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subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-1914:_Initial_campaign-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-First_patrols" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_patrols"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>First patrols</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_patrols-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_action" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_action"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>First action</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_action-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-End_of_the_first_campaign" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#End_of_the_first_campaign"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>End of the first campaign</span> </div> </a> <ul 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</a> <ul id="toc-First_attacks_on_merchant_ships-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Unrestricted_submarine_warfare" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unrestricted_submarine_warfare"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Unrestricted submarine warfare</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Unrestricted_submarine_warfare-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1916:_In_support_of_the_High_Seas_fleet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1916:_In_support_of_the_High_Seas_fleet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>1916: In support of the High Seas fleet</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1916:_In_support_of_the_High_Seas_fleet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1917:_Renewed_"unrestricted"_campaign" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1917:_Renewed_"unrestricted"_campaign"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>1917: Renewed "unrestricted" campaign</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1917:_Renewed_"unrestricted"_campaign-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1918:_Final_year" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1918:_Final_year"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>1918: Final year</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1918:_Final_year-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Atlantic U-boat campaign of World War I</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an 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Available in 14 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-14" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">14 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%B7%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%88%D9%84%D9%89" title="معركة الأطلنطي الأولى – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="معركة الأطلنطي الأولى" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%AA%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%DB%8C%DA%A9_%D8%AF%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B2%D8%A2%D9%84%D8%AA%DB%8C_%D9%85%D9%88%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%B3%DB%8C_(%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%AC%DB%8C_%D8%AF%DB%86%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B4%DB%8C)" title="آتلانتیک دنیزآلتی موجادلیه‌سی (بیرینجی دۆنیا ساواشی) – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="آتلانتیک دنیزآلتی موجادلیه‌سی (بیرینجی دۆنیا ساواشی)" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teatre_d%27operacions_de_l%27Atl%C3%A0ntic_(1914-1918)" title="Teatre d'operacions de l'Atlàntic (1914-1918) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Teatre d'operacions de l'Atlàntic (1914-1918)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prvn%C3%AD_bitva_o_Atlantik" title="První bitva o Atlantik – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="První bitva o Atlantik" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unua_Batalo_de_Atlantiko" title="Unua Batalo de Atlantiko – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Unua Batalo de Atlantiko" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bataille_de_l%27Atlantique_(1914-1918)" title="Bataille de l'Atlantique (1914-1918) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Bataille de l'Atlantique (1914-1918)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8C%80%EC%84%9C%EC%96%91_%EC%A0%84%ED%88%AC_(%EC%A0%9C1%EC%B0%A8_%EC%84%B8%EA%B3%84_%EB%8C%80%EC%A0%84)" title="대서양 전투 (제1차 세계 대전) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="대서양 전투 (제1차 세계 대전)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battaglia_dell%27Atlantico_(1914-1918)" title="Battaglia dell'Atlantico (1914-1918) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Battaglia dell'Atlantico (1914-1918)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanti_csata_(els%C5%91_vil%C3%A1gh%C3%A1bor%C3%BA)" title="Atlanti csata (első világháború) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Atlanti csata (első világháború)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campanha_de_submarinos_do_Atl%C3%A2ntico_da_Primeira_Guerra_Mundial" title="Campanha de submarinos do Atlântico da Primeira Guerra Mundial – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Campanha de submarinos do Atlântico da Primeira Guerra Mundial" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prima_b%C4%83t%C4%83lie_a_Atlanticului_(Primul_R%C4%83zboi_Mondial)" title="Prima bătălie a Atlanticului (Primul Război Mondial) – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Prima bătălie a Atlanticului (Primul Război Mondial)" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantik_Denizalt%C4%B1_M%C3%BCcadelesi_(I._D%C3%BCnya_Sava%C5%9F%C4%B1)" title="Atlantik Denizaltı Mücadelesi (I. Dünya Savaşı) – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Atlantik Denizaltı Mücadelesi (I. Dünya Savaşı)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%90%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%83_(1914%E2%80%941918)" title="Битва за Атлантику (1914—1918) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Битва за Атлантику (1914—1918)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E6%AC%A1%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%A4%A7%E6%88%98%E4%B8%AD%E7%9A%84%E5%A4%A7%E8%A5%BF%E6%B4%8B%E6%BD%9C%E8%89%87%E6%88%98" title="第一次世界大战中的大西洋潜艇战 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="第一次世界大战中的大西洋潜艇战" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" 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other data for this location"><span class="latitude">0°N</span> <span class="longitude">25°W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">0°N 25°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">0; -25</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Prolonged naval conflict between German submarines and the Allied navies during WWI</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1034237262">.mw-parser-output .stack{box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .stack>div{margin:1px;overflow:hidden}@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-left{float:left;clear:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-right{float:right;clear:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-left{float:left;clear:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-right{float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-left{float:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-right{float:right;margin-left:1em}}</style><div class="stack mw-stack stack-clear-right"><div><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Atlantic U-boat campaign of World War I</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of the <a href="/wiki/U-boat_campaign" title="U-boat campaign">U-boat campaign</a> of World War I</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:U20lusitania.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/U20lusitania.jpg/260px-U20lusitania.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/U20lusitania.jpg/390px-U20lusitania.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/U20lusitania.jpg/520px-U20lusitania.jpg 2x" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="437" /></a></span><br />A German postcard depicting the U-boat <a href="/wiki/SM_U-20_(Germany)" title="SM U-20 (Germany)">SM <i>U-20</i></a> sinking <a href="/wiki/RMS_Lusitania" title="RMS Lusitania">RMS <i>Lusitania</i></a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>8 August 1914 – 20 October 1918<span style="display:none"> (<span class="dtstart">1914-08-08</span> – <span class="dtend">1918-10-20</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location">Atlantic Ocean</div><span class="geo-inline-hidden noexcerpt"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Atlantic_U-boat_campaign_of_World_War_I&params=0_N_25_W_region:ZZ_type:waterbody"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">0°N</span> <span class="longitude">25°W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">0°N 25°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">0; -25</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> Allied victory</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span data-sort-value="United Kingdom"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Naval_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Naval_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Naval_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Naval_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Naval_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Naval_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">United Kingdom</a></span></li><li><span data-sort-value="Canada"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Flag_of_Canada_%281868%E2%80%931921%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%281868%E2%80%931921%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Flag_of_Canada_%281868%E2%80%931921%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%281868%E2%80%931921%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Flag_of_Canada_%281868%E2%80%931921%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%281868%E2%80%931921%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></span></li><li><span data-sort-value="France"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic">France</a></span></li><li><span data-sort-value="United States"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></span></li><li><span data-sort-value="Brazil"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Brazil_%281889%E2%80%931960%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Brazil_%281889%E2%80%931960%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Brazil_%281889%E2%80%931960%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_Brazil_%281889%E2%80%931960%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Brazil_%281889%E2%80%931960%29.svg/43px-Flag_of_Brazil_%281889%E2%80%931960%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/First_Brazilian_Republic" title="First Brazilian Republic">Brazil</a></span></li><li><a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_I" title="Allies of World War I">Other Allied navies</a></li></ul></div></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <span data-sort-value="Germany"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/War_Ensign_of_Germany_%281903%E2%80%931919%29.svg/23px-War_Ensign_of_Germany_%281903%E2%80%931919%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/War_Ensign_of_Germany_%281903%E2%80%931919%29.svg/35px-War_Ensign_of_Germany_%281903%E2%80%931919%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/War_Ensign_of_Germany_%281903%E2%80%931919%29.svg/46px-War_Ensign_of_Germany_%281903%E2%80%931919%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Imperial_German_Navy" title="Imperial German Navy">Germany</a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Casualties and losses</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>4,000 ships<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li><li>8 million tons of shipping<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li></ul></div></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>178 U-boats<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li><li>5,000 men<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" 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.navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Atlantic_1914%E2%80%931918" title="Template:Campaignbox Atlantic 1914–1918"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Atlantic_1914%E2%80%931918" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Atlantic 1914–1918"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Atlantic_1914%E2%80%931918" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Atlantic 1914–1918"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Atlantic_naval_operations_of_World_War_I3364" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em">Atlantic naval operations of World War I</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blockade_of_Germany_(1914%E2%80%931919)" title="Blockade of Germany (1914–1919)">Blockade</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">U-boat operations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convoys_in_World_War_I" title="Convoys in World War I">Convoys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Patrol" title="Northern Patrol">Northern Patrol</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:transparent;padding-bottom:0;"> Attacks</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sinking_of_SS_Kaiser_Wilhelm_der_Grosse" title="Sinking of SS Kaiser Wilhelm der Grosse"><i>Kaiser Wilhelm der Grosse</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SMS_Cap_Trafalgar#Sinking" title="SMS Cap Trafalgar"><i>Cap Trafalgar</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS_Gulflight#World_War_I_controversy" title="SS Gulflight"><i>Gulflight</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinking_of_the_RMS_Lusitania" title="Sinking of the RMS Lusitania"><i>Lusitania</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baralong_incidents" title="Baralong incidents"><i>Baralong</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS_Carolina#Sinking" title="SS Carolina"><i>Carolina</i></a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:transparent;padding-bottom:0;"> Actions</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Falkland_Islands" title="Battle of the Falkland Islands">Falkland Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SMS_M%C3%B6we_(1914)#Action_of_16_January_1916" title="SMS Möwe (1914)">16 January 1916</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_10_March_1917" title="Action of 10 March 1917">10 March 1917</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_15_October_1917" title="Action of 15 October 1917">15 October 1917</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_17_November_1917" title="Action of 17 November 1917">17 November 1917</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Orleans" title="Attack on Orleans">Attack on Orleans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_14_October_1918" title="Action of 14 October 1918">14 October 1918</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="North_Sea_1914–19183022" style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_North_Sea_1914%E2%80%931918" title="Template:Campaignbox North Sea 1914–1918"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_North_Sea_1914%E2%80%931918" title="Template talk:Campaignbox North Sea 1914–1918"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_North_Sea_1914%E2%80%931918" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox North Sea 1914–1918"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="North_Sea_1914–19183022" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em">North Sea 1914–1918</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">U-Boat Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Heligoland_Bight_(1914)" title="Battle of Heligoland Bight (1914)">1st Heligoland Bight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_22_September_1914" title="Action of 22 September 1914">22 September 1914</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_off_Texel" title="Battle off Texel">Texel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Yarmouth" title="Raid on Yarmouth">1st Yarmouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Scarborough,_Hartlepool_and_Whitby" title="Raid on Scarborough, Hartlepool and Whitby">Scarborough/Hartlepool/Whitby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Cuxhaven" title="Raid on Cuxhaven">Cuxhaven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dogger_Bank_(1915)" title="Battle of Dogger Bank (1915)">1st Dogger Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_off_Noordhinder_Bank" title="Action off Noordhinder Bank">Noordhinder Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Lowca_and_Parton" title="Raid on Lowca and Parton">Lowca/Parton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dogger_Bank_(1916)" title="Battle of Dogger Bank (1916)">2nd Dogger Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_29_February_1916" title="Action of 29 February 1916">29 February 1916</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombardment_of_Yarmouth_and_Lowestoft" title="Bombardment of Yarmouth and Lowestoft">2nd Yarmouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jutland" title="Battle of Jutland">Jutland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_19_August_1916" title="Action of 19 August 1916">19 August 1916</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dover_Strait_(1916)" title="Battle of Dover Strait (1916)">1st Dover Strait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_16_March_1917" title="Action of 16 March 1917">16 March 1917</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dover_Strait_(1917)" title="Battle of Dover Strait (1917)">2nd Dover Strait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_4_May_1917" title="Action of 4 May 1917">4 May 1917</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_off_Lerwick" title="Action off Lerwick">Lerwick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Heligoland_Bight" title="Second Battle of Heligoland Bight">2nd Heligoland Bight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_11%E2%80%9312_December_1917" title="Action of 11–12 December 1917">11–12 December 1917</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_15_February_1918" title="Action of 15 February 1918">Action of 15 February 1918</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeebrugge_Raid" title="Zeebrugge Raid">Zeebrugge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Ostend_Raid" title="First Ostend Raid">1st Ostend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Ostend_Raid" title="Second Ostend Raid">2nd Ostend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Sea_Mine_Barrage" title="North Sea Mine Barrage">Mine Barrage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tondern_raid" title="Tondern raid">Tondern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_order_of_24_October_1918" title="Naval order of 24 October 1918">24 October 1918</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div> <p>The <b>Atlantic U-boat campaign of World War I</b> (sometimes called the "First Battle of the Atlantic", in reference to the <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> campaign <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Atlantic" title="Battle of the Atlantic">of that name</a>) was the prolonged naval conflict between <a href="/wiki/German_submarines" class="mw-redirect" title="German submarines">German submarines</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_I" title="Allies of World War I">Allied navies</a> in Atlantic waters –the <a href="/wiki/North_Sea" title="North Sea">North Sea</a>, the seas around the <a href="/wiki/British_Isles" title="British Isles">British Isles</a>, and the coast of France. </p><p>Initially the U-boat campaign was directed against the warships of the British <a href="/wiki/Grand_Fleet" title="Grand Fleet">Grand Fleet</a>. Later U-boat fleet action was extended to include action against the trade routes of the Allied powers. This campaign was highly destructive, and resulted in the loss of nearly half of Britain's initial merchant marine fleet during the course of the war. To counter the German submarines, the Allies moved shipping into convoys guarded by destroyers, blockades such as the <a href="/wiki/Dover_Barrage" title="Dover Barrage">Dover Barrage</a> and minefields such as the <a href="/wiki/North_Sea_Mine_Barrage" title="North Sea Mine Barrage">North Sea Mine Barrage</a> were laid, and aircraft patrols monitored the U-boat bases. Increased ship construction meant the amount of Allied shipping available remained fairly stable.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlovland2017_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlovland2017-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The U-boat campaign was thus not able to cut off supplies before the US entered the war in 1917, and in late 1918 the U-boat bases were abandoned in the face of the Allied advance. </p><p>The tactical successes and failures of the Atlantic U-boat Campaign would later be used as a set of available tactics in World War II in a similar U-boat war against the British Empire. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="1914:_Initial_campaign"><span id="1914"></span> 1914: Initial campaign</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Atlantic_U-boat_campaign_of_World_War_I&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: 1914: Initial campaign"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Atlantic_U-boat_campaign_of_World_War_I" title="Special:EditPage/Atlantic U-boat campaign of World War I">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2011</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:U-Boote_Kiel_1914.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/U-Boote_Kiel_1914.jpg/220px-U-Boote_Kiel_1914.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/U-Boote_Kiel_1914.jpg/330px-U-Boote_Kiel_1914.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/U-Boote_Kiel_1914.jpg/440px-U-Boote_Kiel_1914.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5117" data-file-height="3417" /></a><figcaption>German U-boats at <a href="/wiki/Kiel" title="Kiel">Kiel</a>, February 1914</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_patrols">First patrols</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Atlantic_U-boat_campaign_of_World_War_I&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: First patrols"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 6 August 1914, two days after Britain had declared war on Germany, the German <a href="/wiki/U-boat" title="U-boat">U-boats</a> <a href="/wiki/SM_U-5_(Germany)" title="SM U-5 (Germany)"><i>U-5</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/SM_U-7_(Germany)" title="SM U-7 (Germany)"><i>U-7</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/SM_U-8" title="SM U-8"><i>U-8</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/SM_U-9" title="SM U-9"><i>U-9</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/SM_U-13" title="SM U-13"><i>U-13</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/SM_U-14_(Germany)" title="SM U-14 (Germany)"><i>U-14</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/SM_U-15_(Germany)" title="SM U-15 (Germany)"><i>U-15</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/SM_U-16_(Germany)" title="SM U-16 (Germany)"><i>U-16</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/SM_U-17_(Germany)" title="SM U-17 (Germany)"><i>U-17</i></a>, and <a href="/wiki/SM_U-18" title="SM U-18"><i>U-18</i></a> sailed from their base in <a href="/wiki/Heligoland" title="Heligoland">Heligoland</a> to attack <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a> warships in the North Sea in the first submarine war patrols in history.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The U-boats sailed north, hoping to encounter Royal Navy squadrons between <a href="/wiki/Shetland" title="Shetland">Shetland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bergen" title="Bergen">Bergen</a>. On 8 August, one of <i>U-9</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s engines broke down and she was forced to return to base. On the same day, off <a href="/wiki/Fair_Isle" title="Fair Isle">Fair Isle</a>, <i>U-15</i> sighted the British battleships <a href="/wiki/HMS_Ajax_(1912)" title="HMS Ajax (1912)">HMS <i>Ajax</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/HMS_Monarch_(1911)" title="HMS Monarch (1911)"><i>Monarch</i></a>, and <a href="/wiki/HMS_Orion_(1910)" title="HMS Orion (1910)"><i>Orion</i></a> on manoeuvres and fired a torpedo at <i>Monarch</i>. This failed to hit, and succeeded only in putting the battleships on their guard. At dawn the next morning, the 1st Light Cruiser Squadron, which was screening the battleships, came into contact with the U-boats. <a href="/wiki/HMS_Birmingham_(1913)" title="HMS Birmingham (1913)">HMS <i>Birmingham</i></a> sighting <i>U-15</i>, which was lying on the surface. There was no sign of any lookouts on the U-boat and sounds of hammering could be heard, as though her crew were performing repairs. <i>Birmingham</i> immediately altered course and rammed <i>U-15</i> just behind her conning tower. The submarine was cut in two and sank with all hands.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMessimer200234_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMessimer200234-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 12 August, seven U-boats returned to Heligoland; <i>U-13</i> was also missing, and it was thought she had been <a href="/wiki/Naval_mine" title="Naval mine">mined</a>. While the operation was a failure, it caused the Royal Navy some uneasiness, disproving earlier estimates as to U-boats' radius of action and leaving the security of the Grand Fleet's unprotected anchorage at <a href="/wiki/Scapa_Flow" title="Scapa Flow">Scapa Flow</a> open to question. On the other hand, the ease with which <i>U-15</i> had been destroyed by <i>Birmingham</i> encouraged the false belief that submarines were no great danger to surface warships.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_action">First action</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Atlantic_U-boat_campaign_of_World_War_I&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: First action"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Loss_of_HMS_Pathfinder,_September_5th_1914_Art.IWMART5721.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Loss_of_HMS_Pathfinder%2C_September_5th_1914_Art.IWMART5721.jpg/220px-Loss_of_HMS_Pathfinder%2C_September_5th_1914_Art.IWMART5721.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Loss_of_HMS_Pathfinder%2C_September_5th_1914_Art.IWMART5721.jpg/330px-Loss_of_HMS_Pathfinder%2C_September_5th_1914_Art.IWMART5721.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Loss_of_HMS_Pathfinder%2C_September_5th_1914_Art.IWMART5721.jpg/440px-Loss_of_HMS_Pathfinder%2C_September_5th_1914_Art.IWMART5721.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="421" /></a><figcaption>The sinking of <a href="/wiki/HMS_Pathfinder_(1904)" title="HMS Pathfinder (1904)">HMS <i>Pathfinder</i></a> by <a href="/wiki/SM_U-21_(Germany)" title="SM U-21 (Germany)">SM <i>U-21</i></a> on 5 September 1914.</figcaption></figure> <p>On 5 September 1914, <a href="/wiki/SM_U-21_(Germany)" title="SM U-21 (Germany)"><i>U-21</i></a> commanded by Lieutenant <a href="/wiki/Otto_Hersing" title="Otto Hersing">Otto Hersing</a> made history when he torpedoed the Royal Navy light cruiser <a href="/wiki/HMS_Pathfinder_(1904)" title="HMS Pathfinder (1904)">HMS <i>Pathfinder</i></a>. The cruiser's <a href="/wiki/Magazine_(artillery)" title="Magazine (artillery)">magazine</a> exploded, and the ship sank in four minutes, taking 259 of her crew with her.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalsey1919223_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalsey1919223-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was the first combat victory of the modern submarine. </p><p>The German U-boats were to get even luckier <a href="/wiki/Action_of_22_September_1914" title="Action of 22 September 1914">on 22 September</a>. Early in the morning of that day, a lookout on the bridge of <i>U-9</i>, commanded by Lieutenant <a href="/wiki/Otto_Weddigen" title="Otto Weddigen">Otto Weddigen</a>, spotted a vessel on the horizon. Weddigen ordered the U-boat to submerge immediately, and the submarine went forward to investigate. At closer range, Weddigen discovered three old Royal Navy <a href="/wiki/Armoured_cruiser" class="mw-redirect" title="Armoured cruiser">armoured cruisers</a>, <a href="/wiki/HMS_Aboukir_(1900)" title="HMS Aboukir (1900)">HMS <i>Aboukir</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/HMS_Cressy_(1899)" title="HMS Cressy (1899)"><i>Cressy</i></a>, and <a href="/wiki/HMS_Hogue_(1900)" title="HMS Hogue (1900)"><i>Hogue</i></a>. These three vessels were not merely antiquated, but were staffed mostly by reservists, and were so clearly vulnerable that a decision to withdraw them was already filtering up through the bureaucracy of the <a href="/wiki/British_Admiralty" class="mw-redirect" title="British Admiralty">Admiralty</a>. The order did not come soon enough for the ships. Weddigen sent one torpedo into <i>Aboukir</i>. The captains of <i>Hogue</i> and <i>Cressy</i> assumed <i>Aboukir</i> had struck a mine and came up to assist. <i>U-9</i> put two torpedoes into <i>Hogue</i>, and then hit <i>Cressy</i> with two more torpedoes as the cruiser tried to flee. The three cruisers sank in less than an hour, killing 1,460 British sailors.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Action_of_22_September_1914_-_EN.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Action_of_22_September_1914_-_EN.svg/220px-Action_of_22_September_1914_-_EN.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Action_of_22_September_1914_-_EN.svg/330px-Action_of_22_September_1914_-_EN.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Action_of_22_September_1914_-_EN.svg/440px-Action_of_22_September_1914_-_EN.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1117" data-file-height="860" /></a><figcaption>Diagram of events during the <a href="/wiki/Action_of_22_September_1914" title="Action of 22 September 1914">Action of 22 September 1914</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Three weeks later, on 15 October, Weddigen also sank the old cruiser <a href="/wiki/HMS_Hawke_(1891)" title="HMS Hawke (1891)">HMS <i>Hawke</i></a>, and the crew of <i>U-9</i> became national heroes. Each was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Iron_Cross" title="Iron Cross">Iron Cross</a> Second Class, except for Weddigen, who received the Iron Cross First Class. The sinkings caused alarm within the British Admiralty,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which was increasingly nervous about the security of the Scapa Flow anchorage, and the fleet was sent to ports in Ireland and the west coast of Scotland until adequate defenses were installed at Scapa Flow. This, in a sense, was a more significant victory than sinking a few old cruisers; the world's most powerful fleet had been forced to abandon its home base. On 18 October, <a href="/wiki/SM_U-27_(Germany)" title="SM U-27 (Germany)">SM <i>U-27</i></a> sank <a href="/wiki/HMS_E3" title="HMS E3">HMS <i>E3</i></a>, the first instance of one submarine sinking another. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="End_of_the_first_campaign">End of the first campaign</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Atlantic_U-boat_campaign_of_World_War_I&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: End of the first campaign"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>These concerns were well-founded. On 23 November <i>U-18</i> penetrated Scapa Flow via Hoxa Sound, following a steamer through the boom and entering the anchorage with little difficulty. However, the fleet was absent, being dispersed in anchorages on the west coast of Scotland and Ireland. As <i>U-18</i> was making her way back out to the open sea, her periscope was spotted by a guard boat. The trawler <i>Dorothy Gray</i> altered course and rammed the periscope, rendering it unserviceable. <i>U-18</i> then suffered a failure of her diving plane motor and the boat became unable to maintain her depth, at one point even impacting the seabed. Eventually, her captain was forced to surface and scuttle his command, and all but one crew-member were picked up by British boats.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:German_U-Boat_U-24_sinks_the_HMS_Formidable_New_Year%27s_Eve_1914-15.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/German_U-Boat_U-24_sinks_the_HMS_Formidable_New_Year%27s_Eve_1914-15.jpg/220px-German_U-Boat_U-24_sinks_the_HMS_Formidable_New_Year%27s_Eve_1914-15.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/German_U-Boat_U-24_sinks_the_HMS_Formidable_New_Year%27s_Eve_1914-15.jpg/330px-German_U-Boat_U-24_sinks_the_HMS_Formidable_New_Year%27s_Eve_1914-15.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/German_U-Boat_U-24_sinks_the_HMS_Formidable_New_Year%27s_Eve_1914-15.jpg/440px-German_U-Boat_U-24_sinks_the_HMS_Formidable_New_Year%27s_Eve_1914-15.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3205" data-file-height="2149" /></a><figcaption>German depiction of the sinking of <a href="/wiki/HMS_Formidable_(1898)" title="HMS Formidable (1898)">HMS <i>Formidable</i></a> by <a href="/wiki/SM_U-24" title="SM U-24">SM <i>U-24</i></a></figcaption></figure> <p>The last success of the year came on 31 December. <a href="/wiki/SM_U-24" title="SM U-24"><i>U-24</i></a> sighted the British battleship <a href="/wiki/HMS_Formidable_(1898)" title="HMS Formidable (1898)">HMS <i>Formidable</i></a> on manoeuvres in the <a href="/wiki/English_Channel" title="English Channel">English Channel</a> and torpedoed her. <i>Formidable</i> sank with the loss of 547 of her crew.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The C-in-C Channel Fleet, Adm. Sir <a href="/wiki/Lewis_Bayly_(Royal_Navy_officer)" title="Lewis Bayly (Royal Navy officer)">Lewis Bayly</a>, was criticized for not taking proper precautions during the exercises, but was cleared of the charge of negligence. Bayly later served with distinction as commander of the anti-submarine warfare forces at <a href="/wiki/Cobh#RMS_Lusitania_and_the_First_World_War" title="Cobh">Queenstown</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="1915:_War_on_commerce"><span id="1915"></span> 1915: War on commerce</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Atlantic_U-boat_campaign_of_World_War_I&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 1915: War on commerce"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_attacks_on_merchant_ships">First attacks on merchant ships</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Atlantic_U-boat_campaign_of_World_War_I&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: First attacks on merchant ships"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SS_Glitra.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/SS_Glitra.jpg/220px-SS_Glitra.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/SS_Glitra.jpg/330px-SS_Glitra.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/SS_Glitra.jpg/440px-SS_Glitra.jpg 2x" data-file-width="727" data-file-height="357" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/SS_Glitra" title="SS Glitra">SS <i>Gliltra</i></a> docked. The ship was the first British merchant vessel sunk by U-boats</figcaption></figure> <p>The first attacks on merchant ships had started in October 1914. On 20 October <a href="/wiki/SS_Glitra" title="SS Glitra"><i>Glitra</i></a> became the first British merchant vessel to be sunk by a German submarine in World War I. <i>Glitra</i>, bound from <a href="/wiki/Grangemouth" title="Grangemouth">Grangemouth</a> to <a href="/wiki/Stavanger" title="Stavanger">Stavanger</a>, Norway, was stopped and searched by <i>U-17</i>, under the command of Kapitänleutnant Johannes Feldkirchener. The operation was performed broadly in accordance with the <a href="/wiki/Cruiser_rules" title="Cruiser rules">cruiser rules</a>, the crew being ordered into the lifeboats before <i>Glitra</i> was sunk by having her <a href="/wiki/Seacock" title="Seacock">seacocks</a> opened. It was the first time in history a submarine sank a merchant ship.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Less than a week later, on 26 October, <i>U-24</i> became the first submarine to attack an unarmed merchant ship without warning, when she torpedoed the steamship <a href="/w/index.php?title=Admiral_Ganteaume_(ship)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Admiral Ganteaume (ship) (page does not exist)"><i>Admiral Ganteaume</i></a>, with 2,500 Belgian refugees aboard. Although the ship did not sink, and was towed into <a href="/wiki/Boulogne" class="mw-redirect" title="Boulogne">Boulogne</a>, 40 people died, mainly due to panic. The U-boat's commander, Rudolf Schneider, claimed he had mistaken her for a troop transport.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMessimer200115_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMessimer200115-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 30 January 1915, <a href="/wiki/SM_U-20_(Germany)" title="SM U-20 (Germany)"><i>U-20</i></a>, commanded by <i>Kapitänleutnant</i> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Otto_Dr%C3%B6scher&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Otto Dröscher (page does not exist)">Otto Dröscher</a>, torpedoed and sank the steamships <a href="/wiki/SS_Barlind" title="SS Barlind"><i>Ikaria</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/SS_Tokomaru" title="SS Tokomaru"><i>Tokomaru</i></a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=SS_Oriole&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SS Oriole (page does not exist)"><i>Oriole</i></a> without warning, and on 1 February fired a torpedo at, but missed, the <a href="/wiki/Hospital_ship" title="Hospital ship">hospital ship</a> <a href="/wiki/HMHS_Asturias" title="HMHS Asturias"><i>Asturias</i></a>, despite her being clearly identifiable as a hospital ship by her white paintwork with green bands and red crosses.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrendergastGibson200221_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrendergastGibson200221-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Unrestricted_submarine_warfare">Unrestricted submarine warfare</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Atlantic_U-boat_campaign_of_World_War_I&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Unrestricted submarine warfare"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/U-boat_campaign#Unrestricted_submarine_warfare" title="U-boat campaign">U-boat campaign § Unrestricted submarine warfare</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:German_Submarine_Zone_February_1915_SGW_Vol_V.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/German_Submarine_Zone_February_1915_SGW_Vol_V.png/220px-German_Submarine_Zone_February_1915_SGW_Vol_V.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="313" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/German_Submarine_Zone_February_1915_SGW_Vol_V.png/330px-German_Submarine_Zone_February_1915_SGW_Vol_V.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/German_Submarine_Zone_February_1915_SGW_Vol_V.png/440px-German_Submarine_Zone_February_1915_SGW_Vol_V.png 2x" data-file-width="592" data-file-height="842" /></a><figcaption>Shaded areas of the map depict the submarine warfare zone declared by Germany in February 1915</figcaption></figure> <p>Britons believed before the war that the United Kingdom would starve without North American food; <a href="/wiki/W._T._Stead" title="W. T. Stead">W. T. Stead</a> wrote in 1901 that without it "We should be face to face with famine".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStead1901348–349_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStead1901348–349-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Conan_Doyle" title="Arthur Conan Doyle">Arthur Conan Doyle</a> wrote a short story, <a href="/wiki/Danger!_and_Other_Stories" title="Danger! and Other Stories">Danger!</a> suggesting the defeat of the UK using only a small number of submarines. Inspired in part by such tales, German Admirals like <a href="/wiki/Von_Tirpitz" class="mw-redirect" title="Von Tirpitz">von Tirpitz</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hugo_von_Pohl" title="Hugo von Pohl">Hugo von Pohl</a> agitated for a campaign against British commerce with no restrictions, despite the tiny number of submarines available (21 at the start of 1915, 7 of which were undergoing repair work).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEManson197770–71_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEManson197770–71-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 4 February 1915, the first unrestricted campaign against Allied trade was formally started.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the first month 29 ships totalling 89,517 <a href="/wiki/Gross_register_tonnage" title="Gross register tonnage">GRT</a> were sunk, a pace of destruction which was maintained throughout the summer. As the sinkings increased, so too did the number of politically damaging incidents. On 19 February, <i>U-8</i> torpedoed <i>Belridge</i>, a <a href="/wiki/Neutral_country" title="Neutral country">neutral</a> tanker travelling between two neutral ports; in March U-boats sank <i>Hanna</i> and <i>Medea</i>, a Swedish and a Dutch freighter; in April two Greek vessels.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In March also, <i>Falaba</i> was sunk, with the loss of one US life, and in April <i>Harpalyce</i>, a <a href="/wiki/Committee_for_Relief_in_Belgium" class="mw-redirect" title="Committee for Relief in Belgium">Belgian Relief</a> ship, was sunk. On 7 May, <i>U-20</i> sank <a href="/wiki/RMS_Lusitania" title="RMS Lusitania">RMS <i>Lusitania</i></a> with the loss of 1,197 lives, 124 of them US citizens.<sup id="cite_ref-LusiInfoStat_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LusiInfoStat-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These incidents caused outrage amongst neutrals and the scope of the unrestricted campaign was scaled back in September 1915 to lessen the risk of those nations entering the war against Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>British countermeasures were largely ineffective. The most effective defensive measures proved to be advising merchantmen to turn towards the U-boat and attempt to ram, forcing it to submerge.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Over half of all attacks on merchant ships by U-boats were defeated in this way. This response freed the U-boat to attack without warning, however.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolwitt200993_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolwitt200993-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 20 March 1915, this tactic was used by the <a href="/wiki/Great_Eastern_Railway" title="Great Eastern Railway">Great Eastern Railway</a> <a href="/wiki/Packet_(sea_transport)" class="mw-redirect" title="Packet (sea transport)">packet</a> <a href="/wiki/SS_Brussels" title="SS Brussels"><i>Brussels</i></a> to escape an attack by <a href="/wiki/SM_U-33_(Germany)" title="SM U-33 (Germany)"><i>U-33</i></a>. For this her captain, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Fryatt" title="Charles Fryatt">Charles Fryatt</a>, was executed after being captured by the Germans in June 1916, provoking international condemnation.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%27X_222._A_Mystery_Ship%27_-_motorized_stores_lighter_%27X222%27_operating_as_a_Q-ship_RMG_PW0658.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/%27X_222._A_Mystery_Ship%27_-_motorized_stores_lighter_%27X222%27_operating_as_a_Q-ship_RMG_PW0658.jpg/220px-%27X_222._A_Mystery_Ship%27_-_motorized_stores_lighter_%27X222%27_operating_as_a_Q-ship_RMG_PW0658.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/%27X_222._A_Mystery_Ship%27_-_motorized_stores_lighter_%27X222%27_operating_as_a_Q-ship_RMG_PW0658.jpg/330px-%27X_222._A_Mystery_Ship%27_-_motorized_stores_lighter_%27X222%27_operating_as_a_Q-ship_RMG_PW0658.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/%27X_222._A_Mystery_Ship%27_-_motorized_stores_lighter_%27X222%27_operating_as_a_Q-ship_RMG_PW0658.jpg/440px-%27X_222._A_Mystery_Ship%27_-_motorized_stores_lighter_%27X222%27_operating_as_a_Q-ship_RMG_PW0658.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="857" /></a><figcaption>Depiction of a <a href="/wiki/Q-ship" title="Q-ship">Q-ship</a>, a heavily armed merchant ship, used to lure U-boats during World War I</figcaption></figure> <p>Another option was arming ships for self-defence, which, according to the Germans, put them outside the protection of the cruiser rules.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another option was to arm and man decoy ships with hidden guns, the <a href="/wiki/Q-ship" title="Q-ship">Q-ship</a>. A variant on the idea was to equip small vessels with a submarine escort. In 1915, three U-boats were sunk by Q-ships and two more by submarines accompanying trawlers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETarrant198924_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETarrant198924-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In June, <a href="/wiki/SM_U-40_(Germany)" title="SM U-40 (Germany)"><i>U-40</i></a> was sunk by <a href="/wiki/HMS_C24" title="HMS C24">HMS <i>C24</i></a> while attacking <i>Taranaki</i>, and in July <i>U-23</i> was sunk by <i>C-27</i> attacking <i>Princess Louise</i>. Also in July <i>U-36</i> was sunk by the Q-ship <i>Prince Charles</i>, and in August and September <a href="/wiki/SM_U-27_(Germany)" title="SM U-27 (Germany)"><i>U-27</i></a> and <a href="/wiki/SM_U-41_(Germany)" title="SM U-41 (Germany)"><i>U-41</i></a> were sunk by <a href="/wiki/HMS_Baralong" title="HMS Baralong"><i>Baralong</i></a>, the former in the notorious <a href="/wiki/Baralong_Incident" class="mw-redirect" title="Baralong Incident">Baralong Incident</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>There were no means to detect submerged U-boats, and attacks on them were limited to efforts to damage their periscopes with hammers and dropping <a href="/wiki/Guncotton" class="mw-redirect" title="Guncotton">guncotton</a> bombs. Use of nets to ensnare U-boats was also examined, as was a destroyer, <a href="/wiki/HMS_Starfish" title="HMS Starfish"><i>Starfish</i></a>, fitted with a <a href="/wiki/Spar_torpedo" title="Spar torpedo">spar torpedo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcKee199346–47_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcKee199346–47-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> U-boats did not cause substantial damage, as merchant traffic was not intimidated into ceasing as the planners had anticipated. Sixteen U-boats were destroyed during this phase of the campaign, while they sank 370 ships of 750,000 GRT. Britain had around 20 million GRT in shipping at the start of the war and production managed to more than keep pace with losses.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlovland20178_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlovland20178-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="1916:_In_support_of_the_High_Seas_fleet"><span id="1916"></span> 1916: In support of the High Seas fleet</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Atlantic_U-boat_campaign_of_World_War_I&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: 1916: In support of the High Seas fleet"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>1916 was a year of political struggles between opponents and proponents of unrestricted submarine warfare. <a href="/wiki/Reinhard_Scheer" title="Reinhard Scheer">Reinhard Scheer</a> became the commander of the High Seas Fleet, and as an effort to "blackmail" command into adopting unrestricted submarine warfare, refused to use his submarines in any sort of limited commerce raiding campaign.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEManson1977355_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEManson1977355-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus German Navy returned to a strategy of using the U-boats to erode the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Fleet" title="Grand Fleet">Grand Fleet</a>'s numerical superiority by staging a series of operations designed to lure the Grand Fleet into a U-boat trap. Due to the U-boats' poor speed compared to the main battle fleet these operations required U-boat patrol lines to be set up, while the <a href="/wiki/High_Seas_fleet" class="mw-redirect" title="High Seas fleet">High Seas fleet</a> manoeuvred to draw the Grand Fleet to them.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Several of these operations were staged, in March and April 1916, but with no success. Ironically, the major fleet action which did take place, the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jutland" title="Battle of Jutland">Battle of Jutland</a>, in May 1916, saw no U-boat involvement at all; the fleets met and engaged largely by chance, and there were no U-boat patrols anywhere near the battle area. A further series of operations, in August and October 1916, were similarly unfruitful, and the strategy was abandoned in favour of resuming commerce warfare. Renewed orders in October suggested that unrestricted submarine warfare may come at some point in the future, but commerce attacks had to operate under cruiser rules for now. To the consternation of Scheer, operating in this way turned out to be a great success, with around 1.4 million tons sunk in less than four months. Only 4 submarines from the High Seas Fleet were lost, due solely to mines or accidents.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to German estimates, Scheer's intransigence cost Germany the opportunity to sink 1.6 to 3 million tons of Allied shipping.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELundeberg1963111–112_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELundeberg1963111–112-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="1917:_Renewed_"unrestricted"_campaign"><span id="1917:_Renewed_.22unrestricted.22_campaign"></span><span id="1917"></span> 1917: Renewed "unrestricted" campaign</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Atlantic_U-boat_campaign_of_World_War_I&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: 1917: Renewed "unrestricted" campaign"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Convoys_in_World_War_I" title="Convoys in World War I">Convoys in World War I</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:German_Submarine_War_Zone_Announced_1_February_1917.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/German_Submarine_War_Zone_Announced_1_February_1917.jpeg/220px-German_Submarine_War_Zone_Announced_1_February_1917.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="307" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/German_Submarine_War_Zone_Announced_1_February_1917.jpeg/330px-German_Submarine_War_Zone_Announced_1_February_1917.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/German_Submarine_War_Zone_Announced_1_February_1917.jpeg/440px-German_Submarine_War_Zone_Announced_1_February_1917.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="645" data-file-height="900" /></a><figcaption>Shaded areas of the map depict the submarine warfare zone declared by Germany in February 1917</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1917 Germany decided to resume full unrestricted submarine warfare. It was expected to bring America into the war, but the Germans gambled that they could defeat Britain by this means before the US could mobilize. German planners estimated that if the sunk tonnage were to exceed 600,000 tons per month, Britain would be forced to sue for peace after five to six months.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In February 1917 U-boats sank over 414,000 GRT in the war zone around Britain, 80% of the total for the month; in March they sank over 500,000 (90%), in April over 600,000 of 860,000 GRT, the highest total sinkings of the war.<sup id="cite_ref-Tarrant_p148_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tarrant_p148-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This, however was the high point. </p><p>In May, the first convoys were introduced, and were immediately successful. Overall losses started to fall; losses to ships in convoy fell dramatically. In the three months following their introduction, on the Atlantic, North Sea, and Scandinavian routes, of 8,894 ships convoyed just 27 were lost to U-boats. By comparison 356 were lost sailing independently. </p><p>As shipping losses fell, U-boat losses rose; during the period May to July 1917, 15 U-boats were destroyed in the waters around Britain, compared to 9 the previous quarter, and 4 for the quarter before the campaign was renewed.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As the campaign became more intense, it also became more brutal. 1917 and 1918 saw a <a href="/wiki/List_of_hospital_ships_sunk_in_World_War_I" title="List of hospital ships sunk in World War I">series of attacks</a> on hospital ships, which generally sailed fully lit, to show their non-combatant status. <a href="/wiki/SM_UB-32" title="SM UB-32"><i>UB-32</i></a> damaged <a href="/wiki/HMHS_Gloucester_Castle" title="HMHS Gloucester Castle">HMHS <i>Gloucester Castle</i></a> in March 1917, <a href="/wiki/SM_U-55" title="SM U-55"><i>U-55</i></a> sank <a href="/wiki/HMHS_Rewa" title="HMHS Rewa">HMHS <i>Rewa</i></a> in January 1918 and <a href="/wiki/SM_U-86" title="SM U-86"><i>U-86</i></a> sank <a href="/wiki/HMHS_Llandovery_Castle" title="HMHS Llandovery Castle">HMHS <i>Llandovery Castle</i></a> in June 1918.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Commanded by <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Werner" title="Wilhelm Werner">Wilhelm Werner</a>, <i>U-55</i> also deliberately drowned dozens of crewmen who had survived the sinkings of the <a href="/wiki/Cargo_ship" title="Cargo ship">cargo ships</a> <a href="/wiki/SS_Torrington" title="SS Torrington"><i>Torrington</i></a> in April 1917 and <a href="/wiki/SS_Belgian_Prince" title="SS Belgian Prince"><i>Belgian Prince</i></a> in June 1917.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As U-boats became more wary, encounters with Q-ships also became more intense. In February 1917 <a href="/wiki/SM_U-83" title="SM U-83"><i>U-83</i></a> was sunk by <a href="/wiki/HMS_Farnborough" title="HMS Farnborough">HMS <i>Farnborough</i></a>, but only after <a href="/wiki/Gordon_Campbell_(Royal_Navy_officer)" title="Gordon Campbell (Royal Navy officer)">Gordon Campbell</a>, <i>Farnborough</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s captain, allowed her to be torpedoed in order to get close enough to engage. In March <i>Privet</i> sank <i>U-85</i> in a 40-minute gun battle, but sank before reaching harbour.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrey1972177–179_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrey1972177–179-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In April <i>Heather</i> was attacked by <i>U-52</i> and was badly damaged; the U-boat escaped unscathed. And a few days later <i>Tulip</i> was sunk by <a href="/wiki/SM_U-62" title="SM U-62"><i>U-62</i></a> whose captain was suspicious of her appearance.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="1918:_Final_year"><span id="1918"></span> 1918: Final year</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Atlantic_U-boat_campaign_of_World_War_I&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: 1918: Final year"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The convoy system was effective in reducing allied shipping losses, while better weapons and tactics made the escorts more successful at intercepting and attacking U-boats. Shipping losses in Atlantic waters were 98 ships (just over 170,000 GRT) in January; after a rise in February they fell again, and did not rise above that level for the rest of the war.<sup id="cite_ref-Tarrant_p148_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tarrant_p148-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the same time, ship production increased, especially with the participation of the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sims_losses.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Sims_losses.jpg/220px-Sims_losses.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Sims_losses.jpg/330px-Sims_losses.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Sims_losses.jpg/440px-Sims_losses.jpg 2x" data-file-width="527" data-file-height="537" /></a><figcaption>A graph depicting the decline in Allied merchant shipping losses with the introduction of the <a href="/wiki/Convoys_in_World_War_I" title="Convoys in World War I">convoy system</a> in 1917</figcaption></figure> <p>In January, six U-boats were destroyed in the theatre; this also became the average loss for the year.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Allies continued to try to block access through the Straits of Dover, with the <a href="/wiki/Dover_Barrage" title="Dover Barrage">Dover Barrage</a>. Until November 1917 it was ineffective; up to then just two U-boats had been destroyed by the Barrage force, and the Barrage itself had been a magnet for surface raids. After major improvement in the winter of 1917 it became more effective; in the four-month period after mid-December seven U-boats were destroyed trying to transit the area, and by February the High Seas Flotilla boats had abandoned the route in favour of sailing north-about round Scotland, with a consequent loss of effectiveness. The Flanders boats still tried to use the route, but continued to suffer losses, and after March switched their operations to Britain's east coast.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalpern1995407_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalpern1995407-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other measures, particularly against the Flanders flotilla, were the <a href="/wiki/Zeebrugge_Raid" title="Zeebrugge Raid">raids on Zeebrugge</a> and <a href="/wiki/First_Ostend_Raid" title="First Ostend Raid">Ostend</a>, an attempt to blockade access to the sea. These were largely unsuccessful; the Flanders boats were able to maintain access throughout this period.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>May 1918 saw the only attempt by the Germans to muster a group attack, the forerunner of the <a href="/wiki/Wolfpack_(naval_tactic)" title="Wolfpack (naval tactic)">wolf-pack</a>, to counter the Allied convoys. In May, six U-boats sailed, under the command of K/L <a href="/w/index.php?title=Claus_R%C3%BCcker&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Claus Rücker (page does not exist)">Claus Rücker</a> in <a href="/wiki/SM_U-103" title="SM U-103"><i>U-103</i></a>. On 11 May, <i>U-86</i> sank one of a pair of ships detached from a convoy in the Channel, but the next day an attack on the troopship <a href="/wiki/RMS_Olympic" title="RMS Olympic">RMS <i>Olympic</i></a> led to the destruction of <i>U-103</i>, while <a href="/wiki/SM_UB-72" title="SM UB-72"><i>UB-72</i></a> was sunk by British submarine <a href="/wiki/HMS_D4" title="HMS D4">HMS <i>D4</i></a>. Two more ships were sunk in convoys in the next week, and three independents, but over 100 ships had passed safely through the group's patrol area.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalpern1995427_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalpern1995427-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the summer, the extension of the convoy system and effectiveness of the escorts made the east coast of Britain as dangerous for the U-boats as the Channel had become. In this period, the Flanders flotilla lost a third of its boats, and in the autumn, losses were at 40%. In October, with the <a href="/wiki/Hundred_Days_Offensive" title="Hundred Days Offensive">German army in full retreat</a>, the Flanders flotilla was forced to abandon its base at <a href="/wiki/Bruges" title="Bruges">Bruges</a> before it was overrun. A number of boats were scuttled there, while the remainder, just ten boats, returned to bases in Germany. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:North_Sea_Mine_Barrage_map_1918.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/North_Sea_Mine_Barrage_map_1918.png/220px-North_Sea_Mine_Barrage_map_1918.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="269" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/North_Sea_Mine_Barrage_map_1918.png/330px-North_Sea_Mine_Barrage_map_1918.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/North_Sea_Mine_Barrage_map_1918.png/440px-North_Sea_Mine_Barrage_map_1918.png 2x" data-file-width="902" data-file-height="1103" /></a><figcaption>Diagram of the <a href="/wiki/North_Sea_Mine_Barrage" title="North Sea Mine Barrage">North Sea Mine Barrage</a>, a large mine field to inhibit U-boat access to the Atlantic Ocean from the approaches between <a href="/wiki/Orkney_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Orkney Islands">Orkney Islands</a> to Norway</figcaption></figure> <p>In the summer, too, steps were taken to reduce the effectiveness of the High Seas Flotillas. In 1918, the Allies, particularly the US, undertook to create a barrage across the <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Sea" title="Norwegian Sea">Norwegian Sea</a>, to block U-boat access to the Western Approaches by the north-about route. This huge undertaking involved laying and maintaining minefields and patrols in deep waters over a distance of 300 nautical miles (556 kilometers). The <a href="/wiki/North_Sea_Mine_Barrage" title="North Sea Mine Barrage">North Sea Mine Barrage</a> saw the laying of over 70,000 mines, mostly by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">United States Navy</a>, during the summer of 1918. From September to November 1918, six U-boats were sunk by this measure.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalpern1995438–441_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalpern1995438–441-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In July 1918, <a href="/wiki/SM_U-156" title="SM U-156"><i>U-156</i></a> sailed to <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a> and took part in the <a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Orleans" title="Attack on Orleans">Attack on Orleans</a> for about an hour. This was the first time that US soil was attacked by a foreign power's artillery since the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Fort_Texas" title="Siege of Fort Texas">Siege of Fort Texas</a> in 1846 and one of two places in North America to be subject to attack by the <a href="/wiki/Central_Powers" title="Central Powers">Central Powers</a>. The other was the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ambos_Nogales" title="Battle of Ambos Nogales">Battle of Ambos Nogales</a> that was allegedly led by two German spies. On 20 October 1918 Germany suspended submarine warfare,<sup id="cite_ref-Cook–Stevenson_p._21_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cook–Stevenson_p._21-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and on 11 November 1918, World War I ended. The last task of the U-boat Arm was in helping to quell the <a href="/wiki/Wilhelmshaven_mutiny" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilhelmshaven mutiny">Wilhelmshaven mutiny</a>, which had broken out when the <a href="/wiki/High_Seas_Fleet" title="High Seas Fleet">High Seas Fleet</a> was ordered to sea for a final, doomed sortie. After the <a href="/wiki/Armistice_with_Germany_(Compi%C3%A8gne)" class="mw-redirect" title="Armistice with Germany (Compiègne)">Armistice</a>, the remaining U-boats joined the High Seas Fleet in surrender, and were interned at <a href="/wiki/Harwich_Force" title="Harwich Force">Harwich</a>. Of the 12.5 million tons of Allied shipping destroyed in World War I, over 8 million tons, two-thirds of the total, had been sunk in the waters of the Atlantic war zone.<sup id="cite_ref-Tarrant_p148_29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tarrant_p148-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Of the 178 U-boats destroyed during the war, 153 had been from the Atlantic forces, 77 from the much larger High Seas Flotillas and 76 from the much smaller Flanders force.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Throughout the entire war, the tonnage of available Allied and neutral shipping fluctuated by a maximum of around 5%, and ended the war about 3% higher than at the start.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlovland201750–54_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlovland201750–54-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Atlantic_U-boat_campaign_of_World_War_I&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_U-boat_campaign_of_World_War_I" title="Mediterranean U-boat campaign of World War I">Mediterranean U-boat campaign of World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U-boat_Campaign_(World_War_I)" class="mw-redirect" title="U-boat Campaign (World War I)">U-boat Campaign (World War I)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Atlantic_U-boat_campaign_of_World_War_I&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlovland2017-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlovland2017_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKlovland2017">Klovland 2017</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gibson and Prendergast 2002, p. 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMessimer200234-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMessimer200234_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMessimer2002">Messimer 2002</a>, p. 34.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalsey1919223-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalsey1919223_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHalsey1919">Halsey 1919</a>, p. 223.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Halsey, pp. 212–217.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Halsey, pp. 217–218.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Messimer, pp. 36–37.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Halsey, pp. 221–222.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMessimer200115-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMessimer200115_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMessimer2001">Messimer 2001</a>, p. 15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrendergastGibson200221-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrendergastGibson200221_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPrendergastGibson2002">Prendergast & Gibson 2002</a>, p. 21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStead1901348–349-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStead1901348–349_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStead1901">Stead 1901</a>, pp. 348–349.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEManson197770–71-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEManson197770–71_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFManson1977">Manson 1977</a>, pp. 70–71.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Halsey, p. 236.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LusiInfoStat-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-LusiInfoStat_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The official figures give 1195 lost out of 1959, excluding three stowaways who also were lost. The figures here eliminate some repetitions from the list and people subsequently known not to be on board. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rmslusitania.info/people/statistics/">"Passenger and Crew Statistics"</a>. <i>The Lusitania Resource</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Lusitania+Resource&rft.atitle=Passenger+and+Crew+Statistics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rmslusitania.info%2Fpeople%2Fstatistics%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtlantic+U-boat+campaign+of+World+War+I" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Halsey, pp. 248–282.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Messimer 2001, p. 31.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolwitt200993-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolwitt200993_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHolwitt2009">Holwitt 2009</a>, p. 93.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Halsey, pp. 310–312.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Holwitt, p. 6.; Dönitz, Karl. <i>Memoirs: Ten Years and Twenty Days</i>; von der Poorten, Edward P. <i>The German Navy in World War II</i> (T. Y. Crowell, 1969); Milner, Marc. <i>North Atlantic run: the Royal Canadian Navy and the battle for the convoys</i> (Vanwell Publishing, 2006)<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (January 2013)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETarrant198924-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETarrant198924_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTarrant1989">Tarrant 1989</a>, p. 24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcKee199346–47-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcKee199346–47_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcKee1993">McKee 1993</a>, pp. 46–47.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlovland20178-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlovland20178_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKlovland2017">Klovland 2017</a>, p. 8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEManson1977355-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEManson1977355_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFManson1977">Manson 1977</a>, p. 355.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Halpern 1995, p. 329.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Manson 1977, p. 374</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://uboat.net/wwi/fates/losses.html">"U-boat Losses 1914-1918"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=U-boat+Losses+1914-1918&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fuboat.net%2Fwwi%2Ffates%2Flosses.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtlantic+U-boat+campaign+of+World+War+I" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELundeberg1963111–112-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELundeberg1963111–112_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLundeberg1963">Lundeberg 1963</a>, pp. 111–112.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Halsey, pp. 335–343, 364–366.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tarrant_p148-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tarrant_p148_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tarrant_p148_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tarrant_p148_29-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Tarrant 1989, p. 148.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tarrant 1989, p. 43, 49 and 54.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Grey 1972, p. 243.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dailyecho.co.uk/news/15444904.murdered-by-the-german-who-became-one-of-hitlers-henchmen/">"Murdered by the German who became one of Hitler's henchmen"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Southern_Daily_Echo" title="Southern Daily Echo">Southern Daily Echo</a></i>. Southampton: <a href="/wiki/Newsquest" title="Newsquest">Newsquest</a>. 1 August 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Southern+Daily+Echo&rft.atitle=Murdered+by+the+German+who+became+one+of+Hitler%27s+henchmen&rft.date=2017-08-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dailyecho.co.uk%2Fnews%2F15444904.murdered-by-the-german-who-became-one-of-hitlers-henchmen%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtlantic+U-boat+campaign+of+World+War+I" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrey1972177–179-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrey1972177–179_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGrey1972">Grey 1972</a>, pp. 177–179.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Grey 1972, p. 194.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Klovland, p. 8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tarrant 1989, p. 75.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tarrant 1989, pp. 61–62.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalpern1995407-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalpern1995407_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHalpern1995">Halpern 1995</a>, p. 407.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Halsey, pp. 371–378.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalpern1995427-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalpern1995427_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHalpern1995">Halpern 1995</a>, p. 427.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalpern1995438–441-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalpern1995438–441_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHalpern1995">Halpern 1995</a>, pp. 438–441.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cook–Stevenson_p._21-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cook–Stevenson_p._21_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCookStevenson2006">Cook & Stevenson 2006</a>, p. 21</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlovland201750–54-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlovland201750–54_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKlovland2017">Klovland 2017</a>, pp. 50–54.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Atlantic_U-boat_campaign_of_World_War_I&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCookStevenson2006" class="citation book cs1">Cook, Chris; Stevenson, John (2006). <i>The Routledge Companion to World History since 1914</i>. London: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-28178-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-28178-7"><bdi>978-1-134-28178-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Routledge+Companion+to+World+History+since+1914&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-134-28178-7&rft.aulast=Cook&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft.au=Stevenson%2C+John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtlantic+U-boat+campaign+of+World+War+I" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrey1972" class="citation book cs1">Grey, Edwyn (1972). <i>The Killing Time: The U-boat War, 1914–18</i>. London: Seeley. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85422-070-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85422-070-0"><bdi>978-0-85422-070-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Killing+Time%3A+The+U-boat+War%2C+1914%E2%80%9318&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Seeley&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=978-0-85422-070-0&rft.aulast=Grey&rft.aufirst=Edwyn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtlantic+U-boat+campaign+of+World+War+I" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHalpern1995" class="citation book cs1">Halpern, Paul (1995). <i>A Naval History of World War I</i>. New York: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85728-498-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85728-498-0"><bdi>978-1-85728-498-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Naval+History+of+World+War+I&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-1-85728-498-0&rft.aulast=Halpern&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtlantic+U-boat+campaign+of+World+War+I" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHalsey1919" class="citation book cs1">Halsey, Francis Whiting (1919). <i>History of the World War: Compiled from Original and Contemporary Sources: American, British, French, German, and others</i>. Vol. IX. New York: Funk & Wagnalls Company. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/312834">312834</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+World+War%3A+Compiled+from+Original+and+Contemporary+Sources%3A+American%2C+British%2C+French%2C+German%2C+and+others&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Funk+%26+Wagnalls+Company&rft.date=1919&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F312834&rft.aulast=Halsey&rft.aufirst=Francis+Whiting&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtlantic+U-boat+campaign+of+World+War+I" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolwitt2009" class="citation book cs1">Holwitt, Joel I. (2009). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/executeagainstja0000holw"><i>"Execute Against Japan": The U.S. Decision to Conduct Unrestricted Submarine Warfare</i></a></span>. Williams-Ford Texas A&M University military history series (No. 121). College Station: Texas A&M University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60344-083-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60344-083-7"><bdi>978-1-60344-083-7</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 August</span> 2024</span> – via Archive Foundation.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%22Execute+Against+Japan%22%3A+The+U.S.+Decision+to+Conduct+Unrestricted+Submarine+Warfare&rft.place=College+Station&rft.series=Williams-Ford+Texas+A%26M+University+military+history+series+%28No.+121%29&rft.pub=Texas+A%26M+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-60344-083-7&rft.aulast=Holwitt&rft.aufirst=Joel+I.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fexecuteagainstja0000holw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtlantic+U-boat+campaign+of+World+War+I" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKlovland2017" class="citation journal cs1">Klovland, Jan T. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openaccess.nhh.no/nhh-xmlui/bitstream/handle/11250/2444206/DP%2007.pdf?sequence=1">"Navigating through torpedo attacks and enemy raiders: Merchant shipping and freight rates during World War 1"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Norwegian School of Economics (NHH)</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0804-6824">0804-6824</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 August</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Norwegian+School+of+Economics+%28NHH%29&rft.atitle=Navigating+through+torpedo+attacks+and+enemy+raiders%3A+Merchant+shipping+and+freight+rates+during+World+War+1&rft.date=2017&rft.issn=0804-6824&rft.aulast=Klovland&rft.aufirst=Jan+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenaccess.nhh.no%2Fnhh-xmlui%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F11250%2F2444206%2FDP%252007.pdf%3Fsequence%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtlantic+U-boat+campaign+of+World+War+I" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLundeberg1963" class="citation journal cs1">Lundeberg, Philip K. (1963). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1984204">"The German Naval Critique of the U-Boat Campaign, 1915–1918"</a>. <i>Military Affairs</i>. <b>27</b> (3). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1984204">10.2307/1984204</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0026-3931">0026-3931</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1984204">1984204</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Military+Affairs&rft.atitle=The+German+Naval+Critique+of+the+U-Boat+Campaign%2C+1915%E2%80%931918&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=3&rft.date=1963&rft.issn=0026-3931&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1984204%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1984204&rft.aulast=Lundeberg&rft.aufirst=Philip+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1984204&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtlantic+U-boat+campaign+of+World+War+I" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFManson1977" class="citation thesis cs1">Manson, Janet Marilyn (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3497&context=open_access_etds"><i>International law, German Submarines and American Policy</i></a> (Thesis). Portland State University. Department of History. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.15760%2Fetd.2489">10.15760/etd.2489</a>. 2492<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 August</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=International+law%2C+German+Submarines+and+American+Policy&rft.inst=Portland+State+University.+Department+of+History&rft.date=1977&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.15760%2Fetd.2489&rft.aulast=Manson&rft.aufirst=Janet+Marilyn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpdxscholar.library.pdx.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D3497%26context%3Dopen_access_etds&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtlantic+U-boat+campaign+of+World+War+I" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcKee1993" class="citation journal cs1">McKee, Fraser M. (January 1993). "An Explosive Story: The Rise and Fall of the Depth Charge". <i>The Northern Mariner</i>. <b>III</b> (1). Grafton, ON: Canadian Nautical Research Society: <span class="nowrap">45–</span>58. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1183-112X">1183-112X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Northern+Mariner&rft.atitle=An+Explosive+Story%3A+The+Rise+and+Fall+of+the+Depth+Charge&rft.volume=III&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E45-%3C%2Fspan%3E58&rft.date=1993-01&rft.issn=1183-112X&rft.aulast=McKee&rft.aufirst=Fraser+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtlantic+U-boat+campaign+of+World+War+I" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMessimer2001" class="citation book cs1">Messimer, Dwight (2001). <i>Find and Destroy: Antisubmarine Warfare in World War I</i>. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55750-447-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55750-447-0"><bdi>978-1-55750-447-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Find+and+Destroy%3A+Antisubmarine+Warfare+in+World+War+I&rft.place=Annapolis%2C+MD&rft.pub=Naval+Institute+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-55750-447-0&rft.aulast=Messimer&rft.aufirst=Dwight&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtlantic+U-boat+campaign+of+World+War+I" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMessimer2002" class="citation book cs1">Messimer, Dwight R. (2002). <i>Verschollen: World War I U-boat losses</i>. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55750-475-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55750-475-3"><bdi>978-1-55750-475-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Verschollen%3A+World+War+I+U-boat+losses&rft.place=Annapolis%2C+MD&rft.pub=Naval+Institute+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-55750-475-3&rft.aulast=Messimer&rft.aufirst=Dwight+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtlantic+U-boat+campaign+of+World+War+I" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrendergastGibson2002" class="citation book cs1">Prendergast, Maurice; Gibson, R.H. (2002). <i>The German Submarine War, 1914–1918</i>. Penzance: Periscope Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-904381-08-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-904381-08-2"><bdi>978-1-904381-08-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+German+Submarine+War%2C+1914%E2%80%931918&rft.place=Penzance&rft.pub=Periscope+Publishing&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-904381-08-2&rft.aulast=Prendergast&rft.aufirst=Maurice&rft.au=Gibson%2C+R.H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtlantic+U-boat+campaign+of+World+War+I" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStead1901" class="citation book cs1">Stead, W. T. (1901). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/americanizationo01stea#page/348/mode/2up"><i>The Americanization of the World</i></a></span>. New York: Horace Markley. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/458560597">458560597</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 August</span> 2024</span> – via Archive Foundation.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Americanization+of+the+World&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Horace+Markley&rft.date=1901&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F458560597&rft.aulast=Stead&rft.aufirst=W.+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Famericanizationo01stea%23page%2F348%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtlantic+U-boat+campaign+of+World+War+I" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTarrant1989" class="citation book cs1">Tarrant, V.E. (1989). <i>The U-Boat Offensive 1914–1945</i>. London: Arms and Armour. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85368-928-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85368-928-7"><bdi>978-0-85368-928-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+U-Boat+Offensive+1914%E2%80%931945&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Arms+and+Armour&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-85368-928-7&rft.aulast=Tarrant&rft.aufirst=V.E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtlantic+U-boat+campaign+of+World+War+I" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Atlantic_U-boat_campaign_of_World_War_I&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKemp1997" class="citation book cs1">Kemp, Paul (1997). <i>U-Boats Destroyed</i>. London: Arms and Armour. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85409-515-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85409-515-2"><bdi>978-1-85409-515-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=U-Boats+Destroyed&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Arms+and+Armour&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-1-85409-515-2&rft.aulast=Kemp&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtlantic+U-boat+campaign+of+World+War+I" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Atlantic_U-boat_campaign_of_World_War_I&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Abbatiello, John: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/article/atlantic_u-boat_campaign">Atlantic U-boat Campaign</a>, in: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/home.html">1914-1918-online. International Encyclopedia of the First World War</a>.</li> <li>Karau, Mark D.: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/article/submarines_and_submarine_warfare">Submarines and Submarine Warfare</a>, in: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/home.html">1914-1918-online. International Encyclopedia of the First World War</a>.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="World_War_I23297" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:World_War_I" title="Template:World War I"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:World_War_I" title="Template talk:World War I"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:World_War_I" title="Special:EditPage/Template:World War I"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="World_War_I23297" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_World_War_I" title="Outline of World War I">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_engagements_of_World_War_I" title="List of military engagements of World War I">Military engagements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_World_War_I" title="Aftermath of World War I">Aftermath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_World_War_I" title="Economic history of World War I">Economic history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Role_of_geography_in_World_War_I" title="Role of geography in World War I">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_World_War_I" title="Historiography of World War I">Historiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_front_during_World_War_I" title="Home front during World War I">Home fronts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_I_memorials" title="World War I memorials">Memorials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_World_War_I" title="Opposition to World War I">Opposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_I_in_popular_culture" title="World War I in popular culture">Popular culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_in_World_War_I" title="Propaganda in World War I">Propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_War_I_puppet_states" title="List of World War I puppet states">Puppet states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technology_during_World_War_I" title="Technology during World War I">Technology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:left;">Theatres</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/European_theatre_of_World_War_I" title="European theatre of World War I">European</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balkans_theatre" title="Balkans theatre">Balkans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_campaign" title="Serbian campaign">Serbia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_I)" title="Western Front (World War I)">Western Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_I)" title="Eastern Front (World War I)">Eastern Front</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romania_in_World_War_I" title="Romania in World War I">Romania</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_front_(World_War_I)" title="Italian front (World War I)">Italian Front</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Eastern_theatre_of_World_War_I" title="Middle Eastern theatre of World War I">Middle Eastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gallipoli_campaign" title="Gallipoli campaign">Gallipoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinai_and_Palestine_campaign" title="Sinai and Palestine campaign">Sinai and Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasus_campaign" title="Caucasus campaign">Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_campaign_(World_War_I)" title="Persian campaign (World War I)">Persia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesopotamian_campaign" title="Mesopotamian campaign">Mesopotamia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Revolt" title="Arab Revolt">Hejaz & Levant</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/African_theatre_of_World_War_I" title="African theatre of World War I">African</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_West_Africa_campaign" title="South West Africa campaign">South West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_African_campaign_(World_War_I)" title="East African campaign (World War I)">East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamerun_campaign" title="Kamerun campaign">Kamerun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Togoland_campaign" title="Togoland campaign">Togoland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_operations_in_North_Africa_during_World_War_I" title="Military operations in North Africa during World War I">North</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Asian_and_Pacific_theatre_of_World_War_I" title="Asian and Pacific theatre of World War I">Asian and Pacific</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Tsingtao" title="Siege of Tsingtao">Tsingtao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_German_Samoa" title="Occupation of German Samoa">German Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied_occupation_of_German_New_Guinea" title="Allied occupation of German New Guinea">German New Guinea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Naval_warfare_of_World_War_I" title="Naval warfare of World War I">Naval warfare</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/U-boat_campaign" title="U-boat campaign">U-boat campaign</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">North Atlantic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_warfare_in_the_Mediterranean_during_World_War_I" title="Naval warfare in the Mediterranean during World War I">Mediterranean</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:left;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Principal<br />participants</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_I" title="Allies of World War I">Entente Powers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allied_leaders_of_World_War_I" title="Allied leaders of World War I">Leaders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgium_in_World_War_I" title="Belgium in World War I">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil_during_World_War_I" title="Brazil during World War I">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_during_World_War_I" title="China during World War I">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Army_in_World_War_I" title="French Army in World War I">France</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_colonial_empire" title="French colonial empire">French Empire</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece_during_World_War_I" title="Greece during World War I">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hejaz" title="Kingdom of Hejaz">Hejaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Italy_during_World_War_I" title="Military history of Italy during World War I">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan_during_World_War_I" title="Japan during World War I">Japan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Empire of Japan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Montenegro#World_War_I" title="History of Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portugal_during_World_War_I" title="Portugal during World War I">Portuguese Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania_in_World_War_I" title="Romania in World War I">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia_in_the_First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Russia in the First World War">Russia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Russia_(1894%E2%80%931917)#Russia_at_war,_1914–1916" title="History of Russia (1894–1917)">Russian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Republic" title="Russian Republic">Russian Republic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Serbia#Serbia_in_World_War_I_(1914–1918)" title="History of Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siam_in_World_War_I" title="Siam in World War I">Siam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_Kingdom_during_the_First_World_War" title="History of the United Kingdom during the First World War">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_in_World_War_I" title="United States in World War I">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Central_Powers" title="Central Powers">Central Powers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leaders_of_the_Central_Powers_of_World_War_I" title="Leaders of the Central Powers of World War I">Leaders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Austria-Hungary_during_World_War_I" title="History of Austria-Hungary during World War I">Austria-Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire_in_World_War_I" title="Ottoman Empire in World War I">Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria_during_World_War_I" title="Bulgaria during World War I">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senussi_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Senussi Campaign">Senussi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritz_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Maritz Rebellion">South African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Darfur" title="Sultanate of Darfur">Darfur</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_I" title="Timeline of World War I">Timeline</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Pre-War conflicts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Prussian_War" title="Franco-Prussian War">Franco-Prussian War</a> (1870–71)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scramble_for_Africa" title="Scramble for Africa">Scramble for Africa</a> (1880–1914)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Japanese_War" title="Russo-Japanese War">Russo-Japanese War</a> (1905)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Moroccan_Crisis" title="First Moroccan Crisis">Tangier Crisis</a> (1905–06)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_Crisis" title="Bosnian Crisis">Bosnian Crisis</a> (1908–09)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agadir_Crisis" title="Agadir Crisis">Agadir Crisis</a> (1911)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italo-Turkish_War" title="Italo-Turkish War">Italo-Turkish War</a> (1911–12)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Balkan_War" title="First Balkan War">First Balkan War</a> (1912–13)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Balkan_War" title="Second Balkan War">Second Balkan War</a> (1913)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Prelude</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_World_War_I" title="Causes of World War I">Origins</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_causes_of_World_War_I" title="Historiography of the causes of World War I">Historiography</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Archduke_Franz_Ferdinand" title="Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand">Sarajevo assassination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Serb_riots_in_Sarajevo" title="Anti-Serb riots in Sarajevo">Anti-Serb riots in Sarajevo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_Crisis" title="July Crisis">July Crisis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">1914</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Belgium_(1914)" title="German invasion of Belgium (1914)">German invasion of Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Frontiers" title="Battle of the Frontiers">Battle of the Frontiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cer" title="Battle of Cer">Battle of Cer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Galicia" title="Battle of Galicia">Battle of Galicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_East_Prussia_(1914)" title="Russian invasion of East Prussia (1914)">Russian invasion of East Prussia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tannenberg" title="Battle of Tannenberg">Battle of Tannenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Tsingtao" title="Siege of Tsingtao">Siege of Tsingtao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_the_Masurian_Lakes" title="First Battle of the Masurian Lakes">First Battle of the Masurian Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Grand_Couronn%C3%A9" title="Battle of Grand Couronné">Battle of Grand Couronné</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_the_Marne" title="First Battle of the Marne">First Battle of the Marne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Przemy%C5%9Bl" title="Siege of Przemyśl">Siege of Przemyśl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_to_the_Sea" title="Race to the Sea">Race to the Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Ypres" title="First Battle of Ypres">First Battle of Ypres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Sea_raid" title="Black Sea raid">Black Sea raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kolubara" title="Battle of Kolubara">Battle of Kolubara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sarikamish" title="Battle of Sarikamish">Battle of Sarikamish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_truce" title="Christmas truce">Christmas truce</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">1915</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_the_Masurian_Lakes" title="Second Battle of the Masurian Lakes">Second Battle of the Masurian Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_%C5%81om%C5%BCa" title="Battle of Łomża">Battle of Łomża</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Ypres" title="Second Battle of Ypres">Second Battle of Ypres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinking_of_the_RMS_Lusitania" title="Sinking of the RMS Lusitania">Sinking of the RMS <i>Lusitania</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallipoli_campaign" title="Gallipoli campaign">Battle of Gallipoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Artois" title="Second Battle of Artois">Second Battle of Artois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battles_of_the_Isonzo" title="Battles of the Isonzo">Battles of the Isonzo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorlice%E2%80%93Tarn%C3%B3w_offensive" title="Gorlice–Tarnów offensive">Gorlice–Tarnów offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Retreat_(Russia)" title="Great Retreat (Russia)">Great Retreat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bug%E2%80%93Narew_Offensive" title="Bug–Narew Offensive">Bug-Narew Offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Novogeorgievsk" title="Siege of Novogeorgievsk">Siege of Novogeorgievsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vistula%E2%80%93Bug_offensive" title="Vistula–Bug offensive">Vistula–Bug offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Champagne" title="Second Battle of Champagne">Second Battle of Champagne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo_offensive_(1915)" title="Kosovo offensive (1915)">Kosovo offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Kut" title="Siege of Kut">Siege of Kut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Loos" title="Battle of Loos">Battle of Loos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Robat_Karim" title="Battle of Robat Karim">Battle of Robat Karim</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">1916</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Erzurum_offensive" title="Erzurum offensive">Erzurum offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Verdun" title="Battle of Verdun">Battle of Verdun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Naroch_offensive" title="Lake Naroch offensive">Lake Naroch offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Asiago" title="Battle of Asiago">Battle of Asiago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jutland" title="Battle of Jutland">Battle of Jutland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Somme" title="Battle of the Somme">Battle of the Somme</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_day_on_the_Somme" title="First day on the Somme">first day</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brusilov_offensive" title="Brusilov offensive">Brusilov offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baranovichi_offensive" title="Baranovichi offensive">Baranovichi offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Romani" title="Battle of Romani">Battle of Romani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monastir_offensive" title="Monastir offensive">Monastir offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Transylvania" title="Battle of Transylvania">Battle of Transylvania</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_I_(1917%E2%80%931918)" title="Timeline of World War I (1917–1918)">1917</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Baghdad_(1917)" title="Fall of Baghdad (1917)">Capture of Baghdad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_Revolution" title="February Revolution">February Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zimmermann_telegram" title="Zimmermann telegram">Zimmermann telegram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Arras_(1917)" title="Battle of Arras (1917)">Second battle of Arras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_battle_of_the_Aisne" class="mw-redirect" title="Second battle of the Aisne">Second battle of the Aisne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerensky_offensive" title="Kerensky offensive">Kerensky offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_M%C4%83r%C4%83%C8%99ti" title="Battle of Mărăști">Battle of Mărăști</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Passchendaele" title="Battle of Passchendaele">Third Battle of Ypres (Passchendaele)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_M%C4%83r%C4%83%C8%99e%C8%99ti" title="Battle of Mărășești">Battle of Mărășești</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Battle_of_Oituz" title="Third Battle of Oituz">Third Battle of Oituz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Caporetto" title="Battle of Caporetto">Battle of Caporetto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Palestine_offensive" title="Southern Palestine offensive">Southern Palestine offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">October Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_La_Malmaison" title="Battle of La Malmaison">Battle of La Malmaison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cambrai_(1917)" title="Battle of Cambrai (1917)">Battle of Cambrai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Foc%C8%99ani" title="Armistice of Focșani">Armistice of Focșani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armistice_between_Russia_and_the_Central_Powers" title="Armistice between Russia and the Central Powers">Armistice between Russia and the Central Powers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_I_(1917%E2%80%931918)" title="Timeline of World War I (1917–1918)">1918</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Faustschlag" title="Operation Faustschlag">Operation Faustschlag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Brest-Litovsk" title="Treaty of Brest-Litovsk">Treaty of Brest-Litovsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_spring_offensive" title="German spring offensive">German spring offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeebrugge_Raid" title="Zeebrugge Raid">Zeebrugge Raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Bucharest_(1918)" title="Treaty of Bucharest (1918)">Treaty of Bucharest of 1918</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Goychay" title="Battle of Goychay">Battle of Goychay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_the_Piave_River" title="Second Battle of the Piave River">Second Battle of the Piave River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_the_Marne" title="Second Battle of the Marne">Second Battle of the Marne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hundred_Days_Offensive" title="Hundred Days Offensive">Hundred Days Offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vardar_offensive" title="Vardar offensive">Vardar offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Megiddo_(1918)" title="Battle of Megiddo (1918)">Battle of Megiddo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Transjordan_attack" title="Third Transjordan attack">Third Transjordan attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meuse%E2%80%93Argonne_offensive" title="Meuse–Argonne offensive">Meuse–Argonne offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vittorio_Veneto" title="Battle of Vittorio Veneto">Battle of Vittorio Veneto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Salonica" title="Armistice of Salonica">Armistice of Salonica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Mudros" title="Armistice of Mudros">Armistice of Mudros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Villa_Giusti" title="Armistice of Villa Giusti">Armistice of Villa Giusti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Romanian_campaign_of_World_War_I" title="Second Romanian campaign of World War I">Second Romanian campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_11_November_1918" title="Armistice of 11 November 1918">Armistice with Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bollettino_della_Vittoria_Navale" title="Bollettino della Vittoria Navale">Naval Victory Bulletin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Belgrade" title="Armistice of Belgrade">Armistice of Belgrade</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Co-belligerent conflicts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Somaliland_campaign" title="Somaliland campaign">Somaliland campaign</a> (1900–1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Revolution" title="Mexican Revolution">Mexican Revolution</a> (1910–1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritz_rebellion" title="Maritz rebellion">Maritz rebellion</a> (1914–15)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscat_rebellion" title="Muscat rebellion">Muscat rebellion</a> (1913–1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaian_War" title="Zaian War">Zaian War</a> (1914–1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_rebellions_during_World_War_I" title="Kurdish rebellions during World War I">Kurdish rebellions</a> (1914–1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ovambo_Uprising" title="Ovambo Uprising">Ovambo Uprising</a> (1914–1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelantan_rebellion" title="Kelantan rebellion">Kelantan rebellion</a> (1915)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senussi_campaign" title="Senussi campaign">Senussi campaign</a> (1915–1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volta-Bani_War" title="Volta-Bani War">Volta-Bani War</a> (1915–1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Protection_War" title="National Protection War">National Protection War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Revolt" title="Arab Revolt">Arab Revolt</a> (1916–1918)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Asian_revolt_of_1916" title="Central Asian revolt of 1916">Central Asian Revolt</a> (1916–17)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Darfur_(1916)" title="Invasion of Darfur (1916)">Invasion of Darfur</a> (1916)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Easter_Rising" title="Easter Rising">Easter Rising</a> (1916)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaocen_revolt" title="Kaocen revolt">Kaocen revolt</a> (1916–17)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a> (1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_Civil_War" title="Finnish Civil War">Finnish Civil War</a> (1918)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Post-War conflicts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">Russian Civil War</a> (1917–1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian%E2%80%93Soviet_War" title="Ukrainian–Soviet War">Ukrainian–Soviet War</a> (1917–1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian%E2%80%93Azerbaijani_war_(1918%E2%80%931920)" title="Armenian–Azerbaijani war (1918–1920)">Armenian–Azerbaijani War</a> (1918–1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armeno-Georgian_War" title="Armeno-Georgian War">Armeno-Georgian War</a> (1918)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Revolution_of_1918%E2%80%931919" class="mw-redirect" title="German Revolution of 1918–1919">German Revolution</a> (1918–19)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_and_interventions_in_Hungary_(1918%E2%80%931920)" title="Revolutions and interventions in Hungary (1918–1920)">Revolutions and interventions in Hungary</a> (1918–1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian%E2%80%93Romanian_War" title="Hungarian–Romanian War">Hungarian–Romanian War</a> (1918–19)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Poland_uprising_(1918%E2%80%931919)" title="Greater Poland uprising (1918–1919)">Greater Poland Uprising</a> (1918–19)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_War_of_Independence" title="Estonian War of Independence">Estonian War of Independence</a> (1918–1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_War_of_Independence" title="Latvian War of Independence">Latvian War of Independence</a> (1918–1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Wars_of_Independence" title="Lithuanian Wars of Independence">Lithuanian Wars of Independence</a> (1918–1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Ukrainian_War" title="Polish–Ukrainian War">Polish–Ukrainian War</a> (1918–19)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Anglo-Afghan_War" title="Third Anglo-Afghan War">Third Anglo-Afghan War</a> (1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1919_Egyptian_revolution" title="1919 Egyptian revolution">Egyptian Revolution</a> (1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_War" title="Polish–Lithuanian War">Polish–Lithuanian War</a> (1919–1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Soviet_War" title="Polish–Soviet War">Polish–Soviet War</a> (1919–1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_War_of_Independence" title="Irish War of Independence">Irish War of Independence</a> (1919–1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_War_of_Independence" title="Turkish War of Independence">Turkish War of Independence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_during_the_Turkish_War_of_Independence" title="United Kingdom during the Turkish War of Independence">Anglo-Turkish War</a> (1918–1923)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Turkish_War" title="Franco-Turkish War">Franco-Turkish War</a> (1918–1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Turkish_War_(1919%E2%80%931922)" title="Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922)">Greco-Turkish War</a> (1919–1922)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish%E2%80%93Armenian_War" title="Turkish–Armenian War">Turkish–Armenian War</a> (1920)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Revolt" title="Iraqi Revolt">Iraqi Revolt</a> (1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vlora_War" title="Vlora War">Vlora War</a> (1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Syrian_War" title="Franco-Syrian War">Franco-Syrian War</a> (1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Army_invasion_of_Georgia" title="Red Army invasion of Georgia">Soviet–Georgian War</a> (1921)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:left;">Aspects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Warfare</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aviation_in_World_War_I" title="Aviation in World War I">Aviation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_bombing_during_World_War_I" title="Strategic bombing during World War I">Strategic bombing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_weapons_in_World_War_I" title="Chemical weapons in World War I">Chemical weapons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_I_cryptography" title="World War I cryptography">Cryptography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horses_in_World_War_I" title="Horses in World War I">Horses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logistics_in_World_War_I" title="Logistics in World War I">Logistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_warfare_of_World_War_I" title="Naval warfare of World War I">Naval warfare</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Convoys_in_World_War_I" title="Convoys in World War I">Convoy system</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trench_warfare" title="Trench warfare">Trench warfare</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th id="Conscription493" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Conscription</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_War_I_conscription_in_Australia" title="World War I conscription in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_Crisis_of_1917" title="Conscription Crisis of 1917">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seferberlik" title="Seferberlik">Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recruitment_to_the_British_Army_during_World_War_I" title="Recruitment to the British Army during World War I">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_Crisis_of_1918" title="Conscription Crisis of 1918">Ireland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selective_Service_Act_of_1917" title="Selective Service Act of 1917">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/World_War_I_casualties" title="World War I casualties">Casualties</a> /<br />Civilian impact</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>British casualties <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_parliamentarians_who_died_in_the_First_World_War" title="List of British parliamentarians who died in the First World War">Parliamentarians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_casualties_of_World_War_I" title="Ottoman casualties of World War I">Ottoman casualties</a></li> <li>Sports <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_rugby_union_players_killed_in_World_War_I" title="List of international rugby union players killed in World War I">Rugby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Olympians_killed_in_World_War_I" title="List of Olympians killed in World War I">Olympians</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Disease</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1899%E2%80%931923_cholera_pandemic" title="1899–1923 cholera pandemic">1899–1923 cholera pandemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1915_typhus_and_relapsing_fever_epidemic_in_Serbia" title="1915 typhus and relapsing fever epidemic in Serbia">1915 typhus epidemic in Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_flu" title="Spanish flu">Spanish flu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Occupations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_occupation_of_Serbia" title="Austro-Hungarian occupation of Serbia">Austro-Hungarian occupation of Serbia</a></li> <li>Bulgarian occupations <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_occupation_of_Albania" title="Bulgarian occupation of Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_occupation_of_Serbia_(World_War_I)" title="Bulgarian occupation of Serbia (World War I)">Serbia</a></li></ul></li> <li>German occupations <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_Belgium_during_World_War_I" title="German occupation of Belgium during World War I">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_Luxembourg_during_World_War_I" title="German occupation of Luxembourg during World War I">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_north-east_France_during_World_War_I" title="German occupation of north-east France during World War I">Northeast France</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ober_Ost" title="Ober Ost">Ober Ost</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupied_Enemy_Territory_Administration" title="Occupied Enemy Territory Administration">Occupied Enemy Territory Administration</a></li> <li>Russian occupations <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_occupation_of_Eastern_Galicia_(1914%E2%80%931915)" title="Russian occupation of Eastern Galicia (1914–1915)">Eastern Galicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Western_Armenia" title="Occupation of Western Armenia">Western Armenia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Prisoners_of_war_in_World_War_I" title="Prisoners of war in World War I">POWs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Germans <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_prisoners_of_war_in_the_United_States" title="German prisoners of war in the United States">in the United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_prisoners_of_war_in_World_War_I" title="Italian prisoners of war in World War I">Italians</a></li> <li>POW locations <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_War_I_prisoner-of-war_camps_in_Canada" title="List of World War I prisoner-of-war camps in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_I_prisoners_of_war_in_Germany" title="World War I prisoners of war in Germany">Germany</a> / <a href="/wiki/German_prisoner-of-war_camps_in_World_War_I" title="German prisoner-of-war camps in World War I">camps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_war_camps_in_Switzerland_during_World_War_I" title="Prisoner of war camps in Switzerland during World War I">Switzerland</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Refugees_of_World_War_I" title="Refugees of World War I">Refugees</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Belgian refugees <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_refugees_in_the_Netherlands_during_the_First_World_War" title="Belgian refugees in the Netherlands during the First World War">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_refugees_in_Britain_during_the_First_World_War" title="Belgian refugees in Britain during the First World War">United Kingdom</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_in_World_War_I" title="War crimes in World War I">War crimes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Allied blockades <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blockade_of_the_Eastern_Mediterranean" title="Blockade of the Eastern Mediterranean">Eastern Mediterranean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Famine_of_Mount_Lebanon" title="Great Famine of Mount Lebanon">Mount Lebanon famine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blockade_of_Germany_(1914%E2%80%931919)" title="Blockade of Germany (1914–1919)">Germany</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deportations_from_East_Prussia_during_World_War_I" title="Deportations from East Prussia during World War I">Deportations from East Prussia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destruction_of_Kalisz" title="Destruction of Kalisz">Destruction of Kalisz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Dinant" title="Sack of Dinant">Sack of Dinant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_Ottoman_genocides" title="Late Ottoman genocides">Late Ottoman genocides</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide" title="Armenian genocide">Armenian genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayfo" title="Sayfo">Assyrian genocide (Sayfo)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_genocide" title="Greek genocide">Pontic Greek genocide</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_of_Belgium" title="Rape of Belgium">Rape of Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Asian_revolt_of_1916" title="Central Asian revolt of 1916">Urkun (Kyrgyzstan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massacres_of_Albanians_in_World_War_I" title="Massacres of Albanians in World War I">Massacres of Albanians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internment_of_Ukrainian_Canadians" title="Internment of Ukrainian Canadians">Internment of Ukrainian Canadians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_history_of_World_War_I" title="Diplomatic history of World War I">Diplomacy</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Entry into the war</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_entry_into_World_War_I" title="Austro-Hungarian entry into World War I">Austria-Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_entry_into_World_War_I" title="French entry into World War I">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_entry_into_World_War_I" title="German entry into World War I">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_entry_into_World_War_I" title="Italian entry into World War I">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_entry_into_World_War_I" title="Japanese entry into World War I">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_entry_into_World_War_I" title="Ottoman entry into World War I">Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_entry_into_World_War_I" title="Russian entry into World War I">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_entry_into_World_War_I" title="British entry into World War I">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_entry_into_World_War_I" title="American entry into World War I">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Declarations_of_war_during_World_War_I" title="Declarations of war during World War I">Declarations of war</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/To_my_peoples" title="To my peoples">Austria-Hungary against Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_declaration_of_war_upon_Germany_(1914)" title="United Kingdom declaration of war upon Germany (1914)">UK against Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire_in_World_War_I#Declaration_of_jihad" title="Ottoman Empire in World War I">Ottomans against the Triple Entente</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_declaration_of_war_on_Germany_(1917)" title="United States declaration of war on Germany (1917)">USA against Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_declaration_of_war_on_Austria-Hungary" title="United States declaration of war on Austria-Hungary">USA against Austria-Hungary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Agreements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constantinople_Agreement" title="Constantinople Agreement">Constantinople Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_London_(1915)" title="Treaty of London (1915)">Treaty of London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damascus_Protocol" title="Damascus Protocol">Damascus Protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria%E2%80%93Germany_treaty_(1915)" title="Bulgaria–Germany treaty (1915)">Bulgaria–Germany treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Darin" title="Treaty of Darin">Treaty of Darin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sykes%E2%80%93Picot_Agreement" title="Sykes–Picot Agreement">Sykes–Picot Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sazonov%E2%80%93Pal%C3%A9ologue_Agreement" title="Sazonov–Paléologue Agreement">Sazonov–Paléologue Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris_Economy_Pact" title="Paris Economy Pact">Paris Economy Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Bucharest_(1916)" title="Treaty of Bucharest (1916)">Treaty of Bucharest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agreement_of_Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne" title="Agreement of Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne">Agreement of Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Peace treaties</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Modus_vivendi_of_Acroma" title="Modus vivendi of Acroma">Modus vivendi of Acroma</a></li> <li>Treaties of Brest-Litovsk <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Brest-Litovsk" title="Treaty of Brest-Litovsk">Russia–Central Powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Brest-Litovsk_(Ukraine%E2%80%93Central_Powers)" title="Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (Ukraine–Central Powers)">Ukraine–Central Powers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Bucharest_(1918)" title="Treaty of Bucharest (1918)">Treaty of Bucharest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris_Peace_Conference_(1919%E2%80%931920)" title="Paris Peace Conference (1919–1920)">Paris Peace Conference</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles" title="Treaty of Versailles">Treaty of Versailles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Saint-Germain-en-Laye_(1919)" title="Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye (1919)">Treaty of St. Germain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Neuilly-sur-Seine" title="Treaty of Neuilly-sur-Seine">Treaty of Neuilly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Trianon" title="Treaty of Trianon">Treaty of Trianon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_S%C3%A8vres" title="Treaty of Sèvres">Treaty of Sèvres</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Lausanne" title="Treaty of Lausanne">Treaty of Lausanne</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Arrest_of_a_Suspect_in_Sarajevo" title="Arrest of a Suspect in Sarajevo">Arrest of a Suspect in Sarajevo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutilated_victory" title="Mutilated victory">Mutilated victory</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Golden_Virgin" title="The Golden Virgin">The Golden Virgin</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/They_shall_not_pass" title="They shall not pass">They shall not pass</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:World_War_I" title="Category:World War I">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="U-boats7156" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Uboat" title="Template:Uboat"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Uboat" title="Template talk:Uboat"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Uboat" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Uboat"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="U-boats7156" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/U-boat" title="U-boat">U-boats</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Atlantic U-boat campaign of World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Atlantic" title="Battle of the Atlantic">Battle of the Atlantic (World War II)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_U-boat_campaign_of_World_War_I" title="Mediterranean U-boat campaign of World War I">Mediterranean (World War I)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_U-boat_campaign_of_World_War_II" title="Mediterranean U-boat campaign of World War II">Mediterranean (World War II)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Regenbogen_(U-boat)" title="Operation Regenbogen (U-boat)">Operation <i>Regenbogen</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Deadlight" title="Operation Deadlight">Operation <i>Deadlight</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_U-boats" title="Lists of U-boats">U-boat lists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_German_U-boats" class="mw-redirect" title="List of German U-boats">German</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U-boat_types" title="List of U-boat types">Types</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most_successful_German_U-boats" title="List of most successful German U-boats">Most successful</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_U-boats" title="Foreign U-boats">Foreign captured</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U-boats_never_deployed" title="List of U-boats never deployed">Never deployed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncompleted_U-boat_projects" title="Uncompleted U-boat projects">Uncompleted projects</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Austro-Hungarian_U-boats" title="List of Austro-Hungarian U-boats">Austro-Hungarian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_U-boat_classes" title="Austro-Hungarian U-boat classes">Classes</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Commanders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Befehlshaber_der_U-Boote" title="Befehlshaber der U-Boote">BdU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%BChrer_der_Unterseeboote" title="Führer der Unterseeboote">FdU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_War_I_U-boat_commanders" title="List of World War I U-boat commanders">World War I commanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_War_II_U-boat_commanders" title="List of World War II U-boat commanders">World War II commanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Knight%27s_Cross_of_the_Iron_Cross_recipients_of_the_U-boat_service" title="List of Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross recipients of the U-boat service">Knight's Cross recipients</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_Raeder" title="Erich Raeder">Erich Raeder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_D%C3%B6nitz" title="Karl Dönitz">Karl Dönitz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Wolfpack_(naval_tactic)" title="Wolfpack (naval tactic)">Wolfpacks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wolfpacks_of_World_War_II" title="List of wolfpacks of World War II">List of wolfpacks of World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfpack_Bl%C3%BCcher" title="Wolfpack Blücher"><i>Blücher</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfpack_Borkum" title="Wolfpack Borkum"><i>Borkum</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfpack_Delphin_II" title="Wolfpack Delphin II"><i>Delphin II</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfpack_Dr%C3%A4nger" class="mw-redirect" title="Wolfpack Dränger"><i>Dränger</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfpack_Eisb%C3%A4r" title="Wolfpack Eisbär"><i>Eisbär</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfpack_Eisteufel" title="Wolfpack Eisteufel"><i>Eisteufel</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfpack_Endrass" title="Wolfpack Endrass"><i>Endrass</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfpack_Hai" title="Wolfpack Hai"><i>Hai</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hartmann%27s_wolfpack" title="Hartmann's wolfpack"><i>Hartmann</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfpack_Hecht" title="Wolfpack Hecht"><i>Hecht</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Kiebitz" title="Operation Kiebitz"><i>Kiebitz</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfpack_Kreuzotter" title="Wolfpack Kreuzotter"><i>Kreuzotter</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfpack_Leuthen" title="Wolfpack Leuthen"><i>Leuthen</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfpack_Lohs" title="Wolfpack Lohs"><i>Lohs</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfpack_Pfadfinder" title="Wolfpack Pfadfinder"><i>Pfadfinder</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfpack_Pfeil" title="Wolfpack Pfeil"><i>Pfeil</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfpack_Prien" title="Wolfpack Prien"><i>Prien</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfpack_Raubgraf" class="mw-redirect" title="Wolfpack Raubgraf"><i>Raubgraf</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%B6sing%27s_wolfpack" title="Rösing's wolfpack"><i>Rösing</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfpack_Rossbach" title="Wolfpack Rossbach"><i>Rossbach</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfpack_Schill" title="Wolfpack Schill"><i>Schill</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfpack_Schlieffen" title="Wolfpack Schlieffen"><i>Schlieffen</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfpack_Seewolf" title="Wolfpack Seewolf"><i>Seewolf</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfpack_Steinbrinck" title="Wolfpack Steinbrinck"><i>Steinbrinck</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfpack_Siegfried" title="Wolfpack Siegfried"><i>Siegfried</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfpack_Streitaxt" title="Wolfpack Streitaxt"><i>Streitaxt</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfpack_T%C3%BCmmler" title="Wolfpack Tümmler"><i>Tümmler</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfpack_Vorw%C3%A4rts" title="Wolfpack Vorwärts"><i>Vorwärts</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfpack_Weddigen" title="Wolfpack Weddigen"><i>Weddigen</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfpack_West" title="Wolfpack West"><i>West</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfpack_Wolf" title="Wolfpack Wolf"><i>Wolf</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Major engagements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Convoy_SC_7" title="Convoy SC 7">Convoy SC 7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convoy_PQ_17" title="Convoy PQ 17">Convoy PQ 17</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_St._Lawrence" title="Battle of the St. Lawrence">Battle of the St. Lawrence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convoy_ONS_5" title="Convoy ONS 5">Convoy ONS 5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_May_(1943)" title="Black May (1943)">Black May</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Last_battle_of_the_battleship_Bismarck" class="mw-redirect" title="Last battle of the battleship Bismarck"><i>Bismarck</i> chase</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_U-boat_flotillas" title="List of U-boat flotillas">U-boat flotillas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">World War I</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=I_Flottille&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="I Flottille (page does not exist)">I</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=II_Flottille&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="II Flottille (page does not exist)">II</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=III_Flottille&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="III Flottille (page does not exist)">III</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=IV_Flottille&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="IV Flottille (page does not exist)">IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flanders_U-boat_flotillas" title="Flanders U-boat flotillas">Flanders</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kurland_Flotilla&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kurland Flotilla (page does not exist)">Kurland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pola_Flotilla" title="Pola Flotilla">Pola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantinople_Flotilla" title="Constantinople Flotilla">Constantinople</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">World War II</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U-boat_regions" title="List of U-boat regions">Regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1st_U-boat_Flotilla" title="1st U-boat Flotilla">1.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2nd_U-boat_Flotilla" title="2nd U-boat Flotilla">2.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3rd_U-boat_Flotilla" title="3rd U-boat Flotilla">3.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4th_U-boat_Flotilla" title="4th U-boat Flotilla">4.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5th_U-boat_Flotilla" title="5th U-boat Flotilla">5.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/6th_U-boat_Flotilla" title="6th U-boat Flotilla">6.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7th_U-boat_Flotilla" title="7th U-boat Flotilla">7.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/8th_U-boat_Flotilla" title="8th U-boat Flotilla">8.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/9th_U-boat_Flotilla" title="9th U-boat Flotilla">9.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/10th_U-boat_Flotilla" title="10th U-boat Flotilla">10.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/11th_U-boat_Flotilla" title="11th U-boat Flotilla">11.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/12th_U-boat_Flotilla" title="12th U-boat Flotilla">12.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/13th_U-boat_Flotilla" title="13th U-boat Flotilla">13.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/14th_U-boat_Flotilla" title="14th U-boat Flotilla">14.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/18th_U-boat_Flotilla" title="18th U-boat Flotilla">18.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/19th_U-boat_Flotilla" title="19th U-boat Flotilla">19.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/20th_U-boat_Flotilla" title="20th U-boat Flotilla">20.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/21st_U-boat_Flotilla" title="21st U-boat Flotilla">21.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/22nd_U-boat_Flotilla" title="22nd U-boat Flotilla">22.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/23rd_U-boat_Flotilla" title="23rd U-boat Flotilla">23.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/24th_U-boat_Flotilla" title="24th U-boat Flotilla">24.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/25th_U-boat_Flotilla" title="25th U-boat Flotilla">25.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/26th_U-boat_Flotilla" title="26th U-boat Flotilla">26.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/27th_U-boat_Flotilla" title="27th U-boat Flotilla">27.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/29th_U-boat_Flotilla" title="29th U-boat Flotilla">29.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/30th_U-boat_Flotilla" title="30th U-boat Flotilla">30.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/31st_U-boat_Flotilla" title="31st U-boat Flotilla">31.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/32nd_U-boat_Flotilla" title="32nd U-boat Flotilla">32.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/33rd_U-boat_Flotilla" title="33rd U-boat Flotilla">33.</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Capital_ship" title="Capital ship">Capital ships</a> sunk</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">World War I</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Britannia_(1904)" title="HMS Britannia (1904)">HMS <i>Britannia</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Cornwallis_(1901)" title="HMS Cornwallis (1901)">HMS <i>Cornwallis</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_battleship_Danton" title="French battleship Danton">French battleship <i>Danton</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Formidable_(1898)" title="HMS Formidable (1898)">HMS <i>Formidable</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_battleship_Gaulois" title="French battleship Gaulois"><i>Gaulois</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_battleship_Peresvet" title="Russian battleship Peresvet">Russian battleship <i>Peresvet</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Majestic_(1895)" title="HMS Majestic (1895)">HMS <i>Majestic</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_battleship_Regina_Margherita" title="Italian battleship Regina Margherita">Italian battleship <i>Regina Margherita</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Russell_(1901)" title="HMS Russell (1901)">HMS <i>Russell</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_battleship_Suffren" title="French battleship Suffren">French battleship <i>Suffren</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Triumph_(1903)" title="HMS Triumph (1903)">HMS <i>Triumph</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">World War II</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Ark_Royal_(91)" title="HMS Ark Royal (91)">HMS <i>Ark Royal</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Barham_(04)" title="HMS Barham (04)">HMS <i>Barham</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Courageous_(50)" title="HMS Courageous (50)">HMS <i>Courageous</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Eagle_(1918)" title="HMS Eagle (1918)">HMS <i>Eagle</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Royal_Oak_(08)" title="HMS Royal Oak (08)">HMS <i>Royal Oak</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Technology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anechoic_tile" title="Anechoic tile">Anechoic tile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depth_charge" title="Depth charge">Depth charge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elektroboot" title="Elektroboot">Elektroboot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FuG_200_Hohentwiel" title="FuG 200 Hohentwiel">FuG 200 Hohentwiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hedgehog_(weapon)" title="Hedgehog (weapon)">Hedgehog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leigh_light" class="mw-redirect" title="Leigh light">Leigh light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_24_mine" title="Mark 24 mine">Mark 24 mine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metox_radar_detector" title="Metox radar detector">Metox radar detector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mousetrap_(weapon)" title="Mousetrap (weapon)">Mousetrap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bold_(decoy)" title="Bold (decoy)">Pillenwerfer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Q-ship" title="Q-ship">Q-ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sieglinde_(decoy)" title="Sieglinde (decoy)">Sieglinde (decoy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonar" title="Sonar">Sonar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_snorkel" title="Submarine snorkel">Snorkel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_warfare" title="Submarine warfare">Submarine warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unrestricted_submarine_warfare" title="Unrestricted submarine warfare">Unrestricted submarine warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocket_U-boat" title="Rocket U-boat">Rocket U-boat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Submarine_pen" title="Submarine pen">Bases</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th id="World_War_II409" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">World War II</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>France <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lorient_Submarine_Base" title="Lorient Submarine Base">Lorient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Nazaire_submarine_base" title="Saint-Nazaire submarine base">Saint-Nazaire</a></li></ul></li> <li>Germany <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Valentin_submarine_pens" title="Valentin submarine pens">Valentin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_U-boat_bases_in_occupied_Norway" title="German U-boat bases in occupied Norway">Norway</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dora_I" title="Dora I">Dora I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dora_II" title="Dora II">Dora II</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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