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nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Federalist Paper by James Madison</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title" style="font-size:125%; font-style:italic; padding-bottom:0.2em;">Federalist No. 14 <span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Federalist+No.+14&rft.author=%5B%5BJames+Madison%5D%5D&rft.date=November+30%2C+1787&rft.pub=%27%27New+York+Packet%27%27&rft.place=United+States&rft.series=%27%27%5B%5BThe+Federalist+Papers%7CThe+Federalist%5D%5D%27%27"></span></caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gilbert_Stuart,_James_Madison,_c._1821,_NGA_56914.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Gilbert_Stuart%2C_James_Madison%2C_c._1821%2C_NGA_56914.jpg/200px-Gilbert_Stuart%2C_James_Madison%2C_c._1821%2C_NGA_56914.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="236" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Gilbert_Stuart%2C_James_Madison%2C_c._1821%2C_NGA_56914.jpg/300px-Gilbert_Stuart%2C_James_Madison%2C_c._1821%2C_NGA_56914.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Gilbert_Stuart%2C_James_Madison%2C_c._1821%2C_NGA_56914.jpg/400px-Gilbert_Stuart%2C_James_Madison%2C_c._1821%2C_NGA_56914.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3388" data-file-height="4000" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">James Madison, author of Federalist No. 14</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Author</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">James Madison</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Original title</th><td class="infobox-data"><i>Objections to the Proposed Constitution From Extent of Territory Answered</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Language</th><td class="infobox-data">English</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Series</th><td class="infobox-data"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Federalist_Papers" title="The Federalist Papers">The Federalist</a></i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Publisher</th><td class="infobox-data"><i>New York Packet</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Publication date</div></th><td class="infobox-data">November 30, 1787</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Publication place</th><td class="infobox-data">United States</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Media type</th><td class="infobox-data">Newspaper</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><i><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._13" title="Federalist No. 13">Federalist No. 13</a> </i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Followed by</th><td class="infobox-data"><i><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._15" title="Federalist No. 15">Federalist No. 15</a> </i></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Federalist No. 14</b> is an essay by <a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">James Madison</a> titled "<b>Objections to the Proposed Constitution From Extent of Territory Answered</b>". This essay is the fourteenth of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Federalist_Papers" title="The Federalist Papers">The Federalist Papers</a></i>. It was first published in <i>The New York Packet</i> on November 30, 1787 under the <a href="/wiki/Pseudonym" title="Pseudonym">pseudonym</a> Publius, the name under which all <i>The Federalist</i> papers were published. It addresses a major objection of the <a href="/wiki/Anti-Federalists" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Federalists">Anti-Federalists</a> to the proposed <a href="/wiki/United_States_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Constitution">United States Constitution</a>: that the sheer size of the United States would make it impossible to govern justly as a single country. Madison touched on this issue in <a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._10" title="Federalist No. 10">Federalist No. 10</a> and returns to it in this essay. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Federalist_No._14&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When the <a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">thirteen colonies</a> separated from Great Britain, they instated a national government under the framework outlined by the <a href="/wiki/Articles_of_Confederation" title="Articles of Confederation">Articles of Confederation</a>. Under that administration, the national government had very limited powers, allowing the States to function independently, as the Article reads: "each state retain[ed] its sovereignty, freedom, and independence, and every power, jurisdiction, and right."<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, the Articles of Confederation did not prove to be effective, so in 1786, leaders called a meeting dubbed the <a href="/wiki/Annapolis_Convention_(1786)" title="Annapolis Convention (1786)">Annapolis Convention</a> to discuss the issues of the government.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This meeting led to the <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Convention_(United_States)" title="Constitutional Convention (United States)">Constitutional Convention</a> of 1787 to discuss the formation of a new government and led to the writing of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Constitution">United States Constitution</a>. The Constitution proposed a stronger general government in which there would be <a href="/wiki/Three_branches_of_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Three branches of government">three branches</a>: Legislative, Executive, and Judicial. Many concerns with the proposed document were presented by the <a href="/wiki/Anti-Federalism" title="Anti-Federalism">Anti-Federalists</a>. For the Constitution to be ratified, their concerns needed to be addressed and put to rest. </p><p>Three delegates, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton" title="Alexander Hamilton">Alexander Hamilton</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">James Madison</a>, and <a href="/wiki/John_Jay" title="John Jay">John Jay</a>, recognized this hesitancy and took it upon themselves to defend and explicate the meaning and benefits of the Constitution. Together they penned 85 essays, dubbed <i>The Federalist</i> (later in the 20th century they became known as <i><a href="/wiki/The_Federalist_Papers" title="The Federalist Papers">The Federalist Papers</a></i>), all which were printed in New York newspapers under the pseudonym "Publius" addressed "To the People of the State of New York." After 85 Federalist essays and 10 months of deliberation, the Constitution was ratified on July 21, 1788.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 14th Federalist Paper, addressed the topics of identifying the form of government which the Union was trying to attain, the size of the Union, the separation of powers between the general government and the States, the traveling within the Union, and the benefits in regards to States at the borderline of the Union. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Republic_vs._Democracy">Republic vs. Democracy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Federalist_No._14&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Republic vs. Democracy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first topic that Madison addresses is the differentiation between a <a href="/wiki/Republic" title="Republic">republic</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">democracy</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/George_Clinton_(vice_president)" title="George Clinton (vice president)">George Clinton</a>, the Governor of New York and one of the foremost authors of the Anti-Federalist papers at the time of the ratification of the Constitution, cited <a href="/wiki/Montesquieu" title="Montesquieu">Montesquieu</a>, a political philosopher who authored "<a href="/wiki/The_Spirit_of_the_Laws" class="mw-redirect" title="The Spirit of the Laws">The Spirit of the Laws</a>",<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to support his argument. In Clinton's third essay, "Extent of Territory under Consolidated Government Too Large to Preserve Liberty or Protect Property," he asserts that the merging all of the States to become one country with a serious government would render the proposed mode of government unsuccessful.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Again referencing Montesquieu, Clinton argues that in order for a republic to succeed, it must be within a small territory. If not, then it would be likely that "an ambitious person" would gain too much power, abuse it, and use it to oppress the people. </p><p>In response to Clinton's concern, Madison explains that Clinton has simply confused a republic with a democracy. Madison previously wrote at length regarding the differences between a democracy and the republic that the Federalists propose in <a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._10" title="Federalist No. 10">Federalist 10</a>. Therefore, in this essay, he consolidates his argument by simply defining the two government forms, referring the readers to "preceding papers". He delineates a democracy as a government that is exercised by the meeting of all of the people, while a republic is administered via "representatives and agents." Madison therefore counters Clinton's assertion that a small territory is necessary for the success of a republic by explaining that the examples of ancient Greece and "modern" Italy were not failed republics but rather unstable, failed democracies. </p><p>The reason that the opportunity for "an ambitious person" to arise only exists in a democracy rather than a republic is because in a democracy, the government is run by an assemblage of all of the citizens of the state who then execute all necessary duties. Without leadership, instability is almost definite which then provides an opportunity for an individual to rise up and establish a <a href="/wiki/Monarchy" title="Monarchy">monarchial form</a> of government in which a single person has absolute power. However, in what is now dubbed the <i><a href="/wiki/Madisonian_Model" class="mw-redirect" title="Madisonian Model">Madisonian Model</a></i>, Madison designed a model of government in which the possibility for this occurrence is no longer achievable. Madison recognized the issue that Montesquieu brought to attention; he solved the matter by utilizing a brainchild of Montesquieu. In the Union's republic, there will be a system of <i><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_powers" title="Separation of powers">checks and balances</a></i>. Madison constructed a government made of three branches: each branch has its specified responsibilities and powers as well as each branch performs "checks and balances" on the others. These two aspects make certain that no one group or person within the government obtains too much control or power, thereby invalidating Clinton's concerns. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_Size_of_the_Union">The Size of the Union</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Federalist_No._14&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: The Size of the Union"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Another point that Clinton brings down is also according to Montesquieu, who says that a republic can only survive if it remains in a small territory.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, after Madison clarifies the difference between democracy and a republic, he states that it is the democratic government which is "confined to a small spot," rather than a republic which "may be extended over a large region." The reasoning, Madison explains, is that in a democracy, when an assembly is necessary, then all of the citizens need to convene. This becomes difficult when the territory is large and the citizens are spread out. However, with a republic, only the representatives need to gather, therefore, the assigned meeting place just needs to be reachable by all. </p><p>Madison supports his point by bringing down that since the first assembly of the colonial delegates at the <a href="/wiki/Continental_Congress" title="Continental Congress">Continental Congress</a> on September 5, 1774 to the <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Convention_(United_States)" title="Constitutional Convention (United States)">Constitutional Convention</a> in 1787, representatives have been meeting without issue. Over the past thirteen years, Madison explains, the representatives have met without agents from the further States beings absent more than those agents from the States closer to the meeting point. </p><p>Madison continues to address the concern regarding the size of the Union by going through the "actual dimensions of the Union." An anti-Federalist labeled "<a href="/wiki/Federal_Farmer" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Farmer">Federal Farmer</a>" published an essay, "Federal Farmer II," on October 9, 1787 exclaiming that "it would be impossible to collect a representation of the parts of the country five, six, and seven hundred miles from the seat of the government" with the "extensive [size of the] country."<sup id="cite_ref-:2_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Madison goes through "the [territorial] limits, as fixed by the treaty of peace" by stating exact degrees at which the borders lie and computing the distances. He explains that although the number may seem daunting, it is actually a reasonable distance. Madison brings down that the size of the Union is only slightly larger than <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> and <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>, before its disintegration, both of which regularly has/had successful conventions of their "national diet." He then explains that <a href="/wiki/Great_Britain" title="Great Britain">Great Britain</a>, although smaller in size, because it is an island, the distance in which a representative must travel for a Parliament meeting is far greater than necessary in the Union. If these European countries, similar in size/travel distance to the Union, were capable of having their representatives assemble productively, then there is no reason why the Union cannot do the same. </p><p>The Federal Farmer continued his grievance in "Federal Farmer II" by moving from advocating for the representatives to advocating for the citizens. He claimed that the citizens will have to travel a mean of 150 to 200 miles to attend court because of the federal system. Madison responded to this and to similar complaints by remarking that once the Union is established, transportation improvements will be made ranging from shortening of roads, the construction of interstate canals, to bettering traveler's accommodations. Madison is implying that although the area may seem vast, advances will be done to facilitate travelers. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_States_as_Frontiers">The States as Frontiers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Federalist_No._14&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: The States as Frontiers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Madison explains that States that are on the perimeter of the Union will be subject to the confrontations of surrounding nations. At those times, the State will be in need of man-power and resources. Madison analyzes that although it may be inconvenient for a State that is far from the designated government convention location to send a representative, the State would be able to receive support financially and in fighting. Therefore, upon a cross-benefit analysis, a State on the border of the Union who may suffer from its distant location, would attain more benefit from the formation of the Union in "other respects" that it would be worthwhile to take part in it. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="A_Republic_with_Both_Federal_and_State_Governments">A Republic with Both Federal and State Governments</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Federalist_No._14&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: A Republic with Both Federal and State Governments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Madison expounds on a fundamental concept of the government that the Federalists are proposing. The Union will have a general government which will have limited jurisdiction to matters that concern all of the members of the republic, and then, in order to maintain a stable republic, there will be subordinate governments in which each State will have its own government. The States will have authority over all "subjects which can be separately provided for" and those citizens who reside within their State. </p><p>By mentioning this point, Madison neutralized three concerns of the anti-Federalist: one mentioned by Federal Farmer and two brought up by George Clinton. </p> <ul><li>On October 7, 1787, Federal Farmer published that he was uneasy about the division of powers between the general and State governments people.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Federal Farmer II also suggests that the representation of the people is uncertain.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Madison's explanation responds to his doubt in the matter because the government with both a general republican national government and a State republican government means that the people will be represented at both the Federal and the State levels.</li> <li>Clinton exclaims in his essay "Extent of Territory under Consolidated Government Too Large to Preserve Liberty or Protect Property" that in a large republic, the citizen's voices will be drowned out and abuses will be extensive.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, this concern is defused by Madison's explanation. <ul><li>With the concern of voices being drowned out, the existence of the State governments means that there will be the benefits of the small republic in which as Montesquieu says "the interest of the public is more obvious, better understood, and more within the reach of every citizen" while having all of the benefits of a general republican government.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although there will be a general government which not all voices are heard, the smaller State governments will take note of them.</li> <li>With the concern of abuses, Clinton quoted Montesquieu who only had <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">ancient Rome</a> to look to for an example of a large Republic. What happened in ancient Rome was its governors would be interested in making a lot of money, they would go to far off provinces and extort the tax farmers. "There was usually collusion between the governor and the tax contractors and the senate was too far away to exercise any effective control."<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the plan of the Federalists is to have the State governments which will prevent events such as those to occur. Madison concludes this subject by stating that the anti-Federalists do not have grounds for a concern because their plan is not to abolish the State governments but rather for them to remain intact and to harmonize the large general government.</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_Points_Mentioned">Other Points Mentioned</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Federalist_No._14&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Other Points Mentioned"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In addition to the points mentioned above, Madison also briefly writes about the expansion of the Union. </p><p>Madison concludes his essay by asking the people of New York to choose the Union and not the disunion of the States. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Federalist_No._14&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=llsl&fileName=001/llsl001.db&recNum=127">"A Century of Lawmaking for a New Nation: U.S. Congressional Documents and Debates, 1774 - 1875"</a>. <i>memory.loc.gov</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 3,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=memory.loc.gov&rft.atitle=A+Century+of+Lawmaking+for+a+New+Nation%3A+U.S.+Congressional+Documents+and+Debates%2C+1774+-+1875&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmemory.loc.gov%2Fcgi-bin%2Fampage%3FcollId%3Dllsl%26fileName%3D001%2Fllsl001.db%26recNum%3D127&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederalist+No.+14" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gilderlehrman.org/history-by-era/creating-new-government/timeline-terms/annapolis-convention">"Annapolis Convention | The Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History"</a>. <i>www.gilderlehrman.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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OUP Oxford. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780192805928" title="Special:BookSources/9780192805928"><bdi>9780192805928</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Federalist+Papers&rft.pub=OUP+Oxford&rft.date=2008-10-09&rft.isbn=9780192805928&rft.aulast=Hamilton&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft.au=Madison%2C+James&rft.au=Jay%2C+John&rft.au=Goldman%2C+Lawrence&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxWhLIXWKh-0C%26q%3Darticles%2Bof%2Bconfederation%26pg%3DPR7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederalist+No.+14" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHamiltonMadisonJay1987" class="citation book cs1">Hamilton, Alexander; Madison, James; Jay, John (November 3, 1987). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/federalistpapers00madi"><i>The Federalist Papers</i></a></span> (Reprint ed.). Penguin Classics. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780140444957" title="Special:BookSources/9780140444957"><bdi>9780140444957</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Federalist+Papers&rft.edition=Reprint&rft.pub=Penguin+Classics&rft.date=1987-11-03&rft.isbn=9780140444957&rft.aulast=Hamilton&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft.au=Madison%2C+James&rft.au=Jay%2C+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffederalistpapers00madi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederalist+No.+14" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFdeMontesquieu1977" class="citation book cs1">de, Charles de Secondat Montesquieu, baron; Montesquieu, Charles-Louis De (January 1, 1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4OYK1pBoeYUC&q=montesquieu+the+spirit+of+the+laws"><i>The Spirit of the Laws</i></a>. 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University Of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780226775753" title="Special:BookSources/9780226775753"><bdi>9780226775753</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Complete+Anti-Federalist&rft.pub=University+Of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2007-11-15&rft.isbn=9780226775753&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederalist+No.+14" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKetcham2003" class="citation book cs1">Ketcham, Ralph, ed. (May 6, 2003). <i>The Anti-Federalist Papers and the Constitutional Convention Debates</i> (58615th ed.). Signet. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780451528841" title="Special:BookSources/9780451528841"><bdi>9780451528841</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Anti-Federalist+Papers+and+the+Constitutional+Convention+Debates&rft.edition=58615th&rft.pub=Signet&rft.date=2003-05-06&rft.isbn=9780451528841&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederalist+No.+14" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones1968" class="citation book cs1">Jones (1968). <i>A History of Rome Through the Fifth Century Vol 1</i>. New York: Harper & Row. <q>Oppression and extortion began very early in the provinces and reached fantastic proportions in the later republic. Most governors were primarily interested in acquiring military glory and in making money during their year in office, and the companies which farmed the taxes expected to make ample profits. There was usually collusion between the governor and the tax contractors and the senate was too far away to exercise any effective control over either. The other great abuse of the provinces was extensive moneylending at exorbitant rates of interest to the provincial communities, which could not raise enough ready cash to satisfy both the exorbitant demands of the tax contractors and the blackmail levied by the governors.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Rome+Through+the+Fifth+Century+Vol+1&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Harper+%26+Row&rft.date=1968&rft.au=Jones&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederalist+No.+14" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Federalist_No._14&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 26em;"> <ul><li>Bartlett, Bruce. "How Excessive Government Killed Ancient Rome." <i>Cato Journal</i> 14.2 (1994): 287–303. Print.</li> <li>Amar, Akhil Reed, "Anti-Federalists, e Federalist Papers, and the Big Argument for Union" (1993). Faculty Scholarship Series. Paper 1041.</li> <li>Levy, Jacob T. "Beyond Publius: Montesquieu, liberal republicanism and the small-republic thesis." <i>History of Political Thought</i> 27.1 (2006): 50-90.</li> <li>Gregory E. Maggs, A Concise Guide to the Federalist Papers as a Source of the Original Meaning of the United States Constitution, 87 B.U. L. Rev. 801 (2007).</li> <li>Carrithers, David W. "Not so virtuous republics: Montesquieu, Venice, and the theory of aristocratic republicanism." <i>Journal of the History of Ideas</i> 52.2 (1991): 245-268.</li> <li>Carey, George W. "Separation of Powers and the Madisonian Model: A Reply to the Critics." <i>American Political Science Review</i> 72.01 (1978): 151-164.</li> <li>The Gilder Lehrman Institution of American History. "Ratification of the US Constitution in New York, 1788." <i>The Gilder Lehrman Institution of American History</i>. n.d. Web. 23 Oct. 2016.</li> <li>Storing, Herbert J., ed. "Anti-Federalist No. 14, Extent of Territory Under Consolidated Government Too Large to Preserve Liberty or Protect Property (Cato Essay No. III)." <i>The Complete Anti-Federalist</i>. 7 vols. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1981.</li> <li>Madison, James. <i>Federalist 14</i>. New York: n.p., 1787. <i>Congress.gov Resources</i>. Web.</li> <li>Madison, James. <i>Federalist 10</i>. New York: n.p., 1787. <i>Congress.gov Resources</i>. Web.</li> <li>Ketcham, Ralph. "Federal Farmer No.2." <i>The Anti-Federalist Papers and the Constitutional Convention Debates</i>. N.p.: Signet Classics, n.d. 276-280. Print.</li> <li>Ketcham, Ralph. "Federal Farmer No.1." <i>The Anti-Federalist Papers and the Constitutional Convention Debates</i>. N.p.: Signet Classics, n.d. 266-275. Print.</li> <li>Jones, A.H.M. (1968) <i>A History of Rome Through the Ftfth Century.</i> Vol. 1, <i>The Republic.</i> New York: Harper & Row.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary_Sources">Primary Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Federalist_No._14&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Primary Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Madison, James. <i>Federalist 14</i>. New York: n.p., 1787. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.congress.gov/resources/display/content/The+Federalist+Papers">Congress.gov Resources</a></i>. Web</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Articles_of_Confederation" title="Articles of Confederation">Articles of Confederation</a>." <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=llsl&fileName=001/llsl001.db&recNum=127">n.d.</a> <i>Library of Congress Journals of The Continental Congress 1774—1789; Edited from The Original Records in The Library of Congress by Worthington Chauncey Ford, Chief, Division Of Manuscripts; Volume VII. 1777: January 1--May 21; Washington Government Printing Office 1907.</i></li> <li>Storing, Herbert J., ed. "Anti-Federalist No. 14, Extent of Territory Under Consolidated Government Too Large to Preserve Liberty or Protect Property (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://press-pubs.uchicago.edu/founders/documents/v1ch4s16.html">Cato Essay No. III</a>)." <i>The Complete Anti-Federalist</i>. 7 vols. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1981.</li> <li>De Montesquieu, Charles. <i>Montesquieu: The Spirit of the Laws</i>. Cambridge University Press, 1989. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781107393110" title="Special:BookSources/9781107393110">9781107393110</a></li> <li>Madison, James. <i><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._10" title="Federalist No. 10">Federalist 10</a></i>. New York: n.p., 1787. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.congress.gov/resources/display/content/The+Federalist+Papers">Congress.gov Resources</a></i>. Web.</li> <li>Ketcham, Ralph. "Federal Farmer No.2." <i>The Anti-Federalist Papers and the Constitutional Convention Debates</i>. N.p.: Signet Classics, n.d. 276-280. Print. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0451528841" title="Special:BookSources/978-0451528841">978-0451528841</a></li> <li>Ketcham, Ralph. "Federal Farmer No.1." <i>The Anti-Federalist Papers and the Constitutional Convention Debates</i>. N.p.: Signet Classics, n.d. 266-275. Print. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0451528841" title="Special:BookSources/978-0451528841">978-0451528841</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Federalist_No._14&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 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href="/wiki/Category:Federalist_Papers_by_Alexander_Hamilton" title="Category:Federalist Papers by Alexander Hamilton">(papers)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">James Madison</a> <a href="/wiki/Category:Federalist_Papers_by_James_Madison" title="Category:Federalist Papers by James Madison">(papers)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/John_Jay" title="John Jay">John Jay</a> <a href="/wiki/Category:Federalist_Papers_by_John_Jay" title="Category:Federalist Papers by John Jay">(papers)</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Papers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._1" title="Federalist No. 1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._2" title="Federalist No. 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._3" title="Federalist No. 3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._4" title="Federalist No. 4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._5" title="Federalist No. 5">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._6" title="Federalist No. 6">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._7" title="Federalist No. 7">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._8" title="Federalist No. 8">8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._9" title="Federalist No. 9">9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._10" title="Federalist No. 10">10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._11" title="Federalist No. 11">11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._12" title="Federalist No. 12">12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._13" title="Federalist No. 13">13</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._15" title="Federalist No. 15">15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._16" title="Federalist No. 16">16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._17" title="Federalist No. 17">17</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._18" title="Federalist No. 18">18</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._19" title="Federalist No. 19">19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._20" title="Federalist No. 20">20</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._21" title="Federalist No. 21">21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._22" title="Federalist No. 22">22</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._23" title="Federalist No. 23">23</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._24" title="Federalist No. 24">24</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._25" title="Federalist No. 25">25</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._26" title="Federalist No. 26">26</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._27" title="Federalist No. 27">27</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._28" title="Federalist No. 28">28</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._29" title="Federalist No. 29">29</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._30" title="Federalist No. 30">30</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._31" title="Federalist No. 31">31</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._32" title="Federalist No. 32">32</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._33" title="Federalist No. 33">33</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._34" title="Federalist No. 34">34</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._35" title="Federalist No. 35">35</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._36" title="Federalist No. 36">36</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._37" title="Federalist No. 37">37</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._38" title="Federalist No. 38">38</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._39" title="Federalist No. 39">39</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._40" title="Federalist No. 40">40</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._41" title="Federalist No. 41">41</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._42" title="Federalist No. 42">42</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._43" title="Federalist No. 43">43</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._44" title="Federalist No. 44">44</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._45" title="Federalist No. 45">45</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._46" title="Federalist No. 46">46</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._47" title="Federalist No. 47">47</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._48" title="Federalist No. 48">48</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._49" title="Federalist No. 49">49</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._50" title="Federalist No. 50">50</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._51" title="Federalist No. 51">51</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._52" title="Federalist No. 52">52</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._53" title="Federalist No. 53">53</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._54" title="Federalist No. 54">54</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._55" title="Federalist No. 55">55</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._56" title="Federalist No. 56">56</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._57" title="Federalist No. 57">57</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._58" title="Federalist No. 58">58</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._59" title="Federalist No. 59">59</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._60" title="Federalist No. 60">60</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._61" title="Federalist No. 61">61</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._62" title="Federalist No. 62">62</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._63" title="Federalist No. 63">63</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._64" title="Federalist No. 64">64</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._65" title="Federalist No. 65">65</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._66" title="Federalist No. 66">66</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._67" title="Federalist No. 67">67</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._68" title="Federalist No. 68">68</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._69" title="Federalist No. 69">69</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._70" title="Federalist No. 70">70</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._71" title="Federalist No. 71">71</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._72" title="Federalist No. 72">72</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._73" title="Federalist No. 73">73</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._74" title="Federalist No. 74">74</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._75" title="Federalist No. 75">75</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._76" title="Federalist No. 76">76</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._77" title="Federalist No. 77">77</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._78" title="Federalist No. 78">78</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._79" title="Federalist No. 79">79</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._80" title="Federalist No. 80">80</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._81" title="Federalist No. 81">81</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._82" title="Federalist No. 82">82</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._83" title="Federalist No. 83">83</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._84" title="Federalist No. 84">84</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._85" title="Federalist No. 85">85</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_States" title="Constitution of the United States">Constitution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_drafting_and_ratification_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Timeline of drafting and ratification of the United States Constitution">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Independent_Journal" title="The Independent Journal">The Independent Journal</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Publius_Valerius_Poplicola" title="Publius Valerius Poplicola">Publius Valerius Publicola</a></li> <li><a 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