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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Harold Ware</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Ware-harold-c1935.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a7/Ware-harold-c1935.jpg/220px-Ware-harold-c1935.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="292" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/a/a7/Ware-harold-c1935.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="274" data-file-height="364" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Harold Ware circa 1935</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Harold Maskell Ware</div><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1889-08-19</span>)</span>August 19, 1889<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Woodstown,_New_Jersey" title="Woodstown, New Jersey">Woodstown, New Jersey</a>, US</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">August 14, 1935<span style="display:none">(1935-08-14)</span> (aged 45)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace">near <a href="/wiki/Harrisburg,_Pennsylvania" title="Harrisburg, Pennsylvania">Harrisburg, Pennsylvania</a>, US</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alma mater</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Penn_State_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Penn State University">Pennsylvania State College</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupation(s)</th><td class="infobox-data role">Agricultural engineer, Soviet <a href="/wiki/GRU_(Soviet_Union)" title="GRU (Soviet Union)">GRU</a> spy</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse(s)</th><td class="infobox-data">Margaret Stevens (1st), Clarissa "Cris" Smith (2nd), <a href="/wiki/Jessica_Smith_(editor)" title="Jessica Smith (editor)">Jessica Smith (editor)</a> (3rd)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">4</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parent(s)</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ella_Reeve_Bloor" title="Ella Reeve Bloor">Ella Reeve Bloor</a>, Lucien Bonaparte Ware</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><b>Espionage activity</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Allegiance</th><td class="infobox-data category"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Codename</th><td class="infobox-data nickname">"H.R. Harrow" (1921)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Codename</th><td class="infobox-data nickname">"Harrow" (1928)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Codename</th><td class="infobox-data nickname">"George Anstrom" (1932)</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Harold</b> or<b> "Hal" Ware</b> (August 19, 1889 – August 14, 1935) was an American <a href="/wiki/Marxist" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxist">Marxist</a>, regarded as one of the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_USA" title="Communist Party USA">Communist Party</a>'s top experts on agriculture.<sup id="cite_ref-Harris_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harris-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was employed by a federal <a href="/wiki/New_Deal" title="New Deal">New Deal</a> agency in the 1930s. He is alleged to have been a Soviet spy and is understood to have founded the "<a href="/wiki/Ware_Group" title="Ware Group">Ware Group</a>," a covert group of operatives within the United States government aiding Soviet <a href="/wiki/Intelligence_agent" class="mw-redirect" title="Intelligence agent">intelligence agents</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harold_Ware&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bloor-Ella-Reeve-1910.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1e/Bloor-Ella-Reeve-1910.jpg/220px-Bloor-Ella-Reeve-1910.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="276" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/1/1e/Bloor-Ella-Reeve-1910.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="312" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ella_Reeve_Bloor" title="Ella Reeve Bloor">Ella Reeve Bloor</a> (circa 1910)</figcaption></figure> <p>Harold Maskell Ware, best known by his nickname "Hal," was born on August 19, 1889, in <a href="/wiki/Woodstown,_New_Jersey" title="Woodstown, New Jersey">Woodstown, New Jersey</a>, the fourth child of <a href="/wiki/Ella_Reeve_Bloor" title="Ella Reeve Bloor">Ella Reeve Bloor</a> and her husband, Lucien Bonaparte Ware. Two of Ware's three older siblings died in early childhood.<sup id="cite_ref-WeAreMany_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WeAreMany-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>His mother, Ella Bloor, converted to <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">socialism</a> during 1894-1895, when the family lived in <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-WeAreMany_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WeAreMany-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She became a lifelong activist in the <a href="/wiki/Labor_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Labor movement">labor movement</a>, an early member of the <a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Social Democratic Party (United States)">Social Democracy of America</a> (organized by <a href="/wiki/Victor_L._Berger" title="Victor L. Berger">Victor L. Berger</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eugene_V._Debs" title="Eugene V. Debs">Eugene V. Debs</a>), and a founder of the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist Party of America">Communist Party of America</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-WeAreMany_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WeAreMany-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ware was raised in a politically <a href="/wiki/Political_radicalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Political radicalism">radical</a> household, as a "<a href="/wiki/Red_diaper_baby" title="Red diaper baby">Red Diaper Baby</a>." </p><p>When he was 15, a case of <a href="/wiki/Measles" title="Measles">measles</a> left Ware with what doctors believed to be an early case of <a href="/wiki/Tuberculosis" title="Tuberculosis">tuberculosis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-WeAreMany_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WeAreMany-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His divorced mother moved with him and two brothers to the country for a year, while the rest of the family lived with his father in Philadelphia and attended school there.<sup id="cite_ref-WeAreMany_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WeAreMany-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While his mother went weekly to <a href="/wiki/Wilmington,_Delaware" title="Wilmington, Delaware">Wilmington</a> to speak and organize literature sales (as Delaware state organizer for the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_America" title="Socialist Party of America">Socialist Party</a>), Ware lived a rural life. Although he would return to school in the big city the following year, his orientation towards the countryside was firmly established. </p><p>Following his graduation from high school (circa 1907), Ware enrolled in a two-year course in agriculture at <a href="/wiki/Penn_State_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Penn State University">Pennsylvania State College</a>, later Penn State University.<sup id="cite_ref-Harris_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harris-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Margaret_S._Ware_Death_Certificate_1916_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Margaret_S._Ware_Death_Certificate_1916-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Career">Career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harold_Ware&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Following graduation, with financial help from his father he bought a grain and dairy farm near <a href="/wiki/Arden,_Delaware" title="Arden, Delaware">Arden</a>, a small town near <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a>, where he learned farming firsthand.<sup id="cite_ref-WeAreMany_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WeAreMany-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His brief experience as a working farmer made him almost a unique figure among pioneer members of the American Communist Party, a group almost exclusively composed of urban laborers, factory workers, or intellectuals (and mostly foreign-born). </p><p>Before WWI began, Ware had proven himself something of an agricultural innovator. Unable to afford equipment for his <a href="/wiki/Tractor" title="Tractor">tractor</a>, he welded together two harrows for horses. He adapted other horse-drawn gear for use in mechanized agriculture.<sup id="cite_ref-Harris_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harris-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After three years, Ware sold the farm and took a job in a <a href="/wiki/Shipyard" title="Shipyard">shipyard</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Draftsman" class="mw-redirect" title="Draftsman">draftsman</a>, for which he had a natural faculty. This lasted until the end of the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a>, whose armistice in November 1918 ended the torrent of government funding directed toward the shipbuilding industry.<sup id="cite_ref-Harris_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harris-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Communist_Party">Communist Party</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harold_Ware&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Communist Party"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Communist_Labor_Party_of_America_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Communist_Labor_Party_of_America_logo.svg/220px-Communist_Labor_Party_of_America_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Communist_Labor_Party_of_America_logo.svg/330px-Communist_Labor_Party_of_America_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Communist_Labor_Party_of_America_logo.svg/440px-Communist_Labor_Party_of_America_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Communist_Labor_Party_of_America" title="Communist Labor Party of America">Communist Labor Party of America</a> logo</figcaption></figure> <p>Although not a delegate to its founding convention, Ware was a member of the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Labor_Party_of_America" title="Communist Labor Party of America">Communist Labor Party of America</a> (CLP) from the year of its origin, 1919, as were his mother and older sister, <a href="/wiki/Helen_Ware_(violinist)" title="Helen Ware (violinist)">Helen</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ware and his family stayed with the CLP throughout its permutations, merging into the <a href="/wiki/United_Communist_Party" title="United Communist Party">United Communist Party</a> in 1920, into the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist Party of America">Communist Party of America</a> in 1921, and into the "aboveground" <a href="/wiki/Workers_Party_of_America" title="Workers Party of America">Workers Party of America</a> in 1922, and eventually the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_USA" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist Party of the USA">Communist Party of the USA</a> in 1929.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Almost immediately after the Party launched, federal and state authorities moved against the fledgling communist movement, forcing its adherents to make use of pseudonyms and to conduct their activities in secret. During the so-called "underground period" of the party, the agriculturally-oriented Ware used the pseudonym "H.R. Harrow," publishing under that <a href="/wiki/By-line" class="mw-redirect" title="By-line">by-line</a> in the communist press.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (The pseudonym seems to have been a <a href="/wiki/Pun" title="Pun">pun</a> on his real given name, "Harold.") </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ware-article-2111.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Ware-article-2111.jpg/220px-Ware-article-2111.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Ware-article-2111.jpg/330px-Ware-article-2111.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Ware-article-2111.jpg/440px-Ware-article-2111.jpg 2x" data-file-width="648" data-file-height="456" /></a><figcaption>First section of "H.R. Harrow's" agricultural recommendations to the underground <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist Party of America">Communist Party of America</a> (November 1921)</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1921, eager to study the plight of migrant farm workers firsthand with a view to organizing them for the Communist Party, Ware took a six-month trip around the United States, working harvests from the South to the Midwest, Northwest and then East again through the Upper Midwest.<sup id="cite_ref-WeAreMany_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WeAreMany-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This experience, combined with his previous agricultural experience, cemented Ware's place as the Communist Party's leading agricultural expert. </p><p>That fall, in addition to articles he wrote for the "underground" and "aboveground" Communist press, Ware compiled an exhaustive survey of American agriculture, including maps showing distribution of types of farms, farm incomes, and so forth in different sections of the country.<sup id="cite_ref-WeAreMany_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WeAreMany-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The research was transmitted to the <a href="/wiki/Communist_International" title="Communist International">Communist International</a> in Moscow, where it was read and praised by <a href="/wiki/Lenin" class="mw-redirect" title="Lenin">Lenin</a> himself.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In late 1921, Ware attended the founding convention in New York of the <a href="/wiki/Workers_Party_of_America" title="Workers Party of America">Workers Party of America</a>. He was elected an alternate to the governing Central Executive Committee of that organization.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ware was not typically a member of the Communist Party's top committees; he preferred to work in the agricultural sector rather than to engage in <a href="/wiki/Political_faction" title="Political faction">factional</a> party politics. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Soviet_collective_farming">Soviet collective farming</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harold_Ware&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Soviet collective farming"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fsr-sovietrussiacover.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Fsr-sovietrussiacover.jpg/220px-Fsr-sovietrussiacover.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="312" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/69/Fsr-sovietrussiacover.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="426" /></a><figcaption><i>Soviet Russia</i>, official magazine of the <a href="/wiki/Friends_of_Soviet_Russia" title="Friends of Soviet Russia">Friends of Soviet Russia</a> (cover by <a href="/wiki/Lydia_Gibson" title="Lydia Gibson">Lydia Gibson</a>)</figcaption></figure> <p>Ware helped come up with the idea of using funds raised by the <a href="/wiki/Friends_of_Soviet_Russia" title="Friends of Soviet Russia">Friends of Soviet Russia</a> organization to construct a model collective farm in <a href="/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">Soviet Russia</a>. His farm would serve as a model to help to alleviate the <a href="/wiki/Russian_famine_of_1921" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian famine of 1921">great Russian famine</a> through production of grain plus firsthand demonstration of modern agricultural technique. An appropriation of $75,000 was granted for the project, with Ware's half-brother, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Carl_Reeve&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carl Reeve (page does not exist)">Carl Reeve</a>, traveling around the U.S., showing a motion picture depicting horrific conditions in Russia to help raise funds. Funding in hand, Ware went to the <a href="/wiki/Case_Corporation" title="Case Corporation">J.I. Case Farm Implement Co.</a> and brokered a deal for 24 tractors and related equipment.<sup id="cite_ref-Harris_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harris-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In May 1922, Hal and Cris Ware left his three children in America for Soviet Russia along with their tractors, implements, a complete medical unit, and several tons of food supplies. Also making the voyage was a doctor who spoke Russian and a group of American farmers to operate the machinery. The group had been assigned land in the village of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Toikino&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Toikino (page does not exist)">Toikino</a> in <a href="/wiki/Perm_Governorate" title="Perm Governorate">Perm</a> guberniia, a substantial distance from any centers of population. They taught local peasants the basics of machine operation and plowed 4,000 acres (16 km<sup>2</sup>) of land. Shortages of fuel, hauled by peasant wagons some 40 miles (64 km) from the nearest train station, severely hampered their efforts. At season's end, the American crew left for Moscow, whence they went home to America with thanks.<sup id="cite_ref-Harris_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harris-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The next year, Soviet authorities were eager to expand the Toikino experiment of 1922. The Soviet <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Commissariat_of_Agriculture" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Commissariat of Agriculture">People's Commissariat of Agriculture</a> offered a large tract of fertile land in the <a href="/wiki/Kuban" title="Kuban">Kuban</a> region, just north of the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a> for a second model farm. Working again with the <a href="/wiki/Friends_of_Soviet_Russia" title="Friends of Soviet Russia">Friends of Soviet Russia</a> organization, Ware organized a party of 40 to make the trip, including agricultural specialists, a doctor, and a nurse. He arrived in Soviet Russia to inspect the land designated for the project, only to be told by Soviet officials that the deal was off because local peasants had begun to allocate the land among themselves. A hasty search commenced for yet another site, in the <a href="/wiki/Caucasus_Mountains" title="Caucasus Mountains">North Caucasus</a>, but the project was delayed.<sup id="cite_ref-Harris_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harris-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ware spent most of 1925 raising funds for his Soviet farming venture. This farm was organized as a Russian-American joint venture, with Ware as its American Director and then director of the <a href="/wiki/Sovkhoz" title="Sovkhoz">state farm</a> for three years. The project took over four flour mills and profitably operated them; they began to electrify the countryside.<sup id="cite_ref-Harris_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harris-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During winter 1928-29, Ware returned to the United States, where he attempted to interest American agricultural equipment manufacturers in the Soviet market. He convinced some companies to send test tractors and implements along with mechanics to assemble them.<sup id="cite_ref-Harris_1-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harris-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He stayed in the Soviet through the <a href="/wiki/Collectivization" class="mw-redirect" title="Collectivization">collectivization</a> campaign of 1929-30.<sup id="cite_ref-Harris_1-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harris-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Return_to_America">Return to America</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harold_Ware&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Return to America"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Unemployed_men_queued_outside_a_depression_soup_kitchen_opened_in_Chicago_by_Al_Capone,_02-1931_-_NARA_-_541927.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Unemployed_men_queued_outside_a_depression_soup_kitchen_opened_in_Chicago_by_Al_Capone%2C_02-1931_-_NARA_-_541927.jpg/220px-Unemployed_men_queued_outside_a_depression_soup_kitchen_opened_in_Chicago_by_Al_Capone%2C_02-1931_-_NARA_-_541927.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Unemployed_men_queued_outside_a_depression_soup_kitchen_opened_in_Chicago_by_Al_Capone%2C_02-1931_-_NARA_-_541927.jpg/330px-Unemployed_men_queued_outside_a_depression_soup_kitchen_opened_in_Chicago_by_Al_Capone%2C_02-1931_-_NARA_-_541927.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Unemployed_men_queued_outside_a_depression_soup_kitchen_opened_in_Chicago_by_Al_Capone%2C_02-1931_-_NARA_-_541927.jpg/440px-Unemployed_men_queued_outside_a_depression_soup_kitchen_opened_in_Chicago_by_Al_Capone%2C_02-1931_-_NARA_-_541927.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2939" data-file-height="2392" /></a><figcaption>Unemployed men outside <a href="/wiki/Soup_kitchen" title="Soup kitchen">soup kitchen</a> (opened by <a href="/wiki/Al_Capone" title="Al Capone">Al Capone</a>) in Depression-era Chicago (1931)</figcaption></figure> <p>In Spring 1931, Ware set out to organizing farmers and farm-workers in America. In the company of <a href="/wiki/Lem_Harris" class="mw-redirect" title="Lem Harris">Lem Harris</a>, another Communist Party agricultural expert, he made a year-long survey of American agriculture, echoing his research of 1921. The pair travelled by car around the United States, visiting nearly every state in the union, studying the sometimes desperate conditions which resulted from the collapse of agricultural prices associated with the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Harris_1-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harris-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Shortly after completion of this task, Ware established a research center in Washington, DC called <a href="/w/index.php?title=Farm_Research,_Inc.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Farm Research, Inc. (page does not exist)">Farm Research, Inc.</a> and recruited personnel to run it.<sup id="cite_ref-Harris_1-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harris-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The institute, funded by the Communist Party, published a newspaper called <i>The Farmers National Weekly</i> continuously throughout the Great Depression.<sup id="cite_ref-Harris_1-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harris-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fellow Communist Party member Herbert Joseph Putz (Erik Bert) (1904-1981) edited the newspaper (1934-1936)<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ("Farm Research" received funding from the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Marshall_Foundation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert Marshall Foundation (page does not exist)">Robert Marshall Foundation</a>, which also funded the Communist controlled news agency "Federated Press."<sup id="cite_ref-CA-HUAC-1948_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CA-HUAC-1948-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-HUAC-1962_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HUAC-1962-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) In 1932, Ware was active in the <a href="/wiki/Farmers_Holiday_Association" class="mw-redirect" title="Farmers Holiday Association">Farmers Holiday Association</a> on behalf of the Communist Party.<sup id="cite_ref-WeAreMany_2-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WeAreMany-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Soviet_espionage:_Ware_Group">Soviet espionage: Ware Group</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harold_Ware&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Soviet espionage: Ware Group"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Allegations:_Whittaker_Chambers">Allegations: Whittaker Chambers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harold_Ware&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Allegations: Whittaker Chambers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Whittaker_Chambers.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Whittaker_Chambers.jpg/220px-Whittaker_Chambers.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="292" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Whittaker_Chambers.jpg/330px-Whittaker_Chambers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Whittaker_Chambers.jpg/440px-Whittaker_Chambers.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2099" data-file-height="2790" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Whittaker_Chambers" title="Whittaker Chambers">Whittaker Chambers</a> around the time he first made his public allegations about the Ware Group (1948)</figcaption></figure> <p>In his 1952 memoir, <i>Witness,</i> former Communist <a href="/wiki/Whittaker_Chambers" title="Whittaker Chambers">Whittaker Chambers</a> wrote that from the time of Ware's death to his defection from the Communist Party in April 1938, he had been a member of the "Washington spy apparatus" headed by Colonel <a href="/wiki/Boris_Bykov" class="mw-redirect" title="Boris Bykov">Boris Bykov</a>, a Russian <a href="/wiki/Military_intelligence" title="Military intelligence">military intelligence</a> officer.<sup id="cite_ref-Witness_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Witness-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chambers wrote that in addition to the four members of the group (also identified by <a href="/wiki/Lee_Pressman" title="Lee Pressman">Lee Pressman</a> under oath to <a href="/wiki/US_Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="US Congress">Congress</a> in 1950, though Pressman denied that the group engaged in espionage): </p> <blockquote><p>There must have been sixty or seventy others, though Pressman did not necessarily know them all; neither did I. All were dues-paying members of the Communist Party. Nearly all were employed in the United States Government, some in rather high positions, notably in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Agriculture" title="United States Department of Agriculture">Department of Agriculture</a>, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Justice" title="United States Department of Justice">Department of Justice</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Department_of_the_Interior" class="mw-redirect" title="Department of the Interior">Department of the Interior</a>, the <a href="/wiki/National_Labor_Relations_Board" title="National Labor Relations Board">National Labor Relations Board</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Agricultural_Adjustment_Administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Agricultural Adjustment Administration">Agricultural Adjustment Administration</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Railroad_Retirement_Board" title="Railroad Retirement Board">Railroad Retirement Board</a>, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Research_Project&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National Research Project (page does not exist)">National Research Project</a> — and others.<sup id="cite_ref-Witness_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Witness-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Chambers further wrote that "by 1938, the Soviet espionage apparatus in Washington had penetrated the <a href="/wiki/US_State_Department" class="mw-redirect" title="US State Department">US State Department</a>, the <a href="/wiki/US_Treasury_Department" class="mw-redirect" title="US Treasury Department">US Treasury Department</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Standards" class="mw-redirect" title="Bureau of Standards">Bureau of Standards</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Aberdeen_Proving_Ground" title="Aberdeen Proving Ground">Aberdeen Proving Ground</a> in Maryland.<sup id="cite_ref-Witness_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Witness-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These individuals "supplied the Soviet espionage apparatus with secret or confidential information, usually in the form of official United States Government documents for microfilming," Chambers stated.<sup id="cite_ref-Witness_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Witness-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1930s, Hal Ware was employed by the federal government, working for the <a href="/wiki/Agricultural_Adjustment_Administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Agricultural Adjustment Administration">Agricultural Adjustment Administration</a> (AAA), a <a href="/wiki/New_Deal" title="New Deal">New Deal</a> agency which reported to the <a href="/wiki/US_Secretary_of_Agriculture" class="mw-redirect" title="US Secretary of Agriculture">Secretary of Agriculture</a> but was independent of the Department of Agriculture bureaucracy. According to Chambers, he also "organized that Washington underground" in which he was later to work.<sup id="cite_ref-Witness_12-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Witness-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Introduced to him in the spring of 1934,<sup id="cite_ref-Witness_12-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Witness-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chambers described Ware at length: </p> <blockquote><p>He was as American as ham and eggs and as indistinguishable as everybody else. He stood about five feet nine, a trim, middle-aging man in 1934, with a plain face, masked by a quiet earnestness of expression wholly reassuring to people whom quickness of mind makes uncomfortable. Nevertheless, his mind was extremely quick. ... </p><p>He might have been a progressive country agent or a professor of ecology at an agricultural college. And yet there was something unprofessorially jaunty about the flip of his hat brim and his springy stride. ... It is true that he liked to drive his car at breakneck speed almost as well as to talk about soils, tenant farmers and underground organization ... </p><p> Harold Ware was a frustrated farmer. The soil was in his pores. Unlike most American Communists, who managed to pass from one big city to another without seeing anything in the intervening spaces, Ware was absorbed in the land and its problems. He held that, with the deepening of the agricultural crisis, and with the rapid mechanization of agriculture, the time had come for revolutionary organization among farmers.<sup id="cite_ref-Witness_12-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Witness-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><p class="mw-empty-elt"></p></blockquote> <p>According to Chambers' testimony, when he came back from Soviet Russia in 1930, Ware carried with him $25,000 in US currency hidden in a money belt, funds from the Comintern for work among the farmers.<sup id="cite_ref-Witness_12-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Witness-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was with these funds that he had established Farm Research Inc. in Washington, DC. But his real mission was espionage, Chambers wrote: </p> <blockquote><p>Once the <a href="/wiki/New_Deal" title="New Deal">New Deal</a> was in full swing, Hal Ware was like a man who has bought a farm sight unseen only to discover that the crops are all in and ready to harvest. All that he had to do was to hustle them into the barn. The barn in this case was the Communist Party. In the AAA, Hal found a bumper crop of incipient or registered Communists. On its legal staff were Lee Pressman, <a href="/wiki/Alger_Hiss" title="Alger Hiss">Alger Hiss</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Abt" title="John Abt">John Abt</a> (later named by <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Bentley" title="Elizabeth Bentley">Elizabeth Bentley</a> as one of her contacts). There was Charles Krivitsky, a former <a href="/wiki/Physicist" title="Physicist">physicist</a> at <a href="/wiki/New_York_University" title="New York University">New York University</a>, then or shortly after to be known as <a href="/wiki/Charles_Kramer_(economist)" title="Charles Kramer (economist)">Charles Kramer</a> (also, later on, one of Elizabeth Bentley's contacts). <a href="/wiki/George_Silverman" class="mw-redirect" title="George Silverman">Abraham George Silverman</a> (another of Elizabeth Bentley's future contacts) was sitting with a little cluster of communists over at the Railroad Retirement Board.<sup id="cite_ref-Witness_12-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Witness-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Others named by Chambers included <a href="/wiki/Henry_Collins_(official)" title="Henry Collins (official)">Henry H. Collins, Jr.</a>, <a href="/wiki/Laurence_Duggan" title="Laurence Duggan">Laurence Duggan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nathan_Witt" title="Nathan Witt">Nathan Witt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marion_Bachrach" title="Marion Bachrach">Marion Bachrach</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Victor_Perlo" title="Victor Perlo">Victor Perlo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Witness_12-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Witness-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Others subsequently mentioned in these ranks included <a href="/wiki/John_Herrmann" title="John Herrmann">John Herrmann</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Weyl" title="Nathaniel Weyl">Nathaniel Weyl</a>, <a href="/wiki/Donald_Hiss" title="Donald Hiss">Donald Hiss</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Harry_Dexter_White" title="Harry Dexter White">Harry Dexter White</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> According to Chambers, Ware was in close contact with and directly reported to <a href="/wiki/J._Peters" title="J. Peters">J. Peters</a>, "the head of the underground section of the American Communist Party":<sup id="cite_ref-Witness_12-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Witness-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <blockquote><p>... By 1934, the Ware Group had developed into a tightly organized underground, managed by a directory of seven men. In time it included a number of secret sub-cells whose total membership I can only estimate — probably about seventy-five Communists. Sometimes they were visited officially by J. Peters who lectured them on Communist organization and Leninist theory and advised them on general policy and specific problems. For several of them were so placed in the New Deal agencies (notably Alger Hiss, Nathan Witt, John Abt and Lee Pressman) that they were in a position to influence policy at several levels.<sup id="cite_ref-Witness_12-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Witness-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Corroboration_from_Ware_Group_members">Corroboration from Ware Group members</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harold_Ware&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Corroboration from Ware Group members"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pressman-Lee-1938.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Pressman-Lee-1938.jpg/220px-Pressman-Lee-1938.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="294" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Pressman-Lee-1938.jpg/330px-Pressman-Lee-1938.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Pressman-Lee-1938.jpg/440px-Pressman-Lee-1938.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1023" data-file-height="1368" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Lee_Pressman" title="Lee Pressman">Lee Pressman</a>, shortly after leaving the Ware Group, working for the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Industrial_Organizations" title="Congress of Industrial Organizations">CIO</a> (1938)</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><b>Lee Pressman:</b> On August 28, 1950, <a href="/wiki/Lee_Pressman" title="Lee Pressman">Lee Pressman</a> gave testimony against his former comrades, though denied that they engaged in espionage.<sup id="cite_ref-RoadBack_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RoadBack-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Spies_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spies-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He stated he had met Ware and that:</li></ul> <blockquote><p>In my desire to see the destruction of Hitlerism and an improvement in economic conditions here at home, I joined a Communist group in Washington, D. C, about 1934. My participation in such group extended for about a year, to the best of my recollection.<sup id="cite_ref-huac1950_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-huac1950-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Pressman also indicated that in at least one meeting of his group, perhaps two, he had met Soviet intelligence agent <a href="/wiki/J._Peters" title="J. Peters">J. Peters</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pressman's 1950 testimony provided the first corroboration of Chambers' allegation that a Washington, D.C., Communist group around Ware existed, with federal officials <a href="/wiki/Nathan_Witt" title="Nathan Witt">Nathan Witt</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Abt" title="John Abt">John Abt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Charles_Kramer_(economist)" title="Charles Kramer (economist)">Charles Kramer</a> named by Pressman as members of this party cell.<sup id="cite_ref-Witness_12-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Witness-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><b>Nathaniel Weyl:</b> In 1952, <a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Weyl" title="Nathaniel Weyl">Nathaniel Weyl</a> testified before the U.S. <a href="/wiki/Senate_Internal_Security_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="Senate Internal Security Committee">Senate Internal Security Committee</a> that he had been a member of the Ware group, and that <a href="/wiki/Alger_Hiss" title="Alger Hiss">Alger Hiss</a> had attended meetings as well – the only eyewitness corroboration of <a href="/wiki/Whittaker_Chambers" title="Whittaker Chambers">Whittaker Chambers</a>'s testimony that Alger Hiss was a Communist and Ware Group member.<sup id="cite_ref-Witness_12-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Witness-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Of his own Ware Group participation, Weyl said: "I was one of its less enthusiastic members."<sup id="cite_ref-encounters_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-encounters-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Weyl described what could be interpreted as Ware's efforts to corral him into espionage and his own effort to extract himself from the group:</li></ul> <blockquote><p>Ware wanted me to try to get into the Foreign Service and be attached to the staff of <a href="/wiki/William_Christian_Bullitt,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="William Christian Bullitt, Jr.">William Bullitt</a>, our first Ambassador to the Soviet Union ... I didn't think there was anything illegal about membership in the Ware unit, but nevertheless it was duplicitous ... I told Hal Ware that the Moscow idea was out and that I wanted to leave Washington and resign from government. He said: absolutely not. I forced his hand by committing an appalling breach of security. I showed up at a cell meeting with the girl I was having an affair with, a young lady who was not a Communist Party member and who had known nothing about the group. Ware withdrew his objections and I resigned from <a href="/wiki/Agricultural_Adjustment_Act" title="Agricultural Adjustment Act">AAA</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-encounters_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-encounters-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <ul><li><b>John Abt:</b> In his 1993 autobiography, * <a href="/wiki/John_Abt" title="John Abt">John Abt</a>, later long-time attorney for the Communist Party, confirmed that the Ware Group had existed, that it was a secret Communist Party unit, and that Ware had recruited him and several of the others named by Chambers for the Party.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Hope Hale Davis:</b> In her 1994 memoir, <a href="/wiki/Hope_Hale_Davis" title="Hope Hale Davis">Hope Hale Davis</a> also admitted to membership in the Ware group: Davis confirmed that it was engaged in illegal activity.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life_and_death">Personal life and death</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harold_Ware&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Personal life and death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jessica_Granville-Smith_151007v.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Jessica_Granville-Smith_151007v.jpg/220px-Jessica_Granville-Smith_151007v.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Jessica_Granville-Smith_151007v.jpg/330px-Jessica_Granville-Smith_151007v.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Jessica_Granville-Smith_151007v.jpg/440px-Jessica_Granville-Smith_151007v.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2320" data-file-height="3163" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Jessica_Smith_(editor)" title="Jessica Smith (editor)">Jessica Smith</a> (circa 1913-1918)</figcaption></figure> <p>Ware married Margaret Stephens: in 1916, she died three weeks following birth of their second child, Nancy Stephens Ware.<sup id="cite_ref-Margaret_S._Ware_Death_Certificate_1916_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Margaret_S._Ware_Death_Certificate_1916-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In August 1917, Ware married his second wife, Clarissa "Cris" Smith. (The couple had two children, Robin and Nancy, before divorcing in the early 1920s.)<sup id="cite_ref-Harris_1-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harris-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ware's second marriage seems to have ended upon their return to the States. Cris took a job in the National Office of the Workers Party as head of the <a href="/wiki/Committee_for_Protection_of_Foreign-Born_Workers" class="mw-redirect" title="Committee for Protection of Foreign-Born Workers">Committee for Protection of Foreign-Born Workers</a>. She was reported in the Communist Party press as having died of "acute <a href="/wiki/Pancreatitis" title="Pancreatitis">pancreatitis</a>, a rare disease of one of the digestive organs of the stomach," rumored to be a cover story for a botched illegal abortion, on September 27, 1923. <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Gitlow" title="Benjamin Gitlow">Benjamin Gitlow</a> luridly wrote of a love triangle between Cris, Party national secretary <a href="/wiki/Charles_E._Ruthenberg" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles E. Ruthenberg">C. E. Ruthenberg</a>, and future secretary <a href="/wiki/Jay_Lovestone" title="Jay Lovestone">Jay Lovestone</a>. Her death was "a tragic end, for the last of Cris Ware's abortions proved fatal for her."<sup id="cite_ref-Gitlow_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gitlow-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While in Russia, Ware met <a href="/wiki/Jessica_Smith_(editor)" title="Jessica Smith (editor)">Jessica Smith</a>, working with the <a href="/wiki/Quaker" class="mw-redirect" title="Quaker">Quaker</a> famine relief effort, the <a href="/wiki/American_Friends_Service_Committee" title="American Friends Service Committee">American Friends Service Committee</a>. Back in New York City, the pair were married in January 1925 by <a href="/wiki/Norman_Thomas" title="Norman Thomas">Rev. Norman Thomas</a>, soon to become a key political leader of the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_America" title="Socialist Party of America">Socialist Party of America</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Harris_1-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harris-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On August 9, 1935, Ware was critically injured in an automobile accident in the mountains near York Springs in <a href="/wiki/Harrisburg,_Pennsylvania" title="Harrisburg, Pennsylvania">Harrisburg, Pennsylvania</a> when his car collided with a coal truck. He died the next Tuesday at the hospital in Harrisburg, never regaining consciousness after the crash.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Harris_1-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harris-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-WeAreMany_2-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WeAreMany-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harold_Ware&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> Ware was memorialized with a chapter in the memoir written by his more famous mother, Ella Reeve Bloor, in 1940: </p><blockquote><p> As a boy he loved the outdoors, was full of restless, eager vitality and bold curiosity. He had a startlingly vivid imagination, and an urge and talent for organizing that continued and marked his whole life. More than ordinarily shy, he forgot his shyness when engaged in one of his organizing ventures, and a flow of colorful, stirring talk would come from him so persuasive that those who heard him were completely carried away. He grew slim and tall, and when we moved to Arden was captain of the <a href="/wiki/Baseball" title="Baseball">baseball</a> team and a leader in <a href="/wiki/Tennis" title="Tennis">tennis</a> and other games. He missed a lot of school because of his siege of <a href="/wiki/Tuberculosis" title="Tuberculosis">tuberculosis</a>, but he read a lot and was always able to make up two or three years of ordinary schooling in a few months of intensive study. His interest in socialism began as early as I can remember. <br /> Hal's interest in agriculture began early. He started raising truck in a small garden in Arden, and sold it around the countryside. His keen sense of beauty showed in the way he fixed up his boxes of vegetables to sell, arranging them artistically in green boxes. <br /> He first planned to study forestry. He used to tell me his dreams of a life in the open, alone on a hillside, a sea of green tree tops below him. While taking the entrance exams for Pennsylvania State College he found that the forestry course would take four years, while there was a fine two-year agricultural course. Beginning to feel, too, that he did not want to live away from people, but among them, he chose agriculture. His interest in economics and politics developed intensely at this time, and while at college he wrote me constantly for the latest news of the socialist movement. We were always very close to one another, and no matter how many months or years we were apart, we could always pick up where we had left off."<sup id="cite_ref-WeAreMany_2-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WeAreMany-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p></blockquote> <p>After his death, attorney <a href="/wiki/John_Abt" title="John Abt">John Abt</a> married Jessica Smith, Ware's widow. Ware left behind four children: Judith, David, Nancy, and Robin. </p><p>Hal Ware's half-brother, Carl Reeve, was also a lifelong activist in the Communist Party. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works">Works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harold_Ware&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://marxisthistory.org/history/usa/parties/cpusa/1921/1100-hware-ouragrarianprob.pdf">"Our Agrarian Problem."</a> Signed as "H.R. Harrow." <i>The Communist</i> [New York: Unified CPA], vol. 1, no. 5 (November 1921), pp. 20–21, 23</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://marxisthistory.org/history/usa/parties/cpusa/1921/1112-hware-ameragproblems.pdf">"American Agricultural Problems,"</a> <i>The Toiler,</i> vol. 4, whole no. 194 (November 12, 1921), pp. 8–10</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/AmericanFarmersInRussiaapril1923">"American Farmers in Russia,"</a> <i>Soviet Russia Pictorial</i> [New York], vol. 8, no. 4 (April 1923), pg. 77</li> <li>"The Factory Farm — A Discussion Article on the Party and the Farm Problem." Signed as "Harrow." Part 1: <i>The Communist,</i> vol. 7, no. 12 (December 1928), pp. 761–769. Part 2: <i>The Communist,</i> vol. 8, no. 3 (March 1929), pp. 142–149</li> <li><i>The American Farmer</i> (as "George Anstrom") (1932)<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://harpers.org/archive/1935/04/0018929">"Planning for Permanent Poverty: What Subsistence Farming Really Stands For."</a> <i>Harper's Magazine,</i> April 1935</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harold_Ware&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_American_spies" title="List of American spies">List of American spies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ware_Group" title="Ware Group">Ware Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Abt" title="John Abt">John Abt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whittaker_Chambers" title="Whittaker Chambers">Whittaker Chambers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noel_Field" title="Noel Field">Noel Field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Glasser" title="Harold Glasser">Harold Glasser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Herrmann" title="John Herrmann">John Herrmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alger_Hiss" title="Alger Hiss">Alger Hiss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Hiss" title="Donald Hiss">Donald Hiss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Perlo" title="Victor Perlo">Victor Perlo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Peters" title="J. Peters">J. Peters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ward_Pigman" class="mw-redirect" title="Ward Pigman">Ward Pigman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Pressman" title="Lee Pressman">Lee Pressman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vincent_Reno" title="Vincent Reno">Vincent Reno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_Wadleigh" title="Julian Wadleigh">Julian Wadleigh</a></li> <li>Harold Ware</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Weyl" title="Nathaniel Weyl">Nathaniel Weyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Dexter_White" title="Harry Dexter White">Harry Dexter White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathan_Witt" title="Nathan Witt">Nathan Witt</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harold_Ware&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Harris-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Harris_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harris_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harris_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harris_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harris_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harris_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harris_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harris_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harris_1-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harris_1-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harris_1-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harris_1-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harris_1-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harris_1-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harris_1-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harris_1-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHarris1978" class="citation book cs1">Harris, Lement (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/HaroldWareAgriculturalPioneer"><i>Harold M. Ware (1890-1935): Agricultural Pioneer, U.S.A. and U.S.S.R. (Occasional Paper No. 30)</i></a>. American Institute for Marxist Studies. pp. 3 (Farm Research Inc), 4 (weekly), 5 (Margret Stevens), 8 (Clarissa Smith), 10 (draftsman), 16 (24 Case tractors), 18 (Toikino), 37 (Jessica Smith), 36–41 (fundraising), 43–45 (1929–1930, 45–58 (US tour), 59 (pamphlet), 59–68 (Farm Research Inc), 68 (death)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 6,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Harold+M.+Ware+%281890-1935%29%3A+Agricultural+Pioneer%2C+U.S.A.+and+U.S.S.R.+%28Occasional+Paper+No.+30%29&rft.pages=3+%28Farm+Research+Inc%29%2C+4+%28weekly%29%2C+5+%28Margret+Stevens%29%2C+8+%28Clarissa+Smith%29%2C+10+%28draftsman%29%2C+16+%2824+Case+tractors%29%2C+18+%28Toikino%29%2C+37+%28Jessica+Smith%29%2C+36-41+%28fundraising%29%2C+43-45+%281929-1930%2C+45-58+%28US+tour%29%2C+59+%28pamphlet%29%2C+59-68+%28Farm+Research+Inc%29%2C+68+%28death%29&rft.pub=American+Institute+for+Marxist+Studies&rft.date=1978&rft.aulast=Harris&rft.aufirst=Lement&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FHaroldWareAgriculturalPioneer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarold+Ware" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WeAreMany-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WeAreMany_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WeAreMany_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WeAreMany_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WeAreMany_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WeAreMany_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WeAreMany_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WeAreMany_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WeAreMany_2-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WeAreMany_2-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WeAreMany_2-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WeAreMany_2-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBloor1940" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ella_Reeve_Bloor" title="Ella Reeve Bloor">Bloor, Ella Reeve</a> (1940). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HaHaAAAAMAAJ"><i>We Are Many</i></a>. International Publishers. pp. 35-36 (birth), 45 (birth), 51 (mother), 66-67 (Philadelphia), 71 (Arden), 267 (measles, 1921), 234 (Farmers Holiday Association), 262 (death), 268 (Arden), 270 (underground press)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 22,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=We+Are+Many&rft.pages=35-36+%28birth%29%2C+45+%28birth%29%2C+51+%28mother%29%2C+66-67+%28Philadelphia%29%2C+71+%28Arden%29%2C+267+%28measles%2C+1921%29%2C+234+%28Farmers+Holiday+Association%29%2C+262+%28death%29%2C+268+%28Arden%29%2C+270+%28underground+press%29&rft.pub=International+Publishers&rft.date=1940&rft.aulast=Bloor&rft.aufirst=Ella+Reeve&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHaHaAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarold+Ware" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Margaret_S._Ware_Death_Certificate_1916-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Margaret_S._Ware_Death_Certificate_1916_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Margaret_S._Ware_Death_Certificate_1916_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Margaret S. Ware Death Certificate, Wilmington, New Castle Co., Delaware; Date of death: October 16, 1916.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For a list of delegates to the founding convention of the CLP see <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.marxisthistory.org/subject/usa/eam/cpa-clp19delegates.html">http://www.marxisthistory.org/subject/usa/eam/cpa-clp19delegates.html</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For the complete saga of the early Communist Party's evolution, see Early American Marxism website, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.marxisthistory.org/subject/usa/eam/communistparty.html">http://www.marxisthistory.org/subject/usa/eam/communistparty.html</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The best available list of pseudonyms of American communists appears in Jeffrey B. Perry, "Pseudonyms: A Reference Aid for Studying American Communist History," <i>American Communist History,</i> vol. 3, no. 1 (June 2004), pp. 55-126. The identification of Hal Ware as "H.R. Harrow" was made shortly after publication of the article, vetted to the <a href="/wiki/H-net" class="mw-redirect" title="H-net">H-net</a> Historians of American Communism newsgroup, H-HOAC.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Theodore Draper, <i>The Roots of American Communism.</i> New York: Viking, 1957. Page 450, footnote 28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hearingsregardinfarm1951unit">"Hearings Regarding Communist Activities Among Farm Groups"</a>. US Government Printing Office. December 28, 1951. p. 1913<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 5,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hearings+Regarding+Communist+Activities+Among+Farm+Groups&rft.pages=1913&rft.pub=US+Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=1951-12-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhearingsregardinfarm1951unit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarold+Ware" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://collguides.lib.uiowa.edu/?MSC0426&print=true">"Guide to the Erik Bert Paper"</a>. 1983<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 22,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Guide+to+the+Erik+Bert+Paper&rft.date=1983&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcollguides.lib.uiowa.edu%2F%3FMSC0426%26print%3Dtrue&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarold+Ware" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CA-HUAC-1948-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CA-HUAC-1948_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/reportofsenatefa00calirich/page/n1"><i>Fourth Report - Un-American Activities in California - 1948: Communist Front Organizations</i></a>. Senate of the California Legislature. 1948. pp. 98 (Lincoln Bridge), 113–114 (organization)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 18,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fourth+Report+-+Un-American+Activities+in+California+-+1948%3A+Communist+Front+Organizations&rft.pages=98+%28Lincoln+Bridge%29%2C+113-114+%28organization%29&rft.pub=Senate+of+the+California+Legislature&rft.date=1948&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Freportofsenatefa00calirich%2Fpage%2Fn1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarold+Ware" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HUAC-1962-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HUAC-1962_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/guidetosubversiv1961unit/page/n5"><i>Guide to Subversive Organizations and Publications (And Appendixes) ... House Document No. 398</i></a>. US GPO. 1962. p. 73<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 18,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Guide+to+Subversive+Organizations+and+Publications+%28And+Appendixes%29+...+House+Document+No.+398&rft.pages=73&rft.pub=US+GPO&rft.date=1962&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fguidetosubversiv1961unit%2Fpage%2Fn5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarold+Ware" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Witness-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Witness_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Witness_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Witness_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Witness_12-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Witness_12-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Witness_12-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Witness_12-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Witness_12-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Witness_12-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Witness_12-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Witness_12-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Witness_12-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Witness_12-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Witness_12-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChambers1952" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Whittaker_Chambers" title="Whittaker Chambers">Chambers, Whittaker</a> (May 1952). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/witnesscham00cham"><i>Witness</i></a></span>. New York: Random House. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/witnesscham00cham/page/26">26</a>–31, 204, 332–336, 347fn. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780895269157" title="Special:BookSources/9780895269157"><bdi>9780895269157</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Witness&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=26-31%2C+204%2C+332-336%2C+347fn&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=1952-05&rft.isbn=9780895269157&rft.aulast=Chambers&rft.aufirst=Whittaker&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwitnesscham00cham&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarold+Ware" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RoadBack-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RoadBack_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090114112554/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,856648,00.html">"The Road Back"</a>. Time. September 4, 1950. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,856648,00.html">the original</a> on January 14, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Road+Back&rft.date=1950-09-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F0%2C9171%2C856648%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarold+Ware" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Spies-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Spies_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKlehrHaynesVassiliev2009" class="citation book cs1">Klehr, Harvey; Haynes, John Earl; Vassiliev, Alexander (2009). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/spiesrisefallofk00john"><i>Spies: The Rise and Fall of the KGB in America. With John Earl Haynes and Harvey Klehr</i></a></span>. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/spiesrisefallofk00john/page/282">282</a> (Pressman dinner for Kramer), 425–428. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0300155723" title="Special:BookSources/978-0300155723"><bdi>978-0300155723</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 19,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Spies%3A+The+Rise+and+Fall+of+the+KGB+in+America.+With+John+Earl+Haynes+and+Harvey+Klehr.&rft.place=New+Haven%2C+CT&rft.pages=282+%28Pressman+dinner+for+Kramer%29%2C+425-428&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0300155723&rft.aulast=Klehr&rft.aufirst=Harvey&rft.au=Haynes%2C+John+Earl&rft.au=Vassiliev%2C+Alexander&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fspiesrisefallofk00john&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarold+Ware" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-huac1950-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-huac1950_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/hearingsregardin195002unit/hearingsregardin195002unit_djvu.txt">"Hearings regarding Communist espionage in the United States Government"</a>. August 28, 1950. p. 2845 (Communist group) 2850 (met Ware), 2860 (started law practice)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 26,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hearings+regarding+Communist+espionage+in+the+United+States+Government&rft.pages=2845+%28Communist+group%29+2850+%28met+Ware%29%2C+2860+%28started+law+practice%29&rft.date=1950-08-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fhearingsregardin195002unit%2Fhearingsregardin195002unit_djvu.txt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarold+Ware" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Hearings Regarding Communism in the United States Government — Part 2,</i> pp. 2855-2856.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090114084242/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,890230,00.html">"Another Witness"</a>. <i>TIME</i>. March 3, 1952. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,890230,00.html">the original</a> on January 14, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 29,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=TIME&rft.atitle=Another+Witness&rft.date=1952-03-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F0%2C9171%2C890230%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarold+Ware" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHewitt1953" class="citation news cs1">Hewitt, Alan (January 9, 1953). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150617191817/http://ead.dartmouth.edu/html/ml66.html">"I Was in a Communist Unit with Hiss"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/U.S._News_%26_World_Report" title="U.S. News & World Report">U.S. News & World Report</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ead.dartmouth.edu/html/ml66.html">the original</a> on June 17, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 29,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=U.S.+News+%26+World+Report&rft.atitle=I+Was+in+a+Communist+Unit+with+Hiss&rft.date=1953-01-09&rft.aulast=Hewitt&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fead.dartmouth.edu%2Fhtml%2Fml66.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarold+Ware" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-encounters-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-encounters_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-encounters_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeyl2003" class="citation journal cs1">Weyl, Nathaniel (2003). "Encounters with Communism, 1932–1940". <i>American Communist History</i>. <b>2</b> (1): 81–94. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F1474389032000112618">10.1080/1474389032000112618</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144718557">144718557</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Communist+History&rft.atitle=Encounters+with+Communism%2C+1932%E2%80%931940&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=81-94&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F1474389032000112618&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144718557%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Weyl&rft.aufirst=Nathaniel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarold+Ware" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbt1993" class="citation book cs1">Abt, John (1993). <i>Advocate and Activist: Memoirs of an American Communist Lawyer</i>. Champaign, IL: University of Illinois Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-2520-2030-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-2520-2030-8"><bdi>978-0-2520-2030-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Advocate+and+Activist%3A+Memoirs+of+an+American+Communist+Lawyer&rft.place=Champaign%2C+IL&rft.pub=University+of+Illinois+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-2520-2030-8&rft.aulast=Abt&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarold+Ware" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavis1994" class="citation book cs1">Davis, Hope Hale (1994). <i>Great Day Coming</i>. Hanover NH: Steerforth Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-8836-4217-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-8836-4217-4"><bdi>978-1-8836-4217-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Great+Day+Coming&rft.place=Hanover+NH&rft.pub=Steerforth+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-1-8836-4217-4&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.aufirst=Hope+Hale&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarold+Ware" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gitlow-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gitlow_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGitlow1940" class="citation book cs1">Gitlow, Benjamin (1940). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/BenjaminGitlow"><i>I Confess: The Truth About American Communism</i></a>. E.P. Dutton. pp. 153–154<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 7,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=I+Confess%3A+The+Truth+About+American+Communism&rft.pages=153-154&rft.pub=E.P.+Dutton&rft.date=1940&rft.aulast=Gitlow&rft.aufirst=Benjamin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FBenjaminGitlow&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarold+Ware" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Gettysburg Times, Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, August 12, 1935, Page 2, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.newspapers.com/clip/123385864/ware-improves/">https://www.newspapers.com/clip/123385864/ware-improves/</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnstrom1932" class="citation book cs1"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Anstrom, George</a> (1932). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/history/usa/parties/cpusa/international-pamphlets/n23-1st-ed-1932-The-American-Farmer-George-Anstrom.pdf"><i>The American Farmer</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. International Pub1ishers<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 6,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+American+Farmer&rft.pub=International+Pub1ishers&rft.date=1932&rft.aulast=Anstrom&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.marxists.org%2Fhistory%2Fusa%2Fparties%2Fcpusa%2Finternational-pamphlets%2Fn23-1st-ed-1932-The-American-Farmer-George-Anstrom.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarold+Ware" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnstrom1932" class="citation book cs1"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Anstrom, George</a> (1932). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/HaroldWareAgriculturalPioneer"><i>The American Farmer</i></a>. International Pub1ishers<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 6,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+American+Farmer&rft.pub=International+Pub1ishers&rft.date=1932&rft.aulast=Anstrom&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FHaroldWareAgriculturalPioneer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarold+Ware" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harold_Ware&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChambers1952" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Whittaker_Chambers" title="Whittaker Chambers">Chambers, Whittaker</a> (May 1952). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/witnesscham00cham"><i>Witness</i></a></span>. New York: Random House. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/witnesscham00cham/page/26">26</a>–31, 204, 332–336, 347fn. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780895269157" title="Special:BookSources/9780895269157"><bdi>9780895269157</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Witness&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=26-31%2C+204%2C+332-336%2C+347fn&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=1952-05&rft.isbn=9780895269157&rft.aulast=Chambers&rft.aufirst=Whittaker&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwitnesscham00cham&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarold+Ware" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Whittaker Chambers, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100721004854/http://www.law.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/hiss/8-3testimony.html">Testimony before the House Un-American Activities Committee|House Committee on Un-American Activities</a>, August 3, 1948,</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Earl_Haynes" title="John Earl Haynes">John Earl Haynes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Harvey_Klehr" title="Harvey Klehr">Harvey Klehr</a>, <i>Venona: Decoding Soviet Espionage in America.</i> New Haven: <a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Press" title="Yale University Press">Yale University Press</a>, 1999.</li> <li>Joseph Lash, <i>Dealers and Dreamers.</i> New York: Doubleday, 1988.</li> <li>Earl Latham, <i>The Communist Controversy in Washington: From the New Deal to McCarthy.</i> Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1966</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarris1978" class="citation book cs1">Harris, Lement (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/HaroldWareAgriculturalPioneer"><i>Harold M. Ware (1890-1935): Agricultural Pioneer, U.S.A. and U.S.S.R. (Occasional Paper No. 30</i></a>. American Institute for Marxist Studies<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 6,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Harold+M.+Ware+%281890-1935%29%3A+Agricultural+Pioneer%2C+U.S.A.+and+U.S.S.R.+%28Occasional+Paper+No.+30&rft.pub=American+Institute+for+Marxist+Studies&rft.date=1978&rft.aulast=Harris&rft.aufirst=Lement&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FHaroldWareAgriculturalPioneer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarold+Ware" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Weyl" title="Nathaniel Weyl">Nathaniel Weyl</a>, <i>The Battle Against Disloyalty.</i> New York: Crowell, 1951.</li> <li>Nathaniel Weyl, <i>Treason: The Story of Disloyalty and Betrayal in American History.</i> Washington, D.C.: Public Affairs Press, 1950</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harold_Ware&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/kt7f59r9p6/">Overview of the Farmers' National Weekly newspaper issues</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050224074214/http://www.nacic.gov/history/CIReaderPlain/Vol3Chap1.pdf"><i>Cold War Intelligence</i></a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output 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template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Soviet_Spies" title="Template talk:Soviet Spies"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Soviet_Spies" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Soviet Spies"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Soviet_and_Russian_spies" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Soviet and Russian spies</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_espionage_in_the_United_States" title="Soviet espionage in the United States">In the US</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">1940s and before</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Abt" title="John Abt">John Abt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joel_Barr" title="Joel Barr">Joel Barr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Bentley" title="Elizabeth Bentley">Elizabeth Bentley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earl_Browder" title="Earl Browder">Earl Browder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boris_Bukov" title="Boris Bukov">Boris Bukov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whittaker_Chambers" title="Whittaker Chambers">Whittaker Chambers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lona_Cohen" title="Lona Cohen">Lona Cohen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morris_Cohen_(spy)" title="Morris Cohen (spy)">Morris Cohen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judith_Coplon" title="Judith Coplon">Judith Coplon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noel_Field" title="Noel Field">Noel Field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klaus_Fuchs" title="Klaus Fuchs">Klaus Fuchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Glasser" title="Harold Glasser">Harold Glasser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Gold" title="Harry Gold">Harry Gold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Greenglass" title="David Greenglass">David Greenglass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Hall" title="Theodore Hall">Theodore Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Herrmann" title="John Herrmann">John Herrmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Hiss" title="Donald Hiss">Donald Hiss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Koval" title="George Koval">George Koval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Malisoff" title="William Malisoff">William Malisoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hede_Massing" title="Hede Massing">Hede Massing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boris_Morros" title="Boris Morros">Boris Morros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaiah_Oggins" title="Isaiah Oggins">Isaiah Oggins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Perl" title="William Perl">William Perl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Perlo" title="Victor Perlo">Victor Perlo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Peters" title="J. Peters">J. Peters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Ward_Pigman" title="William Ward Pigman">William Ward Pigman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Pressman" title="Lee Pressman">Lee Pressman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vincent_Reno" title="Vincent Reno">Vincent Reno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_and_Ethel_Rosenberg" title="Julius and Ethel Rosenberg">Julius and Ethel Rosenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Sarant" title="Alfred Sarant">Alfred Sarant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saville_Sax" title="Saville Sax">Saville Sax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morton_Sobell" title="Morton Sobell">Morton Sobell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Ulanovsky" title="Alexander Ulanovsky">Alexander Ulanovsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nadezhda_Ulanovskaya" title="Nadezhda Ulanovskaya">Nadezhda Ulanovskaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_Wadleigh" title="Julian Wadleigh">Julian Wadleigh</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Harold Ware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Weisband" title="Bill Weisband">Bill Weisband</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Weyl" title="Nathaniel Weyl">Nathaniel Weyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Dexter_White" title="Harry Dexter White">Harry Dexter White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Wicher" title="Maria Wicher">Maria Wicher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathan_Witt" title="Nathan Witt">Nathan Witt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora_Wovschin" title="Flora Wovschin">Flora Wovschin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatoli_Yatskov" title="Anatoli Yatskov">Anatoli Yatskov</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Cold_War_espionage" title="Cold War espionage">Cold War</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Abel" title="Rudolf Abel">Rudolf Abel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aldrich_Ames" title="Aldrich Ames">Aldrich Ames</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Sheldon_Boone" title="David Sheldon Boone">David Sheldon Boone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_John_Boyce" title="Christopher John Boyce">Christopher John Boyce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Patrick_Cavanaugh" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Patrick Cavanaugh">Thomas Patrick Cavanaugh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Dunlap" title="Jack Dunlap">Jack Dunlap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Hall_III" title="James Hall III">James Hall III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Hanssen" title="Robert Hanssen">Robert Hanssen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reino_H%C3%A4yh%C3%A4nen" title="Reino Häyhänen">Reino Häyhänen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Lee_Howard" title="Edward Lee Howard">Edward Lee Howard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Lee_Johnson_(spy)" title="Robert Lee Johnson (spy)">Robert Lee Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Koecher" title="Karl Koecher">Karl Koecher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Daulton_Lee" title="Andrew Daulton Lee">Andrew Daulton Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Lipka" title="Robert Lipka">Robert Lipka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clayton_J._Lonetree" title="Clayton J. Lonetree">Clayton J. Lonetree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Miller_(agent)" title="Richard Miller (agent)">Richard Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Pelton" title="Ronald Pelton">Ronald Pelton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earl_Edwin_Pitts" title="Earl Edwin Pitts">Earl Edwin Pitts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Soble" title="Jack Soble">Jack Soble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myra_Soble" title="Myra Soble">Myra Soble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Soblen" title="Robert Soblen">Robert Soblen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Seborer" title="Oscar Seborer">Oscar Seborer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Thompson_(spy)" title="Robert Thompson (spy)">Robert Thompson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Trofimoff" title="George Trofimoff">George Trofimoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Anthony_Walker" title="John Anthony Walker">John Anthony Walker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerry_Whitworth" title="Jerry Whitworth">Jerry Whitworth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Post-Soviet</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evgeny_Buryakov" title="Evgeny Buryakov">Evgeny Buryakov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Chapman" title="Anna Chapman">Anna Chapman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Debbins" title="Peter Debbins">Peter Debbins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Hanssen" title="Robert Hanssen">Robert Hanssen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_James_Nicholson" title="Harold James Nicholson">Harold James Nicholson</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Illegals_Program" title="Illegals Program">Illegals Program</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">UK</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Cambridge_Five" title="Cambridge Five">Cambridge Five</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Blunt" title="Anthony Blunt">Anthony Blunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Burgess" title="Guy Burgess">Guy Burgess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Cairncross" title="John Cairncross">John Cairncross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Maclean_(spy)" title="Donald Maclean (spy)">Donald Maclean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Philby" title="Kim Philby">Kim Philby</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Portland_spy_ring" title="Portland spy ring">Portland spy ring</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lona_Cohen" title="Lona Cohen">Lona Cohen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morris_Cohen_(spy)" title="Morris Cohen (spy)">Morris Cohen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethel_Gee" title="Ethel Gee">Ethel Gee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Houghton" title="Harry Houghton">Harry Houghton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konon_Molody" title="Konon Molody">Konon Molody</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Bettaney" title="Michael Bettaney">Michael Bettaney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Blake" title="George Blake">George Blake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Crook" title="David Crook">David Crook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litzi_Friedmann" title="Litzi Friedmann">Litzi Friedmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klaus_Fuchs" title="Klaus Fuchs">Klaus Fuchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Percy_Glading" title="Percy Glading">Percy Glading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melita_Norwood" title="Melita Norwood">Melita Norwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Nunn_May" title="Alan Nunn May">Alan Nunn May</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Peet_(1915%E2%80%931988)" title="John Peet (1915–1988)">John Peet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Prime" title="Geoffrey Prime">Geoffrey Prime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goronwy_Rees" title="Goronwy Rees">Goronwy Rees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_John_Smith_(espionage)" title="Michael John Smith (espionage)">Michael John Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dave_Springhall" title="Dave Springhall">Dave Springhall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Alexander_Symonds" title="John Alexander Symonds">John Alexander Symonds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edith_Tudor-Hart" title="Edith Tudor-Hart">Edith Tudor-Hart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Vassall" title="John Vassall">John Vassall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Wynn" title="Arthur Wynn">Arthur Wynn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Carr" title="Sam Carr">Sam Carr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Delisle" title="Jeffrey Delisle">Jeffrey Delisle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igor_Gouzenko" title="Igor Gouzenko">Igor Gouzenko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elena_Miller" title="Elena Miller">Elena Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerda_Munsinger" title="Gerda Munsinger">Gerda Munsinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Joseph_Ratkai" title="Stephen Joseph Ratkai">Stephen Joseph Ratkai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Rose_(politician)" title="Fred Rose (politician)">Fred Rose</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hirohide_Ishida" title="Hirohide Ishida">Hirohide Ishida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yotoku_Miyagi" title="Yotoku Miyagi">Yotoku Miyagi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanz%C5%8D_Nosaka" title="Sanzō Nosaka">Sanzō Nosaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hotsumi_Ozaki" title="Hotsumi Ozaki">Hotsumi Ozaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ry%C5%ABz%C5%8D_Sejima" title="Ryūzō Sejima">Ryūzō Sejima</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Elsewhere /<br />in combination</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Gregory_Barmine" title="Alexander Gregory Barmine">Alexander Gregory Barmine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stig_Bergling" title="Stig Bergling">Stig Bergling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dieter_Gerhardt" title="Dieter Gerhardt">Dieter Gerhardt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Krivitsky" title="Walter Krivitsky">Walter Krivitsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerttu_Nuorteva" title="Kerttu Nuorteva">Kerttu Nuorteva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Petrov_(diplomat)" title="Vladimir Petrov (diplomat)">Vladimir Mikhaylovich Petrov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fyodor_Raskolnikov" title="Fyodor Raskolnikov">Fyodor Raskolnikov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Redl" title="Alfred Redl">Alfred Redl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignace_Reiss" title="Ignace Reiss">Ignace Reiss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitaly_Shlykov" title="Vitaly Shlykov">Vitaly Shlykov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herman_Simm" title="Herman Simm">Herman Simm</a></li> <li><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siddiq_Ghouse" class="extiw" title="ms:Siddiq Ghouse">Siddiq Ghouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Sorge" title="Richard Sorge">Richard Sorge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arne_Treholt" title="Arne Treholt">Arne Treholt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stig_Wennerstr%C3%B6m_(colonel)" title="Stig Wennerström (colonel)">Stig Wennerström</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5662661#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th 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