modern_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Soviet times, Holocaust and modern history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Soviet_times,_Holocaust_and_modern_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Economy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Educational_institutions,_language,_literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Educational_institutions,_language,_literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Educational institutions, language, literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Educational_institutions,_language,_literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Military_tradition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military_tradition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Military tradition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military_tradition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dress" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dress"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Dress</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dress-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cuisine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cuisine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Cuisine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cuisine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_Mountain_Jews" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_Mountain_Jews"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notable Mountain Jews</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_Mountain_Jews-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Mountain Jews</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 37 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-37" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">37 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bergjode" title="Bergjode – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Bergjode" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%8A%D9%87%D9%88%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%A8%D9%84" title="يهود الجبل – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="يهود الجبل" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Da%C4%9F_y%C9%99hudil%C9%99ri" title="Dağ yəhudiləri – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Dağ yəhudiləri" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%BA_%DB%8C%D9%87%D9%88%D8%AF%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%E2%80%8C%E2%80%8C%E2%80%8C%D9%84%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="داغ یهودی‌‌‌‌لری – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="داغ یهودی‌‌‌‌لری" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B8" title="Планински евреи – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Планински евреи" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorski_Jevreji" title="Gorski Jevreji – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Gorski Jevreji" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djouhouried" title="Djouhouried – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Djouhouried" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juhurim" title="Juhurim – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Juhurim" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hor%C5%A1t%C3%AD_%C5%BDid%C3%A9" title="Horští Židé – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Horští Židé" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bergjuden" title="Bergjuden – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Bergjuden" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A4gijuudid" title="Mägijuudid – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Mägijuudid" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jud%C3%ADos_de_las_monta%C3%B1as" title="Judíos de las montañas – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Judíos de las montañas" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montaj_Judoj" title="Montaj Judoj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Montaj Judoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D9%87%D9%88%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86_%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%87%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="یهودیان کوهستان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="یهودیان کوهستان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juifs_des_montagnes" title="Juifs des montagnes – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Juifs des montagnes" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BC%D5%A5%D5%BC%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%B0%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Լեռնական հրեաներ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Լեռնական հրեաներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorski_%C5%BDidovi" title="Gorski Židovi – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Gorski Židovi" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahudi_Pegunungan" title="Yahudi Pegunungan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Yahudi Pegunungan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebrei_della_montagna" title="Ebrei della montagna – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ebrei della montagna" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%99%D7%94%D7%95%D7%93%D7%99_%D7%94%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%9D" title="יהודי ההרים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="יהודי ההרים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%97%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="მთის ებრაელები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მთის ებრაელები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B2%D1%83%D0%BD_%D1%87%D1%83%D0%B2%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Сувун чувудар – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Сувун чувудар" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hegyi_zsid%C3%B3k" title="Hegyi zsidók – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Hegyi zsidók" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%8A%D9%87%D9%88%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%A8%D9%84" title="يهود الجبل – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="يهود الجبل" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bergjoden" title="Bergjoden – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Bergjoden" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B1%B1%E5%B2%B3%E3%83%A6%E3%83%80%E3%83%A4%E4%BA%BA" title="山岳ユダヤ人 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="山岳ユダヤ人" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaukasiske_fjellj%C3%B8der" title="Kaukasiske fjelljøder – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kaukasiske fjelljøder" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BBydzi_g%C3%B3rscy" title="Żydzi górscy – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Żydzi górscy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evrei_montani" title="Evrei montani – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Evrei montani" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B8" title="Горские евреи – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Горские евреи" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorski_Jevreji" title="Gorski Jevreji – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Gorski Jevreji" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vuoristojuutalaiset" title="Vuoristojuutalaiset – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Vuoristojuutalaiset" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaukasiska_bergsjudar" title="Kaukasiska bergsjudar – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kaukasiska bergsjudar" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%88_%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D" title="மலை யூதர்கள் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மலை யூதர்கள்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Da%C4%9F_Yahudileri" 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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><div class="cdx-message cdx-message--block cdx-message--warning mw-revision"><span class="cdx-message__icon"></span><div class="cdx-message__content"><div id="mw-revision-info"><p><b>This is an <a href="/wiki/Help:Page_history" title="Help:Page history">old revision</a> of this page, as edited by <span id="mw-revision-name"><a href="/wiki/User:BD2412" class="mw-userlink" title="User:BD2412" data-mw-revid="792512426"><bdi>BD2412</bdi></a> <span class="mw-usertoollinks">(<a href="/wiki/User_talk:BD2412" class="mw-usertoollinks-talk" title="User talk:BD2412">talk</a> | <a href="/wiki/Special:Contributions/BD2412" class="mw-usertoollinks-contribs" title="Special:Contributions/BD2412">contribs</a>)</span></span> at <span id="mw-revision-date">23:46, 26 July 2017</span><span 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The present address (URL) is a <a href="/wiki/Help:Permanent_link" title="Help:Permanent link">permanent link</a> to this revision, which may differ significantly from the <span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain_Jews">current revision</a></span>.</b></p><div id="revision-info-plain" style="display: none;">Revision as of 23:46, 26 July 2017 by <a href="/wiki/User:BD2412" class="mw-userlink" title="User:BD2412" data-mw-revid="792512426"><bdi>BD2412</bdi></a> <span class="mw-usertoollinks">(<a href="/wiki/User_talk:BD2412" class="mw-usertoollinks-talk" title="User talk:BD2412">talk</a> | <a href="/wiki/Special:Contributions/BD2412" class="mw-usertoollinks-contribs" title="Special:Contributions/BD2412">contribs</a>)</span> <span class="comment">(clean up spacing around commas, replaced: , → , (5) using <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:AWB" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:AWB">AWB</a>)</span></div></div><div id="mw-revision-nav">(<a 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.infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Mountain Jews<br /><i>Juvuro</i> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mountain_Jews_Herzl.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Mountain_Jews_Herzl.jpg/220px-Mountain_Jews_Herzl.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Mountain_Jews_Herzl.jpg/330px-Mountain_Jews_Herzl.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Mountain_Jews_Herzl.jpg/440px-Mountain_Jews_Herzl.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="525" /></a><figcaption>Mountain Jews (Juhuro) Delegates Matityahu Bogatirov and Shlomo Mordechaiov at The Fourth Zionist Congress with Theodor Herzl, 1900</figcaption></figure></caption><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Total population</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">2004: <b>150,000</b> to <b>270,000</b> (estimated)<br />1970: <b>50,000-53,000</b> <br />1959: <b>42,000-44,000</b> (estimated) <br />1941: <b>35,000</b><br />1926: <b>26,000</b><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>(estimated) <br />1897: <b>31,000</b></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Regions with significant populations</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/21px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/32px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/41px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a></th><td class="infobox-data">100,000 to 140,000</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="nowrap"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data">10,000 to 40,000</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></th><td class="infobox-data">3,000 to 30,000<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></th><td class="infobox-data">12,000 to 30,000<br /><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Languages</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>, <a href="/wiki/Judeo-Tat" title="Judeo-Tat">Judeo-Tat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_language" title="Azerbaijani language">Azerbaijani</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Religion</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Related ethnic groups</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Persian_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian Jews">Persian Jews</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georgian_Jews" title="Georgian Jews">Georgian Jews</a>, <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Azerbaijani Jews">Azerbaijani Jews</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bukharan_Jews" title="Bukharan Jews">Bukharan Jews</a>. </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Mountain Jews</b> or <b>Caucasus Jews</b> also known as <b>Juhuro,</b> <b>Juvuro,</b> <b>Juhuri,</b> <b>Juhurim,</b> <b>Kavkazi Jews</b> or <b>Gorsky Jews</b> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Lang-az&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:Lang-az (page does not exist)">Template:Lang-az</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hebrew" class="mw-redirect" title="Hebrew">Hebrew</a>: יהודי קווקז <i>Yehudey Kavkaz</i> or יהודי ההרים <i>Yehudey he-Harim</i>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Lang-tr&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:Lang-tr (page does not exist)">Template:Lang-tr</a>) are <a href="/wiki/Jew" class="mw-redirect" title="Jew">Jews</a> of the eastern and northern <a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a>, mainly <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chechnya" title="Chechnya">Chechnya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dagestan" title="Dagestan">Dagestan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ingushetia" title="Ingushetia">Ingushetia</a>. They are the descendants of <a href="/wiki/Persian_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian Jews">Persian Jews</a> from <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Mountain Jews community became established in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Persia">Ancient Persia</a>, from the 5th century AD onwards; their language, called <a href="/wiki/Judeo-Tat" title="Judeo-Tat">Judeo-Tat</a>, is an ancient Southwest Iranian language which integrates many elements of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Hebrew" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Ancient Hebrew">Ancient Hebrew</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated17_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated17-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is believed that they had reached Persia from Ancient Israel as early as the 8th century BCE. They continued to migrate east, settling in mountainous areas of the Caucasus. The Mountain Jews survived numerous historical vicissitudes by settling in extremely remote and mountainous areas. They were known to be accomplished warriors and horseback riders. </p><p>The main Mountain Jew settlement in Azerbaijan is <a href="/wiki/Q%C4%B1rm%C4%B1z%C4%B1_Q%C9%99s%C9%99b%C9%99" title="Qırmızı Qəsəbə">Qırmızı Qəsəbə</a>, also called Jerusalem of the Caucasus.<sup id="cite_ref-visions.az_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-visions.az-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceC_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceC-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Russian, <a href="/wiki/Q%C4%B1rm%C4%B1z%C4%B1_Q%C9%99s%C9%99b%C9%99" title="Qırmızı Qəsəbə">Qırmızı Qəsəbə</a> was once called Yevreskaya Sloboda, "Jewish Village;" but during Soviet times it was renamed Krasnaya Sloboda, "Red Village."<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mountain Jews are distinct from <a href="/wiki/Georgian_Jews" title="Georgian Jews">Georgian Jews</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Caucasus_Mountains" title="Caucasus Mountains">Caucasus Mountains</a>. The two groups are culturally and ethnically different, speaking different languages and having many differences in customs and culture.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_history">Early history</h3></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Synagogue_at_Q%C4%B1rm%C4%B1z%C4%B1_Q%C9%99s%C9%99b%C9%99.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Synagogue_at_Q%C4%B1rm%C4%B1z%C4%B1_Q%C9%99s%C9%99b%C9%99.jpg/400px-Synagogue_at_Q%C4%B1rm%C4%B1z%C4%B1_Q%C9%99s%C9%99b%C9%99.jpg" decoding="async" width="400" height="265" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Synagogue_at_Q%C4%B1rm%C4%B1z%C4%B1_Q%C9%99s%C9%99b%C9%99.jpg/600px-Synagogue_at_Q%C4%B1rm%C4%B1z%C4%B1_Q%C9%99s%C9%99b%C9%99.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cc/Synagogue_at_Q%C4%B1rm%C4%B1z%C4%B1_Q%C9%99s%C9%99b%C9%99.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="530" /></a><figcaption>Synagogue at <a href="/wiki/Q%C4%B1rm%C4%B1z%C4%B1_Q%C9%99s%C9%99b%C9%99" title="Qırmızı Qəsəbə">Qırmızı Qəsəbə</a> (purely Jewish town), Azerbaijan</figcaption></figure> <p>The Mountain Jews, or Jews of the Caucasus, are believed to have inhabited <a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasia</a> since the 5th century CE. They arrived from southwestern <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>. It is believed that they had arrived in Persia, from Ancient Israel, as early as the 8th century BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated19_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated19-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other source, attest that mountain Jews were present in the region of <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a>, at least since 457 B.C. The Bible tells about priests who had been brought from there. According to the Bible, prophet <a href="/wiki/Ezra" title="Ezra">Ezra</a>, sent delegates to Casiphia (located in Azerbaijan), asking for priests to serve in the <a href="/wiki/Second_Temple" title="Second Temple">Temple</a> of god.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mountain Jews have an oral tradition, passed down generation after generation, that they are descended from the <a href="/wiki/Ten_Lost_Tribes" title="Ten Lost Tribes">Ten Lost Tribes</a> which were exiled by the king of Assyria (Ashur), who ruled over northern Iraq from <a href="/wiki/Mosul" title="Mosul">Mosul</a> (across the <a href="/wiki/Tigris_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Tigris River">Tigris River</a> from the ancient city of <a href="/wiki/Nineveh" title="Nineveh">Nineveh</a>). The reference, most likely is to <a href="/wiki/Shalmaneser_V" title="Shalmaneser V">Shalmaneser</a>, the King of <a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyria</a> who is mentioned in II Kings 18:9-12. According to local Jewish tradition, some 19,000 Jews departed Jerusalem (used here as a generic term for the Land of Israel) and passed through Syria, Babylonia, and Persia and then, heading north, entered into Media. </p><p>In Chechnya, Mountain Jews partially assimilated into Chechen society by forming a Jewish <a href="/wiki/Teip" title="Teip">teip</a>, the Zhugtii <sup id="cite_ref-JaimoukhaTaips_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JaimoukhaTaips-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while three other teips, the Shuonoi, Ziloi and Chartoi have also been theorized to have Jewish relations <sup id="cite_ref-VainakhTaips_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VainakhTaips-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. In Chechen society, ethnic minorities residing in areas demographically dominated by Chechens have the option of forming a teip in order to properly participate in the developments of Chechen society such as making alliances and gaining representation in the <i>Mekhk Khell</i>, a supreme ethnonational council that is occasionally compared to a parliament. <sup id="cite_ref-UsmanovTaips_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UsmanovTaips-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Teips of minority-origin have also been made by ethnic Poles, Germans, Georgians, Kumyks, Russians, Kalmyks, Circassians, Andis, Avars, Dargins, Laks, Persians, Arabs, Ukrainians and Nogais,<sup id="cite_ref-JaimoukhaTaips_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JaimoukhaTaips-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-VainakhTaips_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VainakhTaips-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with the German teip having been formed as recently as the 1940s when Germans in Siberian exile living among Chechens assimilated.<sup id="cite_ref-UsmanovTaips_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UsmanovTaips-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mountain Jews maintained a strong military tradition. For this reason, some historians<sup id="cite_ref-Brook,_Kevin_Alan_2006,_page_233_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brook,_Kevin_Alan_2006,_page_233-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> believe they may be descended from Jewish military colonists, settled by <a href="/wiki/Parthia" title="Parthia">Parthian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sassanid" class="mw-redirect" title="Sassanid">Sassanid</a> rulers in the Caucasus as frontier guards against <a href="/wiki/Nomadic" class="mw-redirect" title="Nomadic">nomadic</a> incursions from the <a href="/wiki/Pontic_steppe" class="mw-redirect" title="Pontic steppe">Pontic steppe</a>. </p><p>A 2002 study by geneticist Dror Rosengarten found that the paternal haplotypes of Mountain Jews "were shared with other Jewish communities and were consistent with a Mediterranean origin." <sup id="cite_ref-Brook,_Kevin_Alan_2006,_page_233_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brook,_Kevin_Alan_2006,_page_233-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, Y-DNA testing of Mountain Jews has shown they have Y-DNA haplotypes related to those of other Jewish communities.<sup id="cite_ref-Brook,_Kevin_Alan_2006,_page_233_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brook,_Kevin_Alan_2006,_page_233-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Semitic_people" title="Semitic people">Semitic</a> origin of Mountain Jews is also evident in their culture and language.<sup id="cite_ref-Brook,_Kevin_Alan_2006,_page_233_16-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brook,_Kevin_Alan_2006,_page_233-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id=""The_Jewish_Valley""><span id=".22The_Jewish_Valley.22"></span>"The Jewish Valley"</h3></div> <p>By the early 17th century, Mountain Jews formed many small settlements throughout mountain valleys of <a href="/wiki/Dagestan" title="Dagestan">Dagestan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One valley, located 10 km south of <a href="/wiki/Derbent" title="Derbent">Derbent</a>, close to the shore of the <a href="/wiki/Caspian_Sea" title="Caspian Sea">Caspian Sea</a>, was predominantly populated by Mountain Jews. Their Muslim neighbors called this area "Jewish Valley." The Jewish Valley grew to be a semi-independent Jewish state, with its spiritual and political center located in its largest settlement of Aba-Sava (1630-1800).<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The valley prospered until the end of the 18th century, when its settlements were brutally destroyed in the war between Sheikh-Ali-Khan, who swore in loyalty to <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a>, and Surkhai-Khan, the ruler of <a href="/wiki/Kumukh" title="Kumukh">Kumukh</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Many Mountain Jews were slaughtered, with survivors escaping to Derbent where they received the protection of <a href="/wiki/Fatali_Khan" class="mw-redirect" title="Fatali Khan">Fatali Khan</a>, the ruler of <a href="/wiki/Quba_Khanate" title="Quba Khanate">Quba Khanate</a>. </p><p>In the 18th–19th century, the Jews resettled from the highland to the coastal lowlands but carried the name "Mountain Jews" with them. In the villages (<i><a href="/wiki/Aoul" class="mw-redirect" title="Aoul">aouls</a></i>), the Mountain Jews had settled in separate sections. In the lowland towns they also lived in concentrated neighborhoods, but their dwellings did not differ from those of their neighbors. Mountain Jews retained the dress of the highlanders. They have continued to follow Jewish dietary laws and affirm their faith in family life. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Soviet_times,_Holocaust_and_modern_history"><span id="Soviet_times.2C_Holocaust_and_modern_history"></span>Soviet times, Holocaust and modern history</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hilaki_Synagogue,_Krasnaya_Sloboda.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Hilaki_Synagogue%2C_Krasnaya_Sloboda.jpg/220px-Hilaki_Synagogue%2C_Krasnaya_Sloboda.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Hilaki_Synagogue%2C_Krasnaya_Sloboda.jpg/330px-Hilaki_Synagogue%2C_Krasnaya_Sloboda.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Hilaki_Synagogue%2C_Krasnaya_Sloboda.jpg/440px-Hilaki_Synagogue%2C_Krasnaya_Sloboda.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3522" data-file-height="2586" /></a><figcaption>Synagogue in Gilaki quarter, <a href="/wiki/Q%C4%B1rm%C4%B1z%C4%B1_Q%C9%99s%C9%99b%C9%99" title="Qırmızı Qəsəbə">Qırmızı Qəsəbə</a> (purely jewish town), which was reopened in 1941 after initially being closed by Bolsheviks.</figcaption></figure> <p>By 1926, more than 85% of Mountain Jews in Dagestan were already classed as urban. Mountain Jews were mainly concentrated in the cities of <a href="/wiki/Makhachkala" title="Makhachkala">Makhachkala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buynaksk" title="Buynaksk">Buynaksk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Derbent" title="Derbent">Derbent</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nalchik" title="Nalchik">Nalchik</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grozny" title="Grozny">Grozny</a> in North Caucausus; and <a href="/wiki/Quba" title="Quba">Quba</a> and <a href="/wiki/Baku" title="Baku">Baku</a> in Azerbaijan.<sup id="cite_ref-Pinkus,_B._1984_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pinkus,_B._1984-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a>, some Mountain Jews settlements in <a href="/wiki/Crimea" title="Crimea">Crimea</a> and parts of their area in <a href="/wiki/Kabardino-Balkaria" title="Kabardino-Balkaria">Kabardino-Balkaria</a> were occupied by the German <a href="/wiki/Wehrmacht" title="Wehrmacht">Wehrmacht</a> at the end of 1942. During this period, they killed several hundreds of Mountain Jews until the Germans retreated early 1943. On September 20, 1942, Germans killed 420 Mountain Jews near the village of <a href="/wiki/Bogdanovka" class="mw-disambig" title="Bogdanovka">Bogdanovka</a>. Some 1000-1500 Mountain Jews were murdered during the <a href="/wiki/Holocaust" class="mw-redirect" title="Holocaust">Holocaust</a>. Many Mountain Jews survived, however, because German troops did not reach their areas; in addition, German authorities considered this group to be "religious" but not "racial" Jews.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Soviet Army's advances in the area brought the <a href="/wiki/Nalchik" title="Nalchik">Nalchik</a> community under its protection.<sup id="cite_ref-istok.ru_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-istok.ru-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Mountain Jewish community of <a href="/wiki/Nalchik" title="Nalchik">Nalchik</a> was the largest Mountain Jewish community occupied by Nazis,<sup id="cite_ref-istok.ru_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-istok.ru-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the vast majority of the population has survived. With the help of their <a href="/wiki/Kabardian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Kabardian people">Kabardian</a> neighbors, Mountain Jews of Nalchik convinced <a href="/wiki/SS" class="mw-redirect" title="SS">SS</a> squads that they were <a href="/wiki/Tat_people_(Caucasus)" title="Tat people (Caucasus)">Tats</a>, the native local people, and not related to the larger Jewish community.<sup id="cite_ref-istok.ru_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-istok.ru-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the Nazis watched the village carefully, Rabbi Nachamil ben Hizkiyahu hid <a href="/wiki/Sefer_Torah" class="mw-redirect" title="Sefer Torah">Sefer Torahs</a> by burying them in a fake burial ceremony.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The city was liberated a few months later. </p><p>In 1944, the <a href="/wiki/NKVD" title="NKVD">NKVD</a> <a href="/wiki/Aardakh" class="mw-redirect" title="Aardakh">deported</a> the entire Chechen populace that surrounded the Mountain Jews in Chechnya, and moved other ethnic groups into their homes; Mountain Jews mostly refused to take the homes of deported Chechens <sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while there are some reports of deported Chechens entrusting their homes to Jews in order to keep them safe<sup id="cite_ref-EagerToGetOut_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EagerToGetOut-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Given the marked changes in the 1990s following the <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">dissolution of the Soviet Union</a> and rise of nationalism in the region, many Mountain Jews permanently left their hometowns in the Caucasus and relocated to <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a> or abroad.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the <a href="/wiki/First_Chechen_War" title="First Chechen War">First Chechen War</a>, many Jews left due to the Russian invasion and indiscriminate bombardment of civilian population by the Russian military.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite historically close relations between Jews and Chechens, many also suffered high rate of kidnappings and violence at the hands of armed ethnic Chechen gangs who ransomed their freedom to "Israel and the international Jewish community".<sup id="cite_ref-EagerToGetOut_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EagerToGetOut-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many Mountain Jews emigrated to Israel or the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Q%C4%B1rm%C4%B1z%C4%B1_Q%C9%99s%C9%99b%C9%99" title="Qırmızı Qəsəbə">Qırmızı Qəsəbə</a> in Azerbaijan remains the biggest settlement of Mountain Jews in the world, with the current population over 3000. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Max_Tilke._Mountain_Jewish_female_from_Guba.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Max_Tilke._Mountain_Jewish_female_from_Guba.jpg/220px-Max_Tilke._Mountain_Jewish_female_from_Guba.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Max_Tilke._Mountain_Jewish_female_from_Guba.jpg/330px-Max_Tilke._Mountain_Jewish_female_from_Guba.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Max_Tilke._Mountain_Jewish_female_from_Guba.jpg/440px-Max_Tilke._Mountain_Jewish_female_from_Guba.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="508" /></a><figcaption>Mountain Jewish woman, painted by <a href="/wiki/Max_Tilke" class="mw-redirect" title="Max Tilke">Max Tilke</a> in the early 20th century.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2></div> <p>While elsewhere in the Russian Empire, Jews were prohibited from owning land (excluding the Jews of <a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a>), at the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th century, the Mountain Jews owned land and were farmers and gardeners, growing mainly grain. Their oldest occupation was <a href="/wiki/Rice" title="Rice">rice</a>-growing, but they also raised <a href="/wiki/Silkworm" class="mw-redirect" title="Silkworm">silkworms</a> and cultivated <a href="/wiki/Tobacco" title="Tobacco">tobacco</a>. The Jewish <a href="/wiki/Vineyard" title="Vineyard">vineyards</a> were especially notable. The Jews and their Christian Armenian neighbors were the main producers of <a href="/wiki/Wine" title="Wine">wine</a>, as <a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslims</a> were prohibited by their religion from producing or consuming alcohol. Judaism, in turn, limited some types of meat consumption. Unlike their neighbors, the Jews raised few <a href="/wiki/Domestic_animals" class="mw-redirect" title="Domestic animals">domestic animals</a>. At the same time, they were renowned tanners. <a href="/wiki/Tanning_(leather)" title="Tanning (leather)">Tanning</a> was their third most important economic activity after farming and gardening. At the end of the 19th century, 6% of Jews were engaged in this trade. <a href="/wiki/Handicrafts" class="mw-redirect" title="Handicrafts">Handicrafts</a> and commerce were mostly practiced by Jews in towns. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet</a> authorities bound the Mountain Jews to <a href="/wiki/Collective_farm" class="mw-redirect" title="Collective farm">collective farms</a>, but allowed them to continue their traditional cultivation of grapes, <a href="/wiki/Tobacco" title="Tobacco">tobacco</a>, and vegetables; and making wine. In practical terms, the Jews are no longer isolated from other <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic groups">ethnic groups</a>. </p><p>With increasing urbanization and <a href="/wiki/Sovietization" title="Sovietization">sovietization</a> in progress, by the 1930s, a layer of <a href="/wiki/Intelligentsia" title="Intelligentsia">intelligentsia</a> began to form. By the late 1960s, academic professionals, such as pharmacists, medical doctors, and engineers, were quite common among the community. Mountain Jews worked in more professional positions than did <a href="/wiki/Georgian_Jews" title="Georgian Jews">Georgian Jews</a>, though less than the Soviet Ashkenazi community, who were based in larger cities of Russia. A sizable number of Mountain Jewish worked in the entertainment industry in Dagestan.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The republic's dancing ensemble "Lezginka" was led by Tankho Israilov, a Mountain Jew, for twenty one years (1958–79).<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religion">Religion</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Caucasusian_Jews_with_chokha.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Caucasusian_Jews_with_chokha.jpg/220px-Caucasusian_Jews_with_chokha.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Caucasusian_Jews_with_chokha.jpg/330px-Caucasusian_Jews_with_chokha.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Caucasusian_Jews_with_chokha.jpg/440px-Caucasusian_Jews_with_chokha.jpg 2x" data-file-width="527" data-file-height="401" /></a><figcaption>Mountain Jews resting after a day of work.</figcaption></figure> <p>Mountain Jews are considered, by some, to be of Sephardic lineage; this however is a misnomer as they are neither Sephardim (from the Iberian Peninsula) nor Ashkenazim (from Germany and Eastern-Europe) but rather come directly by way of Persia. Mountain Jews tenaciously held to their religion throughout the centuries, developing their own unique traditions and religious practices.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mountain Jewish traditions are infused with teachings of <a href="/wiki/Kabbalah" title="Kabbalah">Kabbalah</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jewish_mysticism" title="Jewish mysticism">Jewish mysticism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Miḳdash-Shemaʻʼilov,_L._2002_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Miḳdash-Shemaʻʼilov,_L._2002-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mountain Jews have traditionally maintained a two-tiered <a href="/wiki/Rabbi" title="Rabbi">rabbinate</a>, distinguishing between a <a href="/wiki/Rabbi" title="Rabbi">rabbi</a> and a "dayan." A "rabbi" was a title given to religious leaders performing the functions of liturgical preachers (<a href="/wiki/Maggid" title="Maggid">maggids</a>) and cantors (<a href="/wiki/Hazzan" title="Hazzan">hazzans</a>) in synagogues ("nimaz"), teachers in Jewish schools (<a href="/wiki/Cheders" class="mw-redirect" title="Cheders">cheders</a>), and shochets. A Dayan was a chief rabbi of a town, presiding over <a href="/wiki/Beit_din" class="mw-redirect" title="Beit din">beit dins</a> and representing the highest religious authority for the town and nearby smaller settlements.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dayans were elected democratically by community leaders. </p><p>The religious survival of the community was not without difficulties. In the prosperous days of Jewish Valley (roughly 1600-1800), the spiritual center of Mountain Jews centered on the settlement of Aba-Sava.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many works of religious significance were written in Aba-Sava. Here, Elisha ben Schmuel Ha-Katan wrote several of his <a href="/wiki/Piyyut" title="Piyyut">piyyuts</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_17-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Theologist Gerhson Lala ben Moshke Nakdi, who lived in Aba-Sava in 18th century, wrote a commentary to <a href="/wiki/Mishneh_Torah" title="Mishneh Torah">Mishneh Torah</a> of <a href="/wiki/Maimonides" title="Maimonides">Maimonides</a>. Rabbi Mattathia ben Shmuel ha-Kohen wrote his kabbalistic essay Kol Hamevaser in Aba-Sava.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_17-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the brutal destruction of Aba-Sava (roughly 1800), however, the religious center of Mountain Jews moved to <a href="/wiki/Derbent" title="Derbent">Derbent</a>. </p><p>Prominent rabbis of Mountain Jews in the nineteenth century included: Rabbi Gershom son of rabbi Reuven of <a href="/wiki/Q%C4%B1rm%C4%B1z%C4%B1_Q%C9%99s%C9%99b%C9%99" title="Qırmızı Qəsəbə">Qırmızı Qəsəbə</a> Azerbaijan, Shalom ben Melek of Temir-Khan-Shura (modern <a href="/wiki/Buynaksk" title="Buynaksk">Buynaksk</a>), Chief Rabbi of <a href="/wiki/Dagestan" title="Dagestan">Dagestan</a> Jacob ben Isaac, and Rabbi Hizkiyahu ben Avraam of <a href="/wiki/Nalchik" title="Nalchik">Nalchik</a>, whose son Rabbi Nahamiil ben Hizkiyahu later played a crucial role in saving Nalchik's Jewish community from the <a href="/wiki/Nazi" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi">Nazis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceC_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceC-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-jewishencyclopedia.com_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jewishencyclopedia.com-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the early decades of the Soviet Union, the government took steps to suppress religion. Thus, In the 1930s, the Soviet Union closed synagogues belonging to mountain jews. Same procedures were implemented on other ethnicities and religions. Soviet authorities propagated the myth that Mountain Jews were not part of the world Jewish people at all, but rather members of <a href="/wiki/Tat_people_(Caucasus)" title="Tat people (Caucasus)">Tat</a> community that settled in the region.<sup id="cite_ref-Miḳdash-Shemaʻʼilov,_L._2002_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Miḳdash-Shemaʻʼilov,_L._2002-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Soviet <a href="/wiki/Anti-Zionism" title="Anti-Zionism">anti-Zionism</a> rhetoric was intensified during <a href="/wiki/Khrushchev" class="mw-redirect" title="Khrushchev">Khrushchev</a>'s rule. Some of the synagogues were later reopened in the 40's. The closing of the synagogues in the 30's was part of communist ideology, which resisted religion of any kind.<sup id="cite_ref-visions.az_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-visions.az-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NalchikJewishCemetery.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/NalchikJewishCemetery.jpg/220px-NalchikJewishCemetery.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/NalchikJewishCemetery.jpg/330px-NalchikJewishCemetery.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/NalchikJewishCemetery.jpg/440px-NalchikJewishCemetery.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Jewish Cemetery in <a href="/wiki/Nalchik" title="Nalchik">Nalchik</a></figcaption></figure> <p>At the beginning of the 1950s, there were synagogues in all major Mountain Jewish communities. By 1966, reportedly six synagogues remained;<sup id="cite_ref-Pinkus,_B._1984_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pinkus,_B._1984-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> some were confiscated by the Soviet authorities.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While Mountain Jews observed the rituals of <a href="/wiki/Circumcision" title="Circumcision">circumcision</a>, marriage and burial, as well as <a href="/wiki/Jewish_holidays" title="Jewish holidays">Jewish holidays</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> other precepts of Jewish faith were observed less carefully.<sup id="cite_ref-Pinkus,_B._1984_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pinkus,_B._1984-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The community's ethnic identity remained unshaken despite the Soviet efforts.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cases of intermarriage with Muslims in Azerbaijan or Dagestan were rare as both groups practice endogamy.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the fall of the Soviet Union, Mountain Jews experienced a significant religious revival, with increasing religious observance by members of the younger generation.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Educational_institutions,_language,_literature"><span id="Educational_institutions.2C_language.2C_literature"></span>Educational institutions, language, literature</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mountain_Jews_Guba.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Mountain_Jews_Guba.jpg/220px-Mountain_Jews_Guba.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Mountain_Jews_Guba.jpg/330px-Mountain_Jews_Guba.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Mountain_Jews_Guba.jpg/440px-Mountain_Jews_Guba.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="656" /></a><figcaption>Class held at a primary Mountain Jewish school in <a href="/wiki/Quba" title="Quba">Quba</a>. Early 1920s.</figcaption></figure> <p>Mountain Jews speak <a href="/wiki/Judeo-Tat" title="Judeo-Tat">Judeo-Tat</a>, also called Juhuri, a form of <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>, it belongs to the southwestern group of the Iranian division of the <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European languages</a>. Judeo-Tat has <a href="/wiki/Semitic_languages" title="Semitic languages">Semitic</a> (Hebrew/Aramaic/Arabic) elements on all linguistic levels.<sup id="cite_ref-elalliance.org_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-elalliance.org-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among other Semitic elements, Judeo-Tat has the Hebrew sound "<a href="/wiki/Ayin" title="Ayin">ayin</a>" (ע), whereas no neighboring languages have it. Until the early Soviet period, the language was written with semi-cursive <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_alphabet" title="Hebrew alphabet">Hebrew alphabet</a>. Later, Judeo-Tat books, newspapers, textbooks, and other materials were printed with a Latin alphabet and finally in Cyrillic, which is still most common today.<sup id="cite_ref-elalliance.org_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-elalliance.org-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first Judeo-Tat-language newspaper, <i>Zakhmetkesh</i> (Working People), was published in 1928 and operated until the second half of the twentieth century.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Originally, only boys were educated through <a href="/wiki/Synagogue" title="Synagogue">synagogue</a> schools. Starting from the 1860s, many well-off families switched to home-schooling, hiring private tutors, who taught their sons not only Hebrew, but also <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yiddish" title="Yiddish">Yiddish</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the early 20th century, with advance of <a href="/wiki/Sovietization" title="Sovietization">sovietization</a>, Judeo-Tat became the language of instruction at newly founded elementary schools attended by both Mountain Jewish boys and girls. This policy continued until the beginning of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, when schools switched to Russian as the central government emphasized acquisition of Russian as the official language of the Soviet Union. </p><p>The Mountain Jewish community has had notable figures in public health, education, culture, and art.<sup id="cite_ref-portalus.ru_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-portalus.ru-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 21st century, the government is encouraging the cultural life of minorities. In Dagestan and <a href="/wiki/Kabardino-Balkaria" title="Kabardino-Balkaria">Kabardino-Balkaria</a>, Judeo-Tat and Hebrew courses have been introduced in traditionally Mountain Jewish schools. In Dagestan, there is support for the revival of the Judeo-Tat-language theater and the publication of newspapers in that language.<sup id="cite_ref-portalus.ru_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-portalus.ru-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military_tradition">Military tradition</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Caucasusian_Jew_with_chokha.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Caucasusian_Jew_with_chokha.jpg/220px-Caucasusian_Jew_with_chokha.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="315" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Caucasusian_Jew_with_chokha.jpg/330px-Caucasusian_Jew_with_chokha.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Caucasusian_Jew_with_chokha.jpg/440px-Caucasusian_Jew_with_chokha.jpg 2x" data-file-width="530" data-file-height="760" /></a><figcaption>Mountain Jew wearing a <a href="/wiki/Chokha" title="Chokha">chokha</a>. Circa 1898.</figcaption></figure> <p><i>And we, the Tats </i> <i>We, Samson warriors,</i> <i>Bar Kochba's heirs...</i> <i>we went into battles</i> <i>and bitterly, heroically</i> <i>struggled for our freedom</i> <i>"The Song of the Mountain Jews"<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></i> </p><p>Mountain Jews are known for their military tradition and have been historically viewed as fierce warriors. Some historians suggest that the group traces its beginnings to Persian-Jewish soldiers who were stationed in the Caucasus by the <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian</a> kings in the fifth or sixth century to protect the area from the onslaughts of the <a href="/wiki/Huns" title="Huns">Huns</a> and other nomadic invaders from the east.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Men were typically heavily armed and some slept without removing their weapons.<sup id="cite_ref-jewishencyclopedia.com_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jewishencyclopedia.com-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dress">Dress</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jewish_Girls_of_the_Caucasus,_1913.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Jewish_Girls_of_the_Caucasus%2C_1913.jpg/220px-Jewish_Girls_of_the_Caucasus%2C_1913.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="269" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Jewish_Girls_of_the_Caucasus%2C_1913.jpg/330px-Jewish_Girls_of_the_Caucasus%2C_1913.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1d/Jewish_Girls_of_the_Caucasus%2C_1913.jpg 2x" data-file-width="343" data-file-height="419" /></a><figcaption>Jewish Girls of the Caucasus. 1913.</figcaption></figure> <p>Over time the Mountain Jews adopted the dress of their <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslim</a> neighbors. Men typically wore <a href="/wiki/Chokha" title="Chokha">chokhas</a> and covered their head with <a href="/wiki/Papakha" title="Papakha">papakhas</a>, many variations of which could symbolize the men's social status. Wealthier men's dress was adorned with many pieces of jewelry, including silver and gold-decorated weaponry, pins, chains, belts, or <i>kisets</i> (small purse used to hold tobacco or coins).<sup id="cite_ref-druzya.com_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-druzya.com-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Women's dress was typically of simpler design in dark tones, made from <a href="/wiki/Silk" title="Silk">silk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brocade" title="Brocade">brocade</a>, <a href="/wiki/Velvet" title="Velvet">velvet</a>, satin and later wool. They decorated the fabric with beads, gold pins or buttons, and silver gold-plated belts. Outside the house, both single and married women covered their hair with <a href="/w/index.php?title=Headscarv&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Headscarv (page does not exist)">headscarves</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-druzya.com_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-druzya.com-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cuisine">Cuisine</h3></div> <p>Mountain Jewish cuisine absorbed typical dishes from various <a href="/wiki/Peoples_of_the_Caucasus" class="mw-redirect" title="Peoples of the Caucasus">peoples of the Caucasus</a>, Azerbaijani and Persian cuisine, adjusting some recipes to conform to the laws of <a href="/wiki/Kashrut" title="Kashrut">kashrut</a>. Typical Mountain Jewish dishes include <i>chudu</i> (a type of meat pie), <a href="/wiki/Shashlik" title="Shashlik">shashlik</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dolma" title="Dolma">dolma</a>, <i>kurze</i> or <a href="/wiki/Dushbara" class="mw-redirect" title="Dushbara">dushpare</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cabbage_rolls" class="mw-redirect" title="Cabbage rolls">yarpagi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khinkali" title="Khinkali">khinkali</a>, <i>tara</i> (herb stew with pieces of meat), <i>nermov</i> (chicken or other meat stew with wheat and beans), <a href="/wiki/Pilaf" title="Pilaf">plov</a> (pilaf), <i>buglame</i> (curry like stew of fish or chicken eaten with rice (<i>osh</i>)), etc.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Jewish_holidays" title="Jewish holidays">Jewish holidays</a>-themed dishes include Eshkene, a Persian soup, prepared for <a href="/wiki/Passover" title="Passover">Passover</a>, and a variety of <i>hoshalevo</i> (honey-based treats made with sunflower seeds or walnuts) typically prepared for <a href="/wiki/Purim" title="Purim">Purim</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music">Music</h3></div> <p>The music of Mountain Jews is mostly based in standard liturgical, used for prayer and the celebration of holidays. The music is typically upbeat with various instruments to add layers to the sound.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This music has been the inspiration to the ska/comedy band Mountain Jew.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_Mountain_Jews">Notable Mountain Jews</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gavriil_Ilizarov" title="Gavriil Ilizarov">Gavril Abramovich Ilizarov</a> (1921–1992), a Soviet physician, known for inventing the <a href="/wiki/Ilizarov_apparatus" title="Ilizarov apparatus">Ilizarov apparatus</a> for lengthening limb bones and for his <a href="/wiki/Distraction_osteogenesis#Ilizarov_surgery" title="Distraction osteogenesis">eponymous surgery</a> (Mountain Jewish father; Ashkenazi Jewish mother)<sup id="cite_ref-stmegi.com_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stmegi.com-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Izi_Davidov&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Izi Davidov (page does not exist)">Izi Davidov</a> - Major philanthropist during Soviet times, Donated from his personal wealth to multitude of people across the Caucasus. Born in <a href="/wiki/Q%C4%B1rm%C4%B1z%C4%B1_Q%C9%99s%C9%99b%C9%99" title="Qırmızı Qəsəbə">Krasnaya Sloboda</a> (Gilgoti quarter), Azerbaijan.</li></ul> <p><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yekutiel_Adam" title="Yekutiel Adam">Yekutiel Adam</a>, Israeli general and former Deputy Chief of Staff of the <a href="/wiki/Israeli_Defense_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Israeli Defense Forces">Israeli Defense Forces</a><sup id="cite_ref-stmegi.com_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stmegi.com-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udi_Adam" title="Udi Adam">Udi Adam</a>, Israeli general and the former head of the Israeli Northern Command<sup id="cite_ref-stmegi.com_52-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stmegi.com-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Agarunov" title="Albert Agarunov">Albert Agarunov</a>, the <a href="/wiki/National_Hero_of_Azerbaijan" title="National Hero of Azerbaijan">National Hero of Azerbaijan</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Starshina" title="Starshina">Starshina</a> of the Azerbaijani Army who died during the Nagorno-Karabakh War<sup id="cite_ref-stmegi.com_52-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stmegi.com-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hizgil_Avshalumov" title="Hizgil Avshalumov">Hizgil Avshalumov</a>, novelist, poet and playwright<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ilona_Davidova&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ilona Davidova (page does not exist)">Ilona Davidova</a>, famous Russian-American entrepreneur, linguist, author, developer of novel high-speed technique for studying English.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Semen_(Zalman)_Ikhiilovich_Divilov_(1914-1988)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Semen (Zalman) Ikhiilovich Divilov (1914-1988) (page does not exist)">Semen (Zalman) Ikhiilovich Divilov (1914-1988)</a>, - scientist economist, member of the board of the State Planning Committee of Azerbaijan 1952-1982.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telman_Ismailov" title="Telman Ismailov">Telman Ismailov</a>, businessman and entrepreneur, owner of AST group<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tankho_Israelov" class="mw-redirect" title="Tankho Israelov">Tankho Israelov</a> (1917–1981), dancer, choreographer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergey_Izgiyayev" title="Sergey Izgiyayev">Sergey Izgiyayev</a>, author, translator, and songwriter<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamara_Musakhanova" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamara Musakhanova">Tamara Musakhanova</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet</a> <a href="/wiki/Sculpture" title="Sculpture">sculptor</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_studio_potters" title="List of studio potters">ceramist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mushail_Mushailov" title="Mushail Mushailov">Mushail Mushailov</a> (1941–2007), Soviet/Russian artist and teacher</li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_Nisanov" title="God Nisanov">God Nisanov</a>, Russian businessman and entrepreneur, real estate magnate<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zarakh_Iliev" title="Zarakh Iliev">Zarakh Iliev</a>, businessman and entrepreneur, Russian real estate magnate</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=German_Zakharyaev&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="German Zakharyaev (page does not exist)">German Zakharyaev</a>, Vice-President of the East-Asian Jewish Congress, Vice-President of the World Congress of Mountain Jews, President of the International Mountain Jew Charity Fund “STMEGI."<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel_Tsvaygenbaum" title="Israel Tsvaygenbaum">Israel Tsvaygenbaum</a>, Russian-American artist (Ashkenazi Jewish father; Mountain Jewish mother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaffa_Yarkoni" class="mw-redirect" title="Yaffa Yarkoni">Yaffa Yarkoni</a>, Israeli singer, winner of the "<a href="/wiki/Israel_Prize" title="Israel Prize">Israel Prize</a>" in 1998.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhasmin" class="mw-redirect" title="Zhasmin">Zhasmin</a> (née Sara Manakimovna), Russian pop-singer, winner of numerous music awards, including <a href="/wiki/Golden_Gramophone_Award" title="Golden Gramophone Award">Golden Gramophone Award</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="tel:2000—2001,">[tel:2003 2000—2001 2003 2000—2001</a>, 2003]—2005, 2012, 2013), <a href="/wiki/Ovation" title="Ovation">Ovation</a> (2000), and <a href="/wiki/MTV_Russia_Music_Awards" title="MTV Russia Music Awards">MTV Russia Music Awards</a> (2005)<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarit_Hadad" title="Sarit Hadad">Sarit Hadad</a>, Israeli singer<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omer_Adam" title="Omer Adam">Omer Adam</a>, Israeli singer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrix" title="Astrix">Astrix</a>, producer of Trance music</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lior_Refaelov" title="Lior Refaelov">Lior Refaelov</a>, Israeli Football Player<sup id="cite_ref-stmegi.com_52-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stmegi.com-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2></div> <center> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional" style="max-width: 815px;"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mountain_jewish_men.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Mountain_jewish_men.jpg/112px-Mountain_jewish_men.jpg" decoding="async" width="112" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Mountain_jewish_men.jpg/168px-Mountain_jewish_men.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Mountain_jewish_men.jpg/224px-Mountain_jewish_men.jpg 2x" data-file-width="278" data-file-height="298" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Caucasusian_Jew.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mountain Jew. Circa 1898."><img alt="Mountain Jew. Circa 1898." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Caucasusian_Jew.jpg/84px-Caucasusian_Jew.jpg" decoding="async" width="84" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Caucasusian_Jew.jpg/126px-Caucasusian_Jew.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Caucasusian_Jew.jpg/168px-Caucasusian_Jew.jpg 2x" data-file-width="533" data-file-height="760" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Mountain Jew. Circa 1898.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dagestan_Mounatain_Jew_1870-1880._Alexandre_Roinashvili._Tbilisi_History_Museum_Collection.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mountain Jewish woman from Dagestan. 1870-1880."><img alt="Mountain Jewish woman from Dagestan. 1870-1880." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Dagestan_Mounatain_Jew_1870-1880._Alexandre_Roinashvili._Tbilisi_History_Museum_Collection.jpg/78px-Dagestan_Mounatain_Jew_1870-1880._Alexandre_Roinashvili._Tbilisi_History_Museum_Collection.jpg" decoding="async" width="78" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Dagestan_Mounatain_Jew_1870-1880._Alexandre_Roinashvili._Tbilisi_History_Museum_Collection.jpg/116px-Dagestan_Mounatain_Jew_1870-1880._Alexandre_Roinashvili._Tbilisi_History_Museum_Collection.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Dagestan_Mounatain_Jew_1870-1880._Alexandre_Roinashvili._Tbilisi_History_Museum_Collection.jpg/155px-Dagestan_Mounatain_Jew_1870-1880._Alexandre_Roinashvili._Tbilisi_History_Museum_Collection.jpg 2x" data-file-width="663" data-file-height="1024" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> Mountain Jewish woman from <a href="/wiki/Dagestan" title="Dagestan">Dagestan</a>. 1870-1880.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mountain_jewish_woman.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mountain Jewish woman and her children. Circa 1900."><img alt="Mountain Jewish woman and her children. Circa 1900." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Mountain_jewish_woman.jpg/84px-Mountain_jewish_woman.jpg" decoding="async" width="84" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Mountain_jewish_woman.jpg/126px-Mountain_jewish_woman.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Mountain_jewish_woman.jpg/168px-Mountain_jewish_woman.jpg 2x" data-file-width="248" data-file-height="353" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Mountain Jewish woman and her children. Circa 1900.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mountain_jews_4.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mountain Jews of the Caucasus. Circa 1900."><img alt="Mountain Jews of the Caucasus. Circa 1900." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Mountain_jews_4.jpg/99px-Mountain_jews_4.jpg" decoding="async" width="99" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Mountain_jews_4.jpg/149px-Mountain_jews_4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Mountain_jews_4.jpg/198px-Mountain_jews_4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="252" data-file-height="305" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Mountain Jews of the Caucasus. Circa 1900.</div> </li> </ul></center> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Israel-Azerbaijan_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Israel-Azerbaijan relations">Israel-Azerbaijan relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Q%C4%B1rm%C4%B1z%C4%B1_Q%C9%99s%C9%99b%C9%99" title="Qırmızı Qəsəbə">Qırmızı Qəsəbə</a>, the primary settlement of Azerbaijan's population of Mountain Jews (3600).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Azerbaijan" title="History of the Jews in Azerbaijan">History of the Jews in Azerbaijan</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.eki.ee/books/redbook/mountain_jews.shtml">http://www.eki.ee/books/redbook/mountain_jews.shtml</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stmegi.com/News/Post/4098">"Динамика численности горских евреев, Новости горских евреев"</a>. <i>Динамика численности горских евреев, Новости горских евреев</i> (in Russian)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 September</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0+%D1%87%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85+%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B5%D0%B2%2C+%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85+%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B5%D0%B2&rft.atitle=%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0+%D1%87%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85+%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B5%D0%B2%2C+%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85+%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B5%D0%B2&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stmegi.com%2FNews%2FPost%2F4098&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMountain+Jews" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">according to Mountain Jews community in Baku</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tabletmag.com/jewish-news-and-politics/42649/mountain-jews">"Mountain Jews - Tablet Magazine – Jewish News and Politics, Jewish Arts and Culture, Jewish Life and Religion"</a>. <i>Tablet Magazine</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-12-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tablet+Magazine&rft.atitle=Mountain+Jews+-+Tablet+Magazine+%E2%80%93+Jewish+News+and+Politics%2C+Jewish+Arts+and+Culture%2C+Jewish+Life+and+Religion&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tabletmag.com%2Fjewish-news-and-politics%2F42649%2Fmountain-jews&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMountain+Jews" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated17-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated17_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Mountain Jews: customs and daily life in the Caucasus<i>, Leʼah Miḳdash-Shema", Liya Mikdash-Shamailov, Muzeʼon Yiśraʼel (Jerusalem), UPNE, 2002, page 17</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-visions.az-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-visions.az_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-visions.az_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.visions.az/en/news/483/75eb2f55/">http://www.visions.az/en/news/483/75eb2f55/</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceC-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceC_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceC_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://stmegi.com/posts/32308/rabbi-gershon-mizrakhi-pravednyy-ravvin-obshchiny-gorskikh-evreev/">http://stmegi.com/posts/32308/rabbi-gershon-mizrakhi-pravednyy-ravvin-obshchiny-gorskikh-evreev/</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Schwartz, Bryan, Scattered Among the Nations, Visual Anthropology Press, 2015</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Mountain Jews: customs and daily life in the Caucasus</i>, Leʼah Miḳdash-Shemaʻʼilov, Liya Mikdash-Shamailov, Muzeʼon Yiśraʼel (Jerusalem), UPNE, 2002, page 9</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated19-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated19_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Mountain Jews: customs and daily life in the Caucasus</i>, Leʼah Miḳdash-Shemaʻʼilov, Liya Mikdash-Shamailov, Muzeʼon Yiśraʼel (Jerusalem), UPNE, 2002, page 19</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Ezra#8:17" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Ezra">Ezra 8:17</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Grelot, “Notes d'onomastique sur les textes araméens d'Egypte,” <i>Semitica</i> <b>21</b>, 1971, esp. pp. 101-17, noted by Rüdiger.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JaimoukhaTaips-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-JaimoukhaTaips_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JaimoukhaTaips_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Jaimoukha, Amjad. <i>The Chechens: A Handbook</i>. Page 276</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-VainakhTaips-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-VainakhTaips_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-VainakhTaips_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">[<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chechnyafree.ru/old/en/article.php?IBLOCK_ID=364&SECTION_ID=0&ELEMENT_ID=60853%7CThe">Vainakh Taips: Yesterday and Today</a>]. 25 January 2005</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-UsmanovTaips-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-UsmanovTaips_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UsmanovTaips_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Usmanov, Lyoma. [<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.shamsali.org/taj/chechnat.html#demo%7C">"The Chechen Nation: A Portrait of Ethnical Features"</a>]. 9 January 1999. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brook,_Kevin_Alan_2006,_page_233-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Brook,_Kevin_Alan_2006,_page_233_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brook,_Kevin_Alan_2006,_page_233_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brook,_Kevin_Alan_2006,_page_233_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brook,_Kevin_Alan_2006,_page_233_16-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Rosengarten, D (2002). "Y Chromosome Haplotypes among Members of the Caucasus Jewish Communities". Ancient Biomolecules.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceB-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_17-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_17-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stmegi.com/Blogs/View/1/5903">"Еврейское поселение Аба-Сава, Блоги на сайте СТМЭГИ"</a>. Stmegi.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-05-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5+%D0%90%D0%B1%D0%B0-%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%2C+%D0%91%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8+%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%82%D0%B5+%D0%A1%D0%A2%D0%9C%D0%AD%D0%93%D0%98&rft.pub=Stmegi.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stmegi.com%2FBlogs%2FView%2F1%2F5903&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMountain+Jews" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pinkus,_B._1984-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pinkus,_B._1984_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pinkus,_B._1984_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pinkus,_B._1984_18-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Pinkus, B., & Frankel, J. (1984). <i>The Soviet Government and the Jews, 1948-1967: A Documented Study.</i> Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kiril Feferman: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hgs.oxfordjournals.org/content/21/1/96.full#xref-fn-79-1">"Nazi Germany and the Mountain Jews: Was There a Policy?"</a>, in: Richard D. Breitman (ed.): <i>Holocaust and Genocide Studies,</i> Volume 21 Spring 2007, <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>, pp. 96-114.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-istok.ru-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-istok.ru_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-istok.ru_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-istok.ru_20-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.istok.ru/library/jewish-education/history/highland/jews_9811.html">"Горские евреи — жертвы Холокоста - Горские евреи. История, этнография, культура"</a>. Istok.ru<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 September</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE-%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5+%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8B+%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0%2C+%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80+%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8C%D0%B8+%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B0%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%8C%2C+%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85+%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B5%D0%B2&rft.atitle=%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE-%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5+%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8B+%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0%2C+%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80+%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8C%D0%B8+%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B0%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%8C%2C+%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85+%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B5%D0%B2&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stmegi.com%2FNews%2FPost%2F6939&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMountain+Jews" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.istok.ru/library/jewish-education/history/highland/jews_9858.html">"Горские евреи в русской школе - Горские евреи. История, этнография, культура"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 September</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5+%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B8+%D0%B2+%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5+-+%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5+%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B8.+%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F%2C+%D1%8D%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F%2C+%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.istok.ru%2Flibrary%2Fjewish-education%2Fhistory%2Fhighland%2Fjews_9858.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMountain+Jews" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-portalus.ru-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-portalus.ru_45-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-portalus.ru_45-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.portalus.ru/modules/english_russia/print.php?subaction=showfull&id=1189694590&archive=&start_from=&ucat=21&">"Mountain Jews"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 September</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mountain+Jews&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.portalus.ru%2Fmodules%2Fenglish_russia%2Fprint.php%3Fsubaction%3Dshowfull%26id%3D1189694590%26archive%3D%26start_from%3D%26ucat%3D21%26&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMountain+Jews" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Mountain Jews of Daghestan, Jewish Communities in Exotic Places</i> by Ken Blady (Northvale, NJ: Jason Aronson Inc., 2000), pages 158</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Blady (2000), <i>The Mountain Jews of Daghestan,</i> pp. 158-159</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-druzya.com-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-druzya.com_48-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-druzya.com_48-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://druzya.com/news/gorskie-evrei/8065-natsionalnaya_odezhda_i_ukrasheniya_gorskikh_evreev.html">"Национальная одежда и украшения горских евреев"</a>. <i>DataLife Engine</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 September</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mountain+Jews+of+Azerbaijan+and+Dagestan%2C+%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85+%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B5%D0%B2&rft.atitle=Mountain+Jews+of+Azerbaijan+and+Dagestan%2C+%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85+%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B5%D0%B2&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stmegi.com%2FNews%2FPost%2F15-2-2012-mountain-jews-of-azerbaijan-and-dagestan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMountain+Jews" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Good name is very valuable thing." From interview of his daughter Lyudmila Hizgilovna Avshalumov. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.obzor-smi.ru/?com=articles&page=article_print&id=3459">http://www.obzor-smi.ru/?com=articles&page=article_print&id=3459</a> Retrieved 08.06.2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thejc.com/lifestyle/lifestyle-features/51622/its-all-jewish-town-no-its-not-israel">"It's an all-Jewish town, but no, it's not in Israel - The Jewish Chronicle"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Eajc.org. 1971-07-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-05-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=German+Zakharyaev&rft.pub=Eajc.org&rft.date=1971-07-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feajc.org%2Fpage676&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMountain+Jews" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jwa.org/encyclopedia/article/yarkoni-yaffa">"Yaffa Yarkoni - Jewish Women's Archive"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 September</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Yaffa+Yarkoni+-+Jewish+Women%27s+Archive&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjwa.org%2Fencyclopedia%2Farticle%2Fyarkoni-yaffa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMountain+Jews" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.imdb.com/name/nm2446451/">http://www.imdb.com/name/nm2446451/</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.juhuro.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=720:2011-05-22-04-23-03&catid=107:2010-10-23-17-25-37&Itemid=588">"Сарит Хадад"</a>. <i>Горские Евреи JUHURO.COM</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 September</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5+%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B8+JUHURO.COM&rft.atitle=%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82+%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B4&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.juhuro.com%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26view%3Darticle%26id%3D720%3A2011-05-22-04-23-03%26catid%3D107%3A2010-10-23-17-25-37%26Itemid%3D588&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMountain+Jews" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F60C16FD345D12738DDDAD0994D1405B828CF1D3">query.nytimes.com</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_York_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Times">New York Times</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.juhuro.com">juhuro.com</a>, website created by Vadim Alhasov in 2001. Daily updates reflect the life of Mountain Jewish (juhuro) community around the globe.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newfront.us">newfront.us</a>, <i>New Frontier</i> is a monthly Mountain Jewish newspaper, founded in 2003. International circulation via its web site. «Новый Рубеж» является ежемесячной газетой Горско-Еврейской общины США. Она издается с мая месяца 2003 года. Отражая жизнь общины не только в пределах своей страны, она информирует о новостях и событиях происходящих в Горско-Еврейских общинах во всем мире.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.keshev-k.com">keshev-k.com</a>, Israeli website of Mountain Jews.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gorskie.ru">gorskie.ru</a>, Mountain Jews, website in Russian language.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=jdt">"Judæo-Tat"</a>, <i>Ethnologue</i></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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.navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Europe_topic" title="Template:Europe topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Europe_topic" title="Template talk:Europe topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Europe_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Europe topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="History_of_the_Jews_in_Europe" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Europe" title="History of the Jews in Europe">History of the Jews in Europe </a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Albania" title="History of the Jews in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Andorra" title="History of the Jews in Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Armenia" title="History of the Jews in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Austria" title="History of the Jews in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Azerbaijan" title="History of the Jews in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Belarus" title="History of the Jews in Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Belgium" title="History of the Jews in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="History of the Jews in Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Bulgaria" title="History of the Jews in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Croatia" title="History of the Jews in Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Cyprus" title="History of the Jews in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Czech_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Jews in the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Denmark" title="History of the Jews in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Estonia" title="History of the Jews in Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Finland" title="History of the Jews in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_France" title="History of the Jews in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Georgia_(country)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Jews in Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Germany" title="History of the Jews in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Greece" title="History of the Jews in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Hungary" title="History of the Jews in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Iceland" title="History of the Jews in Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Jews in the Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Italy" title="History of the Jews in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Kazakhstan" title="History of the Jews in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Latvia" title="History of the Jews in Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Liechtenstein" title="History of the Jews in Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Lithuania" title="History of the Jews in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Luxembourg" title="History of the Jews in Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Malta" title="History of the Jews in Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Moldova" title="History of the Jews in Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Monaco" title="History of the Jews in Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Montenegro" title="History of the Jews in Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Netherlands" title="History of the Jews in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_North_Macedonia" title="History of the Jews in North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Norway" title="History of the Jews in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Poland" title="History of the Jews in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Portugal" title="History of the Jews in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Romania" title="History of the Jews in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Russia" title="History of the Jews in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_San_Marino" title="History of the Jews in San Marino">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Serbia" title="History of the Jews in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Slovakia" title="History of the Jews in Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Slovenia" title="History of the Jews in Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Spain" title="History of the Jews in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Sweden" title="History of the Jews in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Switzerland" title="History of the Jews in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Turkey" title="History of the Jews in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Ukraine" title="History of the Jews in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="History of the Jews in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">States with limited<br />recognition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Abkhazia" title="History of the Jews in Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Kosovo" title="History of the Jews in Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Northern_Cyprus" title="History of the Jews in Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_South_Ossetia" title="History of the Jews in South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Transnistria" title="History of the Jews in Transnistria">Transnistria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dependencies and<br />other entities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Jews_in_%C3%85land&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="History of the Jews in Åland (page does not exist)">Åland</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Faroe_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="History of the Jews in the Faroe Islands (page does not exist)">Faroe Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Gibraltar" title="History of the Jews in Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Guernsey" title="History of the Jews in Guernsey">Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Isle_of_Man" title="History of the Jews in the Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Jersey" title="History of the Jews in Jersey">Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Jews_in_Svalbard&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="History of the Jews in Svalbard (page does not exist)">Svalbard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ethnic_groups_in_the_Caucasus" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ethnic_groups_in_the_Caucasus" title="Template:Ethnic groups in the Caucasus"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ethnic_groups_in_the_Caucasus" title="Template talk:Ethnic groups in the Caucasus"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ethnic_groups_in_the_Caucasus" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ethnic groups in the Caucasus"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ethnic_groups_in_the_Caucasus" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_the_Caucasus" title="Ethnic groups in the Caucasus">Ethnic groups in the</a> <a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_the_Caucasus#Language_families_indigenous_to_the_Caucasus" title="Ethnic groups in the Caucasus">Caucasian</a><br /><i>(areal)</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kartvelian_languages" title="Kartvelian languages">Kartvelian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Georgians" title="Georgians">Georgians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adjarians" title="Adjarians">Adjarians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dvals" title="Dvals">Dvals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guria#Demographics" title="Guria">Gurians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imerkhevians" title="Imerkhevians">Imerkhevians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingiloy_people" title="Ingiloy people">Ingiloys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javakhians" title="Javakhians">Javakhians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kakhetians" title="Kakhetians">Kakhetians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meskhetians" title="Meskhetians">Meskhetians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colchians" class="mw-redirect" title="Colchians">Colchians</a>/<a href="/wiki/Zans" title="Zans">Zans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Laz_people" title="Laz people">Lazs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mingrelians" title="Mingrelians">Mingrelians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svans" title="Svans">Svans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Caucasian_languages" title="Northeast Caucasian languages">Northeast</a><br />(Caspian)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Avar%E2%80%93Andic_languages" title="Avar–Andic languages">Avar–Andic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andi_people" title="Andi people">Andis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akhvakh_people" title="Akhvakh people">Akhvakhs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avars_(Caucasus)" title="Avars (Caucasus)">Avars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagvalal_people" title="Bagvalal people">Bagvalals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botlikh_people" title="Botlikh people">Botlikhs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamalal_people" title="Chamalal people">Chamalals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Godoberi_people" title="Godoberi people">Godoberis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karata_people" title="Karata people">Karatas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tindi_people" title="Tindi people">Tindis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lezgic_languages" title="Lezgic languages">Lezgic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aghul_people" title="Aghul people">Aguls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archi_people" title="Archi people">Archin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budukh_people" title="Budukh people">Budukhs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jek_people" title="Jek people">Jeks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kryts_people" title="Kryts people">Kryts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lezgins" title="Lezgins">Lezgins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rutul_people" title="Rutul people">Rutuls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabasaran_people" title="Tabasaran people">Tabasarans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsakhur_people" title="Tsakhur people">Tsakhurs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udi_people" title="Udi people">Udis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nakh_peoples" title="Nakh peoples">Nakh</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bats_people" title="Bats people">Bats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chechens" title="Chechens">Chechens</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kist_people" title="Kist people">Kists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aukhs" title="Aukhs">Aukhs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingush_people" title="Ingush people">Ingush</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tsezic_languages" title="Tsezic languages">Tsezic</a> (Didoic)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bezhta_people" title="Bezhta people">Bezhtas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinukh_people" title="Hinukh people">Hinukhs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunzib_people" title="Hunzib people">Hunzibs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khwarshi_people" title="Khwarshi people">Khwarshis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsez_people" title="Tsez people">Tsez</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dargins" title="Dargins">Dargins</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kaitags" title="Kaitags">Kaitags</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khinalug_people" title="Khinalug people">Khinalugs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laks_(Caucasus)" title="Laks (Caucasus)">Laks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Caucasian_languages" title="Northwest Caucasian languages">Northwest</a><br />(Pontic)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abazins" title="Abazins">Abazins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abkhazians" title="Abkhazians">Abkhazians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sadz" title="Sadz">Sadz</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circassians" title="Circassians">Circassians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abzakhs" title="Abzakhs">Abzakhs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adyghe_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Adyghe people">Adygeans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Besleney" title="Besleney">Besleneys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bzhedugs" title="Bzhedugs">Bzhedugs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemirgoys" title="Chemirgoys">Chemirgoys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherkess" class="mw-redirect" title="Cherkess">Cherkess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabardians" title="Kabardians">Kabardians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natukhajs" title="Natukhajs">Natukhajs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shapsugs" title="Shapsugs">Shapsugs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubykh_people" title="Ubykh people">Ubykhs</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Caucasus-ethnic_en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Caucasus-ethnic_en.svg/250px-Caucasus-ethnic_en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="284" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Caucasus-ethnic_en.svg/375px-Caucasus-ethnic_en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Caucasus-ethnic_en.svg/500px-Caucasus-ethnic_en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="977" data-file-height="1111" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-<br />European</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenians" title="Armenians">Armenians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armeno-Tats" title="Armeno-Tats">Armeno-Tats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherkesogai" title="Cherkesogai">Cherkesogai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zok_language" title="Zok language">Zoks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lom_people" title="Lom people">Lom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hellenic_languages" title="Hellenic languages">Hellenic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caucasus_Greeks" title="Caucasus Greeks">Caucasus Greeks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urums" title="Urums">Urums</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontic_Greeks" title="Pontic Greeks">Pontic Greeks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indo-Iranian_languages" title="Indo-Iranian languages">Indo-Iranian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Indo-Aryan languages">Indo-Aryan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lom_people" title="Lom people">Loms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_diaspora#Georgia" title="Romani diaspora">Roma</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Iranian_languages" title="Iranian languages">Iranian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ossetians" title="Ossetians">Ossetians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digor_people" title="Digor people">Digors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_people" title="Iron people">Irons</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kudar" title="Kudar">Kudar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trialeti_Ossetians" class="mw-redirect" title="Trialeti Ossetians">Trialeti Ossetians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talysh_people" title="Talysh people">Talysh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tat_people_(Caucasus)" title="Tat people (Caucasus)">Tats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yazidis" title="Yazidis">Yazidis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Slavic_languages" title="Slavic languages">Slavic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polish_people" title="Polish people">Poles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Poles_in_Armenia" title="Poles in Armenia">in Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poles_in_Azerbaijan" title="Poles in Azerbaijan">in Azerbaijan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasus_Russians" title="Caucasus Russians">Russians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cossacks" title="Cossacks">Cossacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doukhobors" title="Doukhobors">Doukhobors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molokans" title="Molokans">Molokans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainians_in_Kuban" title="Ukrainians in Kuban">Ukrainians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caucasus_Germans" title="Caucasus Germans">Germans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Turkic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kipchaks" title="Kipchaks">Kipchaks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balkars" title="Balkars">Balkars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karachays" title="Karachays">Karachays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumyks" title="Kumyks">Kumyks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nogais" title="Nogais">Nogais</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oghuz_Turks" title="Oghuz Turks">Oghuz Turks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijanis" title="Azerbaijanis">Azerbaijanis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ayrums" title="Ayrums">Ayrums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karadaghis" title="Karadaghis">Karadaghis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahsevan" title="Shahsevan">Shahsevan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayat_(tribe)" title="Bayat (tribe)">Bayats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karapapakhs" title="Karapapakhs">Karapapakhs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%BCres%C3%BCnni" title="Küresünni">Küresünni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meskhetian_Turks" title="Meskhetian Turks">Meskhetian Turks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_people" title="Assyrian people">Assyrians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assyrians_in_Armenia" title="Assyrians in Armenia">in Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrians_in_Georgia" title="Assyrians in Georgia">in Georgia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Abkhazia" title="History of the Jews in Abkhazia">Abkhaz Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Armenia" title="History of the Jews in Armenia">Armenian Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Azerbaijan" title="History of the Jews in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijani Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Jews" title="Georgian Jews">Georgian Jews</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mountain Jews</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalmyks" title="Kalmyks">Kalmyks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_minorities_in_Armenia" title="Ethnic minorities in Armenia">Ethnic minorities in Armenia</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_minorities_in_Azerbaijan" title="Ethnic minorities in Azerbaijan">Ethnic minorities in Azerbaijan</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_minorities_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Ethnic minorities in Georgia (country)">Ethnic minorities in Georgia</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Russia" title="Demographics of Russia">Ethnic minorities in Russia</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Jews_and_Judaism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Jews_and_Judaism" title="Template:Jews and Judaism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Jews_and_Judaism" title="Template talk:Jews and Judaism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Jews_and_Judaism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Jews and Judaism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Jews_and_Judaism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a> and <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Judaism" title="Outline of Judaism">Outline of Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Jewish_history-related_articles" class="mw-redirect" title="Index of Jewish history-related articles">Index of Jewish history-related articles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_history" title="Jewish history">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Jewish_history" title="Timeline of Jewish history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israelites" title="Israelites">Israelites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origins_of_Judaism" title="Origins of Judaism">Origins of Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_ancient_Israel_and_Judah" title="History of ancient Israel and Judah">Ancient Israel and Judah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Temple_period" title="Second Temple period">Second Temple period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synagogal_Judaism" title="Synagogal Judaism">Synagogal Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_Judaism" title="Rabbinic Judaism">Rabbinic Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Middle_Ages" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Jews in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_population_by_country" title="Jewish population by country">Population</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_assimilation" title="Jewish assimilation">Assimilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_atheism" title="Jewish atheism">Atheists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Buddhist" title="Jewish Buddhist">Buddhists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_Jews" title="Israeli Jews">Israeli Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaite_Judaism" title="Karaite Judaism">Karaites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritans" title="Samaritans">Samaritans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Jews" title="Lists of Jews">Lists of Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jews" title="Persecution of Jews">Persecution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">Antisemitism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xueta_Christianity" title="Xueta Christianity">Xueta Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionism,_race_and_genetics" class="mw-redirect" title="Zionism, race and genetics">Zionism, race and genetics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gentile" title="Gentile">Gentile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groups_claiming_affiliation_with_Israelites" title="Groups claiming affiliation with Israelites">Groups claiming affiliation with Israelites</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Diaspora" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_diaspora" title="Jewish diaspora">Diaspora</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Jews" title="Ashkenazi Jews">Ashkenazim</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afrikaner-Jews" title="Afrikaner-Jews">Afrikaner-Jode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuts" title="Chuts">Chuts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galician_Jews" title="Galician Jews">Galitzianers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litvaks" title="Litvaks">Lita'im</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oberlander_Jews" title="Oberlander Jews">Oberlander Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Udmurtia_and_Tatarstan" title="History of the Jews in Udmurtia and Tatarstan">Udmurt and Tatar Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unterlander_Jews" title="Unterlander Jews">Unterlander Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yekke" title="Yekke">Yekkes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beta_Israel" title="Beta Israel">Beta Israel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beta_Abraham" title="Beta Abraham">Beta Abraham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falash_Mura" title="Falash Mura">Falash Mura</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desi_Jews" title="Desi Jews">Desi Jews</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bene_Israel" title="Bene Israel">Bene Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cochin_Jews" title="Cochin Jews">Kochinim</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%B6nmeh" title="Dönmeh">Dönmeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Jews" title="Georgian Jews">Gruzínim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Jews" title="Italian Jews">Italkim</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neofiti" title="Neofiti">Neofiti</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaifeng_Jews" title="Kaifeng Jews">Kaifeng Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaite_Judaism" title="Karaite Judaism">Karaites</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constantinopolitan_Karaites" title="Constantinopolitan Karaites">Constantinopolitan Karaites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Karaites" title="Crimean Karaites">Crimean Karaites</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Kurdistan" title="History of the Jews in Kurdistan">Kurdish Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krymchaks" title="Krymchaks">Krymchaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemba_people" title="Lemba people">Lemba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maghrebi_Jews" title="Maghrebi Jews">Maghrebi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berber_Jews" title="Berber Jews">Berber Jews</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizrahi_Jews" title="Mizrahi Jews">Mizrahi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Afghanistan" title="History of the Jews in Afghanistan">Afghan Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Alexandria" title="History of the Jews in Alexandria">Alexandrian Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baghdadi_Jews" title="Baghdadi Jews">Baghdadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukharan_Jews" title="Bukharan Jews">Bukharan Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Egypt" title="History of the Jews in Egypt">Egyptian Jews</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mountain Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Jews" title="Palestinian Jews">Palestinian Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian Jews">Persian Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urfalim" title="Urfalim">Urfalim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemenite_Jews" title="Yemenite Jews">Teimanim</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adeni_Jews" title="Adeni Jews">Adeni Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habbani_Jews" title="Habbani Jews">Ḥabbanim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Hadramaut" title="History of the Jews in Hadramaut">Hadhrami Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Saada" title="History of the Jews in Saada">Saada Jews</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musta%27arabi_Jews" title="Musta'arabi Jews">Mustaʿravim</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_tribes_of_Arabia" title="Jewish tribes of Arabia">Jewish tribes of Arabia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romaniote_Jews" title="Romaniote Jews">Romaniote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Jews" title="Sephardic Jews">Sephardim</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_and_Portuguese_Jews" title="Spanish and Portuguese Jews">Eastern Sephardim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Livorno" title="History of the Jews in Livorno">Livornese Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_African_Sephardim" title="North African Sephardim">North African Sephardim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paradesi_Jews" title="Paradesi Jews">Paradesi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meshuchrarim" title="Meshuchrarim">Meshuchrarim</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Bnei_Anusim" title="Sephardic Bnei Anusim">Sephardic Bnei Anusim</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xueta" title="Xueta">Xuetes</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_languages" title="Jewish languages">Languages</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_Jewish_diaspora_languages" title="List of Jewish diaspora languages">Diasporic</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Hebrew" title="Modern Hebrew">Modern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Hebrew" title="Ashkenazi Hebrew">Ashkenazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sephardi_Hebrew" title="Sephardi Hebrew">Sephardi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizrahi_Hebrew" title="Mizrahi Hebrew">Mizrahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemenite_Hebrew" title="Yemenite Hebrew">Yemenite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiberian_Hebrew" title="Tiberian Hebrew">Tiberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritan_Hebrew" title="Samaritan Hebrew">Samaritan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manually_coded_language#List_of_signed_languages" title="Manually coded language">Signed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Hebrew" title="Medieval Hebrew">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mishnaic_Hebrew" title="Mishnaic Hebrew">Mishnaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew" title="Biblical Hebrew">Biblical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babylonian_vocalization" title="Babylonian vocalization">Babylonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_vocalization" title="Palestinian vocalization">Palestinian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Catalan" title="Judaeo-Catalan">Catalanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Berber_language" title="Judeo-Berber language">Judeo-Amazigh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Arabic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Arabic languages">Judeo-Arabic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Iraqi_Arabic" title="Judeo-Iraqi Arabic">Yahudic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baghdad_Jewish_Arabic" title="Baghdad Jewish Arabic">Judeo-Baghdadi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Moroccan_Arabic" title="Judeo-Moroccan Arabic">Judeo-Moroccan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Tripolitanian_Arabic" title="Judeo-Tripolitanian Arabic">Judeo-Tripolitanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Tunisian_Arabic" title="Judeo-Tunisian Arabic">Judeo-Tunisian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Yemeni_Arabic" title="Judeo-Yemeni Arabic">Judeo-Yemeni</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Aramaic_languages" title="Judeo-Aramaic languages">Judaeo-Aramaic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Targum_(Aramaic_dialects)" title="Targum (Aramaic dialects)">Targum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Neo-Aramaic_dialect_of_Barzani" title="Jewish Neo-Aramaic dialect of Barzani">Barzani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Neo-Aramaic_dialect_of_Betanure" title="Jewish Neo-Aramaic dialect of Betanure">Betanure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans-Zab_Jewish_Neo-Aramaic" title="Trans-Zab Jewish Neo-Aramaic">Hulaulá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Neo-Aramaic_dialect_of_Zakho" title="Jewish Neo-Aramaic dialect of Zakho">Lishana Deni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Neo-Aramaic_dialect_of_Urmia" title="Jewish Neo-Aramaic dialect of Urmia">Lishán Didán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inter-Zab_Jewish_Neo-Aramaic" title="Inter-Zab Jewish Neo-Aramaic">Lishanid Noshan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Aramaic" title="Biblical Aramaic">Biblical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Babylonian_Aramaic" title="Jewish Babylonian Aramaic">Talmudic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Palestinian_Aramaic" title="Jewish Palestinian Aramaic">Palestinian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galilean_dialect" title="Galilean dialect">Galilean</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Aragonese" title="Judaeo-Aragonese">Judeo-Aragonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_English_varieties" title="Jewish English varieties">Jewish English</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yeshivish" title="Yeshivish">Yeshivish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yinglish" class="mw-redirect" title="Yinglish">Yinglish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heblish" class="mw-redirect" title="Heblish">Heblish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Gascon" title="Judeo-Gascon">Judeo-Gascon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yevanic_language" title="Yevanic language">Judaeo-Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Italian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Italian languages">Judeo-Italian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Piedmontese" title="Judaeo-Piedmontese">Judaeo-Piedmontese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Latin" title="Judeo-Latin">Judeo-Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Malayalam" title="Judeo-Malayalam">Judeo-Malayalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Marathi" title="Judeo-Marathi">Judeo-Marathi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Proven%C3%A7al" title="Judeo-Provençal">Judaeo-Occitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Persian" title="Judeo-Persian">Judeo-Persian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bukharian_(Judeo-Tajik_dialect)" title="Bukharian (Judeo-Tajik dialect)">Bukhori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Borujerdi" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Borujerdi">Judeo-Borujerdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Golpaygani" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Golpaygani">Judeo-Golpaygani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Hamedani" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Hamedani">Judeo-Hamedani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Shirazi" title="Judeo-Shirazi">Judeo-Shirazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Tat" title="Judeo-Tat">Juhuri</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Portuguese" title="Judaeo-Portuguese">Judaeo-Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Urdu" title="Judeo-Urdu">Judeo-Urdu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaim_language" title="Karaim language">Karaim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kayla_dialect" title="Kayla dialect">Kayliñña</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Georgian" title="Judaeo-Georgian">Kivruli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knaanic_language" title="Knaanic language">Knaanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Koine_Greek" title="Jewish Koine Greek">Koiné Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krymchak_language" title="Krymchak language">Krymchak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lachoudisch" title="Lachoudisch">Lachoudisch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Spanish" title="Judaeo-Spanish">Ladino</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haketia" title="Haketia">Haketia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetuani_Ladino" title="Tetuani Ladino">Tetuani</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lotegorisch" title="Lotegorisch">Lotegorisch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qwara_dialect" title="Qwara dialect">Qwareña</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_Jewish_Sign_Language" title="Algerian Jewish Sign Language">Shassagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_Sign_Language" title="Israeli Sign Language">Shassi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Proven%C3%A7al" title="Judeo-Provençal">Shuadit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish" title="Yiddish">Yiddish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish_dialects" title="Yiddish dialects">dialects</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Yiddish" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Yiddish">Eastern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galitzish" class="mw-redirect" title="Galitzish">Galitzish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Yiddish" class="mw-redirect" title="Lithuanian Yiddish">Litvish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poylish" class="mw-redirect" title="Poylish">Poylish</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Klezmer-loshn" title="Klezmer-loshn">Klezmer-loshn</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Yiddish" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Yiddish">Western</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Alsatian" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Alsatian">Judeo-Alsatian</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lachoudisch" title="Lachoudisch">Lachoudisch</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scots-Yiddish" class="mw-redirect" title="Scots-Yiddish">Scots-Yiddish</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zarphatic_language" title="Zarphatic language">Zarphatic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_philosophy" title="Jewish philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_principles_of_faith" title="Jewish principles of faith">Beliefs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mitzvah" title="Mitzvah">Mitzvah</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_authority" title="Rabbinic authority">Rabbinic authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews_as_the_chosen_people" title="Jews as the chosen people">Chosen people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conversion_to_Judaism" title="Conversion to Judaism">Conversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_eschatology" title="Jewish eschatology">Eschatology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Messiah_in_Judaism" title="Messiah in Judaism">Messiah</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_ethics" title="Jewish ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holiness_in_Judaism" title="Holiness in Judaism">Holiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Judaism" title="God in Judaism">God</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_God_in_Judaism" title="Names of God in Judaism">Names of God</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halakha" title="Halakha">Halakha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haskalah" title="Haskalah">Haskalah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabbalah" title="Kabbalah">Kabbalah</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sefirot" title="Sefirot">Sefirot</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_of_Israel" title="Land of Israel">Land of Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Who_is_a_Jew%3F" title="Who is a Jew?">Who is a Jew?</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Branches_of_Judaism" class="mw-redirect" title="Branches of Judaism">Branches</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_religious_movements" title="Jewish religious movements">Religious movements</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism" title="Orthodox Judaism">Orthodox</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haredi_Judaism" title="Haredi Judaism">Haredi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hasidic_Judaism" title="Hasidic Judaism">Hasidic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litvishe" class="mw-redirect" title="Litvishe">Litvaks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Orthodox_Judaism" title="Modern Orthodox Judaism">Modern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Judaism" title="Conservative Judaism">Conservative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_Judaism" title="Reform Judaism">Reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstructionist_Judaism" title="Reconstructionist Judaism">Reconstructionist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_Judaism" title="Humanistic Judaism">Humanistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Hasidism" title="Neo-Hasidism">Neo-Hasidism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Renewal" title="Jewish Renewal">Renewal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neolog_Judaism" title="Neolog Judaism">Neolog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relationships_between_Jewish_religious_movements" title="Relationships between Jewish religious movements">relations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haymanot" title="Haymanot">Haymanot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_Judaism" title="Hellenistic Judaism">Hellenistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaite_Judaism" title="Karaite Judaism">Karaite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritanism" title="Samaritanism">Samaritanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Science" title="Jewish Science">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_secularism" title="Jewish secularism">Secularism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_schisms" title="Jewish schisms">Schisms</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_literature" title="Jewish literature">Literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sifrei_Kodesh" title="Sifrei Kodesh">Sifrei Kodesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Tanakh</a>/Hebrew <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevi%27im" title="Nevi'im">Nevi'im</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketuvim" title="Ketuvim">Ketuvim</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_literature" title="Rabbinic literature">Rabbinic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mishnah" title="Mishnah">Mishnah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tosefta" title="Tosefta">Tosefta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midrash" title="Midrash">Midrash</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primary_texts_of_Kabbalah" title="Primary texts of Kabbalah">Kabbalah texts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hekhalot_literature" title="Hekhalot literature">Hekhalot literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pardes_Rimonim" title="Pardes Rimonim">Pardes Rimonim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sefer_HaBahir" class="mw-redirect" title="Sefer HaBahir">Sefer HaBahir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etz_Chaim_(book)" title="Etz Chaim (book)">Sefer HaEtz Chaim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sefer_Raziel_HaMalakh" title="Sefer Raziel HaMalakh">Sefer Raziel HaMalakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sefer_Yetzirah" title="Sefer Yetzirah">Sefer Yetzirah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zohar" title="Zohar">Zohar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shulchan_Aruch" title="Shulchan Aruch">Shulchan Aruch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddur" title="Siddur">Siddur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_literature" title="Hebrew literature">Hebrew literature</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_culture" title="Jewish culture">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_astrology" title="Jewish astrology">Astrology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_views_on_astrology" title="Jewish views on astrology">perspectives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monen" title="Monen">Monen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_astronomy" title="Hebrew astronomy">Astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_calendar" title="Hebrew calendar">Calendar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_holidays" title="Jewish holidays">Holidays</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_cuisine" title="Jewish cuisine">Cuisine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kashrut" title="Kashrut">Kashrut</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_education" title="Jewish education">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_leadership" title="Jewish leadership">Leadership</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rabbi" title="Rabbi">Rabbi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebbe" title="Rebbe">Rebbe</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_views_on_marriage" title="Jewish views on marriage">Marriage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Divorce_in_Judaism" class="mw-redirect" title="Divorce in Judaism">Divorce</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_music" title="Jewish music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_mythology" title="Jewish mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_name" title="Jewish 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