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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Overview</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Overview-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-A_priori_and_a_posteriori_languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#A_priori_and_a_posteriori_languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span><i>A priori</i> and <i>a posteriori</i> languages</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-A_priori_and_a_posteriori_languages-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle <i>A priori</i> and <i>a posteriori</i> languages subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-A_priori_and_a_posteriori_languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-A_priori_language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#A_priori_language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span><i>A priori</i> language</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-A_priori_language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Examples_of_a_priori_languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Examples_of_a_priori_languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>Examples of <i>a priori</i> languages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Examples_of_a_priori_languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-A_priori_international_auxiliary_languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#A_priori_international_auxiliary_languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1.1</span> <span><i>A priori</i> international auxiliary languages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-A_priori_international_auxiliary_languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Experimental_languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Experimental_languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1.2</span> <span>Experimental languages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Experimental_languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-A_priori_artistic_languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#A_priori_artistic_languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1.3</span> <span><i>A priori</i> artistic languages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-A_priori_artistic_languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Community_languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Community_languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1.4</span> <span>Community languages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Community_languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-A_posteriori_language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#A_posteriori_language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span><i>A posteriori</i> language</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-A_posteriori_language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Examples_of_a_posteriori_languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Examples_of_a_posteriori_languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>Examples of <i>a posteriori</i> languages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Examples_of_a_posteriori_languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-A_posteriori_artistic_languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#A_posteriori_artistic_languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1.1</span> <span><i>A posteriori</i> artistic languages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-A_posteriori_artistic_languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Controlled_auxiliary_languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Controlled_auxiliary_languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1.2</span> <span>Controlled auxiliary languages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Controlled_auxiliary_languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-A_posteriori_international_auxiliary_languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#A_posteriori_international_auxiliary_languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1.3</span> <span><i>A posteriori</i> international auxiliary languages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-A_posteriori_international_auxiliary_languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Zonal_auxiliary_languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zonal_auxiliary_languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1.4</span> <span>Zonal auxiliary languages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zonal_auxiliary_languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ancient_linguistic_experiments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient_linguistic_experiments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Ancient linguistic experiments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient_linguistic_experiments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_constructed_languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_constructed_languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Early constructed languages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_constructed_languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Perfecting_language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Perfecting_language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Perfecting language</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Perfecting_language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-17th_and_18th_century:_advent_of_philosophical_languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#17th_and_18th_century:_advent_of_philosophical_languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>17th and 18th century: advent of philosophical languages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-17th_and_18th_century:_advent_of_philosophical_languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-19th_and_20th_centuries:_auxiliary_languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#19th_and_20th_centuries:_auxiliary_languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>19th and 20th centuries: auxiliary languages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-19th_and_20th_centuries:_auxiliary_languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Artlangs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Artlangs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Artlangs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Artlangs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ownership_of_constructed_languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ownership_of_constructed_languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Ownership of constructed languages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ownership_of_constructed_languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_conlang_organizations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_conlang_organizations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Modern conlang organizations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_conlang_organizations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Constructed language</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 109 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-109" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">109 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunsmatige_taal" title="Kunsmatige taal – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Kunsmatige taal" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rahtum_kiel%C3%A2" title="Rahtum kielâ – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Rahtum kielâ" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Anarâškielâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A9_%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B7%D9%86%D8%B9%D8%A9" title="لغة مصطنعة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="لغة مصطنعة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luenga_construyida" title="Luenga construyida – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Luenga construyida" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llingua_construyida" title="Llingua construyida – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Llingua construyida" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BCni_dil" title="Süni dil – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Süni dil" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE" title="নির্মিত ভাষা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="নির্মিত ভাষা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%AEn-ch%C5%8D_gi%C3%A2n-g%C3%BA" title="Jîn-chō giân-gú – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Jîn-chō giân-gú" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D1%82%D1%83%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Штучная мова – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Штучная мова" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D1%82%D1%83%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B" title="Штучныя мовы – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Штучныя мовы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinugdas_na_tataramon" title="Tinugdas na tataramon – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Tinugdas na tataramon" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B7%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Изкуствен език – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Изкуствен език" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yezh_kalvezadel" title="Yezh kalvezadel – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Yezh kalvezadel" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llengua_planificada" title="Llengua planificada – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Llengua planificada" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B5_%D1%87%C4%95%D0%BB%D1%85%D0%B5" title="Юрилле чĕлхе – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Юрилле чĕлхе" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Um%C4%9Bl%C3%BD_jazyk" title="Umělý jazyk – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Umělý jazyk" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutauro_wekuumba" title="Mutauro wekuumba – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Mutauro wekuumba" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iaith_artiffisial" title="Iaith artiffisial – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Iaith artiffisial" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunstsprog" title="Kunstsprog – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Kunstsprog" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstruierte_Sprache" title="Konstruierte Sprache – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Konstruierte Sprache" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tehiskeel" title="Tehiskeel – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Tehiskeel" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CE%B5%CF%87%CE%BD%CE%B7%CF%84%CE%AE_%CE%B3%CE%BB%CF%8E%CF%83%CF%83%CE%B1" title="Τεχνητή γλώσσα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τεχνητή γλώσσα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengua_construida" title="Lengua construida – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Lengua construida" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstruita_lingvo" title="Konstruita lingvo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Konstruita lingvo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hizkuntza_eraiki" title="Hizkuntza eraiki – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Hizkuntza eraiki" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%AE%D8%AA%D9%87" title="زبان فراساخته – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زبان فراساخته" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langue_construite" title="Langue construite – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Langue construite" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keunsttaal" title="Keunsttaal – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Keunsttaal" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguas_artificiais" title="Linguas artificiais – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Linguas artificiais" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%B8%EA%B3%B5%EC%96%B4" title="인공어 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="인공어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D6%80%D5%B0%D5%A5%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%AC%D5%A5%D5%A6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Արհեստական լեզուներ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Արհեստական լեզուներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="कृत्रिम भाषा – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="कृत्रिम भाषा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umjetni_jezici" title="Umjetni jezici – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Umjetni jezici" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstruktita_linguo" title="Konstruktita linguo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Konstruktita linguo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_buatan" title="Bahasa buatan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bahasa buatan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_artificial" title="Lingua artificial – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Lingua artificial" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planlingue" title="Planlingue – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Planlingue" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tilb%C3%BAi%C3%B0_tungum%C3%A1l" title="Tilbúið tungumál – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Tilbúið tungumál" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_artificiale" title="Lingua artificiale – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lingua artificiale" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%A4%D7%94_%D7%9E%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%9B%D7%A0%D7%A0%D7%AA" title="שפה מתוכננת – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שפה מתוכננת" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basa_damelan" title="Basa damelan – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Basa damelan" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%83%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%95_%E0%B2%AD%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B7%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%B3%E0%B3%81" title="ಕೃತಕ ಭಾಷೆಗಳು – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಕೃತಕ ಭಾಷೆಗಳು" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AE%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%95%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="ხელოვნური ენა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ხელოვნური ენა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%8B_%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Жасанды тілдер – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Жасанды тілдер" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lugha_ya_kuundwa" title="Lugha ya kuundwa – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Lugha ya kuundwa" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D3%A7%D1%81%D1%8C%D3%A7%D0%B4%D3%A7%D0%BC_%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%B2" title="Лӧсьӧдӧм кыв – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Лӧсьӧдӧм кыв" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziman%C3%AA_%C3%A7%C3%AAkir%C3%AE" title="Zimanê çêkirî – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Zimanê çêkirî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Жасалма тилдер – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Жасалма тилдер" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_constructa" title="Lingua constructa – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Lingua constructa" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%81ksl%C4%ABg%C4%81_valoda" title="Mākslīgā valoda – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Mākslīgā valoda" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dirbtin%C4%97_kalba" title="Dirbtinė kalba – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Dirbtinė kalba" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A9ngoa_artifi%C3%A7i%C3%A2le" title="Léngoa artifiçiâle – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Léngoa artifiçiâle" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunstaol" title="Kunstaol – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Kunstaol" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguas_construida" title="Linguas construida – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Linguas construida" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/runbau" title="runbau – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="runbau" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesters%C3%A9ges_nyelv" title="Mesterséges nyelv – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Mesterséges nyelv" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Вештачки јазик – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Вештачки јазик" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiteny_foronina" title="Fiteny foronina – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fiteny foronina" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="कृत्रिम भाषा – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="कृत्रिम भाषा" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%A8%D8%A6%DB%8C_%D8%B2%D9%88%D9%88%D9%86" title="بساته‌بئی زوون – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="بساته‌بئی زوون" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_buatan" title="Bahasa buatan – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bahasa buatan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BB_%D1%85%D1%8D%D0%BB" title="Зохиомол хэл – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Зохиомол хэл" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunsttaal" title="Kunsttaal – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Kunsttaal" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E8%A8%80%E8%AA%9E" title="人工言語 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="人工言語" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nqo mw-list-item"><a href="https://nqo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DF%9E%DF%8A%DF%B2%DF%AB_%DF%9B%DF%8C%DF%B2%DF%98%DF%8C%DF%A3%DF%8D%DF%B2" title="ߞߊ߲߫ ߛߌ߲ߘߌߣߍ߲ – N’Ko" lang="nqo" hreflang="nqo" data-title="ߞߊ߲߫ ߛߌ߲ߘߌߣߍ߲" data-language-autonym="ߒߞߏ" data-language-local-name="N’Ko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ߒߞߏ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunstspr%C3%A5k" title="Kunstspråk – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kunstspråk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunstig_spr%C3%A5k" title="Kunstig språk – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Kunstig språk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laungue_construite" title="Laungue construite – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Laungue construite" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstrukteti_lingues" title="Konstrukteti lingues – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Konstrukteti lingues" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenga_construcha" title="Lenga construcha – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Lenga construcha" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun%CA%BCiy_tillar" title="Sunʼiy tillar – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Sunʼiy tillar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B5%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B9%DB%8C_%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86" title="مصنوعی زبان – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="مصنوعی زبان" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_artifisial" title="Idioma artifisial – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Idioma artifisial" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenghe_artifissiaj" title="Lenghe artifissiaj – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Lenghe artifissiaj" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_sztuczny" title="Język sztuczny – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Język sztuczny" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_artificial" title="Língua artificial – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Língua artificial" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limb%C4%83_artificial%C4%83" title="Limbă artificială – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Limbă artificială" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallpasqa_simi" title="Wallpasqa simi – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Wallpasqa simi" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Искусственный язык – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Искусственный язык" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D2%A5%D0%BEh%D1%83%D1%83_%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BB" title="Оҥоhуу тыл – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Оҥоhуу тыл" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constructit_leid" title="Constructit leid – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Constructit leid" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stilkene_Sproake" title="Stilkene Sproake – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Stilkene Sproake" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gjuha_artificiale" title="Gjuha artificiale – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Gjuha artificiale" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_artificiali" title="Lingua artificiali – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Lingua artificiali" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constructed_language" title="Constructed language – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Constructed language" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umel%C3%BD_jazyk" title="Umelý jazyk – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Umelý jazyk" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umetni_jezik" title="Umetni jezik – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Umetni jezik" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sztuczno_godka" title="Sztuczno godka – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Sztuczno godka" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Плански језик – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Плански језик" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umjetni_jezik" title="Umjetni jezik – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Umjetni jezik" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keinotekoinen_kieli" title="Keinotekoinen kieli – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Keinotekoinen kieli" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstgjort_spr%C3%A5k" title="Konstgjort språk – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Konstgjort språk" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikang_artipisyal" title="Wikang artipisyal – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Wikang artipisyal" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D" title="வடிவமைக்கப்பட்ட மொழிகள் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="வடிவமைக்கப்பட்ட மொழிகள்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%90%E0%B9%8C" title="ภาษาประดิษฐ์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ภาษาประดิษฐ์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D1%84%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%85%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Забони фаросохта – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Забони фаросохта" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yapay_dil" title="Yapay dil – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Yapay dil" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%8D%D1%81%D1%8C%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BC_%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%BB" title="Лэсьтэм кыл – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Лэсьтэм кыл" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Удмурт</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D1%82%D1%83%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Штучна мова – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Штучна мова" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B5%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B9%DB%8C_%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86" title="مصنوعی زبان – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="مصنوعی زبان" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%88%D9%86%D8%A6%D9%89%D9%8A_%D8%AA%D9%89%D9%84" title="سۈنئىي تىل – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="سۈنئىي تىل" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%81%C3%A9ngua_artifisa%C5%82e" title="Łéngua artifisałe – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Łéngua artifisałe" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ng%C3%B4n_ng%E1%BB%AF_%C4%91%C6%B0%E1%BB%A3c_x%C3%A2y_d%E1%BB%B1ng" title="Ngôn ngữ được xây dựng – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Ngôn ngữ được xây dựng" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mekavap%C3%BCk" title="Mekavapük – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Mekavapük" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80" title="人工语言 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="人工语言" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E9%80%A0%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80" title="人造語言 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="人造語言" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80" title="人工語言 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="人工語言" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basa_bikinan" title="Basa bikinan – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Basa bikinan" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Betawi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link 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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Consciously devised language</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the creation of planned or artificial human languages. For information about the linguistic field of language planning and policy, see <a href="/wiki/Language_planning" title="Language planning">language planning</a>. For languages that naturally emerge in computer simulations or controlled psychological experiments with humans, see <a href="/wiki/Artificial_language" title="Artificial language">artificial language</a>. For languages with a high morpheme-per-word ratio, see <a href="/wiki/Synthetic_language" title="Synthetic language">synthetic language</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Conlangflag.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Conlangflag.svg/250px-Conlangflag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Conlangflag.svg/375px-Conlangflag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Conlangflag.svg/500px-Conlangflag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="647" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption>The Conlang Flag, a symbol of language construction created by subscribers to the CONLANG <a href="/wiki/Mailing_list" title="Mailing list">mailing list</a>, which represents the <a href="/wiki/Tower_of_Babel" title="Tower of Babel">Tower of Babel</a> against a rising sun</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>constructed language</b> (shortened to <b>conlang</b>)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a <a href="/wiki/Language" title="Language">language</a> whose <a href="/wiki/Phonology" title="Phonology">phonology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grammar" title="Grammar">grammar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orthography" title="Orthography">orthography</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Vocabulary" title="Vocabulary">vocabulary</a>, instead of having developed <a href="/wiki/Natural_language" title="Natural language">naturally</a>, are consciously devised for some purpose, which may include being devised for a <a href="/wiki/Fiction" title="Fiction">work of fiction</a>. A constructed language may also be referred to as an <b>artificial</b>, <b>planned</b> or <b>invented language</b>, or (in some cases) a <b><a href="/wiki/Fictional_language" title="Fictional language">fictional language</a></b>. <i>Planned languages</i> (or <b>engineered languages</b>/<b>engelangs</b>) are languages that have been purposefully designed; they are the result of deliberate, controlling intervention and are thus of a form of <i><a href="/wiki/Language_planning" title="Language planning">language planning</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are many possible reasons to create a constructed language, such as to ease human <a href="/wiki/Communication" title="Communication">communication</a> (see <a href="/wiki/International_auxiliary_language" title="International auxiliary language">international auxiliary language</a> and <a href="/wiki/Code" title="Code">code</a>); to give <a href="/wiki/Fiction" title="Fiction">fiction</a> or an associated constructed setting an added layer of realism; for experimentation in the fields of <a href="/wiki/Linguistics" title="Linguistics">linguistics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cognitive_science" title="Cognitive science">cognitive science</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Machine_learning" title="Machine learning">machine learning</a>; for <a href="/wiki/Artistic_language" title="Artistic language">artistic creation</a>; for fantasy <a href="/wiki/Role-playing_game" title="Role-playing game">role-playing games</a>; and for <a href="/wiki/Language_game" title="Language game">language games</a>. Some people may also make constructed languages as a <a href="/wiki/Hobby" title="Hobby">hobby</a>, or in connection to <a href="/wiki/Worldbuilding" title="Worldbuilding">worldbuilding</a>. </p><p>The expression <i>planned language</i> is sometimes used to indicate international auxiliary languages and other languages designed for actual use in human communication. Some prefer it to the adjective <i>artificial</i>, as this term may be perceived as pejorative. Outside <a href="/wiki/Esperanto" title="Esperanto">Esperanto</a> <a href="/wiki/Esperanto_culture" title="Esperanto culture">culture</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the term <a href="/wiki/Language_planning" title="Language planning">language planning</a> means the prescriptions given to a natural language to standardize it; in this regard, even a "natural language" may be artificial in some respects, meaning some of its words have been crafted by conscious decision. <a href="/wiki/Linguistic_prescription" title="Linguistic prescription">Prescriptive grammars</a>, which date to ancient times for <a href="/wiki/Classical_language" title="Classical language">classical languages</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a>, are rule-based codifications of natural languages, such codifications being a middle ground between naïve natural selection and development of language and its explicit construction. The term <i>glossopoeia</i> is also used to mean language construction, particularly construction of <a href="/wiki/Artistic_language" title="Artistic language">artistic languages</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-higley2007_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-higley2007-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Conlang speakers are rare. For example, the <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungarian</a> <a href="/wiki/Census" title="Census">census</a> of 2011 found 8,397 speakers of <a href="/wiki/Esperanto" title="Esperanto">Esperanto</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the census of 2001 found 10 of <a href="/wiki/Romanid" title="Romanid">Romanid</a>, two each of <a href="/wiki/Interlingua" title="Interlingua">Interlingua</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ido" title="Ido">Ido</a> and one each of <a href="/wiki/Idiom_Neutral" title="Idiom Neutral">Idiom Neutral</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mundolinco" title="Mundolinco">Mundolinco</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russian</a> census of 2010 found that in Russia there were about 992 speakers of Esperanto (the 120th most common) and nine of the <a href="/wiki/Esperantido" title="Esperantido">Esperantido</a> <a href="/wiki/Ido" title="Ido">Ido</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Planned,_constructed,_artificial"><span id="Planned.2C_constructed.2C_artificial"></span>Planned, constructed, artificial</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constructed_language&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Planned, constructed, artificial"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The terms "planned", "constructed", "invented", "fictional",<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and "artificial" are used differently in some traditions. For example, few speakers of <a href="/wiki/Interlingua" title="Interlingua">Interlingua</a> consider their language artificial, since they assert that it has no invented content: Interlingua's vocabulary is taken from a small set of natural languages, and its grammar is based closely on these source languages, even including some degree of irregularity; its proponents prefer to describe its vocabulary and grammar as standardized rather than artificial or constructed. Similarly, <a href="/wiki/Latino_sine_flexione" title="Latino sine flexione">Latino sine flexione</a> (LsF) is a simplification of Latin from which the <a href="/wiki/Inflection" title="Inflection">inflections</a> have been removed. As with Interlingua, some prefer to describe its development as "planning" rather than "constructing". Some speakers of <a href="/wiki/Esperanto" title="Esperanto">Esperanto</a> and <a href="/wiki/Esperantido" title="Esperantido">Esperantidos</a> also avoid the term "artificial language" because they deny that there is anything "unnatural" about the use of their language in human communication.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>By contrast, some philosophers<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (June 2024)">according to whom?</span></a></i>]</sup> have argued that all human languages are conventional or artificial. <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Rabelais" title="François Rabelais">François Rabelais</a>'s fictional giant Pantagruel, for instance, said: "<abbr title="C’est abus dire qu’ayons langage naturel. Les langages sont par institutions arbitraires et convenances des peuples : les voix, comme disent les dialecticiens, ne signifient naturellement, mais à plaisir.">It is a misuse of terms to say that we have natural language; languages <i>exist</i> through arbitrary institutions and the conventions of peoples. Voices, as the dialecticians say, don't signify naturally, but capriciously.</abbr>"<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Furthermore, fictional or experimental languages can be considered <i>naturalistic</i> if they model real world languages. For example, if a naturalistic conlang is derived <i>a posteriori</i> from another language (real or constructed), it should imitate natural processes of <a href="/wiki/Phonology" title="Phonology">phonological</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lexicon" title="Lexicon">lexical</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Grammar" title="Grammar">grammatical</a> change. In contrast with languages such as Interlingua, naturalistic fictional languages are not usually intended for easy learning or communication. Thus, naturalistic fictional languages tend to be more difficult and complex. While Interlingua has simpler grammar, syntax, and orthography than its source languages (though more complex and irregular than Esperanto or its descendants), naturalistic fictional languages typically mimic behaviors of natural languages like <a href="/wiki/Irregular_verbs" class="mw-redirect" title="Irregular verbs">irregular verbs</a> and nouns, and complicated phonological processes.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research"><span title="The material near this tag possibly contains original research. (September 2021)">original research?</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constructed_language&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Overview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In terms of purpose, most constructed languages can broadly be divided into: </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Engineered_language" title="Engineered language">Engineered languages</a></i> (<i>engelangs</i>), further subdivided into logical languages (<i>loglangs</i>), <a href="/wiki/Philosophical_language" title="Philosophical language">philosophical languages</a> and <a href="/wiki/Experimental_language" title="Experimental language">experimental languages</a>, devised for experimentation in <a href="/wiki/Logic" title="Logic">logic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy">philosophy</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Linguistics" title="Linguistics">linguistics</a>;</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/International_auxiliary_language" title="International auxiliary language">Auxiliary languages</a></i> (<i>auxlangs</i>) or <i>IALs</i> (for <i>International Auxiliary Languages</i>), devised for interlinguistic or international communication;</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Artistic_language" title="Artistic language">Artistic languages</a></i> (<i>artlangs</i>), devised to create aesthetic pleasure or humorous effect (<i>secret languages</i> and <i>mystical languages</i> are also usually classified as artistic languages).<sup id="cite_ref-:0_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>The boundaries between these categories are by no means clear.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A constructed language could easily fall into more than one of the above categories. A logical language created for <a href="/wiki/Aesthetics" title="Aesthetics">aesthetic</a> reasons would also be classifiable as an artistic language; one created with philosophical motives could include being used as an auxiliary language. There are no rules, either inherent in the process of language construction or externally imposed, that would limit a constructed language to fitting only one of the above categories. </p><p>A constructed language can have native speakers if young children learn it from parents who speak it fluently. According to <i><a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a></i>, there are "200–2000 <a href="/wiki/Native_Esperanto_speakers" title="Native Esperanto speakers">who speak Esperanto as a first language</a>". A member of the <a href="/wiki/Klingon_Language_Institute" title="Klingon Language Institute">Klingon Language Institute</a>, <a href="/wiki/D%27Armond_Speers" class="mw-redirect" title="D'Armond Speers">d'Armond Speers</a>, attempted to raise his son as a native (bilingual with English) <a href="/wiki/Klingon_language" title="Klingon language">Klingon</a> speaker.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag needs to be fact-checked with the cited source(s). (March 2018)">verification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>As soon as a constructed language has a community of fluent speakers, especially if it has numerous native speakers, it begins to evolve and hence loses its constructed status. For example, <a href="/wiki/Modern_Hebrew" title="Modern Hebrew">Modern Hebrew</a> and its pronunciation norms were developed from existing traditions of <a href="/wiki/Hebrew" class="mw-redirect" title="Hebrew">Hebrew</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Mishnaic_Hebrew" title="Mishnaic Hebrew">Mishnaic Hebrew</a> and <a href="/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew" title="Biblical Hebrew">Biblical Hebrew</a> following a general <a href="/wiki/Sephardic" class="mw-redirect" title="Sephardic">Sephardic</a> pronunciation, rather than engineered from scratch, and has undergone considerable changes since the state of <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> was founded in 1948 (Hetzron 1990:693).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Template:Harvard_citation_documentation#Wikilink_to_citation_does_not_work" title="Template:Harvard citation documentation"><span title="Template:Harvard citation documentation#Wikilink to citation does not work (September 2024)">citation not found</span></a></i>]</sup> However, linguist <a href="/wiki/Ghil%27ad_Zuckermann" title="Ghil'ad Zuckermann">Ghil'ad Zuckermann</a> argues that Modern Hebrew, which he terms "Israeli", is a Semito-European hybrid based not only on Hebrew but also on <a href="/wiki/Yiddish" title="Yiddish">Yiddish</a> and other languages spoken by revivalists.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Zuckermann therefore endorses the translation of the Hebrew Bible into what he calls "Israeli".<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Esperanto" title="Esperanto">Esperanto</a> as a living spoken language has evolved significantly from the prescriptive blueprint published in 1887, so that modern editions of the <i>Fundamenta Krestomatio</i>, a 1903 collection of early texts in the language, require many footnotes on the syntactic and lexical differences between early and modern Esperanto.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Proponents of constructed languages often have many reasons for using them. The famous but disputed <a href="/wiki/Linguistic_relativity" title="Linguistic relativity">Sapir–Whorf hypothesis</a> is sometimes cited; this claims that the language one speaks influences the way one thinks. Thus, a "better" language should allow the speaker to think more clearly or intelligently or to encompass more points of view; this was the intention of <a href="/wiki/Suzette_Haden_Elgin" title="Suzette Haden Elgin">Suzette Haden Elgin</a> in creating <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A1adan" title="Láadan">Láadan</a>, a feminist language<sup id="cite_ref-foer-2012_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-foer-2012-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> embodied in her <a href="/wiki/Feminist_science_fiction" title="Feminist science fiction">feminist science fiction</a> series <i><a href="/wiki/Native_Tongue_(Suzette_Haden_Elgin_novel)" class="mw-redirect" title="Native Tongue (Suzette Haden Elgin novel)">Native Tongue</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Constructed languages have been included in <a href="/wiki/Standardized_test" title="Standardized test">standardized tests</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/SAT" title="SAT">SAT</a>, where they were used to test the applicant's ability to infer and apply grammatical rules.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the same token, a constructed language might also be used to <i>restrict</i> thought, as in <a href="/wiki/George_Orwell" title="George Orwell">George Orwell</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Newspeak" title="Newspeak">Newspeak</a>, or to <i>simplify</i> thought, as in <a href="/wiki/Toki_Pona" title="Toki Pona">Toki Pona</a>. However, linguists such as <a href="/wiki/Steven_Pinker" title="Steven Pinker">Steven Pinker</a> argue that ideas exist independently of language. For example, in the book <i><a href="/wiki/The_Language_Instinct" title="The Language Instinct">The Language Instinct</a></i>, Pinker states that children spontaneously re-invent slang and even grammar with each generation. These linguists argue that attempts to control the range of human thought through the reform of language would fail, as concepts like "freedom" will reappear in new words if the old words vanish. </p><p>Proponents claim a particular language makes it easier to express and understand concepts in one area, and more difficult in others. An example can be taken from the way various <a href="/wiki/Programming_language" title="Programming language">programming languages</a> make it easier to write certain kinds of programs and harder to write others. </p><p>Another reason cited for using a constructed language is the telescope rule, which claims that it takes less time to first learn a simple constructed language and then a natural language, than to learn only a natural language. Thus, if someone wants to learn English, some suggest learning <a href="/wiki/Basic_English" title="Basic English">Basic English</a> first. Constructed languages like Esperanto and Interlingua are in fact often simpler due to the typical lack of <a href="/wiki/Regular_and_irregular_verbs" title="Regular and irregular verbs">irregular verbs</a> and other grammatical quirks. Some studies have found that learning Esperanto helps in learning a non-constructed language later (see propaedeutic value of Esperanto). </p><p><a href="/wiki/Codes_for_constructed_languages" title="Codes for constructed languages">Codes for constructed languages</a> include the <a href="/wiki/ISO_639-2" title="ISO 639-2">ISO 639-2</a> "<code><a href="/wiki/Codes_for_constructed_languages" title="Codes for constructed languages">art</a></code>" for conlangs; however, some constructed languages have their own <a href="/wiki/ISO_639" title="ISO 639">ISO 639</a> language codes (e.g. "<code>eo</code>" and "<code>epo</code>" for <a href="/wiki/Esperanto" title="Esperanto">Esperanto</a>, "<code>jbo</code>" for <a href="/wiki/Lojban" title="Lojban">Lojban</a>, "<code>ia</code>" and "<code>ina</code>" for <a href="/wiki/Interlingua" title="Interlingua">Interlingua</a>, "<code>tlh</code>" for <a href="/wiki/Klingon_language" title="Klingon language">Klingon</a>, "<code>io</code>" and "<code>ido</code>" for <a href="/wiki/Ido" title="Ido">Ido</a>, "<code>lfn</code>" for <a href="/wiki/Lingua_Franca_Nova" title="Lingua Franca Nova">Lingua Franca Nova</a>, and "<code>tok</code>" for <a href="/wiki/Toki_Pona" title="Toki Pona">Toki Pona</a>). </p><p>One constraint on a constructed language is that if it was constructed to be a natural language for use by fictional foreigners or aliens, as with <a href="/wiki/Dothraki_language" title="Dothraki language">Dothraki</a> and <a href="/wiki/High_Valyrian" class="mw-redirect" title="High Valyrian">High Valyrian</a> in the <i><a href="/wiki/Game_of_Thrones" title="Game of Thrones">Game of Thrones</a></i> series, which was adapted from the <i><a href="/wiki/A_Song_of_Ice_and_Fire" title="A Song of Ice and Fire">A Song of Ice and Fire</a></i> book series, the language should be easily pronounced by actors, and should fit with and incorporate any fragments of the language already invented by the book's author, and preferably also fit with any personal names of fictional speakers of the language.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research"><span title="The material near this tag possibly contains original research. (September 2021)">original research?</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="A_priori_and_a_posteriori_languages"><i>A priori</i> and <i>a posteriori</i> languages</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constructed_language&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: A priori and a posteriori languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An <i>a priori</i> (from <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> <i><a href="/wiki/A_priori" class="mw-redirect" title="A priori">a priori</a></i>, "from the former") constructed language is one whose features (including vocabulary, grammar, etc.) are not based on an existing language, and an <i>a posteriori</i> language is the opposite.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This categorization, however, is not absolute, as many constructed languages may be called <i>a priori</i> when considering some linguistic factors, and at the same time <i>a posteriori</i> when considering other factors. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="A_priori_language"><i>A priori</i> language</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constructed_language&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: A priori language"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An <i>a priori</i> language is any constructed language with some features which are not based on existing languages. Instead these features are invented or elaborated to work differently or to allude to different purposes. Some <i>a priori</i> languages are designed to be <a href="/wiki/International_auxiliary_language" title="International auxiliary language">international auxiliary languages</a> that remove what could be considered an unfair learning advantage for native speakers of a source language that would otherwise exist for <i>a posteriori</i> languages. Others, known as <a href="/wiki/Philosophical_language" title="Philosophical language">philosophical</a> or <a href="/wiki/Taxonomic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Taxonomic languages">taxonomic languages</a>, try to categorize their vocabulary, either to express an underlying philosophy or to make it easier to recognize new vocabulary. Finally, many <a href="/wiki/Artistic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Artistic languages">artistic languages</a>, created for either personal use or for use in a fictional medium, employ consciously constructed grammars and vocabularies, and are best understood as <i>a priori</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Examples_of_a_priori_languages">Examples of <i>a priori</i> languages</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constructed_language&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Examples of a priori languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="A_priori_international_auxiliary_languages"><i>A priori</i> international auxiliary languages</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constructed_language&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: A priori international auxiliary languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balaibalan" title="Balaibalan">Balaibalan</a>, attributed to <a href="/wiki/Fazlallah_Astarabadi" title="Fazlallah Astarabadi">Fazlallah Astarabadi</a> or <a href="/wiki/Muhyi_Gulshani" title="Muhyi Gulshani">Muhyi Gulshani</a> (14th century)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solresol" title="Solresol">Solresol</a> by <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Sudre" title="François Sudre">François Sudre</a> (1827)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ro_language" title="Ro language">Ro</a> by Edward Foster (1906)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sona_language_(artificial)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sona language (artificial)">Sona</a> by <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Searight" title="Kenneth Searight">Kenneth Searight</a> (1935)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babm" title="Babm">Babm</a> by Rikichi Okamoto (1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/AUI_(language)" class="mw-redirect" title="AUI (language)">aUI</a> by W. John Weilgart (1962)</li> <li><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Mirad_Grammar" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Mirad Grammar">Mirad</a> (aka Unilingua) by Noubar Agopoff (1966)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kotava" title="Kotava">Kotava</a> by Staren Fetcey (1978)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Experimental_languages">Experimental languages</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constructed_language&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Experimental languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A1adan" title="Láadan">Láadan</a> by <a href="/wiki/Suzette_Haden_Elgin" title="Suzette Haden Elgin">Suzette Haden Elgin</a> (1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ithkuil" title="Ithkuil">Ithkuil</a> by John Quijada (2004)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="A_priori_artistic_languages"><i>A priori</i> artistic languages</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constructed_language&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: A priori artistic languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quenya" title="Quenya">Quenya</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sindarin" title="Sindarin">Sindarin</a> by <a href="/wiki/Languages_constructed_by_J._R._R._Tolkien" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages constructed by J. R. R. Tolkien">J. R. R. Tolkien</a> for <i><a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="The Lord of the Rings">The Lord of the Rings</a></i> (published 1954)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klingon_language" title="Klingon language">Klingon</a> by <a href="/wiki/Marc_Okrand" title="Marc Okrand">Marc Okrand</a> for the science-fiction franchise <i><a href="/wiki/Star_Trek" title="Star Trek">Star Trek</a></i> (1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C4%93len" title="Kēlen">Kēlen</a> by Sylvia Sotomayor (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Na%CA%BCvi_language" title="Naʼvi language">Naʼvi</a> by <a href="/wiki/Paul_Frommer" title="Paul Frommer">Paul Frommer</a> for the movie <i><a href="/wiki/Avatar_(2009_film)" title="Avatar (2009 film)">Avatar</a></i> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dothraki_language" title="Dothraki language">Dothraki</a> and <a href="/wiki/Valyrian" class="mw-redirect" title="Valyrian">Valyrian</a> by <a href="/wiki/David_J._Peterson" title="David J. Peterson">David Peterson</a> for the television series <i><a href="/wiki/Game_of_Thrones" title="Game of Thrones">Game of Thrones</a></i> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiliki_language" title="Kiliki language">Kiliki</a> by <a href="/wiki/Madhan_Karky" title="Madhan Karky">Madhan Karky</a> for the <i><a href="/wiki/Baahubali_(franchise)" title="Baahubali (franchise)">Baahubali</a></i> films (2015)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Community_languages">Community languages</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constructed_language&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Community languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Damin" title="Damin">Damin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Yangkaal" title="Yangkaal">Yangkaal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lardil_people" title="Lardil people">Lardil people</a>, 19th century or earlier)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eskayan" class="mw-redirect" title="Eskayan">Eskayan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Eskaya_people" title="Eskaya people">Eskaya</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1920</span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medefaidrin" title="Medefaidrin">Medefaidrin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ibibio_people" title="Ibibio people">Ibibio</a>, 1930s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palawa_kani" title="Palawa kani">Palawa kani</a> (<a href="/wiki/Aboriginal_Tasmanians" title="Aboriginal Tasmanians">Palawa</a>, 1990s)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="A_posteriori_language"><i>A posteriori</i> language</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constructed_language&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: A posteriori language"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An <b><i>a posteriori</i> language</b> (from <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a> <i>a posteriori</i>, "from the latter"), according to French linguist <a href="/wiki/Louis_Couturat" title="Louis Couturat">Louis Couturat</a>, is any constructed language whose elements are borrowed from or based on existing languages. The term can also be extended to <a href="/wiki/Controlled_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Controlled language">controlled versions</a> of natural languages, and is most commonly used to refer to vocabulary despite other features. Likewise, <a href="/wiki/Zonal_auxiliary_language" title="Zonal auxiliary language">zonal auxiliary languages</a> (auxiliary languages for speakers of a particular language family) are <i>a posteriori</i> by definition. </p><p>While most auxiliary languages are <i>a posteriori</i> due to their intended function as a medium of communication, many <a href="/wiki/Artistic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Artistic languages">artistic languages</a> are fully <i>a posteriori</i> in design—many for the purposes of <a href="/wiki/Alternate_history" title="Alternate history">alternate history</a>. In distinguishing whether the language is <i>a priori</i> or <i>a posteriori</i>, the prevalence and distribution of respectable traits is often the key. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Examples_of_a_posteriori_languages">Examples of <i>a posteriori</i> languages</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constructed_language&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Examples of a posteriori languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="A_posteriori_artistic_languages"><i>A posteriori</i> artistic languages</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constructed_language&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: A posteriori artistic languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brithenig" title="Brithenig">Brithenig</a> by Andrew Smith (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantean_language" title="Atlantean language">Atlantean</a> by <a href="/wiki/Marc_Okrand" title="Marc Okrand">Marc Okrand</a> for the film <i><a href="/wiki/Atlantis:_The_Lost_Empire" title="Atlantis: The Lost Empire">Atlantis: The Lost Empire</a></i> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toki_Pona" title="Toki Pona">Toki Pona</a> by <a href="/wiki/Sonja_Lang" class="mw-redirect" title="Sonja Lang">Sonja Lang</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wenedyk" class="mw-redirect" title="Wenedyk">Wenedyk</a> by <a href="/wiki/Jan_van_Steenbergen" title="Jan van Steenbergen">Jan van Steenbergen</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trigedasleng" class="mw-redirect" title="Trigedasleng">Trigedasleng</a> by <a href="/wiki/David_J._Peterson" title="David J. Peterson">David Peterson</a> for the TV series <i><a href="/wiki/The_100_(TV_series)" title="The 100 (TV series)">The 100</a></i> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nagwai&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nagwai (page does not exist)">Nagwai</a> by Naxikeestan (2023)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Controlled_auxiliary_languages">Controlled auxiliary languages</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constructed_language&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Controlled auxiliary languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latino_sine_flexione" title="Latino sine flexione">Latino sine flexione</a> (Latin, 1911)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basic_English" title="Basic English">Basic English</a> (English, 1925)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%27Ko_language" title="N'Ko language">N'Ko</a> (Manding, 1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_English" class="mw-redirect" title="Special English">Learning English</a> (English, 1959)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitara_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kitara language">Kitara</a> (SW Ugandan Bantu, 1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Globish_(Nerri%C3%A8re)" title="Globish (Nerrière)">Globish</a> (English, 2004)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="A_posteriori_international_auxiliary_languages"><i>A posteriori</i> international auxiliary languages</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constructed_language&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: A posteriori international auxiliary languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>(1868) <a href="/wiki/Universalglot" title="Universalglot">Universalglot</a></li> <li>(1879) <a href="/wiki/Volap%C3%BCk" title="Volapük">Volapük</a></li> <li>(1885) <a href="/wiki/Pasilingua" title="Pasilingua">Pasilingua</a></li> <li>(1887) <a href="/wiki/Esperanto" title="Esperanto">Esperanto</a></li> <li>(1888) <a href="/wiki/Mundolinco" title="Mundolinco">Mundolinco</a></li> <li>(1902) <a href="/wiki/Idiom_Neutral" title="Idiom Neutral">Idiom Neutral</a></li> <li>(1907) <a href="/wiki/Ido" title="Ido">Ido</a></li> <li>(1912) <a href="/wiki/Reform-Neutral" class="mw-redirect" title="Reform-Neutral">Reform-Neutral</a></li> <li>(1922) <a href="/wiki/Interlingue" title="Interlingue">Interlingue</a></li> <li>(1928) <a href="/wiki/Novial" title="Novial">Novial</a></li> <li>(1937) <a href="/wiki/Esperanto_II" title="Esperanto II">Esperanto II</a></li> <li>(<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1943</span>) <a href="/wiki/Mondial_language" title="Mondial language">Mondial</a></li> <li>(1951) <a href="/wiki/Interlingua" title="Interlingua">Interlingua</a></li> <li>(1961) <a href="/wiki/Neo_language" title="Neo language">Neo</a></li> <li>(1970) <a href="/wiki/Afrihili" title="Afrihili">Afrihili</a></li> <li>(<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1979</span>) <a href="/wiki/Glosa" title="Glosa">Glosa</a></li> <li>(1986) <a href="/wiki/Uropi" title="Uropi">Uropi</a></li> <li>(1991) <a href="/wiki/Rom%C3%A1ni%C3%A7o" class="mw-redirect" title="Romániço">Romániço</a></li> <li>(1998) <a href="/wiki/Lingua_Franca_Nova" title="Lingua Franca Nova">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li> <li>(2007) <a href="/wiki/Sambahsa" title="Sambahsa">Sambahsa</a></li> <li>(2010) <a href="/wiki/Lingwa_de_planeta" title="Lingwa de planeta">Lingwa de planeta</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Zonal_auxiliary_languages">Zonal auxiliary languages</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constructed_language&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Zonal auxiliary languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Zonal_auxiliary_language" title="Zonal auxiliary language">Zonal auxiliary language</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Efatese_language" title="Efatese language">Efatese</a> (c. Vanuatu Oceanic, 19th century)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanid" title="Romanid">Romanid</a> (Romance, 1956)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palawa_kani" title="Palawa kani">Palawa kani</a> (Aboriginal Australian, 1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folkspraak" class="mw-redirect" title="Folkspraak">Folkspraak</a> (Germanic, 1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budinos" title="Budinos">Budinos</a> (Finno-Ugric, 2000s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neolatin" class="mw-redirect" title="Neolatin">Neolatin</a> (Latin, 2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interslavic" title="Interslavic">Interslavic</a> (Slavic, 2011)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constructed_language&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Constructed_language" title="Special:EditPage/Constructed language">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Constructed+language%22">"Constructed language"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Constructed+language%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Constructed+language%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Constructed+language%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Constructed+language%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Constructed+language%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient_linguistic_experiments">Ancient linguistic experiments</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constructed_language&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Ancient linguistic experiments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Grammatical speculation dates from <a href="/wiki/Classical_Antiquity" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical Antiquity">Classical Antiquity</a>; for instance, it appears in <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Cratylus_(dialogue)" title="Cratylus (dialogue)">Cratylus</a></i> in Hermogenes's contention that words are not inherently linked to what they refer to; that people apply "a piece of their own voice ... to the thing". </p><p><a href="/wiki/Athenaeus" title="Athenaeus">Athenaeus</a> tells the story<sup id="cite_ref-Anths-Deipnos_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anths-Deipnos-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of two figures: Dionysius of Sicily and <a href="/wiki/Alexarchus_of_Macedon" title="Alexarchus of Macedon">Alexarchus</a>: </p> <ul><li>Dionysius of Sicily created <a href="/wiki/Neologism" title="Neologism">neologisms</a> like <i>menandros</i> "virgin" (from <i>menei</i> "waiting" and <i>andra</i> "husband") for standard Greek <i>parthenos</i>; <i>menekratēs</i> "pillar" (from <i>menei</i> "it remains in one place" and <i>kratei</i> "it is strong") for standard <i>stulos</i>; and <i>ballantion</i> "javelin" (from <i>balletai enantion</i> "thrown against someone") for standard <i>akon</i>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexarchus_of_Macedon" title="Alexarchus of Macedon">Alexarchus of Macedon</a>, the brother of King <a href="/wiki/Cassander" title="Cassander">Cassander</a> of Macedon, was the founder of the city of <a href="/wiki/Ouranopolis" class="mw-redirect" title="Ouranopolis">Ouranopolis</a>. Athenaeus recounts a story told by Heracleides of Lembos that Alexarchus "introduced a peculiar vocabulary, referring to a rooster as a "dawn-crier", a barber as a "mortal-shaver", a drachma as "worked silver", ... and a herald as an <i>aputēs</i> [from <i>ēputa</i> "loud-voiced"].</li></ul> <p>"He [Alexarchus] once wrote something ... to the public authorities in Casandreia ... As for what this letter says, in my opinion not even the <a href="/wiki/Apollo" title="Apollo">Pythian god</a> could make sense of it."<sup id="cite_ref-Anths-Deipnos_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anths-Deipnos-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While the mechanisms of grammar suggested by classical philosophers were designed to explain existing languages (<a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a>), they were not used to construct new grammars. Roughly contemporary to Plato, in his descriptive grammar of Sanskrit, <a href="/wiki/P%C4%81%E1%B9%87ini" title="Pāṇini">Pāṇini</a> constructed a set of rules for explaining language, so that the text of his grammar may be considered a mixture of natural and constructed language. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_constructed_languages">Early constructed languages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constructed_language&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Early constructed languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:68r.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/68r.jpg/220px-68r.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/68r.jpg/330px-68r.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/68r.jpg/440px-68r.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="731" /></a><figcaption>Page 68r of the <a href="/wiki/Voynich_manuscript" title="Voynich manuscript">Voynich manuscript</a>. This three-page foldout from the manuscript includes a chart that appears astronomical.</figcaption></figure> <p>A legend recorded in the seventh-century <a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish</a> work <a href="/wiki/Auraicept_na_n-%C3%89ces" title="Auraicept na n-Éces">Auraicept na n-Éces</a> claims that <a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9nius_Farsaid" title="Fénius Farsaid">Fénius Farsaid</a> visited <a href="/wiki/Shinar" title="Shinar">Shinar</a> after the <a href="/wiki/Confusion_of_tongues" class="mw-redirect" title="Confusion of tongues">confusion of tongues</a>, and he and his scholars studied the various languages for ten years, taking the best features of each to create <i>in Bérla tóbaide</i> ("the selected language"), which he named <a href="/wiki/Old_Irish" title="Old Irish"><i>Goídelc</i></a>—the Irish language. This appears to be the first mention of the concept of a constructed language in literature. </p><p>The earliest non-natural languages were considered less "constructed" than "super-natural", mystical, or divinely inspired. The <a href="/wiki/Lingua_Ignota" class="mw-redirect" title="Lingua Ignota">Lingua Ignota</a>, recorded in the 12th century by St. <a href="/wiki/Hildegard_of_Bingen" title="Hildegard of Bingen">Hildegard of Bingen</a>, is an example, and apparently the first entirely artificial language.<sup id="cite_ref-foer-2012_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-foer-2012-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is a form of private mystical <a href="/wiki/Cant_(language)" title="Cant (language)">cant</a> (see also <a href="/wiki/Enochian" title="Enochian">Enochian</a>). An important example from Middle-Eastern culture is <a href="/wiki/Balaibalan" title="Balaibalan">Balaibalan</a>, invented in the 16th century.<sup id="cite_ref-higley2007_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-higley2007-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Kabbalah" title="Kabbalah">Kabbalistic</a> grammatical speculation was directed at recovering the original language spoken by <a href="/wiki/Adam_and_Eve" title="Adam and Eve">Adam and Eve</a> in <a href="/wiki/Paradise" title="Paradise">Paradise</a>, lost in the <a href="/wiki/Confusion_of_tongues" class="mw-redirect" title="Confusion of tongues">confusion of tongues</a>. The first <a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christian</a> project for an ideal language is outlined in <a href="/wiki/Dante_Alighieri" title="Dante Alighieri">Dante Alighieri</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/De_vulgari_eloquentia" title="De vulgari eloquentia">De vulgari eloquentia</a></i>, where he searches for the ideal <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a> vernacular suited for literature. <a href="/wiki/Ramon_Llull" title="Ramon Llull">Ramon Llull</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Ramon_Llull#Llull's_Art_(Ars_Magna)" title="Ramon Llull">Ars Magna</a></i> was a project of a perfect language with which the infidels could be convinced of the truth of the Christian faith. It was basically an application of <a href="/wiki/Combinatorics" title="Combinatorics">combinatorics</a> on a given set of concepts.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a>, Lullian and Kabbalistic ideas were drawn upon in a magical context, resulting in <a href="/wiki/Cryptography" title="Cryptography">cryptographic</a> applications. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Perfecting_language">Perfecting language</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constructed_language&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Perfecting language"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Renaissance interest in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Ancient Egypt</a>, notably the discovery of the <i><a href="/wiki/Hieroglyphica" class="mw-redirect" title="Hieroglyphica">Hieroglyphica</a></i> of <a href="/wiki/Horapollo" title="Horapollo">Horapollo</a>, and first encounters with the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese script">Chinese script</a> directed efforts towards a perfect written language. <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Trithemius" title="Johannes Trithemius">Johannes Trithemius</a>, in <i>Steganographia</i> and <i>Polygraphia</i>, attempted to show how all languages can be reduced to one. In the 17th century, interest in <a href="/wiki/Magical_thinking" title="Magical thinking">magical</a> languages was continued by the <a href="/wiki/Rosicrucians" class="mw-redirect" title="Rosicrucians">Rosicrucians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alchemists" class="mw-redirect" title="Alchemists">alchemists</a> (like <a href="/wiki/John_Dee_(mathematician)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Dee (mathematician)">John Dee</a> and his <a href="/wiki/Enochian" title="Enochian">Enochian</a>). <a href="/wiki/Jakob_Boehme" class="mw-redirect" title="Jakob Boehme">Jakob Boehme</a> in 1623 spoke of a "natural language" (<i>Natursprache</i>) of the senses.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Musical_language" title="Musical language">Musical languages</a> from the Renaissance were often tied up with <a href="/wiki/Mysticism" title="Mysticism">mysticism</a>, magic and <a href="/wiki/Alchemy" title="Alchemy">alchemy</a>, sometimes also referred to as the <a href="/wiki/Language_of_the_birds" title="Language of the birds">language of the birds</a>. A non-mystic musical language was <a href="/wiki/Solresol" title="Solresol">Solresol</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="17th_and_18th_century:_advent_of_philosophical_languages">17th and 18th century: advent of philosophical languages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constructed_language&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: 17th and 18th century: advent of philosophical languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The 17th century saw the rise of projects for "philosophical" or "a priori" languages, such as: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Lodwick" title="Francis Lodwick">Francis Lodwick</a>'s <i>A Common Writing</i> (1647) and <i>The Groundwork or Foundation laid (or So Intended) for the Framing of a New Perfect Language and a Universal Common Writing</i> (1652)</li> <li>Sir <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Urquhart" title="Thomas Urquhart">Thomas Urquhart</a>'s <i>Ekskybalauron</i> (1651) and <i>Logopandecteision</i><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (1652)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Dalgarno" title="George Dalgarno">George Dalgarno</a>'s <i>Ars signorum</i>, 1661</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wilkins" title="John Wilkins">John Wilkins</a>' <i><a href="/wiki/An_Essay_towards_a_Real_Character,_and_a_Philosophical_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="An Essay towards a Real Character, and a Philosophical Language">An Essay towards a Real Character, and a Philosophical Language</a></i>, 1668</li></ul> <p>These early taxonomic conlangs produced systems of <a href="/wiki/Hierarchical_classification" title="Hierarchical classification">hierarchical classification</a> that were intended to result in both spoken and written expression. <a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Leibniz" class="mw-redirect" title="Gottfried Leibniz">Leibniz</a> had a similar purpose for his <i>lingua generalis</i> of 1678, aiming at a lexicon of characters upon which the user might perform calculations that would yield true propositions automatically, as a side-effect developing <a href="/wiki/Binary_combinatory_logic" title="Binary combinatory logic">binary calculus</a>. These projects were not only occupied with reducing or modelling grammar, but also with the arrangement of all human knowledge into "characters" or hierarchies, an idea that with the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a> would ultimately lead to the <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A9die" title="Encyclopédie">Encyclopédie</a></i>. Many of these 17th–18th centuries conlangs were <a href="/wiki/Pasigraphy" title="Pasigraphy">pasigraphies</a>, or purely written languages with no spoken form or a spoken form that would vary greatly according to the native language of the reader.<sup id="cite_ref-einstein1884_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-einstein1884-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Leibniz and the encyclopedists realized that it is impossible to organize human knowledge unequivocally in a tree diagram, and consequently to construct an <i>a priori</i> language based on such a classification of concepts. Under the entry <i>Charactère</i>, <a href="/wiki/D%27Alembert" class="mw-redirect" title="D'Alembert">D'Alembert</a> critically reviewed the projects of philosophical languages of the preceding century. After the <i>Encyclopédie</i>, projects for <i>a priori</i> languages moved more and more to the lunatic fringe.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Individual authors, typically unaware of the history of the idea, continued to propose taxonomic philosophical languages until the early 20th century (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Ro_(language)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ro (language)">Ro</a>), but most recent <a href="/wiki/Engineered_language" title="Engineered language">engineered languages</a> have had more modest goals; some are limited to a specific field, like mathematical formalism or calculus (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Lincos_(artificial_language)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lincos (artificial language)">Lincos</a> and <a href="/wiki/Programming_language" title="Programming language">programming languages</a>), others are designed for eliminating <a href="/wiki/Syntactical_ambiguity" class="mw-redirect" title="Syntactical ambiguity">syntactical ambiguity</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Loglan" title="Loglan">Loglan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lojban" title="Lojban">Lojban</a>) or maximizing conciseness (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Ithkuil" title="Ithkuil">Ithkuil</a><sup id="cite_ref-foer-2012_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-foer-2012-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="19th_and_20th_centuries:_auxiliary_languages">19th and 20th centuries: auxiliary languages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constructed_language&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: 19th and 20th centuries: auxiliary languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/International_auxiliary_language" title="International auxiliary language">International auxiliary language</a></div> <p>Already in the <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A9die" title="Encyclopédie">Encyclopédie</a></i> attention began to focus on <i>a posteriori</i> auxiliary languages. <a href="/wiki/Joachim_Faiguet_de_Villeneuve" title="Joachim Faiguet de Villeneuve">Joachim Faiguet de Villeneuve</a> in the article on <i>Langue</i> wrote a short proposition of a "laconic" or regularized grammar of <a href="/wiki/French_(language)" class="mw-redirect" title="French (language)">French</a>. During the 19th century, a bewildering variety of such International Auxiliary Languages (IALs) were proposed, so that <a href="/wiki/Louis_Couturat" title="Louis Couturat">Louis Couturat</a> and <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9opold_Leau" title="Léopold Leau">Léopold Leau</a> in <i>Histoire de la langue universelle</i> (1903) reviewed 38 projects. </p><p>The first of these that made any international impact was <a href="/wiki/Volap%C3%BCk" title="Volapük">Volapük</a>, proposed in 1879 by <a href="/wiki/Johann_Martin_Schleyer" title="Johann Martin Schleyer">Johann Martin Schleyer</a>; within a decade, 283 Volapükist clubs were counted all over the globe. However, disagreements between Schleyer and some prominent users of the language led to schism, and by the mid-1890s it fell into obscurity, making way for <a href="/wiki/Esperanto" title="Esperanto">Esperanto</a>, proposed in 1887 by <a href="/wiki/L._L._Zamenhof" title="L. L. Zamenhof">L. L. Zamenhof</a>, and its <a href="/wiki/Esperantido" title="Esperantido">descendants</a>. <a href="/wiki/Interlingua" title="Interlingua">Interlingua</a>, the most recent auxlang to gain a significant number of speakers, emerged in 1951, when the <a href="/wiki/International_Auxiliary_Language_Association" title="International Auxiliary Language Association">International Auxiliary Language Association</a> published its <a href="/wiki/Interlingua%E2%80%93English_Dictionary" title="Interlingua–English Dictionary">Interlingua–English Dictionary</a> and an accompanying <a href="/wiki/Interlingua:_A_Grammar_of_the_International_Language" title="Interlingua: A Grammar of the International Language">grammar</a>. The success of Esperanto did not stop others from trying to construct new auxiliary languages, such as Leslie Jones' <a href="/wiki/Eurolengo" title="Eurolengo">Eurolengo</a>, which mixes elements of English and Spanish. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Loglan" title="Loglan">Loglan</a> (1955) and its descendants constitute a pragmatic return to the aims of the <i>a priori</i> languages, tempered by the requirement of usability of an auxiliary language. Thus far, these modern <i>a priori</i> languages have garnered only small groups of speakers. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Robot_Interaction_Language" title="Robot Interaction Language">Robot Interaction Language</a> (2010) is a spoken language that is optimized for communication between machines and humans. The major goals of ROILA are that it should be easily learnable by the human user, and optimized for efficient recognition by computer <a href="/wiki/Speech_recognition" title="Speech recognition">speech recognition</a> algorithms. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Artlangs">Artlangs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constructed_language&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Artlangs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Artistic_language" title="Artistic language">Artistic language</a></div> <p>Artists may use language as a source of creativity in art, poetry, or calligraphy, or as a metaphor to address themes as cultural diversity and the vulnerability of the individual in a globalized world. </p><p>Some people prefer however to take pleasure in constructing, crafting a language by a conscious decision for reasons of literary enjoyment or aesthetic reasons without any claim of usefulness. Such <a href="/wiki/Artistic_language" title="Artistic language">artistic languages</a> begin to appear in <a href="/wiki/Early_modern_period" title="Early modern period">Early Modern</a> literature (in <a href="/wiki/Gargantua_and_Pantagruel" title="Gargantua and Pantagruel">Pantagruel</a>, and in <a href="/wiki/Utopia" title="Utopia">Utopian</a> contexts), but they only seem to gain notability as serious projects beginning in the 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-higley2007_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-higley2007-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/A_Princess_of_Mars" title="A Princess of Mars">A Princess of Mars</a></i> (1912) by <a href="/wiki/Edgar_Rice_Burroughs" title="Edgar Rice Burroughs">Edgar Rice Burroughs</a> was possibly the first fiction of that century to feature a constructed language. <a href="/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien" title="J. R. R. Tolkien">J. R. R. Tolkien</a> developed families of related fictional languages and discussed artistic languages publicly, giving a lecture entitled "<i><a href="/wiki/A_Secret_Vice" title="A Secret Vice">A Secret Vice</a></i>" in 1931 at a congress. (Orwell's Newspeak is considered a satire of an <a href="/wiki/International_auxiliary_language" title="International auxiliary language">international auxiliary language</a> rather than an artistic language proper.) </p><p>By the beginning of the first decade of the 21st century, it had become common for <a href="/wiki/Speculative_fiction" title="Speculative fiction">science fiction and fantasy</a> works set in other worlds to feature constructed languages, or more commonly, an extremely limited but defined vocabulary which <i>suggests</i> the existence of a complete language, or whatever portions of the language are needed for the story. Constructed languages are a regular part of the genre, appearing in <i><a href="/wiki/Star_Wars" title="Star Wars">Star Wars</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Star_Trek" title="Star Trek">Star Trek</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="The Lord of the Rings">The Lord of the Rings</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Elvish_languages_(Middle-earth)" class="mw-redirect" title="Elvish languages (Middle-earth)">Elvish</a>), <i><a href="/wiki/Stargate_SG-1" title="Stargate SG-1">Stargate SG-1</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Atlantis:_The_Lost_Empire" title="Atlantis: The Lost Empire">Atlantis: The Lost Empire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ar_Tonelico" title="Ar Tonelico">Ar Tonelico</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Ar_Tonelico#Hymmnos" title="Ar Tonelico">Hymmnos</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Game_of_Thrones" title="Game of Thrones">Game of Thrones</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Dothraki_language" title="Dothraki language">Dothraki language</a> and <a href="/wiki/Valyrian_languages" title="Valyrian languages">Valyrian languages</a>), <i><a href="/wiki/The_Expanse_(TV_series)" title="The Expanse (TV series)">The Expanse</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Avatar_(2009_film)" title="Avatar (2009 film)">Avatar</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Dune_(franchise)" title="Dune (franchise)">Dune</a>,</i> and the <i><a href="/wiki/Myst" title="Myst">Myst</a></i> series of computer adventure games. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ownership_of_constructed_languages">Ownership of constructed languages</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constructed_language&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Ownership of constructed languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The matter of whether or not a constructed language can be owned or protected by intellectual property laws, or if it would even be possible to enforce those laws, is contentious. </p><p>In a 2015 lawsuit, <a href="/wiki/CBS" title="CBS">CBS</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paramount_Pictures" title="Paramount Pictures">Paramount Pictures</a> challenged a fan film project called Axanar, stating the project infringed upon their intellectual property, which included the <a href="/wiki/Klingon_language" title="Klingon language">Klingon language</a>, among other creative elements. During the controversy, Marc Okrand, the language's original designer expressed doubt as to whether Paramount's claims of ownership were valid.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/David_J._Peterson" title="David J. Peterson">David J. Peterson</a>, a linguist who created multiple well-known constructed languages including the <a href="/wiki/Valyrian_languages" title="Valyrian languages">Valyrian languages</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dothraki_language" title="Dothraki language">Dothraki</a>, advocated a similar opinion, saying that "Theoretically, anyone can publish anything using any language I created, and, in my opinion, neither I nor anyone else should be able to do anything about it."<sup id="cite_ref-auto_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, Peterson also expressed concern that the respective rights-holders—regardless of whether or not their ownership of the rights is legitimate—would be likely to sue individuals who publish material in said languages, especially if the author might profit from said material. </p><p>Furthermore, comprehensive learning material for such constructed languages as <a href="/wiki/High_Valyrian" class="mw-redirect" title="High Valyrian">High Valyrian</a> and Klingon has been published and made freely accessible on the language-learning platform <a href="/wiki/Duolingo" title="Duolingo">Duolingo</a>—but those courses are licensed by the respective copyright holders.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because only a few such disputes have occurred thus far, the legal consensus on ownership of languages remains uncertain. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Tasmanian_Aboriginal_Centre" title="Tasmanian Aboriginal Centre">Tasmanian Aboriginal Centre</a> claims ownership of <a href="/wiki/Palawa_kani" title="Palawa kani">Palawa kani</a>, an attempted composite reconstruction of up to a dozen extinct Tasmanian indigenous languages, and has asked Wikipedia to remove its page on the project. However, there is no current legal backing for the claim.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_conlang_organizations">Modern conlang organizations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constructed_language&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Modern conlang organizations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Various papers on constructed languages were published from the 1970s through the 1990s, such as <i>Glossopoeic Quarterly</i>, <i>Taboo Jadoo</i>, and <i>The Journal of Planned Languages</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-rosta2007_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rosta2007-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Conlang Mailing List was founded in 1991, and later split off an AUXLANG mailing list dedicated to international auxiliary languages. In the early to mid-1990s a few conlang-related zines were published as email or websites, such as <i>Vortpunoj</i><sup id="cite_ref-vortpunoj_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vortpunoj-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i>Model Languages</i>. The Conlang mailing list has developed a community of <a href="/wiki/List_of_language_inventors" class="mw-redirect" title="List of language inventors">conlangers</a> with its own customs, such as translation challenges and <a href="/wiki/Translation_relay" class="mw-redirect" title="Translation relay">translation relays</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and its own terminology. Sarah Higley reports from results of her surveys that the demographics of the Conlang list are primarily men from North America and western Europe, with a smaller number from Oceania, Asia, the Middle East, and South America, with an age range from thirteen to over sixty; the number of women participating has increased over time. </p><p>More recently founded online communities include the <a href="/wiki/Zompist" class="mw-redirect" title="Zompist">Zompist</a> Bulletin Board (ZBB; since 2001) and the Conlanger Bulletin Board. Discussion on these forums includes presentation of members' conlangs and feedback from other members, discussion of natural languages, whether particular conlang features have natural language precedents, and how interesting features of natural languages can be repurposed for conlangs, posting of interesting short texts as translation challenges, and meta-discussion about the philosophy of conlanging, conlangers' purposes, and whether conlanging is an art or a hobby.<sup id="cite_ref-higley2007_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-higley2007-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another 2001 survey by Patrick Jarrett showed an average age of 30.65, with the average time since starting to invent languages 11.83 years.<sup id="cite_ref-jarrett2001_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jarrett2001-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A more recent thread on the ZBB showed that many conlangers spend a relatively small amount of time on any one conlang, moving from one project to another; about a third spend years on developing the same language.<sup id="cite_ref-avg_age_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-avg_age-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constructed_language&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Design_conlang.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Design_conlang.png/28px-Design_conlang.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Design_conlang.png/42px-Design_conlang.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Design_conlang.png/56px-Design_conlang.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Constructed_languages" title="Portal:Constructed languages">Constructed languages portal</a></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_constructed_languages" title="List of constructed languages">List of constructed languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interlinguistics" title="Interlinguistics">Interlinguistics</a></li> <li>Aboriginal constructed languages: <a href="/wiki/Damin" title="Damin">Damin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eskayan" class="mw-redirect" title="Eskayan">Eskayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idioglossia" title="Idioglossia">Idioglossia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idiolect" title="Idiolect">Idiolect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cant_(language)" title="Cant (language)">Cant (language)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO,_SIL,_and_BCP_language_codes_for_constructed_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO, SIL, and BCP language codes for constructed languages">ISO, SIL, and BCP language codes for constructed languages</a></li> <li>Language construction <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Artificial script">Artificial script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Langmaker" title="Langmaker">Langmaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_Construction_Kit" class="mw-redirect" title="Language Construction Kit">Language Construction Kit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_game" title="Language game">Language game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_language_regulators" title="List of language regulators">Language regulator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_language_inventors" class="mw-redirect" title="List of language inventors">List of language inventors</a></li></ul></li> <li>Language modelling and translation <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Knowledge_representation" class="mw-redirect" title="Knowledge representation">Knowledge representation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_translation" class="mw-redirect" title="Language translation">Language translation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metalanguage" title="Metalanguage">Metalanguage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_grammar" title="Universal grammar">Universal grammar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mystical_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Mystical language">Mystical languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossolalia" class="mw-redirect" title="Glossolalia">Glossolalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_of_the_birds" title="Language of the birds">Language of the birds</a></li></ul></li> <li>Spontaneous emergence of grammar <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_language" title="Artificial language">Artificial language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_and_Jennifer_Gibbons" title="June and Jennifer Gibbons">June and Jennifer Gibbons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicaraguan_Sign_Language" title="Nicaraguan Sign Language">Nicaraguan Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origin_of_language" title="Origin of language">Origin of language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pidgin" title="Pidgin">Pidgin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poto_and_Cabengo" title="Poto and Cabengo">Poto and Cabengo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_determinism" title="Linguistic determinism">Linguistic determinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_relativity" title="Linguistic relativity">Linguistic relativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pasigraphy" title="Pasigraphy">Pasigraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_language" title="Universal language">Universal language</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/In_the_Land_of_Invented_Languages" title="In the Land of Invented Languages">In the Land of Invented Languages</a></i></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constructed_language&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span 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Book III.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Deipnosophistae&rft.pages=Book-III&rft.au=Athenaeus+of+Naucratis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstructed+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEco1997" class="citation book cs1">Eco, Umberto (1997). <i>The search for the perfect language</i>. 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Reprinted in <i>Fundamenta Krestomatio</i>, UEA 1992 [1903].</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><i>game.salburg.com</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://game.salburg.com/hymmnoserver/">http://game.salburg.com/hymmnoserver/</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 July</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=game.salburg.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgame.salburg.com%2Fhymmnoserver%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstructed+language" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Missing or empty <code class="cs1-code">|title=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#citation_missing_title" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hymmnoserver.uguu.ca/">"Hymmnoserver - Main"</a>. <i>hymmnoserver.uguu.ca</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 July</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=hymmnoserver.uguu.ca&rft.atitle=Hymmnoserver+-+Main&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhymmnoserver.uguu.ca%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstructed+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bhana, Yusuf, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.translatemedia.com/us/blog-usa/can-copyright-language">Can you copyright a language?</a> <i>Translate Media</i>, 6 June 2019</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gardner, Eriq, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/thr-esq/crowdfunded-star-trek-movie-draws-851474">Crowdfunded 'Star Trek' Movie Draws Lawsuit from Paramount, CBS</a> <i>Hollywood Reporter,</i> 30 December 2015</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Owen, Becky,<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cla.co.uk/blog/further-education/fictional-language-copyright">Can you copyright a fictional language?</a> <i>Copyright Licensing Agency</i>, 26 September 2019</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobertson2014" class="citation news cs1">Robertson, Adi (13 August 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theverge.com/2014/8/13/5998273/who-owns-a-language-wikipedia-palawa-kani-raises-old-debate">"Can you own a language?"</a>. <i>The Verge</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Verge&rft.atitle=Can+you+own+a+language%3F&rft.date=2014-08-13&rft.aulast=Robertson&rft.aufirst=Adi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theverge.com%2F2014%2F8%2F13%2F5998273%2Fwho-owns-a-language-wikipedia-palawa-kani-raises-old-debate&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstructed+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rosta2007-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-rosta2007_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archives.conlang.info/ge/bhaelvhua/vhurtaethuan.html">"How did you find out that there were other conlangers?"</a> Conlang list posting by And Rosta, 14 October 2007</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-vortpunoj-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-vortpunoj_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://revo.bierfaristo.com/vortpunoj.html">Archives of <i>Vortpunoj</i></a> at Steve Brewer's website</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://journal.media-culture.org.au/0003/languages.php">Audience, Uglossia, and Conlang: Inventing Languages on the Internet</a> by Sarah L. Higley. M/C: A Journal of Media and Culture 3.1 (2000). (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050616085932/http://journal.media-culture.org.au/0003/languages.php">Archived</a> 16 June 2005 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, media-culture.org.au site sometimes has problems.)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jarrett2001-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-jarrett2001_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archives.conlang.info/bhe/gherque/chivirchein.html">"Update mailing list statistics—FINAL"</a>, Conlang list posting by Patrick Jarrett, 13 September 2001</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-avg_age-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-avg_age_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spinnoff.com/zbb/viewtopic.php?t=28831">"Average life of a conlang"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110614035040/http://www.spinnoff.com/zbb/viewtopic.php?t=28831">Archived</a> 14 June 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> thread on Zompist Bulletin Board, 15 August 2008; accessed 26 August 2008.<br /><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archives.conlang.info/wu/seifi/phirqondal.html">"Average life of a conlang"</a> thread on Conlang mailing list, 27 August 2008 (should be archived more persistently than the ZBB thread)</span> </li> </ol></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Artificial languages are informally called <i>conlangs</i> (constructed languages), and the study of artificial languages and related matters is <i><a href="/wiki/Interlinguistics" title="Interlinguistics">interlinguistics</a></i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Esperanto is the world's most widely spoken constructed international auxiliary language.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constructed_language&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 40em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEco,_Umberto1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Umberto_Eco" title="Umberto Eco">Eco, Umberto</a> (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/searchforperfect00ecou"><i>The search for the perfect language</i></a>. Oxford: Blackwell. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-631-17465-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-631-17465-6"><bdi>0-631-17465-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+search+for+the+perfect+language&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Blackwell&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0-631-17465-6&rft.au=Eco%2C+Umberto&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsearchforperfect00ecou&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstructed+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFComrie,_Bernard1990" class="citation book cs1">Comrie, Bernard (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rosettaproject_swh_misc-1"><i>The World's Major Languages</i></a>. Oxford [Oxfordshire]: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-506511-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-506511-5"><bdi>0-19-506511-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+World%27s+Major+Languages&rft.place=Oxford+%5BOxfordshire%5D&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0-19-506511-5&rft.au=Comrie%2C+Bernard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frosettaproject_swh_misc-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstructed+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Couturat, Louis (1907). <i>Les nouvelles langues internationales</i>. Paris: Hachette. With Léopold Leau. Republished 2001, Olms.</li> <li>Couturat, Louis (1910). <i>Étude sur la dérivation dans la langue internationales</i>. Paris: Delagrave. 100 p.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLibert,_Alan2000" class="citation book cs1">Libert, Alan (2000). <i>A priori artificial languages (Languages of the world)</i>. Lincom Europa. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-89586-667-9" title="Special:BookSources/3-89586-667-9"><bdi>3-89586-667-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+priori+artificial+languages+%28Languages+of+the+world%29&rft.pub=Lincom+Europa&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=3-89586-667-9&rft.au=Libert%2C+Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstructed+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOkrent,_Arika2009" class="citation book cs1">Okrent, Arika (2009). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/inlandofinvented00okre"><i>In the Land of Invented Languages: Esperanto Rock Stars, Klingon Poets, Loglan Lovers, and the Mad Dreamers Who Tried to Build A Perfect Language</i></a></span>. Spiegel & Grau. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/inlandofinvented00okre/page/n359">352</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-385-52788-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-385-52788-0"><bdi>978-0-385-52788-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+the+Land+of+Invented+Languages%3A+Esperanto+Rock+Stars%2C+Klingon+Poets%2C+Loglan+Lovers%2C+and+the+Mad+Dreamers+Who+Tried+to+Build+A+Perfect+Language&rft.pages=352&rft.pub=Spiegel+%26+Grau&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-385-52788-0&rft.au=Okrent%2C+Arika&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Finlandofinvented00okre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstructed+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeterson2015" class="citation book cs1">Peterson, David (2015). <i>The Art of Language Invention</i> (1st ed.). Penguin Books. p. 22. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0143126461" title="Special:BookSources/978-0143126461"><bdi>978-0143126461</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Art+of+Language+Invention&rft.pages=22&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0143126461&rft.aulast=Peterson&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstructed+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2007-aug-24-sci-conlang24-story.html">"Babel's modern architects"</a>, by Amber Dance. <i>The Los Angeles Times</i>, 24 August 2007 (Originally published as "In their own words -- literally")</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constructed_language&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about <br /> <b>Constructed language</b> <hr /></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Constructed+language">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Constructed+language&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul></div></div> </div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/conlang" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:conlang">conlang</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <b>Constructed language</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects">sister projects</span></a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/constructed_language" class="extiw" title="wikt:constructed language">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Constructed_languages" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Constructed languages">Media</a> from Commons</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/41px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/54px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:Constructed_languages" class="extiw" title="n:Category:Constructed languages">News</a> from Wikinews</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Conlang" class="extiw" title="b:Conlang">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/27px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/41px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/54px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33215" class="extiw" title="d:Q33215">Data</a> from Wikidata</span></li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://conlang.org/">Language Creation Society</a>, a nonprofit dedicated to all forms of language creation.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cals.conlang.org/">Conlang Atlas of Language Structures</a>, a typological database of conlangs, based on the World Atlas of Language Structures.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120321094315/http://www.homunculus.com/babel/">Blueprints For Babel</a>, focusing on international auxiliary languages.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://conworkshop.com/">ConWorkShop</a>, a conlanging tools website, with documentation for over 5000 constructed languages.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://minyeva.alkaline.org/links.htm">Garrett's Links to Logical Languages</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120822080103/http://www.onb.ac.at/ev/esperanto_museum.htm">Department of Planned Languages Esperanto Museum</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Austrian_National_Library" title="Austrian National Library">Austrian National Library</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://library.conlang.org">The Conlanger's Library</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.conlang.info/">Henrik Theiling's (Con)Language Resources</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.joerg-rhiemeier.de/Conlang/">Jörg Rhiemeier's Conlang Page</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ezglot.com/meta-language.php">Create a sentence most people understand, by using common words between languages.</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reddit.com/r/conlangs">r/conlangs</a>, a Reddit community for conlangers.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Constructed_languages" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Constructed_languages" title="Template:Constructed languages"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Constructed_languages" title="Template talk:Constructed languages"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Constructed_languages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Constructed languages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Constructed_languages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Constructed languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Classification</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artistic_language" title="Artistic language">Artistic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fictional_language" title="Fictional language">Fictional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_game" title="Language game">Language game</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_auxiliary_language" title="International auxiliary language">International auxiliary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zonal_auxiliary_language" title="Zonal auxiliary language">Zonal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engineered_language" title="Engineered language">Engineered</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_language" title="Experimental language">Experimental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musical_language" title="Musical language">Musical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_language" title="Philosophical language">Philosophical</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Specific <br />languages<br /> by group</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/International_auxiliary_language" title="International auxiliary language">International<br />auxiliary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Babm" title="Babm">Babm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blissymbols" title="Blissymbols">Blissymbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolak_language" title="Bolak language">Bolak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communicationssprache" title="Communicationssprache">Communicationssprache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esperanto" title="Esperanto">Esperanto</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adjuvilo" title="Adjuvilo">Adjuvilo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arcaicam_Esperantom" title="Arcaicam Esperantom">Arcaicam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esperanto_II" title="Esperanto II">Esperanto II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ido" title="Ido">Ido</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mundolinco" title="Mundolinco">Mundolinco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_Esperanto" class="mw-redirect" title="Reformed Esperanto">Reformed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rom%C3%A1ni%C3%A7o" class="mw-redirect" title="Romániço">Romániço</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_(Esperantido)" title="Universal (Esperantido)">Universal</a></li> <li>other <a href="/wiki/Esperantido" title="Esperantido">esperantidos</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glosa" title="Glosa">Glosa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interglossa" title="Interglossa">Interglossa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idiom_Neutral" title="Idiom Neutral">Idiom Neutral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intal_language" title="Intal language">Intal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interlingua" title="Interlingua">Interlingua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interlingue" title="Interlingue">Interlingue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Sign" title="International Sign">International Sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kotava" title="Kotava">Kotava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Langue_nouvelle" title="Langue nouvelle">Langue nouvelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latino_sine_flexione" title="Latino sine flexione">Latino sine flexione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lingua_Franca_Nova" title="Lingua Franca Nova">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lingwa_de_planeta" title="Lingwa de planeta">Lingwa de planeta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mondial_language" title="Mondial language">Mondial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo_language" title="Neo language">Neo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nal_Bino" title="Nal Bino">Nal Bino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novial" title="Novial">Novial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pasilingua" title="Pasilingua">Pasilingua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sambahsa" title="Sambahsa">Sambahsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solresol" title="Solresol">Solresol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sona_(constructed_language)" title="Sona (constructed language)">Sona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unish" title="Unish">Unish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universalglot" title="Universalglot">Universalglot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uropi" title="Uropi">Uropi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volap%C3%BCk" title="Volapük">Volapük</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Zonal_auxiliary_language" title="Zonal auxiliary language">Zonal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afrihili" title="Afrihili">Afrihili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budinos" title="Budinos">Budinos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Efatese_language" title="Efatese language">Efatese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurolengo" title="Eurolengo">Eurolengo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guosa" title="Guosa">Guosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ortat%C3%BCrk" title="Ortatürk">Ortatürk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Germanic_language" title="Pan-Germanic language">Pan-Germanic language</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tutonish" title="Tutonish">Tutonish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Romance_language" title="Pan-Romance language">Pan-Romance language</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neolatino_Romance" title="Neolatino Romance">Neolatino Romance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanid" title="Romanid">Romanid</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Slavic_language" title="Pan-Slavic language">Pan-Slavic language</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interslavic" title="Interslavic">Interslavic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iazychie" title="Iazychie">Iazychie</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runyakitara_language" title="Runyakitara language">Runyakitara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wede" title="Wede">Wede</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weltdeutsch" title="Weltdeutsch">Weltdeutsch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Engineered_language" title="Engineered language">Engineered</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AUI_(constructed_language)" title="AUI (constructed language)">aUI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basic_English" title="Basic English">Basic English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutton_Speedwords" title="Dutton Speedwords">Dutton Speedwords</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ithkuil" title="Ithkuil">Ithkuil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalaba-X" title="Kalaba-X">Kalaba-X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrolinguistics" title="Astrolinguistics">Astrolinguistics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lincos_language" title="Lincos language">Lincos</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lingua_generalis" title="Lingua generalis">Lingua generalis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loglan" title="Loglan">Loglan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logopandecteision" title="Logopandecteision">Logopandecteision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lojban" title="Lojban">Lojban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/An_Essay_Towards_a_Real_Character,_and_a_Philosophical_Language" title="An Essay Towards a Real Character, and a Philosophical Language">Real Character</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ro_language" title="Ro language">Ro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toki_Pona" title="Toki Pona">Toki Pona</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fictional_language" title="Fictional language">Fictional</a> and<br />other <a href="/wiki/Artistic_language" title="Artistic language">artistic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlantean_language" title="Atlantean language">Atlantean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belter_Creole" title="Belter Creole">Belter Creole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brithenig" title="Brithenig">Brithenig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dritok" title="Dritok">Dritok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dothraki_language" title="Dothraki language">Dothraki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elvish_languages" title="Elvish languages">Elvish languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enchanta" class="mw-redirect" title="Enchanta">Enchanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C4%93len" title="Kēlen">Kēlen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiliki_language" title="Kiliki language">Kiliki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klingon_language" title="Klingon language">Klingon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koba%C3%AFan" class="mw-redirect" title="Kobaïan">Kobaïan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A1adan" title="Láadan">Láadan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lapine_language" title="Lapine language">Lapine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loxian" title="Loxian">Loxian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lydnevi" title="Lydnevi">Lydnevi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A4nti" class="mw-redirect" title="Mänti">Mänti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_constructed_by_J._R._R._Tolkien" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages constructed by J. R. R. Tolkien">Middle-earth languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ad%C3%BBnaic" title="Adûnaic">Adûnaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quenya" title="Quenya">Quenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindarin" title="Sindarin">Sindarin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Middle-earth_languages" title="Category:Middle-earth languages">more...</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Na%CA%BCvi_language" title="Naʼvi language">Naʼvi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nadsat" title="Nadsat">Nadsat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newspeak" title="Newspeak">Newspeak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simlish" title="Simlish">Simlish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spocanian" title="Spocanian">Spocanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_in_Star_Wars" title="Languages in Star Wars"><i>Star Wars</i> languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syldavian" title="Syldavian">Syldavian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teonaht" title="Teonaht">Teonaht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsoly%C3%A1ni_language" title="Tsolyáni language">Tsolyáni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utopian_language" title="Utopian language">Utopian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valyrian_languages" title="Valyrian languages">Valyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venedic_language" title="Venedic language">Venedic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verdurian_language" title="Verdurian language">Verdurian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wenja_language" title="Wenja language">Wenja</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ritual and other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balaibalan" title="Balaibalan">Balaibalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damin" title="Damin">Damin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enochian" title="Enochian">Enochian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eskayan_language" title="Eskayan language">Eskayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lingua_ignota" title="Lingua ignota">Lingua ignota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medefaidrin" title="Medefaidrin">Medefaidrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palawa_kani" title="Palawa kani">Palawa kani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yerkish" title="Yerkish">Yerkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaum" title="Zaum">Zaum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Neography</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constructed_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Constructed script">Constructed script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esperanto_orthography" title="Esperanto orthography">Esperanto orthography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sitelen_Pona" title="Sitelen Pona">Sitelen Pona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien%27s_scripts" title="Tolkien's scripts">Tolkien's scripts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cirth" title="Cirth">Cirth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarati" title="Sarati">Sarati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tengwar" title="Tengwar">Tengwar</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Study</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Esperantology" title="Esperantology">Esperantology</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Secret_Vice" title="A Secret Vice">A Secret Vice</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bridge_of_Words" title="Bridge of Words">Bridge of Words</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Conlanging:_The_Art_of_Crafting_Tongues" title="Conlanging: The Art of Crafting Tongues">Conlanging: The Art of Crafting Tongues</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/In_the_Land_of_Invented_Languages" title="In the Land of Invented Languages">In the Land of Invented Languages</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/La_Ricerca_della_Lingua_Perfetta_nella_Cultura_Europea" title="La Ricerca della Lingua Perfetta nella Cultura Europea">La Ricerca della Lingua Perfetta nella Cultura Europea</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Comparisons</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_between_Esperanto_and_Ido" title="Comparison between Esperanto and Ido">Esperanto/Ido</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_between_Esperanto_and_Interlingua" title="Comparison between Esperanto and Interlingua">Esperanto/Interlingua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_between_Esperanto_and_Novial" title="Comparison between Esperanto and Novial">Esperanto/Novial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_between_Ido_and_Interlingua" title="Comparison between Ido and Interlingua">Ido/Interlingua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_between_Ido_and_Novial" title="Comparison between Ido and Novial">Ido/Novial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_between_Interlingue_and_Interlingua" title="Comparison between Interlingue and Interlingua">Interlingue/Interlingua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_between_Lojban_and_Loglan" title="Comparison between Lojban and Loglan">Lojban/Loglan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Constructed_languages" title="Portal:Constructed languages">Portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_constructed_languages" title="List of constructed languages">List of constructed languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_language_creators" title="List of language creators">List of language creators</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style 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