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href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B9%84%EA%B3%B5%EC%8B%9D_IPA_%EA%B8%B0%ED%98%B8" title="비공식 IPA 기호 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="비공식 IPA 기호" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8B_%D0%B2_%D0%9C%D0%A4%D0%90" title="Устаревшие и нестандартные символы в МФА – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Устаревшие и нестандартные символы в МФА" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a 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For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">Help:IPA</a>. For the distinction between <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ ]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ /</span> and ⟨<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"> </span>⟩, see <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet#Brackets_and_transcription_delimiters" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters</a>.</div></div> </div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">International Phonetic Alphabet</a> (IPA) possesses a variety of obsolete and nonstandard symbols. Throughout the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_IPA" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the IPA">history of the IPA</a>, characters representing phonetic values have been modified or completely replaced. An example is ⟨<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa">ɷ</span>⟩ for standard <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʊ]</span>. Several symbols indicating secondary articulation have been dropped altogether, with the idea that they should be indicated with diacritics: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ʮ</span> for <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">z̩ʷ</span> is one. In addition, the rare voiceless implosive series <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ƥ<span class="wrap"> </span>ƭ<span class="wrap"> </span>ƭ̢<span class="wrap"> </span>ƈ<span class="wrap"> </span>ƙ<span class="wrap"> </span>ʠ</span> has been dropped. </p><p>Other characters have been added in for specific phonemes which do not possess a specific symbol in the IPA. Those studying modern Chinese phonology have used ⟨<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa">ɿ</span>⟩ to represent the sound of <i>-i</i> in <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">Pinyin</a> <i>hanzi</i> which has been variously described as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɨ]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɹ̩]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[z̩]</span> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɯ]</span>. (See the sections <a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese_phonology#Vowels" title="Standard Chinese phonology"><i>Vowels</i></a> and <a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese_phonology#Syllabic_consonants" title="Standard Chinese phonology"><i>Syllabic consonants</i></a> of the article <a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese_phonology" title="Standard Chinese phonology">Standard Chinese phonology</a>.) </p><p>There are also unsupported symbols from local traditions that find their way into publications that otherwise use the standard IPA. This is especially common with affricates such as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ƛ</span>, and many <a href="/wiki/Americanist_phonetic_notation" title="Americanist phonetic notation">Americanist</a> symbols. </p><p>While the IPA does not itself have a set of capital letters (the ones that look like capitals are actually <a href="/wiki/Small_capital" class="mw-redirect" title="Small capital">small capitals</a>), many languages have adopted symbols from the IPA as part of their orthographies, and in such cases they have invented capital variants of these. This is especially common in Africa. An example is <a href="/wiki/Kabiy%C3%A9_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kabiyé language">Kabiyé</a> of northern <a href="/wiki/Togo" title="Togo">Togo</a>, which has Ɔ Ɛ Ŋ Ɣ. Other pseudo-IPA capitals supported by Unicode are Ɓ/Ƃ Ƈ Ɗ/Ƌ Ə/Ǝ Ɠ Ħ Ɯ Ɲ Ɵ Ʃ (capital <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ʃ</span>) Ʈ Ʊ Ʋ Ʒ. (See <a href="/wiki/Case_variants_of_IPA_letters" title="Case variants of IPA letters">Case variants of IPA letters</a>.) </p><p>Capital letters are also used as <a href="/wiki/Cover_symbol" class="mw-redirect" title="Cover symbol">cover symbols</a> in <a href="/wiki/Phonotactics" title="Phonotactics">phonotactic</a> descriptions: C=Consonant, V=Vowel, N=Nasal, S=Sonorant, etc. </p><p>This list does not include commonplace extensions of the IPA, such as doubling a symbol for a greater degree of a feature (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[aːː]</span> extra-long <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[a]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈˈa]</span> extra stress, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[kʰʰ]</span> strongly aspirated <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[k]</span>, and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[a˞˞]</span> extra-rhotic <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[a]</span><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), nor superscripting for a lesser degree of a feature (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ᵑɡ]</span> slightly prenasalized <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɡ]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ᵗs]</span> slightly affricated <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[s]</span>, and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ᵊ]</span> <a href="/wiki/Epenthetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Epenthetic">epenthetic</a> schwa). The asterisk, as in <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[k*]</span> for the <a href="/wiki/Fortis_and_lenis" title="Fortis and lenis">fortis</a> stop of <a href="/wiki/Korean_language" title="Korean language">Korean</a>, is the convention the IPA uses when it has no symbol for a phone or feature. </p><p>For symbols and values which were discarded by 1932, see <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="History of the International Phonetic Alphabet">History of the International Phonetic Alphabet</a>. </p> <table class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"> <caption>Obsolete and/or nonstandard symbols in the International Phonetic Alphabet </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Symbol or<br />exemplar </th> <th>Name </th> <th>Meaning </th> <th>Standard IPA<br />equivalent </th> <th>Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">?</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Question_mark" title="Question mark">question mark</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">glottal stop</a> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ʔ</span> </td> <td>typewriter substitution </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">7</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/7_(number)" class="mw-redirect" title="7 (number)">digit seven</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">glottal stop</a> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ʔ</span> </td> <td>typewriter substitution </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">'</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Apostrophe" title="Apostrophe">apostrophe</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">glottal stop</a> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ʔ</span> </td> <td>typewriter substitution </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">q</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Q" title="Q">q</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">glottal stop</a> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ʔ</span> </td> <td>used in <a href="/wiki/Maltese_language" title="Maltese language">Maltese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khmer_language" title="Khmer language">Khmer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Malayo%E2%80%93Polynesian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Malayo–Polynesian languages">Malayo–Polynesian languages</a> transcriptions. </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">φ</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Phi" title="Phi">Greek phi</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_fricative" title="Voiceless bilabial fricative">voiceless bilabial fricative</a> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɸ</span> </td> <td>a mistake, typewriter substitution or similarity of shape </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ψ</span> </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Psi_(Greek)" title="Psi (Greek)">Greek psi</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Retroflex_click" title="Retroflex click">retroflex click</a> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">𝼊</span> </td> <td>used by (Doke 1925) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_bunched_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced velar bunched approximant">bunched-r</a> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɹ̈</span> </td> <td>proposed by John Laver (1994) </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ß</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%C3%9F" title="ß">sharp s</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_fricative" title="Voiced bilabial fricative">voiced bilabial fricative</a> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">β</span> </td> <td>a mistake, typewriter substitution or similarity of shape </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">∫</span>, <span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1.2em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">⌠</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">⌡</sub></span></span> or<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \displaystyle \int }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo>∫</mo> </mstyle> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \displaystyle \int }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/e594c389846abbae8442b2c57a4dd70533071047" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:2.194ex; height:5.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \displaystyle \int }"></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Integral_symbol" title="Integral symbol">integral symbol</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">voiceless postalveolar fricative</a> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ʃ</span> </td> <td>a mistake, typewriter substitution or similarity of shape </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">3</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/3" title="3">digit three</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiced postalveolar fricative">voiced postalveolar fricative</a> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ʒ</span> </td> <td>a mistake, typewriter substitution or similarity of shape; often confused with <a href="/wiki/Open-mid_central_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid central unrounded vowel">open-mid central unrounded vowel</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">đ</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/D_with_stroke" title="D with stroke">d with stroke</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_fricative" title="Voiced dental fricative">voiced dental fricative</a> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ð</span> </td> <td>a mistake, typewriter substitution or similarity of shape </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">þ</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Thorn_(letter)" title="Thorn (letter)">thorn</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_dental_fricative" title="Voiceless dental fricative">voiceless dental fricative</a> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">θ</span> </td> <td>a mistake </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ƍ</span> </td> <td>upside-down lowercase <a href="/wiki/Delta_(letter)" title="Delta (letter)">delta</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Labialization" title="Labialization">labialized</a> <a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiced alveolar fricative">voiced alveolar</a> or <a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_fricative" title="Voiced dental fricative">dental fricative</a> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ðʷ,<span class="wrap"> </span>zʷ,<span class="wrap"> </span>z͎</span> </td> <td>intended for the voiced <a href="/wiki/Whistled_sibilant" class="mw-redirect" title="Whistled sibilant">whistled sibilant</a>, ɀ, of <a href="/wiki/Shona_language" title="Shona language">Shona</a> and related languages, <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_International_Phonetic_Alphabet#1979_chart" title="History of the International Phonetic Alphabet">withdrawn 1976</a><sup id="cite_ref-principles_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-principles-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">σ</span> </td> <td>lowercase <a href="/wiki/Sigma" title="Sigma">sigma</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Labialization" title="Labialization">labialized</a> <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">voiceless alveolar</a> or <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_dental_fricative" title="Voiceless dental fricative">dental fricative</a> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">θʷ,<span class="wrap"> </span>sʷ,<span class="wrap"> </span>s͎</span> </td> <td>intended for the voiceless <a href="/wiki/Whistled_sibilant" class="mw-redirect" title="Whistled sibilant">whistled sibilant</a>, ȿ, of <a href="/wiki/Shona_language" title="Shona language">Shona</a> and related languages, <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_International_Phonetic_Alphabet#1979_chart" title="History of the International Phonetic Alphabet">withdrawn 1976</a><sup id="cite_ref-principles_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-principles-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ƺ</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ezh_(letter)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ezh (letter)">ezh</a> with tail </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Labialization" title="Labialization">labialized</a> <a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiced postalveolar fricative">voiced postalveolar fricative</a> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ʒᶣ,<span class="wrap"> </span>ʑʷ</span> </td> <td>intended for <i>w</i> before front vowels in <a href="/wiki/Twi" title="Twi">Twi</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-principles_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-principles-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> may also be used for the lightly rounded English <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʒ/</span>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_International_Phonetic_Alphabet#1979_chart" title="History of the International Phonetic Alphabet">withdrawn 1976</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ƪ</span> </td> <td>backwards <a href="/wiki/Esh_(letter)" title="Esh (letter)">esh</a> with top loop </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Labialization" title="Labialization">labialized</a> <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">voiceless postalveolar fricative</a> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ʃᶣ,<span class="wrap"> </span>ɕʷ</span> </td> <td>intended for <i>hw</i> before front vowels in <a href="/wiki/Twi" title="Twi">Twi</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-principles_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-principles-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> may also be used for the lightly rounded English <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʃ/</span>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_International_Phonetic_Alphabet#1979_chart" title="History of the International Phonetic Alphabet">withdrawn 1976</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ƻ</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bar_(diacritic)" title="Bar (diacritic)">barred</a> <a href="/wiki/2" title="2">digit two</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiced alveolar affricate">voiced alveolar affricate</a> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">d͡z</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_International_Phonetic_Alphabet#1979_chart" title="History of the International Phonetic Alphabet">withdrawn 1976</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ƾ</span> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)"><span style="display: inline-block; transform: rotate(180deg);">ʢ</span></span> </td> <td>upside-down <a href="/wiki/Voiced_epiglottal_trill" title="Voiced epiglottal trill">voiced epiglottal trill</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolar affricate">voiceless alveolar affricate</a> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">t͡s</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_International_Phonetic_Alphabet#1979_chart" title="History of the International Phonetic Alphabet">withdrawn 1976</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ƞ</span> </td> <td>lowercase <a href="/wiki/Eta" title="Eta">eta</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mora_(linguistics)" title="Mora (linguistics)">moraic</a> nasal </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">m</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">n</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ŋ</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɴ̩</span> </td> <td>Intended for the moraic nasal <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/N/</span> of <a href="/wiki/Japanese_phonology" title="Japanese phonology">Japanese</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-principles_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-principles-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_International_Phonetic_Alphabet#1979_chart" title="History of the International Phonetic Alphabet">Withdrawn 1976</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">◌̡</span> </td> <td><span class="anchor" id="palatal_hook"></span> <a href="/wiki/Palatal_hook" title="Palatal hook">palatal hook</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(phonetics)" title="Palatalization (phonetics)">palatalization</a> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">bʲ<span class="wrap"> </span>dʲ<span class="wrap"> </span>fʲ<span class="wrap"> </span>ɡ̟<span class="wrap"> </span>hʲ<span class="wrap"> </span>k̟<span class="wrap"> </span>lʲ<span class="wrap"> </span>ɬʲ<span class="wrap"> </span>mʲ<span class="wrap"> </span>nʲ<span class="wrap"> </span>ŋ̟<span class="wrap"> </span>pʲ<span class="wrap"> </span>rʲ<span class="wrap"> </span>ɹʲ<span class="wrap"> </span>ɾʲ<span class="wrap"> </span>sʲ<span class="wrap"> </span>ɕ<span class="wrap"> </span>tʲ<span class="wrap"> </span>vʲ<span class="wrap"> </span>x̟<span class="wrap"> </span>zʲ<span class="wrap"> </span>ʑ</span> </td> <td>Typically used in the transcription of Slavic languages such as <a href="/wiki/Russian_phonology" title="Russian phonology">Russian</a>. <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_International_Phonetic_Alphabet#1989_Kiel_Convention" title="History of the International Phonetic Alphabet">Superseded 1989</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">◌̢</span> </td> <td><span class="anchor" id="retroflex_hook"></span> <a href="/wiki/Retroflex_hook" class="mw-redirect" title="Retroflex hook">retroflex hook</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar approximant">voiced alveolar</a> or <a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_approximant" title="Voiced retroflex approximant">retroflex approximant</a> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɹ<span class="wrap"> </span>/<span class="wrap"> </span>ɻ</span> </td> <td>a mistake; an example like /<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ᶚ</span>/ was actually [ʒ͡ɻ] </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">◌̢</span> </td> <td><span class="anchor" id="retroflex_hook"></span> <a href="/wiki/Retroflex_hook" class="mw-redirect" title="Retroflex hook">retroflex hook</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/R-colored_vowel" title="R-colored vowel">r-colored vowels</a> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɜ˞,<span class="wrap"> </span>ə˞</span> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɝ,<span class="wrap"> </span>ɚ</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_International_Phonetic_Alphabet#1989_Kiel_Convention" title="History of the International Phonetic Alphabet">Superseded 1989</a>; MODIFIER LETTER RHOTIC HOOK (U+02DE) is now preferred </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:LATIN_SMALL_LETTER_SCHWA_WITH_FISHHOOK.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/LATIN_SMALL_LETTER_SCHWA_WITH_FISHHOOK.svg/10px-LATIN_SMALL_LETTER_SCHWA_WITH_FISHHOOK.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/LATIN_SMALL_LETTER_SCHWA_WITH_FISHHOOK.svg/15px-LATIN_SMALL_LETTER_SCHWA_WITH_FISHHOOK.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/LATIN_SMALL_LETTER_SCHWA_WITH_FISHHOOK.svg/20px-LATIN_SMALL_LETTER_SCHWA_WITH_FISHHOOK.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="286" data-file-height="455" /></a></span> </td> <td><span class="anchor" id="schwa_with_fishhook"></span> unstressed central rhotic vowel </td> <td><a href="/wiki/R-colored_vowel" title="R-colored vowel">r-colored vowel</a> in American English </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɜ˞,<span class="wrap"> </span>ə˞</span> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɝ,<span class="wrap"> </span>ɚ</span> </td> <td>Proposed in 1934, MODIFIER LETTER RHOTIC HOOK (U+02DE) is now preferred </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ʃ<span class="wrap"> </span>ʒ<span class="wrap"> </span>t͡ʃ<span class="wrap"> </span>d͡ʒ</span> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Alveolo-palatal_consonant" title="Alveolo-palatal consonant">alveolo-palatal consonants</a> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolo-palatal_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolo-palatal fricative">ɕ</a></span>, <span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolo-palatal_fricative" title="Voiced alveolo-palatal fricative">ʑ</a></span>, <span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolo-palatal_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate">t͡ɕ</a></span>, and <span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolo-palatal_affricate" title="Voiced alveolo-palatal affricate">d͡ʑ</a></span>; respectively </td> <td>broad transcription; especially Japanologists and Koreanists </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">a</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/A" title="A">a</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>any <a href="/wiki/Open_vowel" title="Open vowel">open vowel</a> </td> <td>Often a substitute for <span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Open back unrounded vowel">ɑ</a></span> in printing when the distinction between <span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">a</a></span> and <span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Open back unrounded vowel">ɑ</a></span> is not needed. </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɑ</span> </td> <td>lowercase <a href="/wiki/Alpha" title="Alpha">alpha</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>any <a href="/wiki/Open_vowel" title="Open vowel">open vowel</a> </td> <td>Often a substitute for <span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Open back unrounded vowel">ɑ</a></span> in printing when the distinction between <span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">a</a></span> and <span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Open back unrounded vowel">ɑ</a></span> is not needed. </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)"><span style="display: inline-block; transform: scaleX(-1);">a</span></span> </td> <td>backwards <a href="/wiki/A" title="A">a</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Near-open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-open front unrounded vowel">near-open front unrounded vowel</a> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">æ</span> </td> <td>Proposed in 1989, rejected<sup id="cite_ref-Henton1988_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Henton1988-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">c</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/C" title="C">c</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless postalveolar affricate">t͡ʃ</a></span>, <span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolo-palatal_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate">t͡ɕ</a></span> or sometimes <span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolar affricate">t͡s</a></span>. </td> <td>broad transcription </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Latin_small_ligature_nv.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Latin_small_ligature_nv.png/12px-Latin_small_ligature_nv.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Latin_small_ligature_nv.png/18px-Latin_small_ligature_nv.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Latin_small_ligature_nv.png/24px-Latin_small_ligature_nv.png 2x" data-file-width="503" data-file-height="640" /></a></span> </td> <td>nv ligature </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Close_front_rounded_vowel" title="Close front rounded vowel">close front rounded vowel</a> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">y</span> </td> <td>proposed in 1989, rejected<sup id="cite_ref-Henton1988_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Henton1988-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ᵿ˞</span> </td> <td>barred horseshoe u with hook </td> <td>back <a href="/wiki/Sulcalization" title="Sulcalization">sulcal vowel</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>proposed in 1989, rejected<sup id="cite_ref-Henton1988_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Henton1988-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:W_with_left_hook.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/W_with_left_hook.svg/10px-W_with_left_hook.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/W_with_left_hook.svg/15px-W_with_left_hook.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/W_with_left_hook.svg/20px-W_with_left_hook.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/W" title="W">w</a> with left hook </td> <td>voiced labial-velar fricative (<a href="/wiki/Labialization" title="Labialization">labialized</a> <a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_fricative" title="Voiced velar fricative">voiced velar fricative</a>) </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɣʷ</span> </td> <td>proposed in 1989, rejected<sup id="cite_ref-Henton1988_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Henton1988-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Latin_small_letter_d_with_left_hook.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Latin_small_letter_d_with_left_hook.png/7px-Latin_small_letter_d_with_left_hook.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Latin_small_letter_d_with_left_hook.png/10px-Latin_small_letter_d_with_left_hook.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Latin_small_letter_d_with_left_hook.png/13px-Latin_small_letter_d_with_left_hook.png 2x" data-file-width="686" data-file-height="1025" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Latin_small_letter_l_with_left_hook.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Latin_small_letter_l_with_left_hook.png/4px-Latin_small_letter_l_with_left_hook.png" decoding="async" width="4" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Latin_small_letter_l_with_left_hook.png/6px-Latin_small_letter_l_with_left_hook.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Latin_small_letter_l_with_left_hook.png/8px-Latin_small_letter_l_with_left_hook.png 2x" data-file-width="507" data-file-height="1282" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Latin_letter_n_with_left_hook.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Latin_letter_n_with_left_hook.png/10px-Latin_letter_n_with_left_hook.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Latin_letter_n_with_left_hook.png/15px-Latin_letter_n_with_left_hook.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Latin_letter_n_with_left_hook.png/20px-Latin_letter_n_with_left_hook.png 2x" data-file-width="831" data-file-height="929" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Latin_letter_r_with_left_hook.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Latin_letter_r_with_left_hook.png/7px-Latin_letter_r_with_left_hook.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Latin_letter_r_with_left_hook.png/10px-Latin_letter_r_with_left_hook.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Latin_letter_r_with_left_hook.png/14px-Latin_letter_r_with_left_hook.png 2x" data-file-width="649" data-file-height="925" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Latin_letter_t_with_left_hook.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Latin_letter_t_with_left_hook.png/6px-Latin_letter_t_with_left_hook.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Latin_letter_t_with_left_hook.png/9px-Latin_letter_t_with_left_hook.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Latin_letter_t_with_left_hook.png/12px-Latin_letter_t_with_left_hook.png 2x" data-file-width="572" data-file-height="1023" /></a></span> </td> <td>letters with left-swinging top hook </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dental_consonant" title="Dental consonant">dental consonants</a> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">d̪<span class="wrap"> </span>l̪<span class="wrap"> </span>n̪<span class="wrap"> </span>r̪<span class="wrap"> </span>t̪</span> </td> <td>proposed in 1989, rejected<sup id="cite_ref-Henton1988_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Henton1988-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Latin_small_letter_script_G_with_ascender.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Latin_small_letter_script_G_with_ascender.svg/7px-Latin_small_letter_script_G_with_ascender.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Latin_small_letter_script_G_with_ascender.svg/11px-Latin_small_letter_script_G_with_ascender.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Latin_small_letter_script_G_with_ascender.svg/14px-Latin_small_letter_script_G_with_ascender.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="220" data-file-height="489" /></a></span> </td> <td>long-leg <a href="/wiki/G" title="G">g</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_lateral_approximant" title="Voiced velar lateral approximant">voiced velar lateral approximant</a> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ʟ</span> </td> <td>proposed in 1989, rejected<sup id="cite_ref-Henton1988_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Henton1988-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ꝣ</span> </td> <td>hooktop <a href="/wiki/Ezh_(letter)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ezh (letter)">ezh</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_fricative" title="Voiced velar fricative">voiced velar fricative</a> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɣ</span> </td> <td>proposed in 1989, rejected<sup id="cite_ref-Henton1988_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Henton1988-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Looptail_g.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Looptail_g.svg/8px-Looptail_g.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Looptail_g.svg/12px-Looptail_g.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Looptail_g.svg/16px-Looptail_g.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="132" data-file-height="196" /></a></span> </td> <td>double-loop <a href="/wiki/G" title="G">g</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_fricative" title="Voiced velar fricative">voiced velar fricative</a> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɣ</span> </td> <td>from 1895 to 1900, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[q]</span> represented that consonant before 1895, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ǥ]</span> after 1900 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Looptail_g.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Looptail_g.svg/8px-Looptail_g.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Looptail_g.svg/12px-Looptail_g.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Looptail_g.svg/16px-Looptail_g.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="132" data-file-height="196" /></a></span> </td> <td>double-loop <a href="/wiki/G" title="G">g</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">voiced velar plosive</a> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɡ</span> </td> <td>standard <a href="/wiki/Latin_characters_in_Unicode" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin characters in Unicode">Unicode Basic Latin</a>/<a href="/wiki/ASCII" title="ASCII">ASCII</a> lower-case <span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Charis SIL, Doulos SIL, DejaVu Serif, serif;">g</span> (U+0067) may have a double-loop g glyph. the preferred IPA single-loop g (U+0261) is in the <a href="/wiki/IPA_Extensions_Unicode_block" class="mw-redirect" title="IPA Extensions Unicode block">IPA Extensions Unicode block</a>. for a time it was proposed that the double-loop g might be used for <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɡ]</span> and the single-loop g for <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ᶃ]<span class="wrap"> </span>(ɡ̟)</span>,<sup id="cite_ref-principles_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-principles-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but the distinction never caught on. </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Looptail_g.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Looptail_g.svg/8px-Looptail_g.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Looptail_g.svg/12px-Looptail_g.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Looptail_g.svg/16px-Looptail_g.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="132" data-file-height="196" /></a></span> </td> <td>double-loop <a href="/wiki/G" title="G">g</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiced postalveolar affricate">voiced postalveolar affricate</a> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">d͡ʒ</span> </td> <td>used in Arabic transcriptions </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Opentail_g_with_stroke_through_tail.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Opentail_g_with_stroke_through_tail.svg/8px-Opentail_g_with_stroke_through_tail.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Opentail_g_with_stroke_through_tail.svg/12px-Opentail_g_with_stroke_through_tail.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Opentail_g_with_stroke_through_tail.svg/16px-Opentail_g_with_stroke_through_tail.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="194" data-file-height="439" /></a></span> </td> <td>single-loop <a href="/wiki/G_with_stroke" title="G with stroke">g with stroke</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_fricative" title="Voiced velar fricative">voiced velar fricative</a> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɣ</span> </td> <td>replaced double-loop g in 1900, then replaced by gamma <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɣ]</span> around 1928-1930. the character ǥ may not have the single-loop shape in some fonts. </td></tr> <tr> <td>j </td> <td><a href="/wiki/J" title="J">j</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiced postalveolar affricate">d͡ʒ</a></span>, <span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolo-palatal_affricate" title="Voiced alveolo-palatal affricate">d͡ʑ</a></span> or sometimes <span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiced alveolar affricate">d͡z</a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɟ</span> </td> <td>upside-down <a href="/wiki/F" title="F">f</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiced postalveolar affricate">d͡ʒ</a></span> or <span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolo-palatal_affricate" title="Voiced alveolo-palatal affricate">d͡ʑ</a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">k̫<span class="wrap"> </span>ɡ̫<span class="wrap"> </span>m̫<span class="wrap"> </span>x̫<span class="wrap"> </span>p̫<span class="wrap"> </span>ʒ̫</span> <i>etc.</i> </td> <td>subscript <a href="/wiki/W" title="W">w</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Labialization" title="Labialization">labialization</a> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">kʷ<span class="wrap"> </span>gʷ<span class="wrap"> </span>mʷ<span class="wrap"> </span>xʷ<span class="wrap"> </span>pʷ<span class="wrap"> </span>ʒʷ</span> <i>etc.</i> </td> <td>mark may appear above letters with descenders like <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɡ]</span> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ŋ]</span>. <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_International_Phonetic_Alphabet#1989_Kiel_Convention" title="History of the International Phonetic Alphabet">removed 1989</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ʆ</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Palatal_hook" title="Palatal hook">curly-tail</a> <a href="/wiki/Esh_(letter)" title="Esh (letter)">esh</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolo-palatal_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolo-palatal fricative">voiceless alveolo-palatal fricative</a> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɕ</span> </td> <td>variant, also for Russian <i>щ</i> (now ⟨<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa">ɕ</span>⟩). <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_International_Phonetic_Alphabet#1989_Kiel_Convention" title="History of the International Phonetic Alphabet">removed 1989</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ʓ</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Palatal_hook" title="Palatal hook">curly-tail</a> <a href="/wiki/Ezh_(letter)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ezh (letter)">ezh</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolo-palatal_fricative" title="Voiced alveolo-palatal fricative">voiced alveolo-palatal fricative</a> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ʑ</span> </td> <td>variant, <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_International_Phonetic_Alphabet#1989_Kiel_Convention" title="History of the International Phonetic Alphabet">removed 1989</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ȵ,<span class="wrap"> </span>ȡ,<span class="wrap"> </span>ȶ,<span class="wrap"> </span>ȴ</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Palatal_hook" title="Palatal hook">curly-tail</a> n, d, t, l </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Alveolo-palatal_consonant" title="Alveolo-palatal consonant">alveolo-palatal consonants</a> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">n̠ʲ,<span class="wrap"> </span>d̠ʲ,<span class="wrap"> </span>t̠ʲ,<span class="wrap"> </span>l̠ʲ</span> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɲ̟,<span class="wrap"> </span>ɟ˖,<span class="wrap"> </span>c̟,<span class="wrap"> </span>ʎ̟</span> </td> <td>used by some <a href="/wiki/Sinological_extensions_to_the_International_Phonetic_Alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinological extensions to the International Phonetic Alphabet">Sinologists</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ř</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/R" title="R">r</a> with caron </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_trill#Raised_alveolar_non-sonorant_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Alveolar trill">voiced strident apico-alveolar trill</a> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">r̝</span> </td> <td>Intended for <i><a href="/wiki/%C5%98" title="Ř">ř</a></i> in Czech and related languages. ⟨<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa">ř</span>⟩ from 1909, replaced by ⟨<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa">ɼ</span>⟩ in 1949, <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_International_Phonetic_Alphabet#1989_Kiel_Convention" title="History of the International Phonetic Alphabet">Withdrawn 1989</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɼ</span> </td> <td>long-leg <a href="/wiki/R" title="R">r</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_trill#Raised_alveolar_non-sonorant_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Alveolar trill">voiced strident apico-alveolar trill</a> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">r̝</span> </td> <td>Intended for <i><a href="/wiki/%C5%98" title="Ř">ř</a></i> in Czech and related languages. ⟨<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa">ř</span>⟩ from 1909, replaced by ⟨<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa">ɼ</span>⟩ in 1949, <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_International_Phonetic_Alphabet#1989_Kiel_Convention" title="History of the International Phonetic Alphabet">Withdrawn 1989</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɼ</span> </td> <td>long-leg <a href="/wiki/R" title="R">r</a> </td> <td>syllabic <a href="/wiki/Alveolar_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Alveolar trill">alveolar trill</a> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">r̩</span> </td> <td>a mistake </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">λ</span> (<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Lambda" title="Lambda"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Latin_small_letter_Lambda.svg/8px-Latin_small_letter_Lambda.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Latin_small_letter_Lambda.svg/12px-Latin_small_letter_Lambda.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Latin_small_letter_Lambda.svg/16px-Latin_small_letter_Lambda.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="145" /></a></span>) </td> <td>lowercase <a href="/wiki/Lambda" title="Lambda">lambda</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_lateral_approximant" title="Voiced palatal lateral approximant">voiced palatal lateral approximant</a> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ʎ</span> </td> <td>a mistake </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">λ</span> (<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Lambda" title="Lambda"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Latin_small_letter_Lambda.svg/8px-Latin_small_letter_Lambda.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Latin_small_letter_Lambda.svg/12px-Latin_small_letter_Lambda.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Latin_small_letter_Lambda.svg/16px-Latin_small_letter_Lambda.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="145" /></a></span>) </td> <td>lowercase <a href="/wiki/Lambda" title="Lambda">lambda</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_affricate" title="Voiced alveolar lateral affricate">voiced alveolar lateral affricate</a> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">d͡ɮ</span> </td> <td>used by <a href="/wiki/Americanist_phonetic_notation" title="Americanist phonetic notation">Americanists</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ƛ</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Barred_lambda" title="Barred lambda">barred lowercase lambda</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_lateral_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolar lateral affricate">voiceless alveolar lateral affricate</a> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">t͡ɬ</span> </td> <td>used by <a href="/wiki/Americanist_phonetic_notation" title="Americanist phonetic notation">Americanists</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ł</span> </td> <td>lowercase <a href="/wiki/%C5%81" title="Ł">l with stroke</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_lateral_fricative" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar lateral fricative">voiceless alveolar lateral fricative</a> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɬ</span> </td> <td>used by <a href="/wiki/Americanist_phonetic_notation" title="Americanist phonetic notation">Americanists</a>, also a typographic substitute </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ł</span> </td> <td>lowercase <a href="/wiki/%C5%81" title="Ł">l with stroke</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Velarization" title="Velarization">velarized</a> <a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">voiced alveolar lateral approximant</a> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɫ</span> </td> <td>used by Baltic transcriptions </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ᴫ</span> </td> <td>small-capital Cyrillic <a href="/wiki/El_(Cyrillic)" title="El (Cyrillic)">el</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_uvular_lateral_approximant" title="Voiced uvular lateral approximant">voiced uvular lateral approximant</a> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ʟ̠</span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">š<span class="wrap"> </span>č<span class="wrap"> </span>ž</span> </td> <td>s c z with <a href="/wiki/Caron" title="Caron">caron</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Postalveolar_consonant" title="Postalveolar consonant">postalveolar consonants</a> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ʃ<span class="wrap"> </span>t͡ʃ<span class="wrap"> </span>ʒ</span>; <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ʂ<span class="wrap"> </span>ʈ͡ʂ<span class="wrap"> </span>ʐ</span> </td> <td>used by <a href="/wiki/Americanist_phonetic_notation" title="Americanist phonetic notation">Americanists</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uralic_Phonetic_Alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Uralic Phonetic Alphabet">Uralicists</a>, Semiticists, Slavicists </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ǰ,<span class="wrap"> </span>ǧ,<span class="wrap"> </span>ǯ</span> </td> <td>j, g, ezh with <a href="/wiki/Caron" title="Caron">caron</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiced postalveolar affricate">voiced postalveolar affricate</a> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">d͡ʒ</span>; <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɖ͡ʐ</span> </td> <td>used by <a href="/wiki/Americanist_phonetic_notation" title="Americanist phonetic notation">Americanists</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slavic_languages" title="Slavic languages">Slavicists</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ć<span class="wrap"> </span>ĺ<span class="wrap"> </span>ń<span class="wrap"> </span>ś<span class="wrap"> </span>ź<span class="wrap"> </span>dź</span> </td> <td>c l n s z dz with <a href="/wiki/Acute_accent" title="Acute accent">acute accent</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Alveolo-palatal_consonant" title="Alveolo-palatal consonant">alveolo-palatals</a> or <a href="/wiki/Palatal_consonant" title="Palatal consonant">palatals</a> and <a href="/wiki/Postalveolar_consonant" title="Postalveolar consonant">postalveolar consonants</a> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">t͡ɕ<span class="wrap"> </span>l̠ʲ<span class="wrap"> </span>n̠ʲ<span class="wrap"> </span>ɕ<span class="wrap"> </span>ʑ<span class="wrap"> </span>d͡ʑ</span>; <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">t͡ʃ<span class="wrap"> </span>ʎ<span class="wrap"> </span>ɲ<span class="wrap"> </span>ʃ<span class="wrap"> </span>ʒ<span class="wrap"> </span>d͡ʒ</span> </td> <td>used by <a href="/wiki/Slavic_languages" title="Slavic languages">Slavicists</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">x,<span class="wrap"> </span>ɣ</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/X" title="X">x</a>, latin <a href="/wiki/Gamma" title="Gamma">gamma</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_fricative" title="Voiceless uvular fricative">voiceless</a> and <a href="/wiki/Voiced_uvular_fricative" title="Voiced uvular fricative">voiced uvular fricative</a> (or <a href="/wiki/Voiced_uvular_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced uvular approximant">voiced uvular approximant</a>) </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">χ,<span class="wrap"> </span>ʁ</span> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">χ,<span class="wrap"> </span>ʁ̞</span> </td> <td>broad transcriptions in Hindi, Arabic and Hebrew transcriptions </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ẋ</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/X" title="X">x</a> with <a href="/wiki/Dot_(diacritic)" title="Dot (diacritic)">dot</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_fricative" title="Voiceless uvular fricative">voiceless uvular fricative</a> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">χ</span> </td> <td>used by <a href="/wiki/Americanist_phonetic_notation" title="Americanist phonetic notation">Americanists</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">X</span> </td> <td>capital <a href="/wiki/X" title="X">x</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_fricative" title="Voiceless uvular fricative">voiceless uvular fricative</a> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">χ</span> </td> <td>a mistake </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">Y</span> </td> <td>capital <a href="/wiki/Y" title="Y">y</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93palatal_approximant" title="Voiced labial–palatal approximant">voiced labial–palatal approximant</a> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɥ</span> </td> <td>a mistake </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:IPA_Unicode_0x0264_baby_gamma.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/IPA_Unicode_0x0264_baby_gamma.svg/16px-IPA_Unicode_0x0264_baby_gamma.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/IPA_Unicode_0x0264_baby_gamma.svg/24px-IPA_Unicode_0x0264_baby_gamma.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/IPA_Unicode_0x0264_baby_gamma.svg/32px-IPA_Unicode_0x0264_baby_gamma.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a></span> </td> <td>baby <a href="/wiki/Gamma" title="Gamma">gamma</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back unrounded vowel">close-mid back unrounded vowel</a> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɤ</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_International_Phonetic_Alphabet#1989_Kiel_Convention" title="History of the International Phonetic Alphabet">used from 1921 to 1989</a>, replaced by ramshorn to avoid confusion with gamma ; LATIN SMALL LETTER RAMS HORN (U+0264) now represents both <a href="/wiki/Glyph" title="Glyph">glyphs</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ρ</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rho" title="Rho">rho</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bilabial_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Bilabial trill">bilabial trill</a> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ʙ</span> </td> <td>common before an official letter was adopted </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɉ</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/J_with_stroke" title="J with stroke">j with stroke</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_post-palatal_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced post-palatal approximant">voiced post-palatal approximant</a> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ȷ̈</span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ᵻ<span class="wrap"> </span>/<span class="wrap"> </span>ᵿ</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bar_(diacritic)" title="Bar (diacritic)">barred</a> <a href="/wiki/Small_capital" class="mw-redirect" title="Small capital">small capital</a> <a href="/wiki/I" title="I">i</a> / <a href="/wiki/%C6%B1" title="Ʊ">upsilon</a> </td> <td>near-close central <a href="/wiki/Near-close_central_unrounded_vowel" class="mw-redirect" title="Near-close central unrounded vowel">unrounded</a> / <a href="/wiki/Near-close_central_rounded_vowel" class="mw-redirect" title="Near-close central rounded vowel">rounded</a> vowel </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɨ̞<span class="wrap"> </span>/<span class="wrap"> </span>ʉ̞,<span class="wrap"> </span>ɪ̈<span class="wrap"> </span>/<span class="wrap"> </span>ʊ̈</span> </td> <td>used by the some English phoneticians, including the <a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ʚ</span> </td> <td>closed <a href="/wiki/Epsilon" title="Epsilon">epsilon</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front rounded vowel">open-mid front rounded vowel</a> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">œ</span> </td> <td>alternate symbol from 1904-1920s<sup id="cite_ref-principles1912_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-principles1912-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ʚ</span> </td> <td>closed <a href="/wiki/Epsilon" title="Epsilon">epsilon</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_central_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid central rounded vowel">open-mid central rounded vowel</a> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɞ</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_International_Phonetic_Alphabet#1996_update" title="History of the International Phonetic Alphabet">removed 1996</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɩ</span> </td> <td>small <a href="/wiki/Iota" title="Iota">iota</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-front unrounded vowel">near-close near-front unrounded vowel</a> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɪ</span> </td> <td>longstanding alternate symbol <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_International_Phonetic_Alphabet#1989_Kiel_Convention" title="History of the International Phonetic Alphabet">until 1989</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ı</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dotless_I" title="Dotless I">dotless small i</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-front unrounded vowel">near-close near-front unrounded vowel</a> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɪ</span> </td> <td>a mistake or typographic substitute; or used by Americanists. </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ȸ<span class="wrap"> </span>ȹ</span> </td> <td>lowercase db and qp ligatures or lowercase footless phi and headless phi </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_plosive" title="Voiced labiodental plosive">voiced</a> and <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_plosive" title="Voiceless labiodental plosive">voiceless</a> labiodential plosives </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">b̪<span class="wrap"> </span>p̪</span> </td> <td>Used by Africanists. </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">0</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">∅</span> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">Ø</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/0" title="0">digit zero</a>, <a href="/wiki/Empty_set" title="Empty set">slashed digit zero</a> or uppercase <a href="/wiki/%C3%98" title="Ø">slashed o</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Null_initial" class="mw-redirect" title="Null initial">null initial</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>usually used in phonology to mean a spelling with no sound value. however, in <a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a> and some <a href="/wiki/Korean_language" title="Korean language">Korean</a> linguistics, some scholars use it for a weak <a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">glottal stop</a>; the sound value of the <a href="/wiki/First_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="First consonant">first consonant</a> of syllables started by a vowel. </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ƥ<span class="wrap"> </span>ƭ<span class="wrap"> </span>𝼉<span class="wrap"> </span>ƈ<span class="wrap"> </span>ƙ<span class="wrap"> </span>ʠ</span> </td> <td>hooktop p, t, ʈ, c, k, q </td> <td>voiceless <a href="/wiki/Implosive_consonant" title="Implosive consonant">implosives</a> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɓ̥<span class="wrap"> </span>ɗ̥<span class="wrap"> </span>ᶑ̊<span class="wrap"> </span>ʄ̊<span class="wrap"> </span>ɠ̊<span class="wrap"> </span>ʛ̥</span> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">pʼ↓<span class="wrap"> </span>tʼ↓<span class="wrap"> </span>ʈʼ↓<span class="wrap"> </span>cʼ↓<span class="wrap"> </span>kʼ↓<span class="wrap"> </span>qʼ↓</span> </td> <td>brief additions to the IPA; <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_International_Phonetic_Alphabet#1993_revision" title="History of the International Phonetic Alphabet">removed 1993</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ʇ</span> </td> <td>upside-down <a href="/wiki/T" title="T">t</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dental_click" title="Dental click">dental click</a> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ǀ</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_International_Phonetic_Alphabet#1989_Kiel_Convention" title="History of the International Phonetic Alphabet">removed 1989</a>; see <a href="/wiki/Click_letters" class="mw-redirect" title="Click letters">click letters</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ʗ</span> </td> <td>stretched (or descended) <a href="/wiki/C" title="C">c</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_click" title="Alveolar click">alveolar click</a> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ǃ</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_International_Phonetic_Alphabet#1989_Kiel_Convention" title="History of the International Phonetic Alphabet">removed 1989</a>; see <a href="/wiki/Click_letters" class="mw-redirect" title="Click letters">click letters</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ʖ</span> </td> <td>upside-down <a href="/wiki/Pharyngeal_fricative" class="mw-redirect" title="Pharyngeal fricative">pharyngeal fricative</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_lateral_click" class="mw-redirect" title="Alveolar lateral click">alveolar lateral click</a> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ǁ</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_International_Phonetic_Alphabet#1989_Kiel_Convention" title="History of the International Phonetic Alphabet">removed 1989</a>; see <a href="/wiki/Click_letters" class="mw-redirect" title="Click letters">click letters</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ʞ</span> </td> <td>upside-down <a href="/wiki/K" title="K">k</a> </td> <td>originally a <a href="/wiki/Palatal_click" title="Palatal click">palatal click</a>, reinterpreted as a <a href="/wiki/Velar_click" class="mw-redirect" title="Velar click">velar click</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>velar articulation was judged impossible.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> later reanalyzed and found paralinguistically. For several years used for a voiceless <a href="/w/index.php?title=Velodorsal_stop&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Velodorsal stop (page does not exist)">velodorsal stop</a> in the <a href="/wiki/ExtIPA" class="mw-redirect" title="ExtIPA">extIPA</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-extipa_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-extipa-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">𝼋</span> (⨎) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Esh_(letter)" title="Esh (letter)">esh</a> with two bars </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Fricated_palatal_click" class="mw-redirect" title="Fricated palatal click">fricated palatal click</a> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ǂǂ</span> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ǃ͡s</span> </td> <td>uncommon letter in <a href="/wiki/Ekoka_!Kung" class="mw-redirect" title="Ekoka !Kung">Ekoka !Kung</a> transcription </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">⦀</span> </td> <td>triple <a href="/wiki/Vertical_bar" title="Vertical bar">vertical bar</a> </td> <td>retroflex lateral click </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ǁ˞</span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ȣ</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ou_(ligature)" title="Ou (ligature)">ou</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back unrounded vowel">close-mid back unrounded vowel</a> or <a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_fricative" title="Voiced velar fricative">voiced velar fricative</a> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɤ</span> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɣ</span> </td> <td>a common mistake </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">r</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/R" title="R">r</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental,_alveolar_and_postalveolar_trills" title="Voiced dental, alveolar and postalveolar trills">alveolar trill</a> </td> <td>any rhotic sound (including <a href="/wiki/R-colored_vowel" title="R-colored vowel">r-colored vowels</a>) </td> <td>broad transcription </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ʀ</span> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">R</span> </td> <td>small capital or uppercase <a href="/wiki/R" title="R">r</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vowel_length" title="Vowel length">long vowel</a> or prolonged moraic N </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ː</span> </td> <td>used by Japanologists. This symbol represents phonemic <a href="/wiki/Long_vowel" class="mw-redirect" title="Long vowel">long vowel</a> (such as /<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">aʀ</span>/) or /<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">aR</span>/) or rarely prolonged moraic <a href="/wiki/N_(kana)" title="N (kana)">N</a> (hatsuon). </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ᴙ</span> </td> <td>reversed <a href="/wiki/Small_capital" class="mw-redirect" title="Small capital">small capital</a> <a href="/wiki/R" title="R">r</a> </td> <td>voiced <a href="/wiki/Epiglottal_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Epiglottal trill">epiglottal trill</a><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ʀ̠</span> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ʢ</span> </td> <td>rare </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɿ</span> </td> <td>long <a href="/wiki/I" title="I">i</a> with left hook </td> <td>syllabic <a href="/wiki/Alveolar_and_postalveolar_approximants" class="mw-redirect" title="Alveolar and postalveolar approximants">denti-alveolar approximant</a> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɹ̩</span>,<sup id="cite_ref-ApicalVowel2_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ApicalVowel2-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɹ̩,<span class="wrap"> </span>z̩,<span class="wrap"> </span>◌͡ɯ</span><sup id="cite_ref-ApicalVowel1_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ApicalVowel1-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>used by <a href="/wiki/Sinological_extensions_to_the_International_Phonetic_Alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinological extensions to the International Phonetic Alphabet">Sinologists</a>, and by <a href="/wiki/Japanese_studies" title="Japanese studies">Japanologists</a> specifically for the <a href="/wiki/Miyako_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Miyako language">Miyako</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tarama_language" title="Tarama language">Tarama languages</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ʅ</span> </td> <td>viby <a href="/wiki/I" title="I">i</a> </td> <td>syllabic <a href="/wiki/Retroflex_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Retroflex approximant">retroflex approximant</a> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɹ̩</span>,<sup id="cite_ref-ApicalVowel2_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ApicalVowel2-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɻ̩,<span class="wrap"> </span>ʐ̩,<span class="wrap"> </span>◌͡ɨ</span> </td> <td>used by <a href="/wiki/Sinological_extensions_to_the_International_Phonetic_Alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinological extensions to the International Phonetic Alphabet">Sinologists</a>. See <a href="/wiki/Chinese_vowel_diagram" title="Chinese vowel diagram">Chinese vowels</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ʮ</span> </td> <td>long <a href="/wiki/Y" title="Y">y</a> with left hook </td> <td>labialized syllabic <a href="/wiki/Alveolar_and_postalveolar_approximants" class="mw-redirect" title="Alveolar and postalveolar approximants">denti-alveolar approximant</a> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɹ̩ʷ,<span class="wrap"> </span>z̩ʷ,<span class="wrap"> </span>◌͡u</span> </td> <td>used by <a href="/wiki/Sinological_extensions_to_the_International_Phonetic_Alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinological extensions to the International Phonetic Alphabet">Sinologists</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ʯ</span> </td> <td>viby <a href="/wiki/%C3%9C" title="Ü">ü</a> or viby <a href="/wiki/Y" title="Y">y</a> </td> <td>labialized syllabic <a href="/wiki/Retroflex_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Retroflex approximant">retroflex approximant</a> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɻ̩ʷ,<span class="wrap"> </span>ʐ̩ʷ,<span class="wrap"> </span>◌͡ʉ</span> </td> <td>used by <a href="/wiki/Sinological_extensions_to_the_International_Phonetic_Alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinological extensions to the International Phonetic Alphabet">Sinologists</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ᴀ</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Small_capital" class="mw-redirect" title="Small capital">small capital</a> <a href="/wiki/A" title="A">a</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Open_central_unrounded_vowel" title="Open central unrounded vowel">open central unrounded vowel</a> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ä,<span class="wrap"> </span>a̠,<span class="wrap"> </span>ɑ̈,<span class="wrap"> </span>ɑ̟,<span class="wrap"> </span>ɐ̞</span> </td> <td>used by <a href="/wiki/Sinological_extensions_to_the_International_Phonetic_Alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinological extensions to the International Phonetic Alphabet">Sinologists</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="display: inline-block; transform: rotate(180deg);"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ᴀ</span></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Small_capital" class="mw-redirect" title="Small capital">small capital</a> <a href="/wiki/%E2%B1%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="Ɐ">turned a</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back unrounded vowel">close-mid back unrounded vowel</a> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɤ</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="History of the International Phonetic Alphabet">withdrawn in 1928</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ꬰ</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bar_(diacritic)" title="Bar (diacritic)">barred</a> <a href="/wiki/Alpha" title="Alpha">alpha</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Open_central_unrounded_vowel" title="Open central unrounded vowel">open central unrounded vowel</a> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ä,<span class="wrap"> </span>a̠,<span class="wrap"> </span>ɑ̈,<span class="wrap"> </span>ɑ̟,<span class="wrap"> </span>ɐ̞</span> </td> <td>used by <a href="/wiki/Teuthonista" title="Teuthonista">Teuthonista</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ᴇ</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Small_capital" class="mw-redirect" title="Small capital">small capital</a> <a href="/wiki/E" title="E">e</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Mid front unrounded vowel">mid front unrounded vowel</a> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">e̞,<span class="wrap"> </span>ɛ̝</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Americanist_phonetic_notation#Bloch_&_Trager" title="Americanist phonetic notation">Bloch & Trager (1942)</a>. Used by <a href="/wiki/Sinological_extensions_to_the_International_Phonetic_Alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinological extensions to the International Phonetic Alphabet">Sinologists</a> and some <a href="/wiki/Korean_phonology" title="Korean phonology">Koreanists</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ꬳ</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bar_(diacritic)" title="Bar (diacritic)">barred</a> <a href="/wiki/E" title="E">e</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_central_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid central unrounded vowel">close-mid central unrounded vowel</a> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɘ</span> </td> <td>used by <a href="/wiki/Teuthonista" title="Teuthonista">Teuthonista</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ⱻ</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Small_capital" class="mw-redirect" title="Small capital">small capital</a> <a href="/wiki/%C6%8E" title="Ǝ">turned e</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mid_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Mid back unrounded vowel">mid back unrounded vowel</a> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɤ̞,<span class="wrap"> </span>ʌ̝</span> </td> <td>used by some <a href="/wiki/Korean_phonology" title="Korean phonology">Koreanists</a> who study <a href="/wiki/Gyeongsang_dialect" title="Gyeongsang dialect">Gyeongsang dialect</a>, where there is no <a href="/wiki/Phonemic_differentiation" class="mw-redirect" title="Phonemic differentiation">phonemic differentiation</a> between <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʌ/</span> (<a href="/wiki/Revised_Romanization_of_Korean" title="Revised Romanization of Korean">RR</a> <i>eo</i>; <a href="/wiki/Hangul" title="Hangul">Hangul</a> ㅓ) and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɯ/</span> (RR <i>eu</i>; Hangul ㅡ).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2008)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɷ</span> </td> <td>closed <a href="/wiki/Omega" title="Omega">omega</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-back_rounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-back rounded vowel">near-close near-back rounded vowel</a> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ʊ</span> </td> <td>longstanding alternate symbol <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_International_Phonetic_Alphabet#1989_Kiel_Convention" title="History of the International Phonetic Alphabet">until 1989</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ω</span> </td> <td>lowercase <a href="/wiki/Omega" title="Omega">omega</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-back_unrounded_vowel" class="mw-redirect" title="Near-close near-back unrounded vowel">near-close near-back unrounded vowel</a> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ʊ̜</span> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɯ̽</span> </td> <td>made from obsolete <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɷ</span> symbol. </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ω</span> </td> <td>lowercase <a href="/wiki/Omega" title="Omega">omega</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Near-open_back_rounded_vowel" class="mw-redirect" title="Near-open back rounded vowel">near-open back rounded vowel</a> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɔ̞</span> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɒ̝</span> </td> <td>used by <a href="/wiki/Sinological_extensions_to_the_International_Phonetic_Alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinological extensions to the International Phonetic Alphabet">Sinologists</a> ; also <a href="/wiki/Americanist_phonetic_notation#Bloch_&_Trager" title="Americanist phonetic notation">Bloch & Trager (1942)</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ꭥ</span> </td> <td>small capital <a href="/wiki/Omega" title="Omega">omega</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Mid back rounded vowel">mid back rounded vowel</a> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">o̞,<span class="wrap"> </span>ɔ̝</span> </td> <td>Used by <a href="/wiki/Sinological_extensions_to_the_International_Phonetic_Alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinological extensions to the International Phonetic Alphabet">Sinologists</a> and some <a href="/wiki/Korean_phonology" title="Korean phonology">Koreanists</a> ; also <a href="/wiki/Americanist_phonetic_notation#Bloch_&_Trager" title="Americanist phonetic notation">Bloch & Trager (1942)</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ꝋ</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bar_(diacritic)" title="Bar (diacritic)">barred</a> <a href="/wiki/O" title="O">o</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_central_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid central rounded vowel">close-mid central rounded vowel</a> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɵ</span> </td> <td>used by <a href="/wiki/Teuthonista" title="Teuthonista">Teuthonista</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ᴜ</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Small_capital" class="mw-redirect" title="Small capital">small capital</a> <a href="/wiki/U" title="U">u</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-back_rounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-back rounded vowel">near-close near-back rounded vowel</a> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ʊ,<span class="wrap"> </span>ʊ̹</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Americanist_phonetic_notation" title="Americanist phonetic notation">Americanist notation</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">B<span class="wrap"> </span>G<span class="wrap"> </span>Ɠ<span class="wrap"> </span>H<span class="wrap"> </span>I<span class="wrap"> </span>L<span class="wrap"> </span>N<span class="wrap"> </span>Œ<span class="wrap"> </span>R<span class="wrap"> </span>Y</span> </td> <td>uppercase letters </td> <td>small сарs </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ʙ<span class="wrap"> </span>ɢ<span class="wrap"> </span>ʛ<span class="wrap"> </span>ʜ<span class="wrap"> </span>ɪ<span class="wrap"> </span>ʟ<span class="wrap"> </span>ɴ<span class="wrap"> </span>ɶ<span class="wrap"> </span>ʀ<span class="wrap"> </span>ʏ</span> </td> <td>often mistaken by typing, uppercase alternatives to symbols shaped like <a href="/wiki/Small_capital" class="mw-redirect" title="Small capital">small capitals</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ꞯ</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Small_capital" class="mw-redirect" title="Small capital">small capital</a> <a href="/wiki/Q" title="Q">q</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Epiglottal_stop" class="mw-redirect" title="Epiglottal stop">pharyngeal stop</a> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ʡ</span> </td> <td>proposed for the pharyngeal stop of <a href="/wiki/Formosan_languages" title="Formosan languages">Formosan languages</a>, <a href="/wiki/Extensions_to_the_International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="Extensions to the International Phonetic Alphabet">ExtIPA</a> for same purpose. </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ꞯ</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Small_capital" class="mw-redirect" title="Small capital">small capital</a> <a href="/wiki/Q" title="Q">q</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sokuon" title="Sokuon">sokuon</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>used by Japanologists. </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">Q</span> </td> <td>capital <a href="/wiki/Q" title="Q">Q</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>used by Japanologists. </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">l</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/L" title="L">l</a> </td> <td>all <a href="/wiki/Coronal_consonant" title="Coronal consonant">coronal</a> <a href="/wiki/Liquid_consonant" title="Liquid consonant">liquid consonants</a>. </td> <td> </td> <td>broad transcription, mainly Koreanologists. </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ꞎ<span class="wrap"> </span>𝼆<span class="wrap"> </span>𝼄</span> </td> <td>belted letters </td> <td>voiceless lateral fricatives (<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_lateral_fricative" title="Voiceless retroflex lateral fricative">retroflex</a>, <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_palatal_lateral_fricative" title="Voiceless palatal lateral fricative">palatal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_lateral_fricative" title="Voiceless velar lateral fricative">velar</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_dental_and_alveolar_lateral_fricatives" title="Voiceless dental and alveolar lateral fricatives">alveolar</a>) </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɭ̊˔<span class="wrap"> </span>ʎ̝̊<span class="wrap"> </span>ʟ̝̊</span> </td> <td>now in the <a href="/wiki/ExtIPA" class="mw-redirect" title="ExtIPA">extIPA</a><sup id="cite_ref-extipa_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-extipa-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ʎ</span> </td> <td>upside-down <a href="/wiki/Y" title="Y">y</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Palatal_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Palatal lateral approximant">alveolo-palatal lateral approximant</a> </td> <td>[<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ʎ̟</span>] or [<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">l̠ʲ</span>] </td> <td>broad transcription, mainly Koreanologists and Sinologists </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɲ</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/N" title="N">n</a> with left hook </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Palatal_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Palatal nasal">alveolo-palatal nasal</a> </td> <td>[<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɲ̟</span>] or [<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">n̠ʲ</span>] </td> <td>broad transcription, mainly Koreanologists, Sinologists, and Japanologists </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ⱳ</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/W" title="W">w</a> with hook </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bilabial_flap" class="mw-redirect" title="Bilabial flap">bilabial flap</a> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ⱱ̟</span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>𝼈 </td> <td>turned <a href="/wiki/R" title="R">r</a> with long leg and retroflex hook </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Retroflex_lateral_flap" class="mw-redirect" title="Retroflex lateral flap">retroflex lateral flap</a> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɭ̆</span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɏ</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bar_(diacritic)" title="Bar (diacritic)">barred</a> <a href="/wiki/Y" title="Y">y</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Close_central_compressed_vowel" class="mw-redirect" title="Close central compressed vowel">close central compressed vowel</a> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ÿ</span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)"><s>ʏ</s></span> (ұ) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bar_(diacritic)" title="Bar (diacritic)">barred</a> <a href="/wiki/Small_capital" class="mw-redirect" title="Small capital">small capital</a> <a href="/wiki/Y" title="Y">y</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Near-close_central_compressed_vowel" class="mw-redirect" title="Near-close central compressed vowel">near-close central compressed vowel</a> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ʏ̈</span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>ұ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bar_(diacritic)" title="Bar (diacritic)">barred</a> straight <a href="/wiki/Y" title="Y">y</a> (Cyrillic straight u) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-back_unrounded_vowel" class="mw-redirect" title="Near-close near-back unrounded vowel">near-close near-back unrounded vowel</a> </td> <td>[<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ʊ̜</span>] or [<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɯ̽</span>] </td> <td>used in <a href="/wiki/Mande_languages" title="Mande languages">Mande</a> studies<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>◌̣ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Underdot" class="mw-redirect" title="Underdot">underdot</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Retroflex_consonant" title="Retroflex consonant">retroflex</a> or <a href="/wiki/R-colored_vowel" title="R-colored vowel">r-colored vowels</a> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɑ˞</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">o˞</span> <i>etc.</i> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">k'</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">t'</span>, etc. </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Apostrophe" title="Apostrophe">apostrophe</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/No_audible_release" title="No audible release">no audible release</a> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">k̚</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">t̚</span>, etc. </td> <td>removed </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">k'</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">t'</span>, etc. </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Apostrophe" title="Apostrophe">apostrophe</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(phonetics)" title="Palatalization (phonetics)">palatalization</a> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">k̟</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">tʲ</span>, etc. </td> <td>common in <a href="/wiki/X-SAMPA" title="X-SAMPA">X-SAMPA</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">K<span class="wrap"> </span>T</span> <i>etc.</i> </td> <td>uppercase letters (not <a href="/wiki/Small_capital" class="mw-redirect" title="Small capital">small capitals</a>) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Fortis_and_lenis" title="Fortis and lenis">fortis</a> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">k͈<span class="wrap"> </span>t͈</span>, <i>etc.</i> </td> <td>used by some <a href="/wiki/Korean_phonology" title="Korean phonology">Koreanologists</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>ɔ̩ </td> <td>vowel with tilted line below </td> <td>lower-pitched rising / falling <a href="/wiki/Tone_contour" title="Tone contour">tone contour</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>for languages that distinguish multiple rising or falling tones </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">kʻ<span class="wrap"> </span>tʻ</span> </td> <td>reversed <a href="/wiki/Comma" title="Comma">comma</a> above </td> <td>weak (sometimes normal) <a href="/wiki/Aspiration_(phonetics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aspiration (phonetics)">aspiration</a> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">k<span class="wrap"> </span>t</span> (sometimes <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">kʰ<span class="wrap"> </span>tʰ</span>) </td> <td>First symbol may be <a href="/wiki/Quotation_mark#Electronic_documents" title="Quotation mark">left single quotation mark</a> (U+2018) or <a href="/wiki/Apostrophe#Unicode" title="Apostrophe">modifier letter apostrophe</a> (U+02BC); second symbol may be <a href="/wiki/Quotation_mark#Electronic_documents" title="Quotation mark">single high-reversed-9 quotation mark</a> (U+201B) or modifier letter reversed comma (U+02BD) </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ʦ<span class="wrap"> </span>ʣ<span class="wrap"> </span>ʧ<span class="wrap"> </span>ʤ<span class="wrap"> </span>ꭧ<span class="wrap"> </span>ꭦ<span class="wrap"> </span>ʨ<span class="wrap"> </span>ʥ</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Typographic_ligature" class="mw-redirect" title="Typographic ligature">ligatures</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Affricate_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Affricate consonant">affricates</a> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">t͡s<span class="wrap"> </span>d͡z<span class="wrap"> </span>t͡ʃ<span class="wrap"> </span>d͡ʒ<span class="wrap"> </span>ʈ͡ʂ<span class="wrap"> </span>ɖ͡ʐ<span class="wrap"> </span>t͡ɕ<span class="wrap"> </span>d͡ʑ</span> </td> <td>formerly acceptable variants<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">p′</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">s′</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">t′</span> <i>etc.</i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Prime_(symbol)" title="Prime (symbol)">prime</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(phonetics)" title="Palatalization (phonetics)">palatalization</a> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">pʲ</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">sʲ</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">tʲ</span> <i>etc.</i> </td> <td>traditional <a href="/wiki/Irish_phonology" title="Irish phonology">Irish phonology</a> transcription </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">pʼ</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">sʼ</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">tʼ</span> <i>etc.</i> </td> <td>combining <a href="/wiki/Apostrophe" title="Apostrophe">apostrophe</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(phonetics)" title="Palatalization (phonetics)">palatalization</a> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">pʲ</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">sʲ</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">tʲ</span> <i>etc.</i> </td> <td>traditional <a href="/wiki/Russian_phonology" title="Russian phonology">Russian phonology</a> transcription </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">*</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Asterisk" title="Asterisk">asterisk</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Syntactic_gemination" title="Syntactic gemination">syntactic gemination</a> </td> <td>(none) </td> <td>used in some Italian dictionaries </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">˹</span> </td> <td>open corner </td> <td>release/burst </td> <td>(none) </td> <td>IPA number 490 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">d<span class="wrap"> </span>d͡ɮ<span class="wrap"> </span>d͡z<span class="wrap"> </span>l<span class="wrap"> </span>ɫ<span class="wrap"> </span>ɬ<span class="wrap"> </span>ɮ<span class="wrap"> </span>n<span class="wrap"> </span>r<span class="wrap"> </span>ɹ<span class="wrap"> </span>ɾ<span class="wrap"> </span>s<span class="wrap"> </span>t<span class="wrap"> </span>t͡ɬ<span class="wrap"> </span>s<span class="wrap"> </span>z</span> </td> <td>without diacritics </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dental_consonant" title="Dental consonant">dental consonants</a> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">d̪<span class="wrap"> </span>d̪͡ɮ̪<span class="wrap"> </span>d̪͡z̪<span class="wrap"> </span>l̪<span class="wrap"> </span>ɫ̪<span class="wrap"> </span>ɬ̪<span class="wrap"> </span>ɮ̪<span class="wrap"> </span>n̪<span class="wrap"> </span>r̪<span class="wrap"> </span>ð̞<span class="wrap"> </span>ɾ̪<span class="wrap"> </span>s̪<span class="wrap"> </span>t̪<span class="wrap"> </span>t̪͡ɬ̪<span class="wrap"> </span>t̪͡s̪<span class="wrap"> </span>z̪</span> </td> <td>broad transcriptions; in some English dialects, /<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ð̞</span>/ often described as ⟨<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced dental approximant">ɹ̪</a></span>⟩ for /<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">r</span>⁓<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɹ</span>/ </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">β<span class="wrap"> </span>ð<span class="wrap"> </span>ʝ<span class="wrap"> </span>ɣ<span class="wrap"> </span>ʁ<span class="wrap"> </span>ʕ</span> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">e<span class="wrap"> </span>ø<span class="wrap"> </span>ɘ<span class="wrap"> </span>ɵ<span class="wrap"> </span>ɤ<span class="wrap"> </span>o</span> </td> <td>without diacritics </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Approximant" title="Approximant">approximant consonants</a> or <a href="/wiki/Mid_vowel" title="Mid vowel">mid vowels</a> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">β̞<span class="wrap"> </span>ð̞<span class="wrap"> </span>j<span class="wrap"> </span>ɰ<span class="wrap"> </span>ʁ̞<span class="wrap"> </span>ʕ̞</span> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">e̞<span class="wrap"> </span>ø̞<span class="wrap"> </span>ə<span class="wrap"> </span>ɵ̞<span class="wrap"> </span>ɤ̞<span class="wrap"> </span>o̞</span> </td> <td>broad transcriptions; in Spanish, /<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">j</span>/ and /<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɰ</span>/ often described as ⟨<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">ʝ̞</a></span>⟩ and ⟨<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_approximant" title="Voiced velar approximant">ɣ̞</a></span>⟩ </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɛ<span class="wrap"> </span>œ<span class="wrap"> </span>ɜ<span class="wrap"> </span>ɞ<span class="wrap"> </span>ʌ<span class="wrap"> </span>ɔ</span> </td> <td>without diacritics </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mid_vowel" title="Mid vowel">mid vowels</a> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">e̞<span class="wrap"> </span>ø̞<span class="wrap"> </span>ə<span class="wrap"> </span>ɵ̞<span class="wrap"> </span>ɤ̞<span class="wrap"> </span>o̞</span> </td> <td>broad transcriptions; for example in some languages, /<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">e̞</span>/ and /<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">o̞</span>/ maybe described as ⟨<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Mid front unrounded vowel">ɛ̝</a></span>⟩ and ⟨<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Mid back rounded vowel">ɔ̝</a></span>⟩, also /<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ə</span>/ maybe described as ⟨<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Mid_central_unrounded_vowel" class="mw-redirect" title="Mid central unrounded vowel">ɘ̞</a></span>⟩ or ⟨<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Mid_central_unrounded_vowel" class="mw-redirect" title="Mid central unrounded vowel">ɜ̝</a></span>⟩ </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɪ<span class="wrap"> </span>ʊ<span class="wrap"> </span>a<span class="wrap"> </span>ɒ</span> </td> <td>without diacritics </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Central_vowel" title="Central vowel">central vowels</a> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɪ̈<span class="wrap"> </span>ʊ̈<span class="wrap"> </span>ä<span class="wrap"> </span>ɒ̈</span> </td> <td>broad transcriptions; in some English dialects, /<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ä</span>/ often described as ⟨<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open_central_unrounded_vowel" title="Open central unrounded vowel">ɑ̈</a></span>⟩ in English for /<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɑ</span>/ </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">c</span> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ȼ</span> </td> <td>c or <a href="/wiki/%C8%BB" title="Ȼ">stroked c</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolar affricate">voiceless alveolar affricate</a> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolar affricate">t͡s</a></span> </td> <td>Americanist notation </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ʒ</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ezh" title="Ezh">ezh</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiced alveolar affricate">voiced alveolar affricate</a> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiced alveolar affricate">d͡z</a></span> </td> <td>Americanist notation </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">y</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Y" title="Y">y</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">voiced palatal approximant</a> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a></span> </td> <td>Americanist notation </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ä</span> </td> <td>a with <a href="/wiki/Diaeresis_(diacritic)" title="Diaeresis (diacritic)">diaeresis</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">open front unrounded vowel</a> or <a href="/wiki/Near-open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-open front unrounded vowel">near-open front unrounded vowel</a> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">a</a></span> or <span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Near-open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-open front unrounded vowel">æ</a></span> </td> <td>Uralicist notation </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ö</span> </td> <td>o with <a href="/wiki/Diaeresis_(diacritic)" title="Diaeresis (diacritic)">diaeresis</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mid_front_rounded_vowel" title="Mid front rounded vowel">mid front rounded vowel</a> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Mid_front_rounded_vowel" title="Mid front rounded vowel">ø̞</a></span> </td> <td>Americanist and Uralicist notation </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ü</span> </td> <td>u with <a href="/wiki/Diaeresis_(diacritic)" title="Diaeresis (diacritic)">diaeresis</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Close_front_rounded_vowel" title="Close front rounded vowel">close front rounded vowel</a> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_front_rounded_vowel" title="Close front rounded vowel">y</a></span> </td> <td>Americanist and Uralicist notation </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">k’</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">t’</span> <i>etc.</i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Right_single_quotation_mark" title="Right single quotation mark">right single quotation mark</a> </td> <td>Korean fortis </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">k͈</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">t͈</span> <i>etc.</i> </td> <td>used by some <a href="/wiki/Korean_phonology" title="Korean phonology">Koreanists</a> for <a href="/wiki/Fortis_and_lenis" title="Fortis and lenis">fortis</a> sounds; equivalent to <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">⟨k*⟩</span>, etc. above. </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">◌⸋</span> </td> <td>box </td> <td>unreleased </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">◌̚</span> </td> <td>used where IPA <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">◌̚</span> would get confused with the corners used to indicate change of pitch in the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_pitch_accent" title="Japanese pitch accent">Japanese pitch accent</a> system </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">◌ʱ</span> </td> <td> </td> <td>breathy/ voiced aspiration </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">◌̤</span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">◌ˀ</span> </td> <td> </td> <td>creaky voice/ glottalization </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">◌̰</span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">◌̴</span> </td> <td> </td> <td>velarization </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">◌ˠ</span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ˉ◌,<span class="wrap"> </span>˗◌,<span class="wrap"> </span>ˍ◌</span> </td> <td> </td> <td>high, mid and low-level tone or intonation </td> <td> </td> <td>removed </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">˭◌,<span class="wrap"> </span>₌◌</span> </td> <td> </td> <td>extra-high and extra-low level tone or intonation </td> <td> </td> <td>removed </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ˋ◌,<span class="wrap"> </span>˴◌,<span class="wrap"> </span>ˎ◌</span> </td> <td> </td> <td>falling or high falling, mid falling and low-falling tone or intonation </td> <td> </td> <td>removed </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ˊ◌,<span class="wrap"> </span>[NA],<span class="wrap"> </span>ˏ◌</span> </td> <td> </td> <td>(high) rising and low rising tone or intonation </td> <td> </td> <td>removed </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ˇ◌,<span class="wrap"> </span>ˬ◌</span> </td> <td> </td> <td>(high) dipping and low dipping (falling-rising) tone or intonation </td> <td> </td> <td>removed </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ˆ◌,<span class="wrap"> </span>ꞈ◌</span> </td> <td> </td> <td>peaking (rising-falling) tone or intonation </td> <td> </td> <td>removed </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">˜◌,<span class="wrap"> </span>̰◌</span> </td> <td> </td> <td>"wavy" tone or intonation </td> <td> </td> <td>removed </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">˙◌,<span class="wrap"> </span>·◌,<span class="wrap"> </span>.◌</span> </td> <td> </td> <td>atonic syllable with high, mid, and low pitch; respectively </td> <td> </td> <td>removed </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">◌́,<span class="wrap"> </span>◌̂,<span class="wrap"> </span>◌̀,<span class="wrap"> </span>◌̆</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Acute_accent" title="Acute accent">Acute accent</a>, <a href="/wiki/Circumflex" title="Circumflex">circumflex</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grave_accent" title="Grave accent">grave accent</a>, <a href="/wiki/Breve" title="Breve">breve</a> </td> <td>stress symbols: <p>primary stress, weakened primary stress, secondary stress, and no stress; respectively </p> </td> <td>ˈˈ◌, ˈ◌, ˌ◌, ◌ </td> <td>some English phoneticians and phonologists use acute and grave accents as primary and secondary stress symbols. Some linguists<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> use the circumflex as weakened primary stress in compound words and the breve as no stress. these symbols are also written on the English spellings not just other IPA symbols. </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">◌̩,<span class="wrap"> </span>◌̍</span> </td> <td>Vertical line below or above </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mora_(linguistics)" title="Mora (linguistics)">moraic</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>used by Japanologists. In the standard IPA, these symbols represents <a href="/wiki/Syllabic_consonants" class="mw-redirect" title="Syllabic consonants">syllabic sounds</a>, but Japanologists use them for phonetic variants (except for nasal vowels) of the <a href="/wiki/N_(kana)" title="N (kana)">moraic N</a> ([<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">n̩,<span class="wrap"> </span>ɴ̩,<span class="wrap"> </span>ŋ̍<span class="wrap"> </span>(or<span class="wrap"> </span>ŋ̩),<span class="wrap"> </span>m̩</span>]). </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">◌̄,<span class="wrap"> </span>◌́,<span class="wrap"> </span>◌̌,<span class="wrap"> </span>◌̀</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Macron_(diacritic)" title="Macron (diacritic)">Macron</a>, <a href="/wiki/Acute_accent" title="Acute accent">acute accent</a>, <a href="/wiki/Caron" title="Caron">caron</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grave_accent" title="Grave accent">grave accent</a> </td> <td>Chinese tones </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">◌́,<span class="wrap"> </span>◌̌,<span class="wrap"> </span>◌̀,<span class="wrap"> </span>◌̂</span> or similar, depending on dialect and analysis, or <a href="/wiki/Chao_tone_letter" class="mw-redirect" title="Chao tone letter">Chao tone letters</a> </td> <td>used by Sinologists with the values the symbols have in <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a>. the standard IPA values of these diacritics are: mid, high, rising, and low tone. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Obsolete_and_nonstandard_symbols_in_the_International_Phonetic_Alphabet&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_IPA" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the IPA">History of the IPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Americanist_phonetic_notation" title="Americanist phonetic notation">Americanist phonetic notation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uralic_Phonetic_Alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Uralic Phonetic Alphabet">Uralic Phonetic Alphabet</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Footnotes_or_references">Footnotes or references</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Obsolete_and_nonstandard_symbols_in_the_International_Phonetic_Alphabet&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Footnotes or references"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFLadefogedMaddieson1996" class="citation book cs1">Ladefoged, Peter; Maddieson, Ian (1996). <i>Sounds of the World's Languages</i>. Oxford: Blackwell. pp. 313–314.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sounds+of+the+World%27s+Languages&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=313-314&rft.pub=Blackwell&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Ladefoged&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft.au=Maddieson%2C+Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AObsolete+and+nonstandard+symbols+in+the+International+Phonetic+Alphabet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-principles-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-principles_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-principles_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-principles_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-principles_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-principles_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-principles_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">1949 <i>Principles of the IPA</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Henton1988-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Henton1988_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Henton1988_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Henton1988_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Henton1988_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Henton1988_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Henton1988_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Henton1988_3-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Henton, C. G. (1988). 5. Individual symbols and diacritics. Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 18(02), 85. doi:10.1017/s0025100300003686</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-principles1912-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-principles1912_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">1912 <i>Principles of the IPA</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.phon.ucl.ac.uk/home/wells/blog0802b.htm">An impossible sound</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-extipa-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-extipa_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-extipa_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.internationalphoneticassociation.org/sites/default/files/extIPA_2016.pdf">"extIPA Symbols for Disordered Speech (Revised to 2015)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 February</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=extIPA+Symbols+for+Disordered+Speech+%28Revised+to+2015%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.internationalphoneticassociation.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2FextIPA_2016.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AObsolete+and+nonstandard+symbols+in+the+International+Phonetic+Alphabet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> (From an email.) Well, I think the answer is yes. Please note that it does not say that the symbol is mistake or not used at all. It is rarely used, and maybe one of the reasons could be that the epiglottal trill occurs (as far as I am aware at least) most often as a allophonic variant of sounds under certain phonotactic conditions. This is also part of the reason why it has not been given a separate symbol in the main IPA chart. But I can bring that issue up during the next major IPA table revision meeting in 2029. I guess you ask because you deal with a language in which the sound is relatively frequent? Best wishes, Oliver Niebuhr (IPA Secretary)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ApicalVowel2-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ApicalVowel2_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ApicalVowel2_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLee-Kim2014" class="citation journal cs1">Lee-Kim, Sang-Im (December 2014). "Revisiting Mandarin 'apical vowels': An articulatory and acoustic study". <i>Journal of the International Phonetic Association</i>. <b>44</b> (3): 261–282. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100314000267">10.1017/S0025100314000267</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:16432272">16432272</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+International+Phonetic+Association&rft.atitle=Revisiting+Mandarin+%27apical+vowels%27%3A+An+articulatory+and+acoustic+study&rft.volume=44&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=261-282&rft.date=2014-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0025100314000267&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A16432272%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Lee-Kim&rft.aufirst=Sang-Im&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AObsolete+and+nonstandard+symbols+in+the+International+Phonetic+Alphabet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ApicalVowel1-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ApicalVowel1_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeeZee2003" class="citation journal cs1">Lee, Wai-Sum; Zee, Eric (June 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100303001208">"Standard Chinese (Beijing)"</a>. <i>Journal of the International Phonetic Association</i>. <b>33</b> (1): 109–112. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100303001208">10.1017/S0025100303001208</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+International+Phonetic+Association&rft.atitle=Standard+Chinese+%28Beijing%29&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=109-112&rft.date=2003-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0025100303001208&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=Wai-Sum&rft.au=Zee%2C+Eric&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1017%252FS0025100303001208&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AObsolete+and+nonstandard+symbols+in+the+International+Phonetic+Alphabet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobertsBoydMerzVydrin2020" class="citation journal cs1">Roberts, David; Boyd, Ginger; Merz, Johannes; Vydrin, Valentin (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/items/40ac318d-3db0-4378-82db-bc0d7395badd">"Quantifying written ambiguities in tone languages: A comparative study of Elip, Mbelime, and Eastern Dan"</a>. <i>Language Documentation & Conservation</i>. <b>14</b>: 108–138. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10125%2F24915">10125/24915</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Language+Documentation+%26+Conservation&rft.atitle=Quantifying+written+ambiguities+in+tone+languages%3A+A+comparative+study+of+Elip%2C+Mbelime%2C+and+Eastern+Dan&rft.volume=14&rft.pages=108-138&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10125%2F24915&rft.aulast=Roberts&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Boyd%2C+Ginger&rft.au=Merz%2C+Johannes&rft.au=Vydrin%2C+Valentin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu%2Fitems%2F40ac318d-3db0-4378-82db-bc0d7395badd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AObsolete+and+nonstandard+symbols+in+the+International+Phonetic+Alphabet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPullumWilliam_A._Ladusaw1996" class="citation book cs1">Pullum, Geoffrey K.; William A. Ladusaw (1996). <a href="/wiki/Phonetic_Symbol_Guide" title="Phonetic Symbol Guide"><i>Phonetic Symbol Guide</i></a> (2nd ed.). University of Chicago Press. p. 180. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-226-68535-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-226-68535-7"><bdi>0-226-68535-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Phonetic+Symbol+Guide&rft.pages=180&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-226-68535-7&rft.aulast=Pullum&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey+K.&rft.au=William+A.+Ladusaw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AObsolete+and+nonstandard+symbols+in+the+International+Phonetic+Alphabet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Trager, George L., and Henry Lee Smith Jr. 1951. <i>An Outline of English Structure</i>. <i>Studies in Linguistics: Occasional Papers 3</i>. Norman, Okla.: Battenburg Press.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235389435">.mw-parser-output .IPA-common-captioned{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:var(--color-base,#202122);padding:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .IPA-common-caption{padding:0.2em;text-align:center;background-color:#f2f2ce;color:var(--color-base,#202122)}.mw-parser-output .IPA-common-table{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .IPA-common-table .wraplinks .selflink{white-space:normal}.mw-parser-output .IPA-common-constable th{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .IPA-common-constable th:not(.IPA-pulmonic-mannerarrow)[scope="col"]{text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0;padding-right:0;max-width:4em}.mw-parser-output .IPA-common-constable th:not(.IPA-pulmonic-placearrow)[scope="row"]{text-align:left;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .IPA-common-constable 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<span class="nobold">(<a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet_chart" title="International Phonetic Alphabet chart">chart</a>)</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="IPA_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">IPA topics</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">IPA</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Association" title="International Phonetic Association">International Phonetic Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="History of the International Phonetic Alphabet">History of the alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extensions_to_the_International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="Extensions to the International Phonetic Alphabet">Extensions for disordered speech (extIPA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voice_Quality_Symbols" title="Voice Quality Symbols">Voice Quality Symbols (VoQS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_the_International_Phonetic_Association" title="Journal of the International Phonetic Association"><i>Journal of the IPA</i> (<i>JIPA</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Special topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cursive_forms_of_the_International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="Cursive forms of the International Phonetic Alphabet">Cursive forms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Case_variants_of_IPA_letters" title="Case variants of IPA letters">Case variants</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Obsolete and nonstandard symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naming_conventions_of_the_International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="Naming conventions of the International Phonetic Alphabet">Naming conventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinological_extensions_to_the_International_Phonetic_Alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinological extensions to the International Phonetic Alphabet">Sinological extensions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Orthography" title="World Orthography">World Orthography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet_chart_for_English_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="International Phonetic Alphabet chart for English dialects">IPA chart for English dialects</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Encodings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_ASCII_encodings_of_the_International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="Comparison of ASCII encodings of the International Phonetic Alphabet">ASCII encodings</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SAMPA" title="SAMPA">SAMPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X-SAMPA" title="X-SAMPA">X-SAMPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirshenbaum" title="Kirshenbaum">Kirshenbaum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TIPA_(software)" title="TIPA (software)">TIPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phonetic_symbols_in_Unicode" title="Phonetic symbols in Unicode">Phonetic symbols in Unicode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPA_number" title="IPA number">IPA number</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPA_Braille" title="IPA Braille">IPA Braille</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Consonants" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Consonant" title="Consonant">Consonants</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b><a href="/wiki/Pulmonic_consonant" title="Pulmonic consonant">Pulmonic consonants</a></b> <table role="presentation" class="" style="margin: auto;"> <tbody><tr> <td> <table class="wikitable nowrap IPA-common-table IPA-common-constable IPA-pulmonic-main" style=""> <tbody><tr> <th scope="row" class="IPA-pulmonic-placearrow"><a href="/wiki/Place_of_articulation" title="Place of articulation">Place</a> → </th> <th scope="col" colspan="5"><a href="/wiki/Labial_consonant" title="Labial consonant">Labial</a> </th> <th scope="col" colspan="10"><a href="/wiki/Coronal_consonant" title="Coronal consonant">Coronal</a> </th> <th scope="col" colspan="5"><a href="/wiki/Dorsal_consonant" title="Dorsal consonant">Dorsal</a> </th> <th scope="col" colspan="6"><a href="/wiki/Laryngeal_consonant" title="Laryngeal consonant">Laryngeal</a> </th></tr> <tr class="wrap wraplinks"> <th scope="col" class="IPA-pulmonic-mannerarrow"><a href="/wiki/Manner_of_articulation" title="Manner of articulation">Manner</a> ↓ </th> <th scope="col" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Bilabial_consonant" title="Bilabial consonant">Bilabial</a> </th> <th scope="col" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Labiodental_consonant" title="Labiodental consonant">Labiodental</a> </th> <th scope="col" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Linguolabial_consonant" title="Linguolabial consonant">Linguolabial</a> </th> <th scope="col" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Dental_consonant" title="Dental consonant">Dental</a> </th> <th scope="col" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant">Alveolar</a> </th> <th scope="col" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Postalveolar_consonant" title="Postalveolar consonant">Postalveolar</a> </th> <th scope="col" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Retroflex_consonant" title="Retroflex consonant">Retroflex</a> </th> <th scope="col" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Palatal_consonant" title="Palatal consonant">Palatal</a> </th> <th scope="col" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">Velar</a> </th> <th scope="col" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Uvular_consonant" title="Uvular consonant">Uvular</a> </th> <th scope="col" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Pharyngeal_consonant" title="Pharyngeal consonant">Pharyngeal/epiglottal</a> </th> <th scope="col" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Glottal_consonant" title="Glottal consonant">Glottal</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_stop" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasal stop">Nasal</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiceless bilabial nasal">m̥</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_nasal" title="Voiceless labiodental nasal">ɱ̊</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_nasal" title="Voiced labiodental nasal">ɱ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_linguolabial_nasal" title="Voiced linguolabial nasal">n̼</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_nasal" title="Voiceless alveolar nasal">n̥</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_nasal" title="Voiceless retroflex nasal">ɳ̊</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_nasal" title="Voiced retroflex nasal">ɳ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_palatal_nasal" title="Voiceless palatal nasal">ɲ̊</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_nasal" title="Voiced palatal nasal">ɲ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_nasal" title="Voiceless velar nasal">ŋ̊</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_nasal" title="Voiced velar nasal">ŋ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_nasal" title="Voiceless uvular nasal">ɴ̥</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_uvular_nasal" title="Voiced uvular nasal">ɴ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Plosive" title="Plosive">Plosive</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiced bilabial plosive">b</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_plosive" title="Voiceless labiodental plosive">p̪</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_plosive" title="Voiced labiodental plosive">b̪</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_linguolabial_plosive" title="Voiceless linguolabial plosive">t̼</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_linguolabial_plosive" title="Voiced linguolabial plosive">d̼</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar plosive">t</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar plosive">d</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_plosive" title="Voiceless retroflex plosive">ʈ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_plosive" title="Voiced retroflex plosive">ɖ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_palatal_plosive" title="Voiceless palatal plosive">c</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_plosive" title="Voiced palatal plosive">ɟ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">ɡ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_plosive" title="Voiceless uvular plosive">q</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_uvular_plosive" title="Voiced uvular plosive">ɢ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Epiglottal_plosive" title="Epiglottal plosive">ʡ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">ʔ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Sibilant" title="Sibilant">Sibilant</a> <a href="/wiki/Affricate" title="Affricate">affricate</a> </th> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolar affricate">ts</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-rightborder"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiced alveolar affricate">dz</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-leftborder"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless postalveolar affricate">t̠ʃ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiced postalveolar affricate">d̠ʒ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_affricate" title="Voiceless retroflex affricate">tʂ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_affricate" title="Voiced retroflex affricate">dʐ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolo-palatal_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate">tɕ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolo-palatal_affricate" title="Voiced alveolo-palatal affricate">dʑ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Non-sibilant affricate </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_affricate" title="Voiceless bilabial affricate">pɸ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_affricate" title="Voiced bilabial affricate">bβ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_affricate" title="Voiceless labiodental affricate">p̪f</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_affricate" title="Voiced labiodental affricate">b̪v</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_dental_non-sibilant_affricate" title="Voiceless dental non-sibilant affricate">t̪θ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-rightborder"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_non-sibilant_affricate" title="Voiced dental non-sibilant affricate">d̪ð</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-leftborder"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_non-sibilant_affricate" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar non-sibilant affricate">tɹ̝̊</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-rightborder"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_non-sibilant_affricate" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar non-sibilant affricate">dɹ̝</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-leftborder"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_non-sibilant_affricate" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless postalveolar non-sibilant affricate">t̠ɹ̠̊˔</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_non-sibilant_affricate" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced postalveolar non-sibilant affricate">d̠ɹ̠˔</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_palatal_affricate" title="Voiceless palatal affricate">cç</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_affricate" title="Voiced palatal affricate">ɟʝ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_affricate" title="Voiceless velar affricate">kx</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_affricate" title="Voiced velar affricate">ɡɣ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_affricate" title="Voiceless uvular affricate">qχ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_uvular_affricate" title="Voiced uvular affricate">ɢʁ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_epiglottal_affricate" title="Voiceless epiglottal affricate">ʡʜ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_epiglottal_affricate" title="Voiced epiglottal affricate">ʡʢ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_affricate" title="Voiceless glottal affricate">ʔh</a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Sibilant <a href="/wiki/Fricative" title="Fricative">fricative</a> </th> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-rightborder"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiced alveolar fricative">z</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-leftborder"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">ʃ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiced postalveolar fricative">ʒ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_fricative" title="Voiceless retroflex fricative">ʂ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_fricative" title="Voiced retroflex fricative">ʐ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolo-palatal_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolo-palatal fricative">ɕ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolo-palatal_fricative" title="Voiced alveolo-palatal fricative">ʑ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Non-sibilant fricative </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_fricative" title="Voiceless bilabial fricative">ɸ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-nobottomborder"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_fricative" title="Voiced bilabial fricative">β</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiceless labiodental fricative">f</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiced labiodental fricative">v</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_linguolabial_fricative" title="Voiceless linguolabial fricative">θ̼</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-nobottomborder"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_linguolabial_fricative" title="Voiced linguolabial fricative">ð̼</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_dental_fricative" title="Voiceless dental fricative">θ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-rightborder IPA-common-nobottomborder"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_fricative" title="Voiced dental fricative">ð</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-leftborder"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_non-sibilant_fricative" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar non-sibilant fricative">θ̠</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-rightborder"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_non-sibilant_fricative" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar non-sibilant fricative">ð̠</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-leftborder"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_non-sibilant_fricative" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless postalveolar non-sibilant fricative">ɹ̠̊˔</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_non-sibilant_fricative" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced postalveolar non-sibilant fricative">ɹ̠˔</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_non-sibilant_fricative" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless retroflex non-sibilant fricative">ɻ̊˔</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_non-sibilant_fricative" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced retroflex non-sibilant fricative">ɻ˔</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_palatal_fricative" title="Voiceless palatal fricative">ç</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_fricative" title="Voiced palatal fricative">ʝ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_fricative" title="Voiceless velar fricative">x</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_fricative" title="Voiced velar fricative">ɣ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_fricative" title="Voiceless uvular fricative">χ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-nobottomborder"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_uvular_fricative" title="Voiced uvular fricative">ʁ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-nobottomborder"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_pharyngeal_fricative" title="Voiceless pharyngeal fricative">ħ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-nobottomborder"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_pharyngeal_fricative" title="Voiced pharyngeal fricative">ʕ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-nobottomborder"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_fricative" title="Voiceless glottal fricative">h</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-nobottomborder"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_glottal_fricative" title="Voiced glottal fricative">ɦ</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Approximant" title="Approximant">Approximant</a> </th> <td> </td> <td class="IPA-common-notopborder"> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_approximant" title="Voiced labiodental approximant">ʋ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td class="IPA-common-notopborder"> </td> <td> </td> <td class="IPA-common-notopborder"> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar approximant">ɹ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_approximant" title="Voiced retroflex approximant">ɻ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_approximant" title="Voiced velar approximant">ɰ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td class="IPA-common-notopborder"> </td> <td> </td> <td class="IPA-common-notopborder"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-notopborder"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-notopborder"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Creaky-voiced_glottal_approximant" title="Creaky-voiced glottal approximant">ʔ̞</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Tap_and_flap_consonants" title="Tap and flap consonants">Tap/flap</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_flap" title="Voiced bilabial flap">ⱱ̟</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_flap" title="Voiced labiodental flap">ⱱ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_linguolabial_tap" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced linguolabial tap">ɾ̼</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_tap" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar tap">ɾ̥</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_and_alveolar_taps_and_flaps" title="Voiced dental and alveolar taps and flaps">ɾ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_flap" title="Voiceless retroflex flap">ɽ̊</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_flap" title="Voiced retroflex flap">ɽ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_uvular_tap_and_flap" title="Voiced uvular tap and flap">ɢ̆</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_epiglottal_tap" title="Voiced epiglottal tap">ʡ̆</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Trill_consonant" title="Trill consonant">Trill</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_trill" title="Voiceless bilabial trill">ʙ̥</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_trill" title="Voiced bilabial trill">ʙ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_trill" title="Voiceless alveolar trill">r̥</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar trill">r</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_trill" title="Voiceless retroflex trill">ɽ̊r̥</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_trill" title="Voiced retroflex trill">ɽr</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_trill" title="Voiceless uvular trill">ʀ̥</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_uvular_trill" title="Voiced uvular trill">ʀ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_epiglottal_trill" title="Voiceless epiglottal trill">ʜ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_epiglottal_trill" title="Voiced epiglottal trill">ʢ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Lateral_consonant" title="Lateral consonant">Lateral</a> affricate </th> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_lateral_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolar lateral affricate">tɬ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_affricate" title="Voiced alveolar lateral affricate">dɮ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_lateral_affricate" title="Voiceless retroflex lateral affricate">tꞎ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_lateral_affricate" title="Voiced retroflex lateral affricate">d𝼅</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_palatal_lateral_affricate" title="Voiceless palatal lateral affricate">c𝼆</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_lateral_affricate" title="Voiced palatal lateral affricate">ɟʎ̝</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_lateral_affricate" title="Voiceless velar lateral affricate">k𝼄</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_lateral_affricate" title="Voiced velar lateral affricate">ɡʟ̝</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Lateral fricative </th> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_lateral_fricative" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar lateral fricative">ɬ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_fricative" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral fricative">ɮ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_lateral_fricative" title="Voiceless retroflex lateral fricative">ꞎ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_lateral_fricative" title="Voiced retroflex lateral fricative">𝼅</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_palatal_lateral_fricative" title="Voiceless palatal lateral fricative">𝼆</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_lateral_fricative" title="Voiced palatal lateral fricative">ʎ̝</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_lateral_fricative" title="Voiceless velar lateral fricative">𝼄</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_lateral_fricative" title="Voiced velar lateral fricative">ʟ̝</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Lateral approximant </th> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_lateral_approximant" title="Voiced retroflex lateral approximant">ɭ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_lateral_approximant" title="Voiced palatal lateral approximant">ʎ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_lateral_approximant" title="Voiced velar lateral approximant">ʟ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_uvular_lateral_approximant" title="Voiced uvular lateral approximant">ʟ̠</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Lateral tap/flap </th> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_lateral_flap" title="Voiceless alveolar lateral flap">ɺ̥</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_flap" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral flap">ɺ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_lateral_flap" title="Voiceless retroflex lateral flap">𝼈̥</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_lateral_flap" title="Voiced retroflex lateral flap">𝼈</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_lateral_flap" title="Voiced palatal lateral flap">ʎ̆</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_lateral_tap" title="Voiced velar lateral tap">ʟ̆</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="IPA-common-notes"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">IPA help</a></li> <li><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/IPA_consonant_chart_with_audio" title="IPA consonant chart with audio"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/11px-Loudspeaker.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/17px-Loudspeaker.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/22px-Loudspeaker.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/IPA_consonant_chart_with_audio" title="IPA consonant chart with audio">audio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet_chart" title="International Phonetic Alphabet chart">full chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:IPA_pulmonic_consonants" title="Template:IPA pulmonic consonants">template</a></li></ul> </div> <p>Symbols to the right in a cell are <a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">voiced</a>, to the left are <a href="/wiki/Voicelessness" title="Voicelessness">voiceless</a>. <span style="display: inline-block;">Shaded areas denote articulations judged impossible.</span> </p> </td></tr></tbody></table><div class="nowrap"><div style="display: inline-block; margin-right: 2em;"><b>Non-pulmonic consonants</b> <table role="presentation" class="" style=""> <tbody><tr> <td> <table class="wikitable nowrap IPA-common-table IPA-common-constable" style=""> <tbody><tr class="wrap wraplinks"> <th colspan="2"> </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Bilabial_consonant" title="Bilabial consonant"><abbr title="Bilabial">BL</abbr></a> </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Labiodental_consonant" title="Labiodental consonant"><abbr title="Labiodental">LD</abbr></a> </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Dental_consonant" title="Dental consonant"><abbr title="Dental">D</abbr></a> </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant"><abbr title="Alveolar">A</abbr></a> </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Postalveolar_consonant" title="Postalveolar consonant"><abbr title="Postalveolar">PA</abbr></a> </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Retroflex_consonant" title="Retroflex consonant"><abbr title="Retroflex">RF</abbr></a> </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Palatal_consonant" title="Palatal consonant"><abbr title="Palatal">P</abbr></a> </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant"><abbr title="Velar">V</abbr></a> </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Uvular_consonant" title="Uvular consonant"><abbr title="Uvular">U</abbr></a> </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Pharyngeal_consonant" title="Pharyngeal consonant"><abbr title="Epiglottal">EG</abbr></a> </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" rowspan="5"><a href="/wiki/Ejective_consonant" title="Ejective consonant">Ejective</a> </th> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Plosive" title="Plosive">Stop</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Bilabial_ejective_stop" title="Bilabial ejective stop">pʼ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td class="IPA-common-norightborder"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-noleftborder IPA-common-norightborder"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_ejective_stop" class="mw-redirect" title="Alveolar ejective stop">tʼ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-noleftborder"> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Retroflex_ejective_stop" title="Retroflex ejective stop">ʈʼ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Palatal_ejective_stop" title="Palatal ejective stop">cʼ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Velar_ejective_stop" title="Velar ejective stop">kʼ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Uvular_ejective_stop" title="Uvular ejective stop">qʼ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Epiglottal_ejective" class="mw-redirect" title="Epiglottal ejective">ʡʼ</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Affricate" title="Affricate">Affricate</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Labiodental_ejective_affricate" title="Labiodental ejective affricate">p̪fʼ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Dental_ejective_affricate" title="Dental ejective affricate">t̪θʼ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_ejective_affricate" title="Alveolar ejective affricate">tsʼ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Palato-alveolar_ejective_affricate" title="Palato-alveolar ejective affricate">t̠ʃʼ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Retroflex_ejective_affricate" title="Retroflex ejective affricate">tʂʼ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Alveolo-palatal_ejective_affricate" title="Alveolo-palatal ejective affricate">tɕʼ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Velar_ejective_affricate" title="Velar ejective affricate">kxʼ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Uvular_ejective_affricate" title="Uvular ejective affricate">qχʼ</a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Fricative" title="Fricative">Fricative</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Bilabial_ejective_fricative" title="Bilabial ejective fricative">ɸʼ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Labiodental_ejective_fricative" title="Labiodental ejective fricative">fʼ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Dental_ejective_fricative" title="Dental ejective fricative">θʼ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_ejective_fricative" title="Alveolar ejective fricative">sʼ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Palato-alveolar_ejective_fricative" title="Palato-alveolar ejective fricative">ʃʼ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Retroflex_ejective_fricative" title="Retroflex ejective fricative">ʂʼ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Alveolo-palatal_ejective_fricative" title="Alveolo-palatal ejective fricative">ɕʼ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Velar_ejective_fricative" title="Velar ejective fricative">xʼ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Uvular_ejective_fricative" title="Uvular ejective fricative">χʼ</a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Lateral_consonant" title="Lateral consonant">Lateral</a> affricate </th> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-norightborder"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-noleftborder IPA-common-norightborder"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_lateral_ejective_affricate" title="Alveolar lateral ejective affricate">tɬʼ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-noleftborder"> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Palatal_lateral_ejective_affricate" title="Palatal lateral ejective affricate">c𝼆ʼ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Velar_lateral_ejective_affricate" title="Velar lateral ejective affricate">k𝼄ʼ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Uvular_lateral_ejective_affricate" title="Uvular lateral ejective affricate">q𝼄ʼ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Lateral fricative </th> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-norightborder"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-noleftborder IPA-common-norightborder"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_lateral_ejective_fricative" title="Alveolar lateral ejective fricative">ɬʼ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-noleftborder"> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" rowspan="6"><a href="/wiki/Click_consonant" title="Click consonant">Click</a><br />(top: velar;<br />bottom: uvular) </th> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Tenuis_consonant" title="Tenuis consonant">Tenuis</a> </th> <td class="IPA-common-norightborder"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Tenuis_bilabial_click" title="Tenuis bilabial click">kʘ<br />qʘ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-noleftborder"> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Tenuis_dental_click" title="Tenuis dental click">kǀ<br />qǀ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-norightborder"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Tenuis_alveolar_click" title="Tenuis alveolar click">kǃ<br />qǃ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-noleftborder"> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Tenuis_retroflex_click" title="Tenuis retroflex click">k𝼊<br />q𝼊</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Tenuis_palatal_click" title="Tenuis palatal click">kǂ<br />qǂ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">Voiced</a> </th> <td class="IPA-common-norightborder"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_click" title="Voiced bilabial click">ɡʘ<br />ɢʘ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-noleftborder"> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_click" title="Voiced dental click">ɡǀ<br />ɢǀ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-norightborder"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_click" title="Voiced alveolar click">ɡǃ<br />ɢǃ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-noleftborder"> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_click" title="Voiced retroflex click">ɡ𝼊<br />ɢ𝼊</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_click" title="Voiced palatal click">ɡǂ<br />ɢǂ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_click" title="Nasal click">Nasal</a> </th> <td class="IPA-common-norightborder"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Bilabial_nasal_click" class="mw-redirect" title="Bilabial nasal click">ŋʘ<br />ɴʘ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-noleftborder"> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Dental_nasal_click" class="mw-redirect" title="Dental nasal click">ŋǀ<br />ɴǀ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-norightborder"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_nasal_click" class="mw-redirect" title="Alveolar nasal click">ŋǃ<br />ɴǃ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-noleftborder"> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Retroflex_nasal_click" class="mw-redirect" title="Retroflex nasal click">ŋ𝼊<br />ɴ𝼊</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Palatal_nasal_click" class="mw-redirect" title="Palatal nasal click">ŋǂ<br />ɴǂ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Back-released_click" title="Back-released click">ʞ</a></span><br />  </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Tenuis <a href="/wiki/Lateral_click" title="Lateral click">lateral</a> </th> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-norightborder"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-noleftborder IPA-common-norightborder"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Tenuis_alveolar_lateral_click" class="mw-redirect" title="Tenuis alveolar lateral click">kǁ<br />qǁ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-noleftborder"> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Voiced lateral </th> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-norightborder"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-noleftborder IPA-common-norightborder"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_click" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral click">ɡǁ<br />ɢǁ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-noleftborder"> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Nasal lateral </th> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-norightborder"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-noleftborder IPA-common-norightborder"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_lateral_nasal_click" class="mw-redirect" title="Alveolar lateral nasal click">ŋǁ<br />ɴǁ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-noleftborder"> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Implosive_consonant" title="Implosive consonant">Implosive</a> </th> <th scope="row">Voiced </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_implosive" title="Voiced bilabial implosive">ɓ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td class="IPA-common-norightborder"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-noleftborder IPA-common-norightborder"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_implosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar implosive">ɗ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-noleftborder"> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_implosive" title="Voiced retroflex implosive">ᶑ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_implosive" title="Voiced palatal implosive">ʄ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_implosive" title="Voiced velar implosive">ɠ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_uvular_implosive" title="Voiced uvular implosive">ʛ</a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Voicelessness" title="Voicelessness">Voiceless</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_implosive" title="Voiceless bilabial implosive">ɓ̥</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td class="IPA-common-norightborder"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-noleftborder IPA-common-norightborder"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_implosive" title="Voiceless alveolar implosive">ɗ̥</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-noleftborder"> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_implosive" title="Voiceless retroflex implosive">ᶑ̊</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_palatal_implosive" title="Voiceless palatal implosive">ʄ̊</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_implosive" title="Voiceless velar implosive">ɠ̊</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_implosive" title="Voiceless uvular implosive">ʛ̥</a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="IPA-common-notes"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">IPA help</a></li> <li><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/IPA_consonant_chart_with_audio" title="IPA consonant chart with audio"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/11px-Loudspeaker.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/17px-Loudspeaker.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/22px-Loudspeaker.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/IPA_consonant_chart_with_audio" title="IPA consonant chart with audio">audio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet_chart" title="International Phonetic Alphabet chart">full chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:IPA_non-pulmonic_consonants" title="Template:IPA non-pulmonic consonants">template</a></li></ul> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table></div><div style="display: inline-block;"><b><a href="/wiki/Co-articulated_consonant" title="Co-articulated consonant">Co-articulated consonants</a></b> <table role="presentation" class="" style=""> <tbody><tr> <td> <div class="nowrap IPA-coarticulated-main IPA-coarticulated-nocaption" style=""> <div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-sect"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_consonant" title="Nasal consonant">Nasal</a></div> <div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"></div><div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93alveolar_nasal" title="Voiced labial–alveolar nasal">n͡m</a></span></div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-desc"><a href="/wiki/Labial%E2%80%93coronal_consonant" title="Labial–coronal consonant">Labial–alveolar</a></div> </div> <div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"></div><div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93retroflex_nasal" title="Voiced labial–retroflex nasal">ɳ͡m</a></span></div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-desc"><a href="/wiki/Labial%E2%80%93retroflex_consonant" title="Labial–retroflex consonant">Labial–retroflex</a></div> </div> <div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"></div><div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_nasal" title="Voiced labial–velar nasal">ŋ͡m</a></span></div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-desc"><a href="/wiki/Labial%E2%80%93velar_consonant" title="Labial–velar consonant">Labial–velar</a></div> </div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-sect"><a href="/wiki/Plosive" title="Plosive">Plosive</a></div> <div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labial%E2%80%93alveolar_plosive" title="Voiceless labial–alveolar plosive">t͡p</a></span></div><div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93alveolar_plosive" title="Voiced labial–alveolar plosive">d͡b</a></span></div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-desc">Labial–alveolar</div> </div> <div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labial%E2%80%93retroflex_plosive" title="Voiceless labial–retroflex plosive">ʈ͡p</a></span></div><div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93retroflex_plosive" title="Voiced labial–retroflex plosive">ɖ͡b</a></span></div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-desc">Labial–retroflex</div> </div> <div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labial%E2%80%93velar_plosive" title="Voiceless labial–velar plosive">k͡p</a></span></div><div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_plosive" title="Voiced labial–velar plosive">ɡ͡b</a></span></div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-desc">Labial–velar</div> </div> <div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular%E2%80%93epiglottal_plosive" title="Voiceless uvular–epiglottal plosive">q͡ʡ</a></span></div><div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"></div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-desc"><a href="/wiki/Uvular%E2%80%93epiglottal_consonant" title="Uvular–epiglottal consonant">Uvular–epiglottal</a></div> <div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labial%E2%80%93uvular_plosive" title="Voiceless labial–uvular plosive">q͡p</a></span></div><div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"></div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-desc"><a href="/wiki/Labial%E2%80%93uvular_consonant" title="Labial–uvular consonant">Labial–uvular</a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-sect"><a href="/wiki/Fricative" title="Fricative">Fricative</a>/<a href="/wiki/Approximant" title="Approximant">approximant</a></div> <div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labial%E2%80%93palatal_fricative" title="Voiceless labial–palatal fricative">ɥ̊</a></span></div><div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93palatal_approximant" title="Voiced labial–palatal approximant">ɥ</a></span></div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-desc"><a href="/wiki/Labio-palatalization" title="Labio-palatalization">Labial–palatal</a></div> </div> <div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labial%E2%80%93velar_fricative" title="Voiceless labial–velar fricative">ʍ</a></span></div><div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">w</a></span></div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-desc">Labial–velar</div> </div> <div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Sj-sound" title="Sj-sound">ɧ</a></span></div><div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"></div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-desc"><a href="/wiki/Sj-sound" title="Sj-sound"><i>Sj</i>-sound</a> (variable)</div> </div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-sect"><a href="/wiki/Lateral_consonant" title="Lateral consonant">Lateral</a> approximant</div> <div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"></div><div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Velarized_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Velarized alveolar lateral approximant">ɫ</a></span></div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-desc"><a href="/wiki/Velarization" title="Velarization">Velarized</a> alveolar</div> </div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-sect"><a href="/wiki/Implosive_consonant" title="Implosive consonant">Implosive</a></div> <div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labial%E2%80%93velar_implosive" title="Voiceless labial–velar implosive">ɠ̊͜ɓ̥</a></span></div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_implosive" title="Voiced labial–velar implosive">ɠ͡ɓ</a></span></div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-desc">Labial–velar</div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-sect"><a href="/wiki/Ejective_consonant" title="Ejective consonant">Ejective</a></div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"></div><div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Labial%E2%80%93alveolar_ejective_stop" title="Labial–alveolar ejective stop">t͡pʼ</a></span></div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-desc">Labial–alveolar</div> </div> </div> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="IPA-common-notes"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">IPA help</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet_chart" title="International Phonetic Alphabet chart">full chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:IPA_co-articulated_consonants" title="Template:IPA co-articulated consonants">template</a></li></ul> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table></div></div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Other" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nasal_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Nasal labial–velar approximant">Nasal labial–velar approximant</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[w̃]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasal_palatal_approximant" title="Nasal palatal approximant">Nasal palatal approximant</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[j̃]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bidental_fricative" title="Voiceless bidental fricative">Voiceless bidental fricative</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[h̪͆]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabially_post-trilled_dental_stop" title="Voiceless bilabially post-trilled dental stop">Voiceless bilabially post-trilled dental stop</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[t̪ʙ̥]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_nasal_glottal_approximant" title="Voiceless nasal glottal approximant">Voiceless nasal glottal approximant</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[h̃]</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Vowels" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Vowel" title="Vowel">Vowels</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <table role="presentation" class="" style="margin: auto;"> <tbody><tr> <td> <table class="nowrap IPA-vowels-main IPA-vowels-nocaption IPA-vowels-noaudio" style=""> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Front_vowel" title="Front vowel">Front</a> </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Central_vowel" title="Central vowel">Central</a> </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Back_vowel" title="Back vowel">Back</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Close_vowel" title="Close vowel">Close</a> </th> <td class="IPA-vowels-image-cell"><span class="IPA-vowels-image skin-invert notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Blank_vowel_trapezoid.svg/320px-Blank_vowel_trapezoid.svg.png" decoding="async" width="320" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Blank_vowel_trapezoid.svg/480px-Blank_vowel_trapezoid.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Blank_vowel_trapezoid.svg/640px-Blank_vowel_trapezoid.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></span></span><div class="IPA-vowels-container" style="transform: translate(-22px, -1px);"><div><span><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a></span></span></div> <div class="IPA-vowels-container-dot"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="•" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/5px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/8px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/10px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div><span><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_front_rounded_vowel" title="Close front rounded vowel">y</a></span></span></div></div> </td> <td><div class="IPA-vowels-container" style="transform: translate(-1px, -1px);"><div><span><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_central_unrounded_vowel" title="Close central unrounded vowel">ɨ</a></span></span></div> <div class="IPA-vowels-container-dot"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="•" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/5px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/8px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/10px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div><span><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_central_rounded_vowel" title="Close central rounded vowel">ʉ</a></span></span></div></div> </td> <td><div class="IPA-vowels-container" style="transform: translate(21px, -1px);"><div><span><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Close back unrounded vowel">ɯ</a></span></span></div> <div class="IPA-vowels-container-dot"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="•" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/5px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/8px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/10px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div><span><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">u</a></span></span></div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="IPA-vowels-minorcaption"><a href="/wiki/Near-close_vowel" title="Near-close vowel">Near-close</a> </th> <td><div class="IPA-vowels-container" style="transform: translate(40px, -1px);"><div><span><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-front unrounded vowel">ɪ</a></span></span></div> <div class="IPA-vowels-container-dot"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="•" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/5px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/8px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/10px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div><span><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-front_rounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-front rounded vowel">ʏ</a></span></span></div></div> </td> <td> </td> <td><div class="IPA-vowels-container" style="transform: translate(-15px, -1px);"><div></div> <div class="IPA-vowels-container-dot"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="•" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/5px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/8px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/10px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div><span><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-back_rounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-back rounded vowel">ʊ</a></span></span></div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_vowel" title="Close-mid vowel">Close-mid</a> </th> <td><div class="IPA-vowels-container" style="transform: translate(21px, -1px);"><div><span><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">e</a></span></span></div> <div class="IPA-vowels-container-dot"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="•" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/5px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/8px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/10px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div><span><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front rounded vowel">ø</a></span></span></div></div> </td> <td><div class="IPA-vowels-container" style="transform: translate(21px, -1px);"><div><span><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_central_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid central unrounded vowel">ɘ</a></span></span></div> <div class="IPA-vowels-container-dot"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="•" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/5px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/8px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/10px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div><span><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_central_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid central rounded vowel">ɵ</a></span></span></div></div> </td> <td><div class="IPA-vowels-container" style="transform: translate(21px, -1px);"><div><span><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back unrounded vowel">ɤ</a></span></span></div> <div class="IPA-vowels-container-dot"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="•" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/5px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/8px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/10px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div><span><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">o</a></span></span></div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="IPA-vowels-minorcaption"><a href="/wiki/Mid_vowel" title="Mid vowel">Mid</a> </th> <td><div class="IPA-vowels-container" style="transform: translate(42px, -1px);"><div><span><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Mid front unrounded vowel">e̞</a></span></span></div> <div class="IPA-vowels-container-dot"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="•" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/5px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/8px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/10px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div><span><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Mid_front_rounded_vowel" title="Mid front rounded vowel">ø̞</a></span></span></div></div> </td> <td><div class="IPA-vowels-container" style="transform: translate(32px, -1px);"><div><span><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Mid_central_vowel" title="Mid central vowel">ə</a></span></span></div></div> </td> <td><div class="IPA-vowels-container" style="transform: translate(21px, -1px);"><div><span><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Mid_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Mid back unrounded vowel">ɤ̞</a></span></span></div> <div class="IPA-vowels-container-dot"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="•" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/5px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/8px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/10px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div><span><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Mid back rounded vowel">o̞</a></span></span></div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_vowel" title="Open-mid vowel">Open-mid</a> </th> <td><div class="IPA-vowels-container" style="transform: translate(64px, -1px);"><div><span><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front unrounded vowel">ɛ</a></span></span></div> <div class="IPA-vowels-container-dot"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="•" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/5px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/8px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/10px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div><span><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front rounded vowel">œ</a></span></span></div></div> </td> <td><div class="IPA-vowels-container" style="transform: translate(42px, -1px);"><div><span><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_central_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid central unrounded vowel">ɜ</a></span></span></div> <div class="IPA-vowels-container-dot"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="•" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/5px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/8px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/10px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div><span><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_central_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid central rounded vowel">ɞ</a></span></span></div></div> </td> <td><div class="IPA-vowels-container" style="transform: translate(21px, -1px);"><div><span><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid back unrounded vowel">ʌ</a></span></span></div> <div class="IPA-vowels-container-dot"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="•" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/5px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/8px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/10px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div><span><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid back rounded vowel">ɔ</a></span></span></div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="IPA-vowels-minorcaption"><a href="/wiki/Near-open_vowel" title="Near-open vowel">Near-open</a> </th> <td><div class="IPA-vowels-container" style="transform: translate(85px, -1px);"><div><span><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Near-open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-open front unrounded vowel">æ</a></span></span></div> <div class="IPA-vowels-container-dot"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="•" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/5px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/8px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/10px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div></div></div> </td> <td><div class="IPA-vowels-container" style="transform: translate(53px, -1px);"><div><span><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Near-open_central_vowel" title="Near-open central vowel">ɐ</a></span></span></div></div> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Open_vowel" title="Open vowel">Open</a> </th> <td><div class="IPA-vowels-container" style="transform: translate(106px, -1px);"><div><span><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">a</a></span></span></div> <div class="IPA-vowels-container-dot"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="•" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/5px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/8px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/10px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div><span><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open_front_rounded_vowel" title="Open front rounded vowel">ɶ</a></span></span></div></div> </td> <td><div class="IPA-vowels-container" style="transform: translate(63px, -1px);"><div><span><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open_central_unrounded_vowel" title="Open central unrounded vowel">ä</a></span></span></div> <div class="IPA-vowels-container-dot"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="•" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/5px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/8px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/10px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div></div></div> </td> <td><div class="IPA-vowels-container" style="transform: translate(21px, -1px);"><div><span><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Open back unrounded vowel">ɑ</a></span></span></div> <div class="IPA-vowels-container-dot"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="•" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/5px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/8px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/10px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div><span><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open back rounded vowel">ɒ</a></span></span></div></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="IPA-common-notes"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">IPA help</a></li> <li><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/IPA_vowel_chart_with_audio" title="IPA vowel chart with audio"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/11px-Loudspeaker.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/17px-Loudspeaker.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/22px-Loudspeaker.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/IPA_vowel_chart_with_audio" title="IPA vowel chart with audio">audio</a></li> <li><a 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