ADW: Odontaster validus: INFORMATION

<!DOCTYPE html> <html xmlns:og="http://ogp.me/ns#" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <head> <title>ADW: Odontaster validus: INFORMATION</title> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" /> <link rel="canonical" href="https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Odontaster_validus/" /> <script type="text/javascript" src="//code.jquery.com/jquery-3.6.0.min.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="//code.jquery.com/jquery-migrate-3.3.2.min.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/static/js/compat.js"></script> <link rel="shortcut icon" href="https://animaldiversity.org/favicon.ico" /> <link href="//fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Gentium+Book+Basic:400,400italic,700,700italic" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" /> <link href="//fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=PT+Sans:400,700,400italic,700italic" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/static/bootstrap/css/bootstrap.css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/static/css/pica.styles.css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/static/css/pica.print.css" media="print" />  <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/static/colorbox/colorbox.css" /> <meta property="og:url" content="https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Odontaster_validus/" /> <meta content="Odontaster validus" property="og:title" /> <meta content="website" property="og:type" /> <meta content="Animal Diversity Web" property="og:site_name" /> <meta content="https://animaldiversity.org/collections/contributors/Grzimek_inverts/Asteroidea/Odontaster_validus/medium.jpg" property="og:image" /> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary" /> <meta name="twitter:site" content="@AnimalDiversity" /> <meta name="twitter:title" content="Odontaster validus" /> <meta name="twitter:description" content="Read about Odontaster validus on the Animal Diversity Web." /> <meta name="twitter:image:src" content="https://animaldiversity.org/collections/contributors/Grzimek_inverts/Asteroidea/Odontaster_validus/medium.jpg" /> <meta name="twitter:image:height" content="480" /> <meta name="twitter:image:width" content="552" /> <meta name="twitter:url" content="https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Odontaster_validus/" /> <script type="text/javascript" src="/static/js/Hyphenator.js"></script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/static/social-likes/social-likes_birman.css" /> <style> .social-likes { margin: 0; } .social-likes__widget { margin: 0; } </style>   </head> <body> <div id="outerwrap"> <div id="header" aria-role="header"> <h1> <a id="homelink" href="/">Animal Diversity Web</a> </h1> <div class="umlinks"> <div class="relative"> <a href="https://lsa.umich.edu/ummz/" id="ummzlink">University of Michigan Museum of Zoology</a> <a href="https://www.umich.edu/" id="umlink">University of Michigan</a> </div> </div> </div> <div id="wrap" class="gradient"> <div class="container-fluid"> <div class="row-fluid"> <div class="span2 sidebar left"> <ul class="nav nav-tabs nav-stacked" id="sitemap"> <li> <a href="/">Home</a> </li> <li> <a href="/about/">About Us</a> </li> <li> <a href="/animal_names/">About Animal Names</a> </li> <li> <a href="/teach/">Educational Resources</a> </li> <li> <a href="/collections/">Special Collections</a> </li> <li> <a href="/glossary/">Glossary</a> </li> <li> <a href="/accounts/Animalia/">Browse Animalia</a> </li> </ul> <h2 class="offscreen">More Information</h2> <div class="well"> <h3>Additional Information</h3> <ul class="unstyled"> <li> <a href="http://eol.org/search/?q=Odontaster validus&search=Go">Encyclopedia of Life</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="span7_5 blahblahblah main" aria-role="main"> <h2 class="rank-species">Odontaster validus</h2> <div class="social-likes" data-counters="no"> <div class="facebook" title="Share link on Facebook">Facebook</div> <div class="twitter" title="Share link on Twitter">Twitter</div> </div> <div class="snapshots" aria-hidden="true"> <ul> <li> <a href="/accounts/Odontaster_validus/pictures/collections/contributors/Grzimek_inverts/Asteroidea/Odontaster_validus/"> <img alt=" " src="/collections/contributors/Grzimek_inverts/Asteroidea/Odontaster_validus/button.jpg" border="0" /> </a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="byline">By Natalie Ramirez</div> <nav class="contents"> <ul> <li> <a href="#geographic_range">Geographic Range</a> </li> <li> <a href="#habitat">Habitat</a> </li> <li> <a href="#physical_description">Physical Description</a> </li> <li> <a href="#development">Development</a> </li> <li> <a href="#reproduction">Reproduction</a> </li> <li> <a href="#lifespan_longevity">Lifespan/Longevity</a> </li> </ul> <ul> <li> <a href="#behavior">Behavior</a> </li> <li> <a href="#communication">Communication and Perception</a> </li> <li> <a href="#food_habits">Food Habits</a> </li> <li> <a href="#predation">Predation</a> </li> <li> <a href="#ecosystem_roles">Ecosystem Roles</a> </li> <li> <a href="#economic_importance_positive">Economic Importance for Humans: Positive</a> </li> </ul> <ul> <li> <a href="#economic_importance_negative">Economic Importance for Humans: Negative</a> </li> <li> <a href="#conservation_status">Conservation Status</a> </li> <li> <a href="#contributors">Contributors</a> </li> <li> <a href="#references">References</a> </li> </ul> </nav> <div class="inner-wrap"> <section class="hyphenate"> <h3 id="geographic_range">Geographic Range</h3> <p audience="advanced intermediate">Red sea stars are found in the Antarctic region, most prevalently in the waters surrounding the Antarctic continent and islands. <span class="citations"> (<a href="#811E5C1F-CD3C-45B9-ADA6-69C191FC1C60" class="citation">"Odontaster validus Koehler, 1906", 2012</a>)</span></p> <ul class="keywords donthyphenate last"> <li class="keywords-header">Biogeographic Regions</li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020916135918">antarctica</a> <ul> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145365">native</a> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </section> <section class="hyphenate"> <h3 id="habitat">Habitat</h3> <p audience="advanced intermediate">Red sea stars are unique amongst sea stars in their ability to withstand the cold environment of the Antarctic region (averaging -1.8 degrees Celsius). They live at depths of 0-914 meters and are found most often in shallower waters (14 m). <span class="citations"> (<a href="#811E5C1F-CD3C-45B9-ADA6-69C191FC1C60" class="citation">"Odontaster validus Koehler, 1906", 2012</a>; <a href="#51D63947-6C3A-4B50-855F-9C981F57C2EB" class="citation">Kidawa, 2009</a>; <a href="#0AD40D95-808B-428B-8642-C9F903301D36" class="citation">Pearse, 1963</a>; <a href="#A6AE286F-8A5F-4F1F-B885-45196BD1CB8A" class="citation">Stanwell-Smith and Clarke, 1998</a>)</span></p> <ul class="keywords donthyphenate "> <li class="keywords-header">Habitat Regions</li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145371">polar</a> </li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145582">saltwater or marine</a> </li> </ul> <ul class="keywords donthyphenate "> <li class="keywords-header">Aquatic Biomes</li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145431">benthic</a> </li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145825">coastal</a> </li> </ul> <ul class="keywords donthyphenate last"> <li class="keywords-header">Other Habitat Features</li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145633">intertidal or littoral</a> </li> </ul> <ul class="aside block-grid donthyphenate one-up"> <li> <dl> <dt>Range depth</dt> <dd>0 to 914 m</dd> <dd class="english">0.00 to 2998.69 ft</dd> </dl> </li> </ul> </section> <section class="hyphenate"> <h3 id="physical_description">Physical Description</h3> <p audience="advanced intermediate">Like most other sea stars, red sea stars have a central disk with five arms radiating outward. These sea stars are typically a dark shade of red dorsally and a light shade of pink ventrally. Red sea stars have a rather large lightly-colored, pink madreporite dorsal plate which is an opening to its water vascular system. Red sea stars grow 1-2 grams per year and range from 2-11 centimeters in diameter (average 6-8 centimeters). There are no externally visible physical features distinguishing males and females of this species. <span class="citations"> (<a href="#811E5C1F-CD3C-45B9-ADA6-69C191FC1C60" class="citation">"Odontaster validus Koehler, 1906", 2012</a>; <a href="#3536BEFB-F8A0-4BAD-8AA7-270928CAC8CA" class="citation">Janosik and Halanych, 2010</a>; <a href="#51D63947-6C3A-4B50-855F-9C981F57C2EB" class="citation">Kidawa, 2009</a>; <a href="#3AD40223-732D-457B-AF93-B4B25ADFA5F7" class="citation">McClintock, et al., 2008</a>)</span></p> <ul class="keywords donthyphenate "> <li class="keywords-header">Other Physical Features</li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020916131519">ectothermic</a> </li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145808">radial symmetry</a> </li> </ul> <ul class="keywords donthyphenate last"> <li class="keywords-header">Sexual Dimorphism</li> <li> <span>sexes alike</span> </li> </ul> <ul class="aside block-grid donthyphenate two-up"> <li> <dl> <dt>Range length</dt> <dd>2 to 11 cm</dd> <dd class="english">0.79 to 4.33 in</dd> </dl> </li> <li> <dl> <dt>Average length</dt> <dd>7 cm</dd> <dd class="english">2.76 in</dd> </dl> </li> </ul> </section> <section class="hyphenate"> <h3 id="development">Development</h3> <p audience="advanced intermediate">Fertilized eggs develop into planktotrophic larvae, allowing members of the species to disperse. Red sea stars have a rather slow rate of growth, typically gaining 1-2 grams per year. <span class="citations"> (<a href="#811E5C1F-CD3C-45B9-ADA6-69C191FC1C60" class="citation">"Odontaster validus Koehler, 1906", 2012</a>; <a href="#3536BEFB-F8A0-4BAD-8AA7-270928CAC8CA" class="citation">Janosik and Halanych, 2010</a>)</span></p> </section> <section class="hyphenate"> <h3 id="reproduction">Reproduction</h3> <p audience="advanced intermediate">As with most echinoderms, red sea stars reproduce via broadcast spawning and external fertilization. <span class="citations"> (<a href="#0AD40D95-808B-428B-8642-C9F903301D36" class="citation">Pearse, 1963</a>; <a href="#A6AE286F-8A5F-4F1F-B885-45196BD1CB8A" class="citation">Stanwell-Smith and Clarke, 1998</a>)</span></p> <ul class="keywords donthyphenate last"> <li class="keywords-header">Mating System</li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145483">polygynandrous (promiscuous)</a> </li> </ul> <p audience="advanced intermediate">This species reaches sexual maturity at 3-6 years. Reproduction occurs once a year during the winter season, between the months of April and June, with peak spawning occurring during June. Scientists are able to determine when the sea stars are spawning by a decrease in the size of their gonads (sexual organs). Fertilization occurs from June to September. This sea star is known for releasing a large number of oocytes that, once fertilized, then mature into larva. The ova of this sea star typically take 18 months to mature. <span class="citations"> (<a href="#3536BEFB-F8A0-4BAD-8AA7-270928CAC8CA" class="citation">Janosik and Halanych, 2010</a>; <a href="#0AD40D95-808B-428B-8642-C9F903301D36" class="citation">Pearse, 1963</a>)</span></p> <ul class="keywords donthyphenate last"> <li class="keywords-header">Key Reproductive Features</li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145584">seasonal breeding</a> </li> <li> <span>gonochoric/gonochoristic/dioecious (sexes separate)</span> </li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145786">sexual</a> </li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145546">fertilization</a> <ul> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145726">external</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li> <span>broadcast (group) spawning</span> </li> </ul> <ul class="aside block-grid donthyphenate three-up"> <li> <dl> <dt>Breeding interval</dt> <dd>Red sea stars breed once yearly.</dd> </dl> </li> <li> <dl> <dt>Breeding season</dt> <dd>April to June</dd> </dl> </li> <li> <dl> <dt>Range age at sexual or reproductive maturity (female)</dt> <dd>3 to 6 years</dd> </dl> </li> <li> <dl> <dt>Range age at sexual or reproductive maturity (male)</dt> <dd>3 to 6 years</dd> </dl> </li> </ul> <p audience="advanced intermediate">There is currently no evidence that red sea stars exhibit any parental investment. <span class="citations"> (<a href="#3536BEFB-F8A0-4BAD-8AA7-270928CAC8CA" class="citation">Janosik and Halanych, 2010</a>; <a href="#0AD40D95-808B-428B-8642-C9F903301D36" class="citation">Pearse, 1963</a>)</span></p> <ul class="keywords donthyphenate last"> <li class="keywords-header">Parental Investment</li> <li> <span>no parental involvement</span> </li> </ul> </section> <section class="hyphenate"> <h3 id="lifespan_longevity">Lifespan/Longevity</h3> <p audience="advanced intermediate">The lifespan of this sea star is not currently known, although there is evidence that they can live up to 100 years. <span class="citations"> (<a href="#811E5C1F-CD3C-45B9-ADA6-69C191FC1C60" class="citation">"Odontaster validus Koehler, 1906", 2012</a>; <a href="#0AD40D95-808B-428B-8642-C9F903301D36" class="citation">Pearse, 1963</a>)</span></p> <ul class="aside block-grid donthyphenate one-up"> <li> <dl> <dt>Range lifespan<br /><span>Status: wild</span></dt> <dd>100 (high) hours</dd> </dl> </li> </ul> </section> <section class="hyphenate"> <h3 id="behavior">Behavior</h3> <p audience="advanced intermediate">This sea star is typically sedentary and often found attached to rocks in the water. They move significant distances only in times of extreme starvation or distress. Red sea stars exhibit "arm fencing," a behavior in which they compete for dominance and eating rights. <span class="citations"> (<a href="#811E5C1F-CD3C-45B9-ADA6-69C191FC1C60" class="citation">"Odontaster validus Koehler, 1906", 2012</a>; <a href="#3536BEFB-F8A0-4BAD-8AA7-270928CAC8CA" class="citation">Janosik and Halanych, 2010</a>; <a href="#51D63947-6C3A-4B50-855F-9C981F57C2EB" class="citation">Kidawa, 2009</a>; <a href="#A6AE286F-8A5F-4F1F-B885-45196BD1CB8A" class="citation">Stanwell-Smith and Clarke, 1998</a>)</span></p> <ul class="keywords donthyphenate last"> <li class="keywords-header">Key Behaviors</li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145585">sedentary</a> </li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145492">social</a> </li> </ul> <ul class="aside block-grid donthyphenate one-up"> <li> <dl> <dt>Average territory size</dt> <dd>0.3 m^2</dd> </dl> </li> </ul> <h4>Home Range</h4> <p audience="advanced intermediate">These sea stars are found at an average density of 2.7 per m^2. <span class="citations"> (<a href="#3AD40223-732D-457B-AF93-B4B25ADFA5F7" class="citation">McClintock, et al., 2008</a>)</span></p> </section> <section class="hyphenate"> <h3 id="communication">Communication and Perception</h3> <p audience="advanced intermediate">Red sea stars detect their environments with using chemoreceptors, which they rely on to recognize potential prey. These chemoreceptors also have the ability to elicit an alarm response which tells the sea star to move away from the stimulus quickly. There is both interspecific and intraspecific communication using chemoreceptors. <span class="citations"> (<a href="#3AD40223-732D-457B-AF93-B4B25ADFA5F7" class="citation">McClintock, et al., 2008</a>)</span></p> <ul class="keywords donthyphenate "> <li class="keywords-header">Communication Channels</li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145606">chemical</a> </li> </ul> <ul class="keywords donthyphenate last"> <li class="keywords-header">Perception Channels</li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145606">chemical</a> </li> </ul> </section> <section class="hyphenate"> <h3 id="food_habits">Food Habits</h3> <p audience="advanced intermediate">Red sea stars are omnivorous, feeding on a variety of species such as bivalves (e.g. <span rank="Species" class="taxon-name rank-species">Limatula hodgsoni</span> and <span rank="Species" class="taxon-name rank-species">Laternula elliptica</span>), sponges (e.g. <a class="taxon-link rank-species" href="/accounts/Rossella_racovitzae/">Rossella racovitzae</a>, <a class="taxon-link rank-species" href="/accounts/Rossella_nuda/">Rossella nuda</a>, <span rank="Species" class="taxon-name rank-species">Scolymastra joubini</span>, <a class="taxon-link rank-species" href="/accounts/Craniella_leptoderma/">Craniella leptoderma</a>, and <a class="taxon-link rank-species" href="/accounts/Homaxinella_balfourensis/">Homaxinella balfourensis</a>), hydroids (e.g. <span rank="Species" class="taxon-name rank-species">Halecium arboreum</span>), other echinoderms (e.g. <span rank="Species" class="taxon-name rank-species">Acodontaster conspicuus</span> and <span rank="Species" class="taxon-name rank-species">Sterechinus neumayeri</span>), and isopods (<a class="taxon-link rank-species" href="/accounts/Glyptonotus_antarcticus/">Glyptonotus antarcticus</a>), as well as red algae, diatoms and seal feces. Due to the harsh environment of the Antarctic, red sea stars must be capable of surviving for long periods (potentially an entire winter) with no food. This sea star does not exhibit cannibalism; however, it is quite common for it to prey on other sea stars, particularly <span rank="Species" class="taxon-name rank-species">Acodontaster conspicuus</span>. It is not yet known if red sea stars are more likely to search for food in groups or individually. <span class="citations"> (<a href="#811E5C1F-CD3C-45B9-ADA6-69C191FC1C60" class="citation">"Odontaster validus Koehler, 1906", 2012</a>; <a href="#51D63947-6C3A-4B50-855F-9C981F57C2EB" class="citation">Kidawa, 2009</a>; <a href="#3AD40223-732D-457B-AF93-B4B25ADFA5F7" class="citation">McClintock, et al., 2008</a>; <a href="#0AD40D95-808B-428B-8642-C9F903301D36" class="citation">Pearse, 1963</a>)</span></p> <ul class="keywords donthyphenate "> <li class="keywords-header">Primary Diet</li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145419">carnivore</a> <ul> <li> <span>eats non-insect arthropods</span> </li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020914202902">molluscivore</a> </li> <li> <span>eats other marine invertebrates</span> </li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145488">scavenger</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145426">herbivore</a> <ul> <li> <span>algivore</span> </li> </ul> </li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145763">omnivore</a> </li> </ul> <ul class="keywords donthyphenate "> <li class="keywords-header">Animal Foods</li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020913233224">carrion</a> </li> <li> <span>mollusks</span> </li> <li> <span>aquatic crustaceans</span> </li> <li> <span>echinoderms</span> </li> <li> <span>cnidarians</span> </li> </ul> <ul class="keywords donthyphenate "> <li class="keywords-header">Plant Foods</li> <li> <span>algae</span> </li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145667">phytoplankton</a> </li> </ul> <ul class="keywords donthyphenate last"> <li class="keywords-header">Other Foods</li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145342">detritus</a> </li> <li> <span>dung</span> </li> </ul> </section> <section class="hyphenate"> <h3 id="predation">Predation</h3> <p audience="advanced intermediate">Red sea starts tend to form larger clusters when a potential predator is sensed, as if to ward off any predators by seeming to be one large entity. This is unique because echinoderms are otherwise only known to form groups or clusters in order to better capture food or to increase the likelihood of fertilization. Known predators of red sea stars include sea anemones, sea stars, and jellyfish. <span class="citations"> (<a href="#811E5C1F-CD3C-45B9-ADA6-69C191FC1C60" class="citation">"Odontaster validus Koehler, 1906", 2012</a>; <a href="#AA8F4DF5-F3A5-11E1-BB69-002500F14F28" class="citation">Brueggeman, 1998</a>; <a href="#51D63947-6C3A-4B50-855F-9C981F57C2EB" class="citation">Kidawa, 2009</a>; <a href="#3AD40223-732D-457B-AF93-B4B25ADFA5F7" class="citation">McClintock, et al., 2008</a>; <a href="#0AD40D95-808B-428B-8642-C9F903301D36" class="citation">Pearse, 1963</a>)</span></p> <ul class="aside block-grid donthyphenate one-up"> <li> <dl> <dt>Known Predators</dt> <dd> <ul> <li><a class="taxon-link rank-species" href="/accounts/Desmonema_glaciale/">Desmonema glaciale</a> (Family Cyaneidae, Phylum Cnidaria)</li> <li><span rank="Species" class="taxon-name rank-species">Macroptychaster accrescens</span> (Order Paxillosida, Class Asteroidea)</li> <li><a class="taxon-link rank-species" href="/accounts/Urticinopsis_antarctica/">Urticinopsis antarctica</a> (Order Actiniaria, Class Anthozoa)</li> </ul> </dd> </dl> </li> </ul> </section> <section class="hyphenate"> <h3 id="ecosystem_roles">Ecosystem Roles</h3> <p audience="advanced intermediate">Red sea stars eat the larvae of several sympatric sea stars that prey on various sponge communities, sometimes so heavily as to negatively impact the sponges' populations. Therefore, these sea stars may help maintain sponge populations. <span class="citations"> (<a href="#3AD40223-732D-457B-AF93-B4B25ADFA5F7" class="citation">McClintock, et al., 2008</a>)</span></p> <ul class="keywords donthyphenate last"> <li class="keywords-header">Ecosystem Impact</li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145561">keystone species</a> </li> </ul> </section> <section class="hyphenate"> <h3 id="economic_importance_positive">Economic Importance for Humans: Positive</h3> <p audience="advanced intermediate">The Antarctic conditions required by red sea stars mean that they are usually not kept in captivity and so they have little economic importance for humans. <span class="citations"> (<a href="#811E5C1F-CD3C-45B9-ADA6-69C191FC1C60" class="citation">"Odontaster validus Koehler, 1906", 2012</a>; <a href="#3536BEFB-F8A0-4BAD-8AA7-270928CAC8CA" class="citation">Janosik and Halanych, 2010</a>; <a href="#3AD40223-732D-457B-AF93-B4B25ADFA5F7" class="citation">McClintock, et al., 2008</a>; <a href="#0AD40D95-808B-428B-8642-C9F903301D36" class="citation">Pearse, 1963</a>; <a href="#A6AE286F-8A5F-4F1F-B885-45196BD1CB8A" class="citation">Stanwell-Smith and Clarke, 1998</a>)</span></p> </section> <section class="hyphenate"> <h3 id="economic_importance_negative">Economic Importance for Humans: Negative</h3> <p audience="advanced intermediate">There are no known negative economic impacts of this species.</p> </section> <section class="hyphenate"> <h3 id="conservation_status">Conservation Status</h3> <p audience="advanced intermediate">Despite the harsh conditions within the Antarctic, red sea star populations appear to be thriving and the species has no special conservation status. <span class="citations"> (<a href="#3536BEFB-F8A0-4BAD-8AA7-270928CAC8CA" class="citation">Janosik and Halanych, 2010</a>)</span></p> <ul class="aside block-grid donthyphenate three-up"> <li> <dl> <dt> <a class="external-link" href="http://www.iucnredlist.org/">IUCN Red List</a> </dt> <dd> <span>Not Evaluated</span> </dd> </dl> </li> <li> <dl> <dt> <a class="external-link" href="http://www.fws.gov/endangered/">US Federal List</a> </dt> <dd> <span>No special status</span> </dd> </dl> </li> <li> <dl> <dt> <a class="external-link" href="http://www.cites.org/eng/app/appendices.php">CITES</a> </dt> <dd> <span>No special status</span> </dd> </dl> </li> <li> <dl> <dt> <a class="external-link" href="http://mnfi.anr.msu.edu/data/specialanimals.cfm">State of Michigan List</a> </dt> <dd> <span>No special status</span> </dd> </dl> </li> </ul> </section> <section class="hyphenate"> <h3 id="contributors">Contributors</h3> <p>Natalie Ramirez (author), Sierra College, Jeremy Wright (editor), University of Michigan-Ann Arbor. </p> </section> <section class="offscreen"> <h3 id="glossary">Glossary</h3> <div id="20020916135918"> <dl> <dt>Antarctica</dt> <dd> <p>lives on Antarctica, the southernmost continent which sits astride the southern pole.</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020904145431"> <dl> <dt>benthic</dt> <dd> <p>Referring to an animal that lives on or near the bottom of a body of water. Also an aquatic biome consisting of the ocean bottom below the pelagic and coastal zones. Bottom habitats in the very deepest oceans (below 9000 m) are sometimes referred to as the abyssal zone. see also oceanic vent.</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020904145419"> <dl> <dt>carnivore</dt> <dd> <p>an animal that mainly eats meat</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020913233224"> <dl> <dt>carrion</dt> <dd> <p>flesh of dead animals.</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020904145606"> <dl> <dt>chemical</dt> <dd> <p>uses smells or other chemicals to communicate</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020904145825"> <dl> <dt>coastal</dt> <dd> <p>the nearshore aquatic habitats near a coast, or shoreline.</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020904145342"> <dl> <dt>detritus</dt> <dd> <p>particles of organic material from dead and decomposing organisms. Detritus is the result of the activity of decomposers (organisms that decompose organic material).</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020916131519"> <dl> <dt>ectothermic</dt> <dd> <p>animals which must use heat acquired from the environment and behavioral adaptations to regulate body temperature</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020904145726"> <dl> <dt>external fertilization</dt> <dd> <p>fertilization takes place outside the female's body</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020904145546"> <dl> <dt>fertilization</dt> <dd> <p>union of egg and spermatozoan</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020904145426"> <dl> <dt>herbivore</dt> <dd> <p>An animal that eats mainly plants or parts of plants.</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020904145633"> <dl> <dt>intertidal or littoral</dt> <dd> <p>the area of shoreline influenced mainly by the tides, between the highest and lowest reaches of the tide. An aquatic habitat.</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020904145561"> <dl> <dt>keystone species</dt> <dd> <p>a species whose presence or absence strongly affects populations of other species in that area such that the extirpation of the keystone species in an area will result in the ultimate extirpation of many more species in that area (Example: sea otter).</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020914202902"> <dl> <dt>molluscivore</dt> <dd> <p>eats mollusks, members of Phylum Mollusca</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020904145365"> <dl> <dt>native range</dt> <dd> <p>the area in which the animal is naturally found, the region in which it is endemic.</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020904145763"> <dl> <dt>omnivore</dt> <dd> <p>an animal that mainly eats all kinds of things, including plants and animals</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020904145667"> <dl> <dt>phytoplankton</dt> <dd> <p>photosynthetic or plant constituent of plankton; mainly unicellular algae. (Compare to zooplankton.)</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020904145371"> <dl> <dt>polar</dt> <dd> <p>the regions of the earth that surround the north and south poles, from the north pole to 60 degrees north and from the south pole to 60 degrees south.</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020904145483"> <dl> <dt>polygynandrous</dt> <dd> <p>the kind of polygamy in which a female pairs with several males, each of which also pairs with several different females.</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020904145808"> <dl> <dt>radial symmetry</dt> <dd> <p>a form of body symmetry in which the parts of an animal are arranged concentrically around a central oral/aboral axis and more than one imaginary plane through this axis results in halves that are mirror-images of each other. Examples are cnidarians (Phylum Cnidaria, jellyfish, anemones, and corals).</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020904145582"> <dl> <dt>saltwater or marine</dt> <dd> <p>mainly lives in oceans, seas, or other bodies of salt water.</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020904145488"> <dl> <dt>scavenger</dt> <dd> <p>an animal that mainly eats dead animals</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020904145584"> <dl> <dt>seasonal breeding</dt> <dd> <p>breeding is confined to a particular season</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020904145585"> <dl> <dt>sedentary</dt> <dd> <p>remains in the same area</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020904145786"> <dl> <dt>sexual</dt> <dd> <p>reproduction that includes combining the genetic contribution of two individuals, a male and a female</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020904145492"> <dl> <dt>social</dt> <dd> <p>associates with others of its species; forms social groups.</p> </dd> </dl> </div> </section> <section class="hyphenate"> <h3 id="references">References</h3> <p id="B8FDB840-F3A3-11E1-BE8C-002500F14F28">2012. "Encyclopedia of Life" (On-line). Odontaster validus. Accessed August 31, 2012 at <tt><a href="http://eol.org/pages/4704670/details">http://eol.org/pages/4704670/details</a></tt>. </p> <p id="811E5C1F-CD3C-45B9-ADA6-69C191FC1C60">Belgian Biodiversity platform. 2012. "Odontaster validus Koehler, 1906" (On-line). SCAR Antarctic Field Guides. Accessed March 11, 2012 at <tt><a href="http://afg.biodiversity.aq/species/21-odontaster-validus">http://afg.biodiversity.aq/species/21-odontaster-validus</a></tt>. </p> <p id="AA8F4DF5-F3A5-11E1-BB69-002500F14F28">Brueggeman, P. 1998. "Cnidaria – Scyphozoa: jellyfish UNDERWATER FIELD GUIDE TO ROSS ISLAND & MCMURDO SOUND, ANTARCTICA" (On-line pdf). Accessed August 31, 2012 at <tt><a href="http://www.peterbrueggeman.com/nsf/fguide/cnidaria--scyphozoa.pdf">http://www.peterbrueggeman.com/nsf/fguide/cnidaria--scyphozoa.pdf</a></tt>. </p> <p id="3536BEFB-F8A0-4BAD-8AA7-270928CAC8CA">Janosik, A., K. Halanych. 2010. Unrecognized Antarctic Biodiversity: A Case Study of the Genus <em>Odontaster</em> (Odontasteridae; Asteroidea). <span style="font-style: italic">Integrative & Comparative Biology</span>, 50/6: 981-992. Accessed March 11, 2012 at <tt><a href="http://icb.oxfordjournals.org/content/50/6/981.full">http://icb.oxfordjournals.org/content/50/6/981.full</a></tt>. </p> <p id="51D63947-6C3A-4B50-855F-9C981F57C2EB">Kidawa, A. 2009. Food Selection of the Antarctic Sea Star <em>Odontaster validus</em>: Laboratory Experiments With Food Quality And Size. <span style="font-style: italic">Polish Journal of Ecology</span>, 57/1: 139-147. Accessed March 11, 2012 at <tt><a href="http://www.pol.j.ecol.cbe-pan.pl/article/ar57_1_11.pdf">http://www.pol.j.ecol.cbe-pan.pl/article/ar57_1_11.pdf</a></tt>. </p> <p id="3AD40223-732D-457B-AF93-B4B25ADFA5F7">McClintock, J., R. Angus, C. Ho, C. Amsler, B. Baker. 2008. A laboratory study of behavioral interactions of the Antarctic keystone sea star <em>Odontaster validus</em> with three sympatric predatory sea stars. <span style="font-style: italic">Marine Biology Journals</span>, 154: 1077-1084. Accessed March 20, 2012 at <tt><a href="http://www.springerlink.com/content/jj25k262m1647w86/">http://www.springerlink.com/content/jj25k262m1647w86/</a></tt>. </p> <p id="0AD40D95-808B-428B-8642-C9F903301D36">Pearse, J. 1963. The Reproductive Cycle of the Antarctic Asteroid, <em>Odontaster validus</em> Koehler. XVI International Congress of Zoology, 1: 111. Accessed March 28, 2012 at <tt><a href="http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=o0IrAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false">http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=o0IrAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false</a></tt>. </p> <p id="A6AE286F-8A5F-4F1F-B885-45196BD1CB8A">Stanwell-Smith, D., A. Clarke. 1998. Seasonality of reproduction in the cushion star <em>Odontaster validus</em> at Signy Island, Antarctica. <span style="font-style: italic">Marine Biology Journals</span>, 131/3: 479-487. Accessed March 20, 2012 at <tt><a href="http://www.springerlink.com/content/b06nal3juljp73eu/">http://www.springerlink.com/content/b06nal3juljp73eu/</a></tt>. </p> </section> </div> </div> <div class="span2_5 right sidebar"> <div class="well" id="pocket-guide-link"> <a href="https://itunes.apple.com/us/app/adw-pocket-guide/id916179421?mt=8" target="_blank"><i class="icon-download icon-white" style="vertical-align: bottom"></i> ADW Pocket Guides on the iOS App Store! </a> <p>The Animal Diversity Web team is excited to announce ADW Pocket Guides!</p> <p> <a href="/news/5009059054038197651/">Read more...</a> </p> </div> <h2 class="offscreen">Search</h2> <div id="site-search"> <form action="/search" method="GET"> <label for="q" class="offscreen">Enter search text</label> <input value="" id="q" name="q" class="span12" size="15" type="text" placeholder="Search ADW" /> <button class="btn"> <i class="icon-zoom-in"></i> <span class="offscreen">Search</span> </button> <p style="max-height: 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