CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="no-js" lang="en-US"> <head>  <script>(function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start': new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0], j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src= 'https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f); })(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-W399T6'); gtag('config', 'G-331299957', { 'page_title': 'Travel Destinations', 'currency': 'USD' }); </script>  <meta charset="UTF-8"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0" > <meta name="google-site-verification" content="/google10b5f805e4b4c2ef.html"> <link rel="profile" href="https://gmpg.org/xfn/11"> <meta name='robots' content='index, follow, max-image-preview:large, max-snippet:-1, max-video-preview:-1' />  <title>Research | Food & Water Watch</title> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.foodandwaterwatch.org/learn/research/" /> <meta property="og:locale" content="en_US" /> <meta property="og:type" content="article" /> <meta property="og:title" content="Research" /> <meta property="og:description" content="Welcome! Past research is currently being migrated to our new site. You can search our PDF directory or, if you are looking for something specific, please email aaker@fwwatch.org. More Research" /> <meta property="og:url" content="https://www.foodandwaterwatch.org/learn/research/" /> <meta property="og:site_name" content="Food & Water Watch" /> <meta property="article:publisher" content="https://www.facebook.com/FoodandWaterWatch/" /> <meta property="article:modified_time" content="2023-03-16T00:55:19+00:00" /> <meta property="og:image" content="https://www.foodandwaterwatch.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/FWA_RGB_FWW_Stacked-Logo_FC.png" /> <meta property="og:image:width" content="158" /> <meta property="og:image:height" content="85" /> <meta property="og:image:type" content="image/png" /> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image" /> <meta name="twitter:site" content="@foodandwater" /> <meta name="twitter:label1" content="Est. reading time" /> <meta name="twitter:data1" content="1 minute" /> <script type="application/ld+json" class="yoast-schema-graph">{"@context":"https://schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https://www.foodandwaterwatch.org/learn/research/","url":"https://www.foodandwaterwatch.org/learn/research/","name":"Research | Food & Water Watch","isPartOf":{"@id":"https://www.foodandwaterwatch.org/#website"},"datePublished":"2020-06-17T18:57:48+00:00","dateModified":"2023-03-16T00:55:19+00:00","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https://www.foodandwaterwatch.org/learn/research/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https://www.foodandwaterwatch.org/learn/research/"]}]},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https://www.foodandwaterwatch.org/learn/research/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Home","item":"https://www.foodandwaterwatch.org/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"Learn","item":"https://www.foodandwaterwatch.org/learn/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":3,"name":"Research"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https://www.foodandwaterwatch.org/#website","url":"https://www.foodandwaterwatch.org/","name":"Food & Water Watch","description":"Fight like you live here.","publisher":{"@id":"https://www.foodandwaterwatch.org/#organization"},"potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https://www.foodandwaterwatch.org/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":"required name=search_term_string"}],"inLanguage":"en-US"},{"@type":"Organization","@id":"https://www.foodandwaterwatch.org/#organization","name":"Food & Water Watch","url":"https://www.foodandwaterwatch.org/","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https://www.foodandwaterwatch.org/#/schema/logo/image/","url":"https://www.foodandwaterwatch.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/FWA_RGB_FWW_Stacked-Logo_FC.png","contentUrl":"https://www.foodandwaterwatch.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/FWA_RGB_FWW_Stacked-Logo_FC.png","width":158,"height":85,"caption":"Food & Water Watch"},"image":{"@id":"https://www.foodandwaterwatch.org/#/schema/logo/image/"},"sameAs":["https://www.instagram.com/foodandwaterwatch","https://www.linkedin.com/company/food-&-water-watch","https://www.youtube.com/c/foodandwaterwatch/videos","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_&_Water_Watch","https://www.facebook.com/FoodandWaterWatch/","https://twitter.com/foodandwater"]}]}</script>  <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//www.google.com' /> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//unpkg.com' /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="Food & Water Watch » Feed" href="https://www.foodandwaterwatch.org/feed/" /> <script> window._wpemojiSettings = {"baseUrl":"https:\/\/s.w.org\/images\/core\/emoji\/14.0.0\/72x72\/","ext":".png","svgUrl":"https:\/\/s.w.org\/images\/core\/emoji\/14.0.0\/svg\/","svgExt":".svg","source":{"concatemoji":"https:\/\/www.foodandwaterwatch.org\/wp-includes\/js\/wp-emoji-release.min.js?ver=6.1.7"}}; /*! This file is auto-generated */ !function(e,a,t){var n,r,o,i=a.createElement("canvas"),p=i.getContext&&i.getContext("2d");function s(e,t){var a=String.fromCharCode,e=(p.clearRect(0,0,i.width,i.height),p.fillText(a.apply(this,e),0,0),i.toDataURL());return p.clearRect(0,0,i.width,i.height),p.fillText(a.apply(this,t),0,0),e===i.toDataURL()}function c(e){var t=a.createElement("script");t.src=e,t.defer=t.type="text/javascript",a.getElementsByTagName("head")[0].appendChild(t)}for(o=Array("flag","emoji"),t.supports={everything:!0,everythingExceptFlag:!0},r=0;r<o.length;r++)t.supports[o[r]]=function(e){if(p&&p.fillText)switch(p.textBaseline="top",p.font="600 32px Arial",e){case"flag":return s([127987,65039,8205,9895,65039],[127987,65039,8203,9895,65039])?!1:!s([55356,56826,55356,56819],[55356,56826,8203,55356,56819])&&!s([55356,57332,56128,56423,56128,56418,56128,56421,56128,56430,56128,56423,56128,56447],[55356,57332,8203,56128,56423,8203,56128,56418,8203,56128,56421,8203,56128,56430,8203,56128,56423,8203,56128,56447]);case"emoji":return!s([129777,127995,8205,129778,127999],[129777,127995,8203,129778,127999])}return!1}(o[r]),t.supports.everything=t.supports.everything&&t.supports[o[r]],"flag"!==o[r]&&(t.supports.everythingExceptFlag=t.supports.everythingExceptFlag&&t.supports[o[r]]);t.supports.everythingExceptFlag=t.supports.everythingExceptFlag&&!t.supports.flag,t.DOMReady=!1,t.readyCallback=function(){t.DOMReady=!0},t.supports.everything||(n=function(){t.readyCallback()},a.addEventListener?(a.addEventListener("DOMContentLoaded",n,!1),e.addEventListener("load",n,!1)):(e.attachEvent("onload",n),a.attachEvent("onreadystatechange",function(){"complete"===a.readyState&&t.readyCallback()})),(e=t.source||{}).concatemoji?c(e.concatemoji):e.wpemoji&&e.twemoji&&(c(e.twemoji),c(e.wpemoji)))}(window,document,window._wpemojiSettings); </script> <style> img.wp-smiley, img.emoji { display: inline !important; border: none !important; box-shadow: none !important; height: 1em !important; width: 1em !important; margin: 0 0.07em !important; vertical-align: -0.1em !important; background: none !important; padding: 0 !important; } </style> <link rel='stylesheet' id='mci-footnotes-jquery-tooltips-pagelayout-none-css' href='https://www.foodandwaterwatch.org/wp-content/plugins/footnotes/css/footnotes-jqttbrpl0.min.css?ver=2.7.3' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='wp-block-library-css' href='https://www.foodandwaterwatch.org/wp-includes/css/dist/block-library/style.min.css?ver=6.1.7' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='coblocks-frontend-css' href='https://www.foodandwaterwatch.org/wp-content/plugins/coblocks/dist/style-coblocks-1.css?ver=2.25.3' media='all' /> <style id='coblocks-frontend-inline-css'> .coblocks-hero-713135353611 > div {} </style> <link rel='stylesheet' id='classic-theme-styles-css' href='https://www.foodandwaterwatch.org/wp-includes/css/classic-themes.min.css?ver=1' media='all' /> <style id='global-styles-inline-css'> body{--wp--preset--color--black: #000000;--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray: #abb8c3;--wp--preset--color--white: #ffffff;--wp--preset--color--pale-pink: #f78da7;--wp--preset--color--vivid-red: #cf2e2e;--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange: #ff6900;--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber: #fcb900;--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan: #7bdcb5;--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan: #00d084;--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue: #8ed1fc;--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue: #0693e3;--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple: #9b51e0;--wp--preset--color--yellow: #ffe643;--wp--preset--color--light-blue: #89d6ed;--wp--preset--color--dark-blue: #0057B8;--wp--preset--color--dark-grey: #424242;--wp--preset--color--grey: #BDBDBD;--wp--preset--color--light-grey: #f5f5f5;--wp--preset--color--green: #63d05a;--wp--preset--color--coral: #ef9a9a;--wp--preset--color--ntl-yellow: #fedd00;--wp--preset--color--orange: #f89c4d;--wp--preset--color--ntl-green: #97ce8b;--wp--preset--color--violet: #8ebae5;--wp--preset--color--ntl-light-blue: #59cbe8;--wp--preset--gradient--vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(6,147,227,1) 0%,rgb(155,81,224) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(122,220,180) 0%,rgb(0,208,130) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(252,185,0,1) 0%,rgba(255,105,0,1) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(255,105,0,1) 0%,rgb(207,46,46) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(238,238,238) 0%,rgb(169,184,195) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--cool-to-warm-spectrum: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(74,234,220) 0%,rgb(151,120,209) 20%,rgb(207,42,186) 40%,rgb(238,44,130) 60%,rgb(251,105,98) 80%,rgb(254,248,76) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--blush-light-purple: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,206,236) 0%,rgb(152,150,240) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--blush-bordeaux: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(254,205,165) 0%,rgb(254,45,45) 50%,rgb(107,0,62) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-dusk: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,203,112) 0%,rgb(199,81,192) 50%,rgb(65,88,208) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--pale-ocean: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,245,203) 0%,rgb(182,227,212) 50%,rgb(51,167,181) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--electric-grass: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(202,248,128) 0%,rgb(113,206,126) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--midnight: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(2,3,129) 0%,rgb(40,116,252) 100%);--wp--preset--duotone--dark-grayscale: url('#wp-duotone-dark-grayscale');--wp--preset--duotone--grayscale: url('#wp-duotone-grayscale');--wp--preset--duotone--purple-yellow: url('#wp-duotone-purple-yellow');--wp--preset--duotone--blue-red: url('#wp-duotone-blue-red');--wp--preset--duotone--midnight: url('#wp-duotone-midnight');--wp--preset--duotone--magenta-yellow: url('#wp-duotone-magenta-yellow');--wp--preset--duotone--purple-green: url('#wp-duotone-purple-green');--wp--preset--duotone--blue-orange: url('#wp-duotone-blue-orange');--wp--preset--font-size--small: 18px;--wp--preset--font-size--medium: 20px;--wp--preset--font-size--large: 26.25px;--wp--preset--font-size--x-large: 42px;--wp--preset--font-size--normal: 21px;--wp--preset--font-size--larger: 32px;--wp--preset--spacing--20: 0.44rem;--wp--preset--spacing--30: 0.67rem;--wp--preset--spacing--40: 1rem;--wp--preset--spacing--50: 1.5rem;--wp--preset--spacing--60: 2.25rem;--wp--preset--spacing--70: 3.38rem;--wp--preset--spacing--80: 5.06rem;}:where(.is-layout-flex){gap: 0.5em;}body .is-layout-flow > .alignleft{float: left;margin-inline-start: 0;margin-inline-end: 2em;}body .is-layout-flow > .alignright{float: right;margin-inline-start: 2em;margin-inline-end: 0;}body .is-layout-flow > .aligncenter{margin-left: auto !important;margin-right: auto !important;}body .is-layout-constrained > .alignleft{float: left;margin-inline-start: 0;margin-inline-end: 2em;}body .is-layout-constrained > .alignright{float: right;margin-inline-start: 2em;margin-inline-end: 0;}body .is-layout-constrained > .aligncenter{margin-left: auto !important;margin-right: auto !important;}body .is-layout-constrained > :where(:not(.alignleft):not(.alignright):not(.alignfull)){max-width: var(--wp--style--global--content-size);margin-left: auto !important;margin-right: auto !important;}body .is-layout-constrained > .alignwide{max-width: var(--wp--style--global--wide-size);}body .is-layout-flex{display: flex;}body .is-layout-flex{flex-wrap: wrap;align-items: center;}body .is-layout-flex > *{margin: 0;}:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-flex){gap: 2em;}.has-black-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-black-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-black-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red) !important;}.has-very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-cool-to-warm-spectrum-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--cool-to-warm-spectrum) !important;}.has-blush-light-purple-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--blush-light-purple) !important;}.has-blush-bordeaux-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--blush-bordeaux) !important;}.has-luminous-dusk-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-dusk) !important;}.has-pale-ocean-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--pale-ocean) !important;}.has-electric-grass-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--electric-grass) !important;}.has-midnight-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--midnight) !important;}.has-small-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--small) !important;}.has-medium-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--medium) !important;}.has-large-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--large) !important;}.has-x-large-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--x-large) !important;} .wp-block-navigation a:where(:not(.wp-element-button)){color: inherit;} :where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-flex){gap: 2em;} .wp-block-pullquote{font-size: 1.5em;line-height: 1.6;} </style> <link rel='stylesheet' id='wp-components-css' href='https://www.foodandwaterwatch.org/wp-includes/css/dist/components/style.min.css?ver=6.1.7' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='godaddy-styles-css' href='https://www.foodandwaterwatch.org/wp-content/plugins/coblocks/includes/Dependencies/GoDaddy/Styles/build/latest.css?ver=1.0.5' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='graphik-css' href='https://www.foodandwaterwatch.org/wp-content/themes/fww-theme-twentytwenty-child/assets/fonts/graphik/1902-XDPMKP.css?v1_2&ver=6.1.7' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='parent-css' href='https://www.foodandwaterwatch.org/wp-content/themes/twentytwenty/style.css?ver=1.11' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='new-acf-blocks-css' href='https://www.foodandwaterwatch.org/wp-content/themes/fww-theme-twentytwenty-child/new-acf-blocks.css?ver=6.1.7' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='twentytwenty-style-css' href='https://www.foodandwaterwatch.org/wp-content/themes/fww-theme-twentytwenty-child/style.css?ver=1.8' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='twentytwenty-print-style-css' href='https://www.foodandwaterwatch.org/wp-content/themes/twentytwenty/print.css?ver=1.8' media='print' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='block_css-css' href='https://www.foodandwaterwatch.org/wp-content/themes/fww-theme-twentytwenty-child/assets/css/fww-block.css?ver=6.1.7' media='all' /> <script src='https://www.foodandwaterwatch.org/wp-includes/js/jquery/jquery.min.js?ver=3.6.1' id='jquery-core-js'></script> <script src='https://www.foodandwaterwatch.org/wp-includes/js/jquery/jquery-migrate.min.js?ver=3.3.2' id='jquery-migrate-js'></script> <script src='https://www.foodandwaterwatch.org/wp-content/plugins/footnotes/js/jquery.tools.min.js?ver=1.2.7.redacted.2' id='mci-footnotes-jquery-tools-js'></script> <script src='https://www.google.com/recaptcha/api.js?render=6LdgVpAaAAAAALTA17MFmIYdSmDNwlPiuzblUYCx&ver=1' id='grecaptcha-js'></script> <script src='https://www.foodandwaterwatch.org/wp-content/themes/fww-theme-twentytwenty-child/custom-compiled.js?ver=2.01' id='custom-js'></script> <script src='https://www.foodandwaterwatch.org/wp-content/themes/fww-theme-twentytwenty-child/assets/html/filterresults/filter-results-compiled.js?ver=1' id='filter-results-js'></script> <script src='https://www.foodandwaterwatch.org/wp-content/themes/twentytwenty/assets/js/index.js?ver=1.8' id='twentytwenty-js-js' async></script> <script src='https://www.foodandwaterwatch.org/wp-content/themes/fww-theme-twentytwenty-child/assets/js/fww-footnotes-type-2.js?ver=6.1.7' id='footnotes_js-js'></script> <script src='https://unpkg.com/@popperjs/core@2?ver=6.1.7' id='popperjs-js'></script> <script src='https://unpkg.com/tippy.js@6?ver=6.1.7' id='tippyjs-js'></script> <link rel="https://api.w.org/" href="https://www.foodandwaterwatch.org/wp-json/" /><link rel="alternate" type="application/json" href="https://www.foodandwaterwatch.org/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/202" /><link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" title="RSD" href="https://www.foodandwaterwatch.org/xmlrpc.php?rsd" /> <link rel="wlwmanifest" type="application/wlwmanifest+xml" href="https://www.foodandwaterwatch.org/wp-includes/wlwmanifest.xml" /> <link rel='shortlink' href='https://www.foodandwaterwatch.org/?p=202' /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/json+oembed" href="https://www.foodandwaterwatch.org/wp-json/oembed/1.0/embed?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.foodandwaterwatch.org%2Flearn%2Fresearch%2F" /> <link rel="alternate" type="text/xml+oembed" href="https://www.foodandwaterwatch.org/wp-json/oembed/1.0/embed?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.foodandwaterwatch.org%2Flearn%2Fresearch%2F&format=xml" /> <script>document.documentElement.className = document.documentElement.className.replace( 'no-js', 'js' );</script> <script type="text/javascript" src="//script.crazyegg.com/pages/scripts/0117/2260.js" async="async" ></script><style id="custom-background-css"> body.custom-background { background-color: #ffffff; } </style> <link rel="icon" href="https://www.foodandwaterwatch.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/cropped-fww_favicon-32x32.png" sizes="32x32" /> <link rel="icon" href="https://www.foodandwaterwatch.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/cropped-fww_favicon-192x192.png" sizes="192x192" /> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="https://www.foodandwaterwatch.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/cropped-fww_favicon-180x180.png" /> <meta name="msapplication-TileImage" content="https://www.foodandwaterwatch.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/cropped-fww_favicon-270x270.png" /> <style id="wp-custom-css"> /* landing page .page-template-templates-post-grid .news-feature ul.wp-block-latest-posts .wp-block-latest-posts__post-excerpt {display:none;} .post-tags div { display:table; } */ /* footnotes/endnotes */ blockquote p .footnote_plugin_tooltip_text { font-size: 50%; top: -1.4rem !important; left: .3rem; } .footnote_container_prepare > p { border-bottom: 2px solid #f3f3f3 !important; border-top: 2px solid #f3f3f3 !important; font-weight: 700 !important; padding: 3rem 0 !important; } .footnote_container_prepare>p>span:first-child, .footnote_container_prepare>p>span:nth-child(3), .footnote_reference_container_collapse_button { font-size:1.1em !important; } .footnote_reference_container_collapse_button { font-weight: 400; } .footnotes_plugin_reference_row:hover { background-color:#D3F5FF; } .footnote_plugin_link { font-weight:600; } .tippy-box { max-height: 140px; overflow-y: scroll; } /* reports additional css */ @media (max-width:1000px) { .single-post main article header h1, .single-post main article.category-research-report header > div h1 { margin-top: 40px !important; } } .research-report-nav .research-report-column .fwa-pdf-download { min-width:unset; } .research-report-nav .research-report-column .fwa-pdf-download p { text-align:left; padding-left:15px; } .wp-block-image .aligncenter figcaption { text-align:left; font-size:12px; } .fwac-story .story-content { max-width: 100%; padding: 0 2rem 2rem 2rem; } .road-map.sticky .road-map-nav:not(.alignwide) > div { max-width:66rem !important; } .road-map-nav { padding: 0 !important; } .road-map-nav h6 { font-weight:900 !important; } .entry-content > .alignfull:not(.wp-block-group.has-background):not(.has-huge-padding):not(.related-posts) { margin-bottom:unset; } .entry-content > *:not(.alignwide):not(.alignfull):not(.alignleft):not(.alignright):not(.is-style-wide) { max-width:70rem; } .entry-content .horizontal-scroll-wrapper { margin: 70px 0 !important; width:unset; } h2 strong, .category-research-report h2, h3 strong, h4 strong { font-weight:900 !important; } /* article.post .fwac-view { max-width: 70rem !important; } */ .fww-section-hero:after { margin:3rem 0 !important; } .fww-horizontal-scroll + p { margin-top:3rem !important; } .horizontal-scroll-wrapper > div > div > h3 { font-weight:900; } .research-report-nav.active { margin-bottom:40px !important; } .fww-what-you-will-learn { margin-top: 175px; } .fww-section-navigation { background-color: #f5f5f5; flex-direction: column; } .fww-section-navigation > .inner > div { text-transform: uppercase; } .fww-section-navigation .inner a:hover { background-color: #D3F5FF; } @media (min-width:1000px) { .single-post main article.category-research-report header.entry-header { background-size:cover; padding: 190px 0 0 0 !important;} .background-image-overlay { top: 0; } } @media (max-width:999px) { .single-post main article.category-research-report header.entry-header { background-size:cover; } .background-image-overlay { top: -50px; } } /* QA fixes March 2022 */ /* "Semibold" items and exceptions */ .fww-section-hero h2, .fww-section-hero h3, .fww-section-hero h4, .fww-section-hero h5, .category-research-report h2, .category-research-report h3, .category-research-report h4, .category-research-report h5, .category-research-report h6, .category-research-report strong { font-weight:600; } .fww-section-hero .inner h2 { font-weight:800; } /* Content width */ .road-map .wp-block-coblocks-row__inner > .wp-block-coblocks-column > .wp-block-coblocks-column__inner > *:not(figure):not(.cta-type-2), .report-part .wp-block-coblocks-hero__inner .wp-block-coblocks-hero__content, .report-part > .wp-block-group__inner-container > *:not([class*='wp-block-coblocks-hero']):not([class*='wp-block-image']):not([class*='fwa-carousel']):not(.road-map):not(.road-map.sticky .road-map-nav):not(.cta-type-2):not(.alignfull):not(.fww-data-viz):not(.cta-type-1), .research-report-top h4, .report-outline /* , .entry-content > *:not(.alignwide):not(.alignfull):not(.alignleft):not(.alignright):not(.is-style-wide) */ { max-width:70rem !important; } .fwa-carousel.q-and-a { display:flex !important; } /* Section hero */ .fww-section-hero .inner { padding: 30px 0; max-width: 70rem; width: calc(100% - 4rem); } .fww-section-hero .inner .number { font-weight:600; } @media screen and (max-width:500px) { .fww-section-hero { background-size:110%; } .fww-section-hero .inner { padding: 30px 0; margin-top: 30px; } } .q-and-a-button { position: absolute; right:0; padding-left: 0; font-size: 16px; border: none; background: transparent; transition: .25s; color:#000 !important; line-height:1.2; transform: translate(-5px, 0); } .q-and-a-button:hover { transform: translate(5px, 0); } .q-and-a .wp-block-button__link:after { content: url('/wp-content/themes/fww-theme-twentytwenty-child/images/post-link-arrow.svg'); position:absolute; top:13px; right:0; } /* Post header updates */ .background-image-overlay { position:absolute; width:100%; height:100%; filter:brightness(.7); background-size: cover; background-position: center; } @media screen and (max-width:1000px) { .single-post main article:not(.category-job-posting-not-public) header .entry-header-inner.section-inner::before { content: ''; z-index: 0; display: block; position: absolute; top: 15rem; left: -15rem; width: calc(100% + 30rem); height: calc(100% + -13rem); background: #ffffff; } } .news-feature ul.wp-block-latest-posts .wp-block-latest-posts__featured-image img { /* filter:brightness(.7); */ } /* Q&A block */ article.post .fwac-view .q-and-a {max-width:970px !important;} .wp-block-group.q-and-a-cover { background:none !important; } .q-and-a { margin: 70px auto; background: url(https://www.foodandwaterwatch.org/wp-content/themes/fww-theme-twentytwenty-child/assets/html/carousel/images/q-and-a-background.png) #fff; background-size: 970px; background-position: center; background-repeat: no-repeat; } .q-and-a figure { position:relative; } .q-and-a img { display:none; } .story-content img { display:block; } .q-and-a h4, .fww-post-carousel h4 { display:none; } .q-and-a .story-content, .fww-post-carousel .story-content { margin-top:0 !important; } .q-and-a .fwac-slide-list { width: 100%; height: 444px; max-width: 974px; } .fwa-carousel.q-and-a { max-width: 974px; margin-bottom: 70px !important; padding-bottom:20px; } .q-and-a figcaption { position: absolute; top: 110px; left: 260px; width: 68%; } .q-and-a figcaption h6 { font-size:45px; line-height:48px; font-weight:700; color:#000; } .q-and-a .fwac-slide-list figure:before { position: relative; top: 140px; left: 100px; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: 121px; font-size: 121px; content: 'Q:'; display: block; color: #0057b8; font-weight: 900; } /* .q-and-a .fwac-slide-list figcaption:after { position: absolute; top: 250px; right: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: 14px; font-size: 14px; content: 'See the answer >'; display: block; color: #000; font-weight: 900; text-transform: uppercase; text-decoration: underline; cursor: pointer; } */ .story-content > h6 { margin: 0 0 2rem 0; font-weight: 900; position: sticky; top: 0; z-index: 3; background-color: #fff; padding: 20px 0; font-size: 2.8rem; line-height: 3.3rem; } /* .fww-post-carousel .fwac-story h4 { margin:0 !important; } .fwac-story .story-content { margin-top: 0 !important; } */ @media (max-width:900px) { .q-and-a figure:before { top:4.5rem !important; } .q-and-a .fwac-slide-list { height: 344px; } .q-and-a figcaption { top:0; } .q-and-a figcaption:after { left:0; } } @media (max-width:780px) { .q-and-a figure:before { top:0 !important; left:20px !important; } .q-and-a .fwac-slide-list { height: 344px; } .q-and-a figcaption h6 { font-size: 35px; line-height: 38px; font-weight: 700; color: #000; } .q-and-a figcaption { left: 20px; top:80px; width:100%; } .q-and-a figcaption:after { top:200px !important; } } @media (max-width:480px) { .q-and-a figcaption h6 { font-size: 30px; } .q-and-a figure:before { font-size:70px; } } @media (max-width:340px) { .q-and-a figcaption { top:50px; } .q-and-a figcaption h6 { font-size: 24px; line-height: 26px; } .q-and-a figure:before { font-size:50px !important; } } /* .fwa-carousel .slick-slide figcaption { display:unset !important; bottom: 20px; position: absolute; left: 15px; color: #fff; } */ .fwa-carousel.media-text .slick-slide figcaption:after { position: absolute; bottom: 0px; display: block; width: 132px; content: 'READ STORY'; font-weight: 900; background: url('/wp-content/themes/fww-theme-twentytwenty-child/images/post-link-arrow.svg') top right no-repeat; padding-right: 2.2rem; font-size: 16px; line-height: 18px; } /* `horizontal` scroll block margin and misc */ .single-post .entry-content > .alignfull:not(.wp-block-group.has-background):not(.has-huge-padding):not(.related-posts):not(.fww-section-hero):not(.fww-sticky-menu):not(.research-report-top) { margin:8rem 0 !important; } .fww-horizontal-scroll .footnote_plugin_tooltip_text { color:#fff; } @media (max-width:580px) { .single-post .entry-content > .alignfull:not(.wp-block-group.has-background):not(.has-huge-padding):not(.related-posts):not(.fww-section-hero):not(.fww-sticky-menu):not(.research-report-top) { margin:5rem 0 !important; } .fww-horizontal-scroll p { font-size: 14px !important; line-height: 18px !important; letter-spacing: 0 !important; } /* .horizontal-scroll-wrapper p.photo-caption */ .fww-horizontal-scroll p.photo-caption { position: absolute; bottom: 10px !important; left: 20px !important; width: 100% !important; display: block !important; font-size: 12px !important; } } /* sticky menu */ .fww-sticky-menu ul, .fww-sticky-menu h6 { padding-left:1rem !important; } .road-map.sticky .road-map-nav ul li.active { padding-left:0; } /* outline nav */ .report-outline-nav, .report-outline-nav ul { min-width:350px; } .report-outline li:hover { background-color: #D3F5FF; } .report-outline li ul li:hover { background-color: none; } @media (min-width: 768px){ .single-post main#site-content article.post.category-job-posting-not-public header.entry-header.sticky{ padding-top: 51px; } .single-post main#site-content article.post.category-job-posting-not-public header.entry-header { padding-top: 127px; } } </style> <style type="text/css" media="all"> .footnotes_reference_container {margin-top: 24px !important; margin-bottom: 0px !important;} .footnote_container_prepare > p {border-bottom: 1px solid #aaaaaa !important;} .footnote_tooltip { font-size: 15.0px !important; color: #000000 !important; background-color: #f4f2f2 !important; border-width: 1px !important; border-style: solid !important; border-color: #dad9d9 !important; -webkit-box-shadow: 2px 2px 11px #dad9d9; -moz-box-shadow: 2px 2px 11px #dad9d9; box-shadow: 2px 2px 11px #dad9d9; max-width: 300px !important;} /* .footnote_plugin_tooltip_text {color:#ff0000;font-weight:bold;} */ .footnote_tooltip { font-family:"Graphik Web","Inter var", -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, sans-serif !important; letter-spacing:.05px; } .footnote_plugin_tooltip_text { color:#0057B8; font-weight: 600; } .footnote_referrer a {text-decoration:underline !important;} .footnote_tooltip { padding:15px !important; max-height: 95px; overflow: scroll; background: rgb(244,242,242); background: linear-gradient(180deg, rgba(244,242,242,1) 0%, rgba(244,242,242,1) 75%, rgba(218,217,217,1) 100%); } .footnotes_reference_container { max-width:100rem !important; } .footnotes_reference_container a { color:#0057B8; font-weight:600; } .footnote_index_arrow { color: #0057B8; margin-right: 10px; opacity: .7; } .footnote_container_prepare > p { border-bottom: 2px solid #f3f3f3 !important; border-top: 2px solid #f3f3f3 !important; font-weight: 700 !important; padding: 3rem 0 !important; } </style> <script type="text/javascript"> window.smartlook||(function(d) { var o=smartlook=function(){ o.api.push(arguments)},h=d.getElementsByTagName("head")[0]; var c=d.createElement("script");o.api=new Array();c.async=true;c.type="text/javascript"; c.charset="utf-8";c.src="https://web-sdk.smartlook.com/recorder.js";h.appendChild(c); })(document); smartlook("init", "81a05c34fcc86f6a08d1dbb00cfbc9cae7d8372e", { region: "eu" }); </script> </head> <body class="page-template page-template-templates page-template-templates-post-grid page-template-templatestemplates-post-grid-php page page-id-202 page-child parent-pageid-212 custom-background wp-custom-logo wp-embed-responsive is-twentytwenty singular enable-search-modal missing-post-thumbnail has-no-pagination not-showing-comments show-avatars templates-post-grid footer-top-visible reduced-spacing"> <input style="display: none;" id="fww-post-id" value="202" />  <noscript><iframe src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-W399T6" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe></noscript>  <a class="skip-link screen-reader-text" href="#site-content">Skip to the content</a><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 0 0" width="0" height="0" focusable="false" role="none" style="visibility: hidden; position: absolute; left: -9999px; overflow: hidden;" ><defs><filter id="wp-duotone-dark-grayscale"><feColorMatrix color-interpolation-filters="sRGB" type="matrix" values=" .299 .587 .114 0 0 .299 .587 .114 0 0 .299 .587 .114 0 0 .299 .587 .114 0 0 " /><feComponentTransfer color-interpolation-filters="sRGB" ><feFuncR type="table" tableValues="0 0.498039215686" /><feFuncG type="table" tableValues="0 0.498039215686" /><feFuncB type="table" tableValues="0 0.498039215686" /><feFuncA type="table" tableValues="1 1" /></feComponentTransfer><feComposite in2="SourceGraphic" operator="in" /></filter></defs></svg><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 0 0" width="0" height="0" focusable="false" role="none" style="visibility: hidden; position: absolute; left: -9999px; overflow: hidden;" ><defs><filter id="wp-duotone-grayscale"><feColorMatrix color-interpolation-filters="sRGB" type="matrix" values=" .299 .587 .114 0 0 .299 .587 .114 0 0 .299 .587 .114 0 0 .299 .587 .114 0 0 " /><feComponentTransfer color-interpolation-filters="sRGB" ><feFuncR type="table" tableValues="0 1" /><feFuncG type="table" tableValues="0 1" /><feFuncB type="table" tableValues="0 1" /><feFuncA type="table" tableValues="1 1" /></feComponentTransfer><feComposite in2="SourceGraphic" operator="in" /></filter></defs></svg><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 0 0" width="0" height="0" focusable="false" role="none" style="visibility: hidden; position: absolute; left: -9999px; overflow: hidden;" ><defs><filter id="wp-duotone-purple-yellow"><feColorMatrix color-interpolation-filters="sRGB" type="matrix" values=" .299 .587 .114 0 0 .299 .587 .114 0 0 .299 .587 .114 0 0 .299 .587 .114 0 0 " /><feComponentTransfer color-interpolation-filters="sRGB" ><feFuncR type="table" tableValues="0.549019607843 0.988235294118" /><feFuncG type="table" tableValues="0 1" /><feFuncB type="table" tableValues="0.717647058824 0.254901960784" /><feFuncA type="table" tableValues="1 1" /></feComponentTransfer><feComposite in2="SourceGraphic" operator="in" /></filter></defs></svg><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 0 0" width="0" height="0" focusable="false" role="none" style="visibility: hidden; position: absolute; left: -9999px; overflow: hidden;" ><defs><filter id="wp-duotone-blue-red"><feColorMatrix color-interpolation-filters="sRGB" type="matrix" values=" .299 .587 .114 0 0 .299 .587 .114 0 0 .299 .587 .114 0 0 .299 .587 .114 0 0 " /><feComponentTransfer color-interpolation-filters="sRGB" ><feFuncR type="table" tableValues="0 1" /><feFuncG type="table" tableValues="0 0.278431372549" /><feFuncB type="table" tableValues="0.592156862745 0.278431372549" /><feFuncA type="table" tableValues="1 1" /></feComponentTransfer><feComposite in2="SourceGraphic" operator="in" /></filter></defs></svg><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 0 0" width="0" height="0" focusable="false" role="none" style="visibility: hidden; position: absolute; left: -9999px; overflow: hidden;" ><defs><filter id="wp-duotone-midnight"><feColorMatrix color-interpolation-filters="sRGB" type="matrix" values=" .299 .587 .114 0 0 .299 .587 .114 0 0 .299 .587 .114 0 0 .299 .587 .114 0 0 " /><feComponentTransfer color-interpolation-filters="sRGB" ><feFuncR type="table" tableValues="0 0" /><feFuncG type="table" tableValues="0 0.647058823529" /><feFuncB type="table" tableValues="0 1" /><feFuncA type="table" tableValues="1 1" /></feComponentTransfer><feComposite in2="SourceGraphic" operator="in" /></filter></defs></svg><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 0 0" width="0" height="0" focusable="false" role="none" style="visibility: hidden; position: absolute; left: -9999px; overflow: hidden;" ><defs><filter id="wp-duotone-magenta-yellow"><feColorMatrix color-interpolation-filters="sRGB" type="matrix" values=" .299 .587 .114 0 0 .299 .587 .114 0 0 .299 .587 .114 0 0 .299 .587 .114 0 0 " /><feComponentTransfer color-interpolation-filters="sRGB" ><feFuncR type="table" tableValues="0.780392156863 1" /><feFuncG type="table" tableValues="0 0.949019607843" /><feFuncB type="table" tableValues="0.352941176471 0.470588235294" /><feFuncA type="table" tableValues="1 1" /></feComponentTransfer><feComposite in2="SourceGraphic" operator="in" /></filter></defs></svg><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 0 0" width="0" height="0" focusable="false" role="none" style="visibility: hidden; position: absolute; left: -9999px; overflow: hidden;" ><defs><filter id="wp-duotone-purple-green"><feColorMatrix color-interpolation-filters="sRGB" type="matrix" values=" .299 .587 .114 0 0 .299 .587 .114 0 0 .299 .587 .114 0 0 .299 .587 .114 0 0 " /><feComponentTransfer color-interpolation-filters="sRGB" ><feFuncR type="table" tableValues="0.650980392157 0.403921568627" /><feFuncG type="table" tableValues="0 1" /><feFuncB type="table" tableValues="0.447058823529 0.4" /><feFuncA type="table" tableValues="1 1" /></feComponentTransfer><feComposite in2="SourceGraphic" operator="in" /></filter></defs></svg><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 0 0" width="0" height="0" focusable="false" role="none" style="visibility: hidden; position: absolute; left: -9999px; overflow: hidden;" ><defs><filter id="wp-duotone-blue-orange"><feColorMatrix color-interpolation-filters="sRGB" type="matrix" values=" .299 .587 .114 0 0 .299 .587 .114 0 0 .299 .587 .114 0 0 .299 .587 .114 0 0 " /><feComponentTransfer color-interpolation-filters="sRGB" ><feFuncR type="table" tableValues="0.0980392156863 1" /><feFuncG type="table" tableValues="0 0.662745098039" /><feFuncB type="table" tableValues="0.847058823529 0.419607843137" /><feFuncA type="table" tableValues="1 1" /></feComponentTransfer><feComposite in2="SourceGraphic" operator="in" /></filter></defs></svg> <div style="display: none;" id="head-space"></div> <header id="site-header" class="flip-card flipped header-footer-group" role="banner"> <div id="wide-logo"> <a title="Food & Water Watch" href="/"> <img title="Food & Water Watch" alt="Food & Water Watch" src="/wp-content/themes/fww-theme-twentytwenty-child/images/FWW-logo-white.svg" /> </a> </div> <div class="header-inner section-inner"> <div class="header-titles-wrapper"> <button class="toggle search-toggle mobile-search-toggle" data-toggle-target=".search-modal" data-toggle-body-class="showing-search-modal" data-set-focus=".search-modal .search-field" aria-expanded="false"> <span class="toggle-inner"> <span class="toggle-icon"> <svg class="svg-icon" aria-hidden="true" role="img" focusable="false" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="23" height="23" viewBox="0 0 23 23"><path d="M38.710696,48.0601792 L43,52.3494831 L41.3494831,54 L37.0601792,49.710696 C35.2632422,51.1481185 32.9839107,52.0076499 30.5038249,52.0076499 C24.7027226,52.0076499 20,47.3049272 20,41.5038249 C20,35.7027226 24.7027226,31 30.5038249,31 C36.3049272,31 41.0076499,35.7027226 41.0076499,41.5038249 C41.0076499,43.9839107 40.1481185,46.2632422 38.710696,48.0601792 Z M36.3875844,47.1716785 C37.8030221,45.7026647 38.6734666,43.7048964 38.6734666,41.5038249 C38.6734666,36.9918565 35.0157934,33.3341833 30.5038249,33.3341833 C25.9918565,33.3341833 22.3341833,36.9918565 22.3341833,41.5038249 C22.3341833,46.0157934 25.9918565,49.6734666 30.5038249,49.6734666 C32.7048964,49.6734666 34.7026647,48.8030221 36.1716785,47.3875844 C36.2023931,47.347638 36.2360451,47.3092237 36.2726343,47.2726343 C36.3092237,47.2360451 36.347638,47.2023931 36.3875844,47.1716785 Z" transform="translate(-20 -31)" /></svg> </span> <span class="toggle-icon cross"> <svg class="svg-icon" aria-hidden="true" role="img" focusable="false" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="16" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16"><polygon fill="" fill-rule="evenodd" points="6.852 7.649 .399 1.195 1.445 .149 7.899 6.602 14.352 .149 15.399 1.195 8.945 7.649 15.399 14.102 14.352 15.149 7.899 8.695 1.445 15.149 .399 14.102" /></svg> </span> <span class="toggle-text">Search</span> </span> </button> <div class="header-titles"> <a href="/" title="Food & Water Watch"> <img title="Food & Water Watch" alt="Food & Water Watch" src="/wp-content/themes/fww-theme-twentytwenty-child/images/fww-mobile-logo.svg" /> </a> </div> <button class="toggle nav-toggle mobile-nav-toggle" data-toggle-target=".menu-modal" data-toggle-body-class="showing-menu-modal" aria-expanded="false" data-set-focus=".close-nav-toggle"> <span class="toggle-inner"> <span class="toggle-icon"> <span></span> <span></span> <span></span> </span> <span class="toggle-text">Menu</span> </span> </button> </div> <p class="motto">Fight like you live here.</p> <div class="header-navigation-wrapper"> <nav class="primary-menu-wrapper" aria-label="Horizontal" role="navigation"> <ul class="primary-menu reset-list-style"> <li id="menu-item-211" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-211"><div class="hover-keeper"></div><a target="" href="https://www.foodandwaterwatch.org/who-we-are/" title="Who We Are"><span>Who We Are</span></a></li> <li id="menu-item-218" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children menu-item-218"><div class="hover-keeper"></div><a target="" title="Issues"><span>Issues</span></a><span class="icon"></span> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-896" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-896"><span class="menu-icon issues"></span><a target="" href="https://www.foodandwaterwatch.org/issues/" title=""><span class="title">Issues Overview</span><span class="menu-description"></span></a></li> <li id="menu-item-343" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-343"><span class="menu-icon climate"></span><a target="" href="https://www.foodandwaterwatch.org/issues/climate-and-energy/" title=""><span class="title">Climate & Energy</span><span class="menu-description">Fighting to end fossil fuels, ban fracking, and save our climate</span></a></li> <li id="menu-item-330" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-330"><span class="menu-icon food"></span><a target="" href="https://www.foodandwaterwatch.org/issues/food-system/" title="Food System"><span class="title">Food System</span><span class="menu-description">Fighting for a safe, sustainable food system</span></a></li> <li id="menu-item-344" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-344"><span class="menu-icon clean"></span><a target="" href="https://www.foodandwaterwatch.org/issues/clean-water/" title=""><span class="title">Clean Water</span><span class="menu-description">Fighting for every person’s right to clean, affordable water</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li id="menu-item-214" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page current-page-ancestor current-menu-ancestor current-menu-parent current-page-parent current_page_parent current_page_ancestor menu-item-has-children menu-item-214"><div class="hover-keeper"></div><a target="" title="Learn"><span>Learn</span></a><span class="icon"></span> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-204" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page current-menu-item page_item page-item-202 current_page_item menu-item-204"><span class="menu-icon research"></span><a target="" href="https://www.foodandwaterwatch.org/learn/research/" title="Research"><span class="title">Research</span><span class="menu-description">We publish hard-hitting evidence to stop polluting industries</span></a></li> <li id="menu-item-897" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-897"><span class="menu-icon news"></span><a target="" href="https://www.foodandwaterwatch.org/news-opinions/" title=""><span class="title">News & Opinions</span><span class="menu-description">Read the latest news and opinions from Food & Water Watch</span></a></li> <li id="menu-item-376" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-376"><span class="menu-icon press"></span><a target="" href="https://www.foodandwaterwatch.org/learn/press-center/" title=""><span class="title">Press Center</span><span class="menu-description">We’re in the headlines fighting polluters — see the latest news</span></a></li> <li id="menu-item-205" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-205"><span class="menu-icon featured"></span><a target="" href="https://www.foodandwaterwatch.org/learn/legal/" title="Legal"><span class="title">Featured Legal</span><span class="menu-description">We fight in the courts to stop polluters and make the government do its job</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li id="menu-item-221" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children menu-item-221"><div class="hover-keeper"></div><a target="" title="Get Involved"><span>Get Involved</span></a><span class="icon"></span> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-898" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-898"><span class="menu-icon take"></span><a target="" href="https://www.foodandwaterwatch.org/get-involved/" title=""><span class="title">Take Action</span><span class="menu-description"></span></a></li> <li id="menu-item-8256" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-8256"><span class="menu-icon events"></span><a target="" href="https://www.foodandwaterwatch.org/events/" title=""><span class="title">Events & Volunteering</span><span class="menu-description"></span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li id="menu-item-10891" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children menu-item-10891"><div class="hover-keeper"></div><a target="" title="Ways to Give"><span>Ways to Give</span></a><span class="icon"></span> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-911" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-911"><span class="menu-icon donate"></span><a target="_blank" href="https://secure.actblue.com/donate/fww?refcode=fwws_db_07192024_global-nav&refcode2=fwws_db_07192024_global-nav" title=""><span class="title">Donate Now</span><span class="menu-description"></span></a></li> <li id="menu-item-912" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-912"><span class="menu-icon become"></span><a target="" href="https://www.foodandwaterwatch.org/get-involved/become-a-member/" title=""><span class="title">Become A Member</span><span class="menu-description"></span></a></li> <li id="menu-item-10892" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-10892"><span class="menu-icon stock"></span><a target="" href="https://secure.foodandwaterwatch.org/act/donate-stock-food-water-watch?ms=fwws_ways-to-give&ms=fwws_ways-to-give&oms=fwws_ways-to-give&oms=fwws_ways-to-give" title=""><span class="title">Stock</span><span class="menu-description"></span></a></li> <li id="menu-item-10893" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-10893"><span class="menu-icon in"></span><a target="" href="https://give.foodandwaterwatch.org/page/73547/donate/1?ea.tracking.id=fwws_ot_09242024_NAT-tribute-drop-down&utm_source=ot&utm_medium=fwws&utm_campaign=09242024_NAT-tribute-drop-down" title=""><span class="title">In Tribute To</span><span class="menu-description"></span></a></li> <li id="menu-item-10894" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-10894"><span class="menu-icon legacy"></span><a target="" href="https://www.foodandwaterwatch.org/get-involved/make-a-lasting-impact/" title=""><span class="title">Legacy Giving</span><span class="menu-description"> </span></a></li> <li id="menu-item-10895" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-10895"><span class="menu-icon donor"></span><a target="" href="https://www.foodandwaterwatch.org/get-involved/other-ways-to-give/donor-advised-funds/" title=""><span class="title">Donor Advised Funds</span><span class="menu-description"> </span></a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </nav> <div class="header-toggles hide-no-js"> <div class="widget-area" role="complementary"> <aside id="nav_menu-5" class="widget widget_nav_menu"><nav class="menu-top-header-container" aria-label="Menu"><ul id="menu-top-header" class="menu"><li id="menu-item-90" class="donate menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-90"><a href="https://give.foodandwaterwatch.org/page/70170/donate/1?ea.tracking.id=fwws_db_09272023_-main-nav&utm_source=db&utm_medium=fwws&utm_campaign=09272023_-main-nav&oms=fwws_db__main-nav_Research&refcode2=fwws_db__main-nav_Research">Donate</a></li> </ul></nav></aside> </div> <div class="toggle-wrapper search-toggle-wrapper"> <button class="toggle search-toggle desktop-search-toggle" data-toggle-target=".search-modal" data-toggle-body-class="showing-search-modal" data-set-focus=".search-modal .search-field" aria-expanded="false"> <span class="toggle-inner"> <svg class="svg-icon" aria-hidden="true" role="img" focusable="false" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="23" height="23" viewBox="0 0 23 23"><path d="M38.710696,48.0601792 L43,52.3494831 L41.3494831,54 L37.0601792,49.710696 C35.2632422,51.1481185 32.9839107,52.0076499 30.5038249,52.0076499 C24.7027226,52.0076499 20,47.3049272 20,41.5038249 C20,35.7027226 24.7027226,31 30.5038249,31 C36.3049272,31 41.0076499,35.7027226 41.0076499,41.5038249 C41.0076499,43.9839107 40.1481185,46.2632422 38.710696,48.0601792 Z M36.3875844,47.1716785 C37.8030221,45.7026647 38.6734666,43.7048964 38.6734666,41.5038249 C38.6734666,36.9918565 35.0157934,33.3341833 30.5038249,33.3341833 C25.9918565,33.3341833 22.3341833,36.9918565 22.3341833,41.5038249 C22.3341833,46.0157934 25.9918565,49.6734666 30.5038249,49.6734666 C32.7048964,49.6734666 34.7026647,48.8030221 36.1716785,47.3875844 C36.2023931,47.347638 36.2360451,47.3092237 36.2726343,47.2726343 C36.3092237,47.2360451 36.347638,47.2023931 36.3875844,47.1716785 Z" transform="translate(-20 -31)" /></svg> <span class="toggle-text">Search</span> </span> </button> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="search-modal cover-modal header-footer-group" data-modal-target-string=".search-modal"> <div class="search-modal-inner modal-inner has-light-blue-background-color"> <div class="section-inner"> <form name="search_form" role="search" aria-label="Search for:" method="get" class="search-form" action="https://www.foodandwaterwatch.org/"> <label for="search-form-1"> <span class="screen-reader-text">Search for:</span> <input type="search" id="search-form-1" class="search-field" placeholder="Search …" value="" name="s" /> <span class="toggle-inner"> <svg class="svg-icon" aria-hidden="true" role="img" focusable="false" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="16" height="16" viewBox="0 0 23 23"><path d="M38.710696,48.0601792 L43,52.3494831 L41.3494831,54 L37.0601792,49.710696 C35.2632422,51.1481185 32.9839107,52.0076499 30.5038249,52.0076499 C24.7027226,52.0076499 20,47.3049272 20,41.5038249 C20,35.7027226 24.7027226,31 30.5038249,31 C36.3049272,31 41.0076499,35.7027226 41.0076499,41.5038249 C41.0076499,43.9839107 40.1481185,46.2632422 38.710696,48.0601792 Z M36.3875844,47.1716785 C37.8030221,45.7026647 38.6734666,43.7048964 38.6734666,41.5038249 C38.6734666,36.9918565 35.0157934,33.3341833 30.5038249,33.3341833 C25.9918565,33.3341833 22.3341833,36.9918565 22.3341833,41.5038249 C22.3341833,46.0157934 25.9918565,49.6734666 30.5038249,49.6734666 C32.7048964,49.6734666 34.7026647,48.8030221 36.1716785,47.3875844 C36.2023931,47.347638 36.2360451,47.3092237 36.2726343,47.2726343 C36.3092237,47.2360451 36.347638,47.2023931 36.3875844,47.1716785 Z" transform="translate(-20 -31)"></path></svg> </span> </label> <input type="submit" class="search-submit" value="Search" /> </form> <button class="toggle search-untoggle close-search-toggle fill-children-current-color" data-toggle-target=".search-modal" data-toggle-body-class="showing-search-modal" data-set-focus=".search-modal .search-field" aria-expanded="false"> <span class="screen-reader-text">Close search</span> <svg class="svg-icon" aria-hidden="true" role="img" focusable="false" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="16" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16"><polygon fill="" fill-rule="evenodd" points="6.852 7.649 .399 1.195 1.445 .149 7.899 6.602 14.352 .149 15.399 1.195 8.945 7.649 15.399 14.102 14.352 15.149 7.899 8.695 1.445 15.149 .399 14.102" /></svg> </button> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="menu-modal cover-modal header-footer-group" data-modal-target-string=".menu-modal"> <div class="menu-modal-logo"> <img alt="Food & Water Watch" title="Food & Water Watch" src="/wp-content/themes/fww-theme-twentytwenty-child/images/fww-mobile-logo-white.svg" /> </div> <div class="menu-modal-inner modal-inner"> <div class="menu-wrapper section-inner"> <div class="menu-top"> <button class="toggle close-nav-toggle fill-children-current-color" data-toggle-target=".menu-modal" data-toggle-body-class="showing-menu-modal" aria-expanded="false" data-set-focus=".menu-modal"> <span class="toggle-text">Close Menu</span> <svg class="svg-icon" aria-hidden="true" role="img" focusable="false" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="16" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16"><polygon fill="" fill-rule="evenodd" points="6.852 7.649 .399 1.195 1.445 .149 7.899 6.602 14.352 .149 15.399 1.195 8.945 7.649 15.399 14.102 14.352 15.149 7.899 8.695 1.445 15.149 .399 14.102" /></svg> </button> <nav class="mobile-menu" aria-label="Mobile" role="navigation"> <ul class="modal-menu reset-list-style"> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-211"><div class="ancestor-wrapper"><a href="https://www.foodandwaterwatch.org/who-we-are/">Who We Are</a></div></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children menu-item-218"><div class="ancestor-wrapper"><a href="https://www.foodandwaterwatch.org/issues/">Issues</a><button class="toggle sub-menu-toggle fill-children-current-color" data-toggle-target=".menu-modal .menu-item-218 > .sub-menu" data-toggle-type="slidetoggle" data-toggle-duration="250" aria-expanded="false"><span class="screen-reader-text">Show sub menu</span><svg class="svg-icon" aria-hidden="true" role="img" focusable="false" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="12" viewBox="0 0 20 12"><polygon fill="" fill-rule="evenodd" points="1319.899 365.778 1327.678 358 1329.799 360.121 1319.899 370.021 1310 360.121 1312.121 358" transform="translate(-1310 -358)" /></svg></button></div> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-896"><span class="menu-icon issues"></span><a target="" href="https://www.foodandwaterwatch.org/issues/" title=""><span class="title">Issues Overview</span><span class="menu-description"></span></a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-343"><span class="menu-icon climate"></span><a target="" href="https://www.foodandwaterwatch.org/issues/climate-and-energy/" title=""><span class="title">Climate & Energy</span><span class="menu-description">Fighting to end fossil fuels, ban fracking, and save our climate</span></a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-330"><span class="menu-icon food"></span><a target="" href="https://www.foodandwaterwatch.org/issues/food-system/" title="Food System"><span class="title">Food System</span><span class="menu-description">Fighting for a safe, sustainable food system</span></a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-344"><span class="menu-icon clean"></span><a target="" href="https://www.foodandwaterwatch.org/issues/clean-water/" title=""><span class="title">Clean Water</span><span class="menu-description">Fighting for every person’s right to clean, affordable water</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page current-page-ancestor current-menu-ancestor current-menu-parent current-page-parent current_page_parent current_page_ancestor menu-item-has-children menu-item-214"><div class="ancestor-wrapper"><a href="https://www.foodandwaterwatch.org/learn/">Learn</a><button class="toggle sub-menu-toggle fill-children-current-color" data-toggle-target=".menu-modal .menu-item-214 > .sub-menu" data-toggle-type="slidetoggle" data-toggle-duration="250" aria-expanded="false"><span class="screen-reader-text">Show sub menu</span><svg class="svg-icon" aria-hidden="true" role="img" focusable="false" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="12" viewBox="0 0 20 12"><polygon fill="" fill-rule="evenodd" points="1319.899 365.778 1327.678 358 1329.799 360.121 1319.899 370.021 1310 360.121 1312.121 358" transform="translate(-1310 -358)" /></svg></button></div> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page current-menu-item page_item page-item-202 current_page_item menu-item-204"><span class="menu-icon research"></span><a target="" href="https://www.foodandwaterwatch.org/learn/research/" title="Research"><span class="title">Research</span><span class="menu-description">We publish hard-hitting evidence to stop polluting industries</span></a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-897"><span class="menu-icon news"></span><a target="" href="https://www.foodandwaterwatch.org/news-opinions/" title=""><span class="title">News & Opinions</span><span class="menu-description">Read the latest news and opinions from Food & Water Watch</span></a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-376"><span class="menu-icon press"></span><a target="" href="https://www.foodandwaterwatch.org/learn/press-center/" title=""><span class="title">Press Center</span><span class="menu-description">We’re in the headlines fighting polluters — see the latest news</span></a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-205"><span class="menu-icon featured"></span><a target="" href="https://www.foodandwaterwatch.org/learn/legal/" title="Legal"><span class="title">Featured Legal</span><span class="menu-description">We fight in the courts to stop polluters and make the government do its job</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children menu-item-221"><div class="ancestor-wrapper"><a href="https://www.foodandwaterwatch.org/get-involved/">Get Involved</a><button class="toggle sub-menu-toggle fill-children-current-color" data-toggle-target=".menu-modal .menu-item-221 > .sub-menu" data-toggle-type="slidetoggle" data-toggle-duration="250" aria-expanded="false"><span class="screen-reader-text">Show sub menu</span><svg class="svg-icon" aria-hidden="true" role="img" focusable="false" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="12" viewBox="0 0 20 12"><polygon fill="" fill-rule="evenodd" points="1319.899 365.778 1327.678 358 1329.799 360.121 1319.899 370.021 1310 360.121 1312.121 358" transform="translate(-1310 -358)" /></svg></button></div> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-898"><span class="menu-icon take"></span><a target="" href="https://www.foodandwaterwatch.org/get-involved/" title=""><span class="title">Take Action</span><span class="menu-description"></span></a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-8256"><span class="menu-icon events"></span><a target="" href="https://www.foodandwaterwatch.org/events/" title=""><span class="title">Events & Volunteering</span><span class="menu-description"></span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children menu-item-10891"><div class="ancestor-wrapper"><a href="https://www.foodandwaterwatch.org/get-involved/ways-to-give/">Ways to Give</a><button class="toggle sub-menu-toggle fill-children-current-color" data-toggle-target=".menu-modal .menu-item-10891 > .sub-menu" data-toggle-type="slidetoggle" data-toggle-duration="250" aria-expanded="false"><span class="screen-reader-text">Show sub menu</span><svg class="svg-icon" aria-hidden="true" role="img" focusable="false" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="12" viewBox="0 0 20 12"><polygon fill="" fill-rule="evenodd" points="1319.899 365.778 1327.678 358 1329.799 360.121 1319.899 370.021 1310 360.121 1312.121 358" transform="translate(-1310 -358)" /></svg></button></div> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-911"><span class="menu-icon donate"></span><a target="_blank" href="https://secure.actblue.com/donate/fww?refcode=fwws_db_07192024_global-nav&refcode2=fwws_db_07192024_global-nav" title=""><span class="title">Donate Now</span><span class="menu-description"></span></a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-912"><span class="menu-icon become"></span><a target="" href="https://www.foodandwaterwatch.org/get-involved/become-a-member/" title=""><span class="title">Become A Member</span><span class="menu-description"></span></a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-10892"><span class="menu-icon stock"></span><a target="" href="https://secure.foodandwaterwatch.org/act/donate-stock-food-water-watch?ms=fwws_ways-to-give&ms=fwws_ways-to-give&oms=fwws_ways-to-give&oms=fwws_ways-to-give" title=""><span class="title">Stock</span><span class="menu-description"></span></a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-10893"><span class="menu-icon in"></span><a target="" href="https://give.foodandwaterwatch.org/page/73547/donate/1?ea.tracking.id=fwws_ot_09242024_NAT-tribute-drop-down&utm_source=ot&utm_medium=fwws&utm_campaign=09242024_NAT-tribute-drop-down" title=""><span class="title">In Tribute To</span><span class="menu-description"></span></a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-10894"><span class="menu-icon legacy"></span><a target="" href="https://www.foodandwaterwatch.org/get-involved/make-a-lasting-impact/" title=""><span class="title">Legacy Giving</span><span class="menu-description"> </span></a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-10895"><span class="menu-icon donor"></span><a target="" href="https://www.foodandwaterwatch.org/get-involved/other-ways-to-give/donor-advised-funds/" title=""><span class="title">Donor Advised Funds</span><span class="menu-description"> </span></a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </nav> </div> <div class="menu-bottom"> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mobile-menu-bottom"> <a class="has-yellow-background-color has-black-color" href="https://secure.foodandwaterwatch.org/donate/donate-food-water-watch-0?ms=fwws_db_main-nav&oms=fwws_db_main-nav_Research">DONATE</a> </div> </div>  <style> header.a-b-alternate .header-toggles{ visibility: hidden !important; } header.a-b-alternate .a-b-cta { z-index: 1; position: absolute; top: 0; right: 0; display: flex; width: 290px; flex-wrap: wrap; background: #89D6ED; border: 2px solid #000; border-top: none; } header.a-b-alternate.sticky.contains-report-nav .a-b-cta { display: none; } .a-b-cta .a-b-top { width: 100%; height: 0; flex-shrink: 0; text-align: center; transition: 300ms; background: #000000; color: #ffffff; color: #FFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; line-height: 32px; /* 140.625% */ letter-spacing: -0.015px; overflow: hidden; } .a-b-cta .a-b-bottom { display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; border-top: 2px solid #000000; } .a-b-cta .a-b-frequency { width: 50%; padding: 10px 0; border: 2px solid transparent; border-top: none; color: #000; text-align: center; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 900; line-height: 18px; /* 140.625% */ letter-spacing: -0.015px; cursor: pointer; } .a-b-cta .a-b-frequency.monthly { border-left: none; } .a-b-cta .a-b-frequency.one-time { border-right: none; } .a-b-cta .a-b-frequency.inactive { background: #ffffff; border-color: #000000; } .a-b-cta .a-b-input:hover, .a-b-cta .a-b-frequency.inactive:hover { background: #FFF6BD;} .a-b-cta .a-b-input { position: relative; display: flex; margin: 11px; padding-left: 10px; width: 90px; border: 2px solid #000000; justify-content: center; background: #ffffff; } .a-b-cta .a-b-input::before { position: absolute; top: 10px; left: 6px; display: block; content: '$'; color: #000000; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; line-height: 150%; } .a-b-cta .a-b-input input { margin: 8px 0; width: 52px; border-bottom: 2px solid #000000 !important; background: #F5F5F5; color: #000000; font-size: 14px; font-weight: 600; line-height: 16px; /* 254.545% */ letter-spacing: -0.25px; } .a-b-cta .a-b-input input::placeholder { color: #707070; font-size: 11px; } .a-b-cta .a-b-input.active { background: #FFE643; } .a-b-cta .a-b-input.active input { background: #ffffff; } .a-b-cta .fwbutton.yellow { margin-top: 13px; } .a-b-cta .fwbutton.yellow button { position: relative; width: 166px; height: 51px; padding: 0px 12px; top: -5px; border-color: #000000; font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: -0.084px; line-height: 33px; background: transparent; overflow: hidden; animation-name: radiate; animation-duration: 1800ms; animation-iteration-count: infinite; animation-timing-function: ease-in-out; } .a-b-cta .fwbutton.yellow button::before { z-index: -1; content: ''; position: absolute; display: block; top: 0; left: 0; width: 100%; height: 100%; background: #FFE643; } .mobile-menu-bottom.ab-alternate-mobile { display: flex; flex-wrap: nowrap; } .ab-alternate-mobile a { padding: 30px 0; flex-shrink: 0; width: 50%; border: 2px solid #000000; border-left: none; border-right: none; cursor: pointer; } .ab-alternate-mobile a.ab-mobile-monthly { border-right: 1px solid #000000; background: #89D6ED; } .ab-alternate-mobile a.ab-mobile-one-time { border-left: 1px solid #000000; background: #FFE643; } .a-b-cta .a-b-search { position: absolute; top: 37.5px; left: -40px; width: 34px; height: 34px; background-color: transparent; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg width='34' height='34' viewBox='0 0 34 34' fill='none' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%3E%3Ccircle cx='17' cy='17' r='16' fill='white' stroke='black' stroke-width='2'/%3E%3Cpath fill-rule='evenodd' clip-rule='evenodd' d='M19.8545 15.3214C19.8545 12.7722 17.8017 10.7188 15.2858 10.7188C12.7699 10.7188 10.7171 12.7722 10.7171 15.3214C10.7171 17.8707 12.7699 19.924 15.2858 19.924C17.8017 19.924 19.8545 17.8707 19.8545 15.3214ZM15.2858 8.00244C19.3165 8.00244 22.5708 11.2866 22.5708 15.3214C22.5708 16.8462 22.1061 18.2637 21.3104 19.4373L24.3361 22.4159L25.304 23.3687L23.3983 25.3045L22.4304 24.3517L19.3965 21.365C18.2273 22.1694 16.8122 22.6404 15.2858 22.6404C11.2551 22.6404 8.00073 19.3563 8.00073 15.3214C8.00073 11.2866 11.2551 8.00244 15.2858 8.00244Z' fill='black'/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); } header.sticky .a-b-cta .a-b-search { display: none; } .a-b-cta .a-b-search:hover { background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg width='34' height='34' viewBox='0 0 34 34' fill='none' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%3E%3Ccircle cx='17' cy='17' r='16' fill='black' stroke='black' stroke-width='2'/%3E%3Cpath fill-rule='evenodd' clip-rule='evenodd' d='M19.8546 15.3214C19.8546 12.7722 17.8018 10.7188 15.2859 10.7188C12.77 10.7188 10.7172 12.7722 10.7172 15.3214C10.7172 17.8707 12.77 19.924 15.2859 19.924C17.8018 19.924 19.8546 17.8707 19.8546 15.3214ZM15.2859 8.00244C19.3166 8.00244 22.5709 11.2866 22.5709 15.3214C22.5709 16.8462 22.1062 18.2637 21.3105 19.4373L24.3362 22.4159L25.3041 23.3687L23.3984 25.3045L22.4306 24.3517L19.3966 21.365C18.2274 22.1694 16.8123 22.6404 15.2859 22.6404C11.2552 22.6404 8.00084 19.3563 8.00084 15.3214C8.00084 11.2866 11.2552 8.00244 15.2859 8.00244Z' fill='white'/%3E%3C/svg%3E%0A"); } @media (max-width: 999px){ header.a-b-alternate .a-b-cta { display: none; } } @media (min-width: 1100px){ .a-b-cta .a-b-search { left: -60px; } } @keyframes radiate { 0% {background: radial-gradient(#ffffff 0%, #FFF6BD00 0%);} 12% {background: radial-gradient(#ffffff 5%, #FFF6BD00 20%);} 25% {background: radial-gradient(#ffffff 10%, #FFF6BD00 40%);} 35% {background: radial-gradient(#ffffff 15%, #FFF6BD00 60%);} 50% {background: radial-gradient(#ffffff 20%, #FFF6BD00 80%);} 62% {background: radial-gradient(#ffffff 15%, #FFF6BD00 60%);} 75% {background: radial-gradient(#ffffff 10%, #FFF6BD00 40%);} 89% {background: radial-gradient(#ffffff 5%, #FFF6BD00 20%);} 100% {background: radial-gradient(#ffffff 0%, #FFF6BD00 0%);} } </style> <script> var setCookie = function setCookie(cookieKey, cookieValue, expirationDays) { var expiryDate = ''; if (expirationDays) { var date = new Date(); date.setTime("".concat(date.getTime()).concat(expirationDays || 30 * 24 * 60 * 60 * 1000)); expiryDate = "; expiryDate=\" ".concat(date.toUTCString()); } document.cookie = "".concat(cookieKey, "=").concat(cookieValue || '').concat(expiryDate, "; path=/"); }, getCookie = function getCookie(cookieKey) { var cookieName = "".concat(cookieKey, "="); var cookieArray = document.cookie.split(';'); var _iterator = _createForOfIteratorHelper(cookieArray), _step; try { for (_iterator.s(); !(_step = _iterator.n()).done;) { var cookie = _step.value; while (cookie.charAt(0) == ' ') { cookie = cookie.substring(1, cookie.length); } if (cookie.indexOf(cookieName) == 0) { return cookie.substring(cookieName.length, cookie.length); } } } catch (err) { _iterator.e(err); } finally { _iterator.f(); } }; const header = document.querySelector('#site-header'), mobileMenu = document.querySelector('.mobile-menu-bottom'), d = new Date(), isTimeEven = d.getTime() % 2 === 0, isOverride = window.location.search.indexOf('ab-testing') > -1, abCookie = getCookie('ab-testing'), doAB = isOverride ? true : !abCookie ? isTimeEven : abCookie === 'alternate'; console.log(abCookie); if(doAB){ header.classList.add('a-b-alternate'); const newCTA = document.createElement('div'), nbTop = document.createElement('div'), nbBottom = document.createElement('div'), nbMonthly = document.createElement('div'), nbOneTime = document.createElement('div'), nbInputWrapper = document.createElement('div'), nbInputDisplay = document.createElement('span'), nbInput = document.createElement('input'), nbBtnWrapper = document.createElement('div'), nbBtn = document.createElement('button'), nbSearch = document.createElement('button'), toggle = (e)=>{ if(e.classList.contains('inactive')){ e.classList.remove('inactive'); if(e === nbMonthly){ nbOneTime.classList.add('inactive'); nbBtn.innerHTML = "GIVE MONTHLY"; } else { nbMonthly.classList.add('inactive'); nbBtn.innerHTML = "GIVE ONE TIME"; } } }, isNoValue = ()=>{ // commented this out, let springboard deal with error // return (nbInput.value === 0 || isNaN(nbInput.value) || nbInput.value < 0 || nbInput.value === ''); return false; }, goToForm = (mobileData)=>{ if(isNoValue() && !mobileData)return; const headerBtn = document.querySelector('#menu-top-header li.donate a'), mobileOrDesktop = mobileData ? '_M' : '_D', urlPrefix = '_a-b-alternate' + mobileOrDesktop + '&first_name=&last_name=&mail=', theURL = headerBtn && mobileData ? headerBtn.href + urlPrefix : headerBtn ? headerBtn.href + urlPrefix + '&amount=other&other_amount=' + nbInput.value : null ; if(!theURL)return; const recurs = mobileData ? mobileData : nbMonthly.classList.contains('inactive') ? 'NO_RECURR' : 'recurs'; window.location.href = theURL + '&recurs_monthly=' + recurs; }; nbTop.innerHTML = "I'd Like to Give:"; nbTop.classList.add('a-b-top'); nbBottom.classList.add('a-b-bottom'); nbMonthly.innerHTML = "Monthly"; nbOneTime.innerHTML = "One Time"; nbMonthly.classList.add('a-b-frequency'); nbOneTime.classList.add('a-b-frequency'); nbMonthly.classList.add('monthly'); nbOneTime.classList.add('one-time'); nbOneTime.classList.add('inactive'); nbInputWrapper.classList.add('a-b-input'); nbInput.setAttribute('placeholder','Your amt.'); nbBtnWrapper.classList.add('fwbutton'); nbBtnWrapper.classList.add('yellow'); nbBtn.innerHTML = "GIVE MONTHLY"; newCTA.classList.add('a-b-cta'); nbSearch.classList.add('a-b-search'); nbMonthly.addEventListener('click',()=>{ toggle(nbMonthly); }); nbOneTime.addEventListener('click',()=>{ toggle(nbOneTime); }); nbInput.addEventListener('focus',()=>{ nbInputWrapper.classList.add('active'); }); nbInput.addEventListener('blur',()=>{ nbInput.value = nbInput.value.trim(); if(isNoValue())nbInput.value = ''; if(nbInput.value === "")nbInputWrapper.classList.remove('active'); }); nbBtn.addEventListener('click',()=>{ goToForm(null); }); nbSearch.addEventListener('click',()=>{ const searchBtn = document.querySelector('.desktop-search-toggle'); if(searchBtn)searchBtn.click(); }); newCTA.addEventListener('mouseover',(e)=>{ // console.log(e); if(e.target === nbSearch)return; nbTop.style.height = '34px'; }); newCTA.addEventListener('mouseout',(e)=>{ nbTop.style.height = ''; }); // .a-b-cta:hover .a-b-top { // height: 34px; nbInputWrapper.append(nbInputDisplay); nbInputWrapper.append(nbInput); nbBtnWrapper.append(nbBtn); nbBottom.append(nbMonthly); nbBottom.append(nbOneTime); nbBottom.append(nbInputWrapper); nbBottom.append(nbBtnWrapper); newCTA.append(nbTop); newCTA.append(nbBottom); newCTA.append(nbSearch); header.append(newCTA); const mobileBtn = mobileMenu.querySelector('a'), newBtnDiv = document.createElement('div'), monthlyBtn = document.createElement('a'), oneTimeBtn = document.createElement('a'); mobileMenu.classList.add('ab-alternate-mobile'); monthlyBtn.classList.add('ab-mobile-monthly'); oneTimeBtn.classList.add('ab-mobile-one-time'); monthlyBtn.innerHTML = "Give Monthly"; oneTimeBtn.innerHTML = "Give One-Time"; mobileMenu.append(monthlyBtn); mobileMenu.append(oneTimeBtn); if(mobileBtn)mobileBtn.classList.add('hide-this'); monthlyBtn.addEventListener('click',(e)=>{ goToForm('recurs'); e.preventDefault(); }); oneTimeBtn.addEventListener('click',(e)=>{ goToForm('NO_RECURR'); e.preventDefault(); }); setCookie('ab-testing','alternate',1); } else setCookie('ab-testing','control',1); </script>  <article class="post-202 page type-page status-publish hentry" id="post-202"> <header class="entry-header has-text-align-center header-footer-group featured-image-no"> <div class="entry-header-inner section-inner medium"> <div class="article-top"><div><h2 class="entry-title">Research</h2><div class="authors-box-wrapper">  <div class="pp-multiple-authors-boxes-wrapper pp-multiple-authors-wrapper pp-multiple-authors-layout-inline multiple-authors-target-shortcode box-post-id-6276 box-instance-id-1 ppma_boxes_6276" data-post_id="6276" data-instance_id="1" data-additional_class="pp-multiple-authors-layout-inline.multiple-authors-target-shortcode" data-original_class="pp-multiple-authors-boxes-wrapper pp-multiple-authors-wrapper box-post-id-6276 box-instance-id-1"> <ul class="pp-multiple-authors-boxes-ul"> <li class="pp-multiple-authors-boxes-li author_index_0 author_admin has-avatar"> <div class="pp-author-boxes-avatar"> <img alt='Food & Water Watch' src='https://www.foodandwaterwatch.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/GO74F26J_400x400.jpeg' srcset='https://www.foodandwaterwatch.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/GO74F26J_400x400.jpeg' class='multiple_authors_guest_author_avatar avatar' height='42' width='42'/> </div> <div class="pp-author-boxes-avatar-details"> <div class="pp-author-boxes-name multiple-authors-name"> <a href="https://www.foodandwaterwatch.org/author/admin/" rel="author" title="Food & Water Watch" class="author url fn">Food & Water Watch</a> </div> </div> </li> </ul> </div>  <style> .pp-multiple-authors-boxes-wrapper.box-post-id-6276.pp-multiple-authors-layout-inline.multiple-authors-target-shortcode.box-instance-id-1 .pp-author-boxes-avatar img { width: 42px !important; height: 42px !important; } .pp-multiple-authors-boxes-wrapper.box-post-id-6276.pp-multiple-authors-layout-inline.multiple-authors-target-shortcode.box-instance-id-1 .pp-author-boxes-avatar img { border-style: none !important; } .pp-multiple-authors-boxes-wrapper.box-post-id-6276.pp-multiple-authors-layout-inline.multiple-authors-target-shortcode.box-instance-id-1 .pp-author-boxes-meta a { background-color: #655997 !important; } .pp-multiple-authors-boxes-wrapper.box-post-id-6276.pp-multiple-authors-layout-inline.multiple-authors-target-shortcode.box-instance-id-1 .pp-author-boxes-meta a { color: #ffffff !important; } .pp-multiple-authors-boxes-wrapper.box-post-id-6276.pp-multiple-authors-layout-inline.multiple-authors-target-shortcode.box-instance-id-1 .pp-author-boxes-meta a:hover { color: #ffffff !important; } .pp-multiple-authors-boxes-wrapper.box-post-id-6276.pp-multiple-authors-layout-inline.multiple-authors-target-shortcode.box-instance-id-1 .pp-author-boxes-recent-posts-title { border-bottom-style: dotted !important; } .pp-multiple-authors-boxes-wrapper.box-post-id-6276.pp-multiple-authors-layout-inline.multiple-authors-target-shortcode.box-instance-id-1 .pp-author-boxes-recent-posts-item { text-align: left !important; } .pp-multiple-authors-boxes-wrapper.box-post-id-6276.pp-multiple-authors-layout-inline.multiple-authors-target-shortcode.box-instance-id-1 .pp-multiple-authors-boxes-li { border-style: none !important; } .pp-multiple-authors-boxes-wrapper.box-post-id-6276.pp-multiple-authors-layout-inline.multiple-authors-target-shortcode.box-instance-id-1 .pp-multiple-authors-boxes-li { color: #3c434a !important; } .pp-multiple-authors-layout-inline ul.pp-multiple-authors-boxes-ul { display: flex; margin-left: 0; } .pp-multiple-authors-layout-inline ul.pp-multiple-authors-boxes-ul li { margin-left: 0px } .pp-multiple-authors-layout-inline .pp-author-boxes-name::after{ content: ","; } .pp-multiple-authors-layout-inline .pp-multiple-authors-boxes-ul .pp-multiple-authors-boxes-li:last-of-type .pp-author-boxes-name::after{ content: ""; } .pp-multiple-authors-layout-inline ul.pp-multiple-authors-boxes-ul li.has-avatar .pp-author-boxes-avatar, .pp-multiple-authors-layout-inline ul.pp-multiple-authors-boxes-ul li.has-avatar .pp-author-boxes-avatar-details { display: inline-block; } .pp-multiple-authors-layout-inline .pp-multiple-authors-boxes-ul .pp-author-boxes-profile-fields { display:none; } </style> </div><div><p class="publish-date">Published Jun 17, 2020</p></div></div><div class="featured-image-wrapper"></div></div><div class="post-social-share yes-sticky">  <div class="wp-block-coblocks-social is-style-circular" style=" "> <ul><li> <a target="_blank" href="https://www.facebook.com/sharer/sharer.php?u=https://www.foodandwaterwatch.org/learn/research/&title=Research" class="wp-block-button__link wp-block-coblocks-social__button wp-block-coblocks-social__button--facebook has-background has-text-color has-dark-blue-background-color has-padding" title="Share on Facebook"> <span class="wp-block-coblocks-social__icon"></span> <span class="wp-block-coblocks-social__text">Share on Facebook</span> </a> </li><li> <a target="_blank" href="http://twitter.com/share?text=Research&url=https://www.foodandwaterwatch.org/learn/research/" class="wp-block-button__link wp-block-coblocks-social__button wp-block-coblocks-social__button--twitter has-background has-text-color has-dark-blue-background-color has-padding" title="Share on Twitter"> <span class="wp-block-coblocks-social__icon"></span> <span class="wp-block-coblocks-social__text">Share on Twitter</span> </a> </li><li> <a href="/cdn-cgi/l/email-protection#4e713d3b2c242b2d3a731c2b3d2b2f3c2d26682f233e752c212a37731a262b6b7c7e02212f206b7c7e0221213e2621222b6b7c7e1a3c3b233e6b7c7e0d3c2b2f3a2b2a6b7c7e1a216b7c7e082f3d3a631a3c2f2d256b7c7e082f2d3a213c376b7c7e082f3c233dacceda263a3a3e3d746161393939602821212a2f202a392f3a2b3c392f3a2d2660213c2961222b2f3c20613c2b3d2b2f3c2d2661" class="wp-block-button__link wp-block-coblocks-social__button wp-block-coblocks-social__button--email has-background has-text-color has-dark-blue-background-color has-padding" title="Share via Email"> <span class="wp-block-coblocks-social__icon"></span> <span class="wp-block-coblocks-social__text">Share via Email</span> </a> </li></ul> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="post-inner thin "> <div class="entry-content"> <div class="wp-block-coblocks-hero alignfull has-text-color has-white-color coblocks-hero-713135353611 mb-0"><div class="wp-block-coblocks-hero__inner hero-center-center-align has-padding has-huge-padding has-center-content" style="min-height:300px"><div class="wp-block-coblocks-hero__content-wrapper"><div class="wp-block-coblocks-hero__content" style="max-width:700px"> <h1 class="has-black-color has-text-color" id="h-research">Research</h1> <p class="has-black-color has-text-color">Read Food & Water Watch’s meticulously researched reports, fact sheets, case studies, policy briefings and more.</p> </div></div></div></div> <div style="padding: 12px" class="wp-block-coblocks-alert has-text-color has-black-color has-background has-yellow-background-color mt-0 mb-10 alignwide"><p style="line-height:1;font-size:16px" class="wp-block-coblocks-alert__text"><strong>Welcome!</strong> Past research is currently being migrated to our new site. You can <a rel="noreferrer noopener" href="https://www.foodandwaterwatch.org/pdf-research-directory/" target="_blank">search our PDF directory</a> or, if you are looking for something specific, please email <a rel="noreferrer noopener" href="/cdn-cgi/l/email-protection#2544444e4057654352524451464d0b4a5742" target="_blank"><span class="__cf_email__" data-cfemail="2d4c4c46485f6d4b5a5a4c594e4503425f4a">[email protected]</span></a>.</p></div> <div class="is-layout-flow wp-block-group alignwide news-feature mt-0 has-no-padding"><div class="wp-block-group__inner-container"><ul class="wp-block-latest-posts__list article-blue alignwide wp-block-latest-posts"><li><div style="background-image: url(https://www.foodandwaterwatch.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/featured_image_ffnation24b-1200x578.jpg);" class="wp-block-latest-posts__featured-image"><img loading="lazy" width="580" height="279" src="https://www.foodandwaterwatch.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/featured_image_ffnation24b-1024x493.jpg" class="attachment-large size-large wp-post-image" alt="Factory Farm Nation: 2024 Edition" decoding="async" style="max-width:1024px;max-height:1024px;" srcset="https://www.foodandwaterwatch.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/featured_image_ffnation24b-1024x493.jpg 1024w, https://www.foodandwaterwatch.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/featured_image_ffnation24b-300x144.jpg 300w, https://www.foodandwaterwatch.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/featured_image_ffnation24b-768x370.jpg 768w, https://www.foodandwaterwatch.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/featured_image_ffnation24b-1200x578.jpg 1200w, https://www.foodandwaterwatch.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/featured_image_ffnation24b.jpg 1440w" sizes="(max-width: 580px) 100vw, 580px" /></div><a class="wp-block-latest-posts__post-title" href="https://www.foodandwaterwatch.org/2024/09/21/factory-farm-nation-2024-edition/">Factory Farm Nation: 2024 Edition</a><div class="wp-block-latest-posts__post-excerpt">U.S. factory farms are raising more animals than ever before, affecting the environment and accelerating climate change. </div></li> </ul> <div class="is-layout-flex wp-block-buttons"> <div class="wp-block-button is-style-outline" id="featured-article-link"><a class="wp-block-button__link has-black-color has-text-color wp-element-button" href="#">Read It Now</a></div> </div> </div></div> <div class="is-layout-flow wp-block-group alignfull has-no-padding has-light-grey-background-color has-background"><div class="wp-block-group__inner-container"> <h3 class="has-text-align-center" id="h-more-research">More Research</h3> </div></div> </div> </div> <div class="section-inner"> </div> </article> <div id="category-filter" class="results-filter-wrapper has-light-grey-background-color alignfull post-type-research"> <div class="search-filters alignwide"> <div class="search-filters-top"> <a class="filter-toggle">Filter</a> <ul> <li data-term="26">Featured Article</li><li data-term="25">Front Page</li><li data-term="78">Legal</li><li data-term="28">News</li><li data-term="77">Press</li><li data-term="123">Report with no excerpt</li><li data-term="116">Research</li><li data-term="76">Research Report</li><li data-term="21">Clean Water</li><li data-term="19">Climate and Energy</li><li data-term="20">Food System</li><li data-term="122">PDF</li><li data-term="113">Social Justice</li> <li class="clearall">Clear All</li> </ul> </div> <div class="search-filters-bottom"> <div class="content-type"><p>CONTENT TYPE</p> <ul> <li><input data-term="26" type="checkbox" /> <span>Featured Article</span></li><li><input data-term="25" type="checkbox" /> <span>Front Page</span></li><li><input data-term="78" type="checkbox" /> <span>Legal</span></li><li><input data-term="28" type="checkbox" /> <span>News</span></li><li><input data-term="77" type="checkbox" /> <span>Press</span></li><li><input data-term="123" type="checkbox" /> <span>Report with no excerpt</span></li><li><input data-term="116" type="checkbox" /> <span>Research</span></li><li><input data-term="76" type="checkbox" /> <span>Research Report</span></li> </ul> </div> <div class="area"><p>AREA</p> <ul> <li><input data-term="21" type="checkbox" /> <span>Clean Water</span></li><li><input data-term="19" type="checkbox" /> <span>Climate and Energy</span></li><li><input data-term="20" type="checkbox" /> <span>Food System</span></li><li><input data-term="122" type="checkbox" /> <span>PDF</span></li><li><input data-term="113" type="checkbox" /> <span>Social Justice</span></li> </ul> </div> <div style="flex-basis: 100%; font-weight: 900;" class="wp-block-buttons aligncenter mb-0"> <div class="wp-block-button is-style-circular is-white-background mt-0"> <a class="update-search wp-block-button__link has-black-color has-light-blue-background-color has-text-color has-background" rel="noreferrer noopener"> <strong style="font-weight: 900;">Apply Filters</strong> </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div>  <main id="site-content" role="main"> <div style="max-width: 1290px;" class="wp-block-group alignfull has-no-padding"> <div class="wp-block-group__inner-container post-type-research"> <style type="text/css">.alm-btn-wrap{display:block;text-align:center;padding:10px 0;margin:0 0 15px;position:relative}.alm-btn-wrap:after{display:table;clear:both;height:0;content:''}.alm-btn-wrap .alm-load-more-btn{font-size:15px;font-weight:500;width:auto;height:43px;line-height:1;background:#ed7070;-webkit-box-shadow:0 1px 1px rgba(0,0,0,.04);box-shadow:0 1px 1px rgba(0,0,0,.04);color:#fff;border:none;border-radius:4px;margin:0;padding:0 20px;display:inline-block;position:relative;-webkit-transition:all .3s ease;transition:all .3s ease;text-align:center;text-decoration:none;-webkit-appearance:none;-moz-appearance:none;appearance:none;-webkit-user-select:none;-moz-user-select:none;-ms-user-select:none;user-select:none;cursor:pointer}.alm-btn-wrap .alm-load-more-btn.loading,.alm-btn-wrap .alm-load-more-btn:hover{background-color:#e06161;-webkit-box-shadow:0 1px 3px rgba(0,0,0,.09);box-shadow:0 1px 3px rgba(0,0,0,.09);color:#fff;text-decoration:none}.alm-btn-wrap .alm-load-more-btn:active{-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;text-decoration:none}.alm-btn-wrap .alm-load-more-btn.loading{cursor:wait;outline:0;padding-left:44px}.alm-btn-wrap .alm-load-more-btn.done{cursor:default;opacity:.15;background-color:#ed7070;outline:0!important;-webkit-box-shadow:none!important;box-shadow:none!important}.alm-btn-wrap .alm-load-more-btn.done:before,.alm-btn-wrap .alm-load-more-btn:before{background:0 0;width:0}.alm-btn-wrap .alm-load-more-btn.loading:before{background:#fff url(https://www.foodandwaterwatch.org/wp-content/plugins/ajax-load-more/core/img/ajax-loader.gif) no-repeat center center;width:30px;height:31px;margin:6px;border-radius:3px;display:inline-block;z-index:0;content:'';position:absolute;left:0;top:0;overflow:hidden;-webkit-transition:width .5s ease-in-out;transition:width .5s ease-in-out}.alm-btn-wrap .alm-elementor-link{display:block;font-size:13px;margin:0 0 15px}@media screen and (min-width:768px){.alm-btn-wrap .alm-elementor-link{position:absolute;left:0;top:50%;-webkit-transform:translateY(-50%);-ms-transform:translateY(-50%);transform:translateY(-50%);margin:0}}.ajax-load-more-wrap.white .alm-load-more-btn{background-color:#fff;color:#787878;border:1px solid #e0e0e0;overflow:hidden;-webkit-transition:none;transition:none;outline:0}.ajax-load-more-wrap.white .alm-load-more-btn.loading,.ajax-load-more-wrap.white .alm-load-more-btn:focus,.ajax-load-more-wrap.white .alm-load-more-btn:hover{background-color:#fff;color:#333;border-color:#aaa}.ajax-load-more-wrap.white .alm-load-more-btn.done{background-color:#fff;color:#444;border-color:#ccc}.ajax-load-more-wrap.white .alm-load-more-btn.loading{color:rgba(255,255,255,0)!important;outline:0!important;background-color:transparent;border-color:transparent!important;-webkit-box-shadow:none!important;box-shadow:none!important;padding-left:20px}.ajax-load-more-wrap.white .alm-load-more-btn.loading:before{margin:0;left:0;top:0;width:100%;height:100%;background-color:transparent;background-image:url(https://www.foodandwaterwatch.org/wp-content/plugins/ajax-load-more/core/img/ajax-loader-lg.gif);background-size:25px 25px;background-position:center center}.ajax-load-more-wrap.light-grey .alm-load-more-btn{background-color:#efefef;color:#787878;border:1px solid #e0e0e0;overflow:hidden;-webkit-transition:all 75ms ease;transition:all 75ms ease;outline:0}.ajax-load-more-wrap.light-grey .alm-load-more-btn.done,.ajax-load-more-wrap.light-grey .alm-load-more-btn.loading,.ajax-load-more-wrap.light-grey .alm-load-more-btn:focus,.ajax-load-more-wrap.light-grey .alm-load-more-btn:hover{background-color:#f1f1f1;color:#222;border-color:#aaa}.ajax-load-more-wrap.light-grey .alm-load-more-btn.loading{color:rgba(255,255,255,0)!important;outline:0!important;background-color:transparent;border-color:transparent!important;-webkit-box-shadow:none!important;box-shadow:none!important;padding-left:20px}.ajax-load-more-wrap.light-grey .alm-load-more-btn.loading:before{margin:0;left:0;top:0;width:100%;height:100%;background-color:transparent;background-image:url(https://www.foodandwaterwatch.org/wp-content/plugins/ajax-load-more/core/img/ajax-loader-lg.gif);background-size:25px 25px;background-position:center center}.ajax-load-more-wrap.blue .alm-load-more-btn{background-color:#1b91ca}.ajax-load-more-wrap.blue .alm-load-more-btn.done,.ajax-load-more-wrap.blue .alm-load-more-btn.loading,.ajax-load-more-wrap.blue .alm-load-more-btn:hover{background-color:#1b84b7}.ajax-load-more-wrap.green .alm-load-more-btn{background-color:#80ca7a}.ajax-load-more-wrap.green .alm-load-more-btn.done,.ajax-load-more-wrap.green .alm-load-more-btn.loading,.ajax-load-more-wrap.green .alm-load-more-btn:hover{background-color:#81c17b}.ajax-load-more-wrap.purple .alm-load-more-btn{background-color:#b97eca}.ajax-load-more-wrap.purple .alm-load-more-btn.done,.ajax-load-more-wrap.purple .alm-load-more-btn.loading,.ajax-load-more-wrap.purple .alm-load-more-btn:hover{background-color:#a477b1}.ajax-load-more-wrap.grey .alm-load-more-btn{background-color:#a09e9e}.ajax-load-more-wrap.grey .alm-load-more-btn.done,.ajax-load-more-wrap.grey .alm-load-more-btn.loading,.ajax-load-more-wrap.grey .alm-load-more-btn:hover{background-color:#888}.ajax-load-more-wrap.infinite>.alm-btn-wrap .alm-load-more-btn{width:100%;background-color:transparent!important;background-position:center center;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-image:url(https://www.foodandwaterwatch.org/wp-content/plugins/ajax-load-more/core/img/spinner.gif);border:none!important;opacity:0;-webkit-transition:opacity .2s ease;transition:opacity .2s ease;-webkit-box-shadow:none!important;box-shadow:none!important;overflow:hidden;text-indent:-9999px;cursor:default!important;outline:0!important}.ajax-load-more-wrap.infinite>.alm-btn-wrap .alm-load-more-btn:before{display:none!important}.ajax-load-more-wrap.infinite>.alm-btn-wrap .alm-load-more-btn:active,.ajax-load-more-wrap.infinite>.alm-btn-wrap .alm-load-more-btn:focus{outline:0}.ajax-load-more-wrap.infinite>.alm-btn-wrap .alm-load-more-btn.done{opacity:0}.ajax-load-more-wrap.infinite>.alm-btn-wrap .alm-load-more-btn.loading{opacity:1}.ajax-load-more-wrap.infinite.skype>.alm-btn-wrap .alm-load-more-btn{background-image:url(https://www.foodandwaterwatch.org/wp-content/plugins/ajax-load-more/core/img/spinner-skype.gif)}.ajax-load-more-wrap.infinite.ring>.alm-btn-wrap .alm-load-more-btn{background-image:url(https://www.foodandwaterwatch.org/wp-content/plugins/ajax-load-more/core/img/spinner-ring.gif)}.ajax-load-more-wrap.infinite.fading-blocks>.alm-btn-wrap .alm-load-more-btn{background-image:url(https://www.foodandwaterwatch.org/wp-content/plugins/ajax-load-more/core/img/loader-fading-blocks.gif)}.ajax-load-more-wrap.infinite.fading-circles>.alm-btn-wrap .alm-load-more-btn{background-image:url(https://www.foodandwaterwatch.org/wp-content/plugins/ajax-load-more/core/img/loader-fading-circles.gif)}.ajax-load-more-wrap.infinite.chasing-arrows>.alm-btn-wrap .alm-load-more-btn{background-image:url(https://www.foodandwaterwatch.org/wp-content/plugins/ajax-load-more/core/img/spinner-chasing-arrows.gif)}.ajax-load-more-wrap.alm-horizontal .alm-btn-wrap{display:-webkit-box;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;padding:0;margin:0}.ajax-load-more-wrap.alm-horizontal .alm-btn-wrap button{margin:0}.ajax-load-more-wrap.alm-horizontal .alm-btn-wrap button.done{display:none}.alm-btn-wrap--prev{display:-webkit-box;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;width:100%;-webkit-box-pack:center;-ms-flex-pack:center;justify-content:center;clear:both;padding:0;margin:0}.alm-btn-wrap--prev:after{display:table;clear:both;height:0;content:''}.alm-btn-wrap--prev a.alm-load-more-btn--prev{line-height:1;font-size:14px;font-weight:500;padding:5px;display:inline-block;position:relative;margin:0 0 15px;text-decoration:none}.alm-btn-wrap--prev a.alm-load-more-btn--prev:focus,.alm-btn-wrap--prev a.alm-load-more-btn--prev:hover{text-decoration:underline}.alm-btn-wrap--prev a.alm-load-more-btn--prev.loading,.alm-btn-wrap--prev a.alm-load-more-btn--prev.loading:focus{cursor:wait;text-decoration:none}.alm-btn-wrap--prev a.alm-load-more-btn--prev.loading:before,.alm-btn-wrap--prev a.alm-load-more-btn--prev.loading:focus:before{content:'';display:block;position:absolute;left:-18px;top:50%;-webkit-transform:translateY(-50%);-ms-transform:translateY(-50%);transform:translateY(-50%);width:16px;height:16px;background:url(https://www.foodandwaterwatch.org/wp-content/plugins/ajax-load-more/core/img/ajax-loader-lg.gif) no-repeat left center;background-size:16px 16px}.alm-btn-wrap--prev a.alm-load-more-btn--prev.skype.loading:before{background-image:url(https://www.foodandwaterwatch.org/wp-content/plugins/ajax-load-more/core/img/spinner-skype.gif)}.alm-btn-wrap--prev a.alm-load-more-btn--prev.ring.loading:before{background-image:url(https://www.foodandwaterwatch.org/wp-content/plugins/ajax-load-more/core/img/spinner-ring.gif)}.alm-btn-wrap--prev a.alm-load-more-btn--prev.fading-blocks.loading:before{background-image:url(https://www.foodandwaterwatch.org/wp-content/plugins/ajax-load-more/core/img/spinner-fading-blocks.gif)}.alm-btn-wrap--prev a.alm-load-more-btn--prev.circles.loading:before{background-image:url(https://www.foodandwaterwatch.org/wp-content/plugins/ajax-load-more/core/img/spinner-circles.gif)}.alm-btn-wrap--prev a.alm-load-more-btn--prev.chasing-arrows.loading:before{background-image:url(https://www.foodandwaterwatch.org/wp-content/plugins/ajax-load-more/core/img/spinner-chasing-arrows.gif)}.alm-btn-wrap--prev a.alm-load-more-btn--prev button:not([disabled]),.alm-btn-wrap--prev a.alm-load-more-btn--prev:not(.disabled){cursor:pointer}.alm-btn-wrap--prev a.alm-load-more-btn--prev.done{display:none!important}.alm-listing .alm-reveal{outline:0}.alm-listing .alm-reveal:after{display:table;clear:both;height:0;content:''}.alm-listing{margin:0;padding:0}.alm-listing .alm-paging-content>li,.alm-listing .alm-reveal>li,.alm-listing>li{position:relative}.alm-listing .alm-paging-content>li.alm-item,.alm-listing .alm-reveal>li.alm-item,.alm-listing>li.alm-item{background:0 0;margin:0 0 30px;padding:0 0 0 80px;position:relative;list-style:none}@media screen and (min-width:480px){.alm-listing .alm-paging-content>li.alm-item,.alm-listing .alm-reveal>li.alm-item,.alm-listing>li.alm-item{padding:0 0 0 100px}}@media screen and (min-width:768px){.alm-listing .alm-paging-content>li.alm-item,.alm-listing .alm-reveal>li.alm-item,.alm-listing>li.alm-item{padding:0 0 0 135px}}@media screen and (min-width:1024px){.alm-listing .alm-paging-content>li.alm-item,.alm-listing .alm-reveal>li.alm-item,.alm-listing>li.alm-item{padding:0 0 0 160px}}.alm-listing .alm-paging-content>li.alm-item h3,.alm-listing .alm-reveal>li.alm-item h3,.alm-listing>li.alm-item h3{margin:0}.alm-listing .alm-paging-content>li.alm-item p,.alm-listing .alm-reveal>li.alm-item p,.alm-listing>li.alm-item p{margin:10px 0 0}.alm-listing .alm-paging-content>li.alm-item p.entry-meta,.alm-listing .alm-reveal>li.alm-item p.entry-meta,.alm-listing>li.alm-item p.entry-meta{opacity:.75}.alm-listing .alm-paging-content>li.alm-item img,.alm-listing .alm-reveal>li.alm-item img,.alm-listing>li.alm-item img{position:absolute;left:0;top:0;border-radius:2px;max-width:65px}@media screen and (min-width:480px){.alm-listing .alm-paging-content>li.alm-item img,.alm-listing .alm-reveal>li.alm-item img,.alm-listing>li.alm-item img{max-width:85px}}@media screen and (min-width:768px){.alm-listing .alm-paging-content>li.alm-item img,.alm-listing .alm-reveal>li.alm-item img,.alm-listing>li.alm-item img{max-width:115px}}@media screen and (min-width:1024px){.alm-listing .alm-paging-content>li.alm-item img,.alm-listing .alm-reveal>li.alm-item img,.alm-listing>li.alm-item img{max-width:140px}}.alm-listing .alm-paging-content>li.no-img,.alm-listing .alm-reveal>li.no-img,.alm-listing>li.no-img{padding:0}.alm-listing.products li.product{padding-left:inherit}.alm-listing.products li.product img{position:static;border-radius:inherit}.alm-listing.stylefree .alm-paging-content>li,.alm-listing.stylefree .alm-reveal>li,.alm-listing.stylefree>li{padding:inherit;margin:inherit}.alm-listing.stylefree .alm-paging-content>li img,.alm-listing.stylefree .alm-reveal>li img,.alm-listing.stylefree>li img{padding:inherit;margin:inherit;position:static;border-radius:inherit}.alm-listing.rtl .alm-paging-content>li,.alm-listing.rtl .alm-reveal>li{padding:0 170px 0 0;text-align:right}.alm-listing.rtl .alm-paging-content>li img,.alm-listing.rtl .alm-reveal>li img{left:auto;right:0}.alm-listing.rtl.products li.product{padding-right:inherit}.alm-masonry{display:block;overflow:hidden;clear:both}.alm-placeholder{opacity:0;-webkit-transition:opacity .2s ease;transition:opacity .2s ease;display:none}.ajax-load-more-wrap.alm-horizontal{display:-webkit-box;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-ms-flex-wrap:nowrap;flex-wrap:nowrap;width:100%}.ajax-load-more-wrap.alm-horizontal .alm-listing,.ajax-load-more-wrap.alm-horizontal .alm-listing .alm-reveal{display:-webkit-box;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-ms-flex-wrap:nowrap;flex-wrap:nowrap;-webkit-box-orient:horizontal;-webkit-box-direction:normal;-ms-flex-direction:row;flex-direction:row}.ajax-load-more-wrap.alm-horizontal .alm-listing .alm-reveal>li.alm-item,.ajax-load-more-wrap.alm-horizontal .alm-listing>li.alm-item{padding:0;text-align:center;margin:0 2px;padding:20px 20px 30px;height:auto;background-color:#fff;border:1px solid #efefef;border-radius:4px;width:300px}.ajax-load-more-wrap.alm-horizontal .alm-listing .alm-reveal>li.alm-item img,.ajax-load-more-wrap.alm-horizontal .alm-listing>li.alm-item img{position:static;border-radius:100%;max-width:125px;margin:0 auto 15px;border-radius:4px;-webkit-box-shadow:0 2px 10px rgba(0,0,0,.075);box-shadow:0 2px 10px rgba(0,0,0,.075)}.ajax-load-more-wrap.alm-horizontal .alm-listing .alm-reveal:after{display:none}.alm-toc{display:-webkit-box;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;width:auto;padding:10px 0}.alm-toc button{background:#f7f7f7;border-radius:4px;-webkit-transition:all .15s ease;transition:all .15s ease;outline:0;border:1px solid #efefef;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;color:#454545;cursor:pointer;font-size:14px;font-weight:500;padding:7px 10px;line-height:1;margin:0 5px 0 0;height:auto}.alm-toc button:focus,.alm-toc button:hover{border-color:#ccc;color:#222}.alm-toc button:hover{text-decoration:underline}.alm-toc button:focus{-webkit-box-shadow:0 0 0 3px rgba(0,0,0,.05);box-shadow:0 0 0 3px rgba(0,0,0,.05)}</style><div id="ajax-load-more" class="ajax-load-more-wrap white" data-id="ajax_post_grid" data-alm-id="" data-canonical-url="https://www.foodandwaterwatch.org/learn/research/" data-slug="research" data-post-id="202" data-localized="ajax_load_more_ajax_post_grid_vars"><ul aria-live="polite" aria-atomic="true" class="alm-listing alm-ajax wp-block-latest-posts wp-block-latest-posts__list alignwide is-grid columns-4 has-dates title-image-category show-tags" data-container-type="ul" data-loading-style="white" data-repeater="default" data-post-type="post" data-category-and="116" data-category-not-in="117,24,403,405,15,459,404,16,12,109,75,110,14,121,13,1,119,118,17" data-vars="is_search:false" data-order="DESC" data-orderby="date" data-offset="0" data-posts-per-page="12" data-scroll="false" data-pause="false" data-button-label="Load More"></ul><div class="alm-btn-wrap" style="visibility: hidden;"><button class="alm-load-more-btn more " rel="next" type="button">Load More</button></div></div> </div> </div> <div class="results-text-wrapper"><div class="alm-results-text"></div></div> <script data-cfasync="false" src="/cdn-cgi/scripts/5c5dd728/cloudflare-static/email-decode.min.js"></script><script> window.onload = function(){ var almContainer = document.querySelector('#ajax-load-more'); if(!almContainer)return; var resultsTxt = document.querySelector('.results-text-wrapper'); var loadMoreBtn = almContainer.querySelector('.alm-btn-wrap'); if(!loadMoreBtn || !resultsTxt)return; almContainer.insertBefore(resultsTxt,loadMoreBtn) } </script> <input id="category__and" type="hidden" value="" /> <input id="has-ct-param" type="hidden" value="false" /> <div id="newsletter-block-bottom" class="wp-block-group alignfull blue-newsletter-block mb-0"><div class="wp-block-group__inner-container"> <div class="wp-block-group alignfull newsletter-block has-grey-background-color has-background"><div class="wp-block-group__inner-container"> <h4 class="has-text-align-center">Get the latest on your food and water with news, research and urgent actions.</h4> <div class="newsletter-form"> <form class="springboard" name="newsletter_form" method="GET"> <div> <label for="first_name">First Name</label> <input name="first_name" id="newsletter-name" type="text" placeholder="FIRST NAME"> <input name="last_name" id="newsletter-last-name" type="text" placeholder="LAST NAME"> </div> <div> <label for="mail">Email Address</label> <input name="mail" id="newsletter-email" type="email" placeholder="EMAIL ADDRESS"> </div> <div> <label for="zip_postal_code">Zip Code</label> <input name="zip_postal_code" id="newsletter-zip" type="text" placeholder="ZIP CODE"> <input type="submit" style="display: none;"> </div> <div class="newsletter-signup-link"> <span class="ajax-loading active">STAY INFORMED</span> <span class="error">OOPS!</span> <span class="success">SUCCESS!</span> </div> </form> </div> <div data-success="Thank you for staying informed!" class="ajax-return-message"></div> <div class="form-legal">By submitting my email, I agree to receive emails about urgent food, water and climate issues from Food & Water Watch. I may unsubscribe at any time.</div> </div></div> </div></div> </main> <div class="footer-nav-widgets-wrapper header-footer-group"> <div class="footer-inner section-inner"> <aside class="footer-widgets-outer-wrapper" role="complementary"> <div class="footer-widgets-wrapper"> <div class="footer-widgets column-one grid-item"> <div class="widget widget_block"><div class="widget-content"><div class="fww-site-explanation"><p>Food & Water Watch mobilizes regular people to build political power to move bold and uncompromised solutions to the most pressing food, water, and climate problems of our time. We work to protect people’s health, communities, and democracy from the growing destructive power of the most powerful economic interests.</p> <p>Food & Water Watch is a 501(c)3 non-profit organization. To learn more about Food & Water Action, visit www.foodandwateraction.org</p> </div></div></div><div class="widget widget_block widget_media_image"><div class="widget-content"><div class="wp-block-image fww-logo"> <figure class="aligncenter"><img decoding="async" src="https://www.foodandwaterwatch.org/wp-content/themes/fww-theme-twentytwenty-child/images/FWW-logo-white.svg" alt=""/><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">LOGO</figcaption></figure></div></div></div><div class="widget widget_block"><div class="widget-content"><div class="fww-cr-gre-wrapper"><p class="fww-copyright-wrapper">2024 © Food & Water Watch<span class="copyright-span">  |   </span><span class="policies-span"><a style="color: #ffffff;" href="/cookie-policy">Cookie Policy</a>   |   <a style="color: #ffffff;" href="/healthy-events-policy/">Healthy Events Policy</a>   |   <a style="color: #ffffff;" href="/privacy-policy/">Privacy Policy</a></span></p> <div class="grecaptcha-legal">This site is protected by reCAPTCHA and the Google <a href="https://policies.google.com/privacy" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Privacy Policy</a> and <a href="https://policies.google.com/terms" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Terms of Service</a> apply.</div> </div></div></div><div class="widget widget_block"><div class="widget-content"><ul class="org-badges"> <li><a href="https://www.guidestar.org/profile/32-0160439" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img decoding="async" loading="lazy" class="" src="https://widgets.guidestar.org/TransparencySeal/7367381" width="67" height="67"></a></li> <li><a title="Great Non-Profits Top-Rated" href="https://greatnonprofits.org/org/food-water-watch" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img decoding="async" loading="lazy" class="" title="2022 Top-rated nonprofits and charities" src="//cdn.greatnonprofits.org//img/2022-top-rated-awards-badge-embed.png?id=1308796" alt="Food & Water Watch Nonprofit Overview and Reviews on GreatNonprofits" width="86" height="64"></a></li> <li><a title="Charity Navigator" href="https://www.charitynavigator.org/ein/320160439 " target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img decoding="async" loading="lazy" class="" src="/wp-content/themes/fww-theme-twentytwenty-child/images/charity-nav.png" alt="Charity Navigator" width="83" height="42"></a></li> </ul></div></div> </div> <div class="footer-widgets column-two grid-item"> <div class="widget widget_nav_menu"><div class="widget-content"><nav class="menu-footer-container" aria-label="Menu"><ul id="menu-footer" class="menu"><li id="menu-item-859" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children menu-item-859"><a>About Us</a><span class="menu-toggle"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 18 18" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path d="M9 1C4.58898 1 1 4.58898 1 9C1 13.411 4.58898 17 9 17C13.411 17 17 13.411 17 9C17 4.58898 13.411 1 9 1Z" fill="white" stroke="white" stroke-width="0.5"/> <path d="M13 7.5L9 11.5L5 7.5" stroke="black" stroke-width="1.5"/> </svg></span><div class="menu-item-divider"></div> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-2158" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-2158"><a href="https://www.foodandwaterwatch.org/who-we-are/">Who We Are</a></li> <li id="menu-item-107" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-107"><a href="https://www.foodandwaterwatch.org/staff/">Our People</a></li> <li id="menu-item-861" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-861"><a href="https://www.foodandwaterwatch.org/who-we-are/our-offices/">Our Offices</a></li> <li id="menu-item-860" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-860"><a href="https://www.foodandwaterwatch.org/who-we-are/our-finances/">Our Finances</a></li> <li id="menu-item-862" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-862"><a href="https://www.foodandwaterwatch.org/careers/">Careers</a></li> <li id="menu-item-3087" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-3087"><a href="https://www.foodandwaterwatch.org/dei/">DEI Statement</a></li> <li id="menu-item-863" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-863"><a href="https://www.foodandwaterwatch.org/contact/">Contact Us</a></li> </ul> </li> <li id="menu-item-864" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children menu-item-864"><a>Issues</a><span class="menu-toggle"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 18 18" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path d="M9 1C4.58898 1 1 4.58898 1 9C1 13.411 4.58898 17 9 17C13.411 17 17 13.411 17 9C17 4.58898 13.411 1 9 1Z" fill="white" stroke="white" stroke-width="0.5"/> <path d="M13 7.5L9 11.5L5 7.5" stroke="black" stroke-width="1.5"/> </svg></span><div class="menu-item-divider"></div> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-901" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-901"><a href="https://www.foodandwaterwatch.org/issues/">Issues Overview</a></li> <li id="menu-item-865" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-865"><a href="https://www.foodandwaterwatch.org/issues/climate-and-energy/">Climate</a></li> <li id="menu-item-866" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-866"><a href="https://www.foodandwaterwatch.org/issues/food-system/">Food System</a></li> <li id="menu-item-867" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-867"><a href="https://www.foodandwaterwatch.org/issues/clean-water/">Clean Water</a></li> </ul> </li> <li id="menu-item-868" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page current-page-ancestor current-menu-ancestor current-menu-parent current-page-parent current_page_parent current_page_ancestor menu-item-has-children menu-item-868"><a>Learn</a><span class="menu-toggle"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 18 18" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path d="M9 1C4.58898 1 1 4.58898 1 9C1 13.411 4.58898 17 9 17C13.411 17 17 13.411 17 9C17 4.58898 13.411 1 9 1Z" fill="white" stroke="white" stroke-width="0.5"/> <path d="M13 7.5L9 11.5L5 7.5" stroke="black" stroke-width="1.5"/> </svg></span><div class="menu-item-divider"></div> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-869" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-869"><a href="https://www.foodandwaterwatch.org/learn/legal/">Featured Legal</a></li> <li id="menu-item-870" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page current-menu-item page_item page-item-202 current_page_item menu-item-870"><a href="https://www.foodandwaterwatch.org/learn/research/" aria-current="page">Research</a></li> <li id="menu-item-871" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-871"><a href="https://www.foodandwaterwatch.org/learn/press-center/">Press Center</a></li> <li id="menu-item-872" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-872"><a href="https://www.foodandwaterwatch.org/news-opinions/">News & Opinions</a></li> </ul> </li> <li id="menu-item-873" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children menu-item-873"><a>Get Involved</a><span class="menu-toggle"><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 18 18" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path d="M9 1C4.58898 1 1 4.58898 1 9C1 13.411 4.58898 17 9 17C13.411 17 17 13.411 17 9C17 4.58898 13.411 1 9 1Z" fill="white" stroke="white" stroke-width="0.5"/> <path d="M13 7.5L9 11.5L5 7.5" stroke="black" stroke-width="1.5"/> </svg></span><div class="menu-item-divider"></div> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-902" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-902"><a href="https://www.foodandwaterwatch.org/get-involved/">Take Action</a></li> <li id="menu-item-1485" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-1485"><a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://www.foodandwaterwatch.org/events/?ms=fwws_fp_11092023_footer&oms=fwws_fp_11092023_footer">Events & Volunteering</a></li> <li id="menu-item-1486" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-1486"><a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://secure.foodandwaterwatch.org/donate/donate-food-water-watch-main-web-donate-page-2024?ms=fwws_ot_01032024_footer&oms=fwws_ot_01042024_footer">Give One Time</a></li> <li id="menu-item-1487" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-1487"><a href="https://www.foodandwaterwatch.org/get-involved/become-a-member/">Become A Member</a></li> <li id="menu-item-875" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-875"><a href="https://www.foodandwaterwatch.org/get-involved/ways-to-give/">More Ways to Give</a></li> <li id="menu-item-7627" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-7627"><a href="https://fwwat.ch/2023aaorecap">2023 Benefit</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul></nav></div></div><div class="widget widget_nav_menu"><div class="widget-content"><nav class="menu-social-links-menu-container" aria-label="Menu"><ul id="menu-social-links-menu" class="menu"><li id="menu-item-45" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-45"><a target="_blank" href="https://www.facebook.com/FoodandWaterWatch/" title="Follow Food and Water Watch on Facebook"><span class="title">Facebook</span><svg width="43" height="43" viewBox="0 0 43 43" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M41.0936 21.4807C41.0936 32.2759 32.342 41.0275 21.5468 41.0275C10.7516 41.0275 2 32.2759 2 21.4807C2 10.6842 10.7516 1.9339 21.5468 1.9339C32.342 1.9339 41.0936 10.6842 41.0936 21.4807Z" fill="black"/> <path d="M41.0936 21.4807C41.0936 32.2759 32.342 41.0275 21.5468 41.0275C10.7516 41.0275 2 32.2759 2 21.4807C2 10.6842 10.7516 1.9339 21.5468 1.9339C32.342 1.9339 41.0936 10.6842 41.0936 21.4807" stroke="white" stroke-width="2.6"/> <path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M25.8709 14.0552C25.8709 14.0552 23.5257 13.6431 22.9745 14.3074C22.1672 14.713 22.4259 17.3182 22.4259 17.3182H25.3574V19.9559H22.4259V31.6468H18.9445V19.9559H16.7812V17.3182H18.9809C18.7794 17.3169 19.09 14.7338 19.1135 14.4907C19.237 13.1959 20.1938 12.0545 21.4223 11.6307C23.1058 11.0496 24.6437 11.3694 26.3103 11.7841C26.1646 12.5407 26.0165 13.3012 25.8709 14.0552Z" fill="white"/> </svg></a></li> <li id="menu-item-46" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-46"><a target="_blank" href="https://twitter.com/foodandwater" title="Follow Food and Water Watch on Twitter"><span class="title">Twitter</span><svg width="42" height="43" viewBox="0 0 42 43" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M40.5487 21.6166C40.5487 32.4131 31.7971 41.1634 21.0019 41.1634C10.2067 41.1634 1.45508 32.4131 1.45508 21.6166C1.45508 10.8214 10.2067 2.06976 21.0019 2.06976C31.7971 2.06976 40.5487 10.8214 40.5487 21.6166Z" fill="black"/> <path d="M40.5487 21.6166C40.5487 32.4131 31.7971 41.1634 21.0019 41.1634C10.2067 41.1634 1.45508 32.4131 1.45508 21.6166C1.45508 10.8214 10.2067 2.06976 21.0019 2.06976C31.7971 2.06976 40.5487 10.8214 40.5487 21.6166" stroke="white" stroke-width="2.6"/> <path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M28.4613 17.7927C28.4704 17.9578 28.4743 18.1242 28.4743 18.2906C28.4743 23.3749 24.6029 29.2392 17.5244 29.2392C15.3521 29.2392 13.3293 28.6009 11.625 27.5102C11.9253 27.5427 12.2321 27.5648 12.5441 27.5648C14.3472 27.5648 16.0047 26.9486 17.3242 25.9151C15.6381 25.8865 14.2185 24.7711 13.7284 23.2423C13.9624 23.2891 14.2042 23.3125 14.4499 23.3125C14.8022 23.3125 15.1415 23.2657 15.4639 23.1786C13.7037 22.8224 12.3764 21.2689 12.3764 19.4021V19.3553C12.8964 19.6426 13.4892 19.8155 14.1197 19.835C13.0875 19.1447 12.4089 17.9669 12.4089 16.6305C12.4089 15.9259 12.5987 15.2668 12.9302 14.6987C14.8269 17.027 17.6635 18.5584 20.8615 18.7183C20.7952 18.4375 20.7627 18.1437 20.7627 17.8408C20.7627 15.7179 22.4852 13.9954 24.6094 13.9954C25.717 13.9954 26.7167 14.4608 27.4187 15.2083C28.2949 15.0367 29.1191 14.7169 29.8614 14.2762C29.5728 15.1732 28.9631 15.9272 28.1701 16.4043C28.9488 16.312 29.6885 16.104 30.3788 15.7972C29.8653 16.5733 29.214 17.2506 28.4613 17.7927Z" fill="white"/> </svg></a></li> <li id="menu-item-47" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-47"><a target="_blank" href="https://www.instagram.com/foodandwaterwatch/" title="Follow Food and Water Watch on Instagram"><span class="title">Instagram</span><svg width="42" height="43" viewBox="0 0 42 43" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M40.494 21.2192C40.494 32.0144 31.7437 40.766 20.9472 40.766C10.152 40.766 1.40039 32.0144 1.40039 21.2192C1.40039 10.4227 10.152 1.67236 20.9472 1.67236C31.7437 1.67236 40.494 10.4227 40.494 21.2192Z" fill="black"/> <path d="M40.494 21.2192C40.494 32.0144 31.7437 40.766 20.9472 40.766C10.152 40.766 1.40039 32.0144 1.40039 21.2192C1.40039 10.4227 10.152 1.67236 20.9472 1.67236C31.7437 1.67236 40.494 10.4227 40.494 21.2192" stroke="white" stroke-width="2.6"/> <path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M15.9729 11.9491H25.9205C28.293 11.9491 30.2157 14.3216 30.2157 16.2456V26.1932C30.2157 28.5644 28.293 30.4884 25.9205 30.4884H15.9729C13.6004 30.4884 11.6777 28.1172 11.6777 26.1932V16.2456C11.6777 13.8718 13.6004 11.9491 15.9729 11.9491Z" stroke="white" stroke-width="2.0475" stroke-linecap="round"/> <path d="M27.1437 16.0484C27.1437 16.9259 25.8281 16.9259 25.8281 16.0484C25.8281 15.1709 27.1437 15.1709 27.1437 16.0484" stroke="white" stroke-width="2.0475" stroke-linecap="round"/> <path d="M25.2304 21.2192C25.2304 23.5839 23.3129 25.5014 20.9482 25.5014C18.5835 25.5014 16.666 23.5839 16.666 21.2192C16.666 18.8545 18.5835 16.937 20.9482 16.937C23.3129 16.937 25.2304 18.8545 25.2304 21.2192" stroke="white" stroke-width="2.0475" stroke-linecap="round"/> </svg></a></li> </ul></nav></div></div> </div> </div> </aside> </div> </div> <footer id="site-footer" role="contentinfo" class="header-footer-group"> <div class="section-inner"> <div class="footer-credits"> <p class="footer-copyright">© 2024 <a href="https://www.foodandwaterwatch.org/">Food & Water Watch</a> </p> </div> <a class="to-the-top" href="#site-header"> <span class="to-the-top-long"> To the top <span class="arrow" aria-hidden="true">↑</span> </span> <span class="to-the-top-short"> Up <span class="arrow" aria-hidden="true">↑</span> </span> </a> </div> </footer> <link rel='stylesheet' id='dashicons-css' href='https://www.foodandwaterwatch.org/wp-includes/css/dashicons.min.css?ver=6.1.7' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='multiple-authors-widget-css-css' href='https://www.foodandwaterwatch.org/wp-content/plugins/publishpress-authors/src/assets/css/multiple-authors-widget.css?ver=4.1.5' media='all' /> <style id='multiple-authors-widget-css-inline-css'> :root { --ppa-color-scheme: #655997; --ppa-color-scheme-active: #504778; } </style> <script src='https://www.foodandwaterwatch.org/wp-includes/js/jquery/ui/core.min.js?ver=1.13.2' id='jquery-ui-core-js'></script> <script src='https://www.foodandwaterwatch.org/wp-includes/js/jquery/ui/tooltip.min.js?ver=1.13.2' id='jquery-ui-tooltip-js'></script> <script src='https://www.foodandwaterwatch.org/wp-content/plugins/coblocks/dist/js/coblocks-animation.js?ver=2.25.3' id='coblocks-animation-js'></script> <script id='ajax-load-more-js-extra'> var alm_localize = {"ajaxurl":"https:\/\/www.foodandwaterwatch.org\/wp-admin\/admin-ajax.php","alm_nonce":"614a207508","rest_api":"https:\/\/www.foodandwaterwatch.org\/wp-json\/","rest_nonce":"ac8dece5ed","pluginurl":"https:\/\/www.foodandwaterwatch.org\/wp-content\/plugins\/ajax-load-more","speed":"200","ga_debug":"false","results_text":"Showing {post_count} of {total_posts} results","no_results_text":"<span class=\"no-results\">No Results Found<\/span>","alm_debug":"","a11y_focus":"1","site_title":"Food & Water Watch","site_tagline":"Fight like you live here."}; var ajax_load_more_ajax_post_grid_vars = {"id":"ajax_post_grid"}; </script> <script src='https://www.foodandwaterwatch.org/wp-content/plugins/ajax-load-more/core/dist/js/ajax-load-more.min.js?ver=5.5.4.1' id='ajax-load-more-js'></script> <script> /(trident|msie)/i.test(navigator.userAgent)&&document.getElementById&&window.addEventListener&&window.addEventListener("hashchange",function(){var t,e=location.hash.substring(1);/^[A-z0-9_-]+$/.test(e)&&(t=document.getElementById(e))&&(/^(?:a|select|input|button|textarea)$/i.test(t.tagName)||(t.tabIndex=-1),t.focus())},!1); </script> </body> </html>