CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en-US"> <head > <meta charset="UTF-8" /> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1" /> <meta name='robots' content='index, follow, max-image-preview:large, max-snippet:-1, max-video-preview:-1' /> <style type="text/css"> .slide-excerpt { width: 100%; } .slide-excerpt { top: 0; } .slide-excerpt { left: 0; } .flexslider { max-width: 737px; max-height: 400px; } .slide-image { max-height: 400px; } </style>  <title>Choosing PCB materials to optimize applications, Part 2</title><style id="perfmatters-used-css">html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;}body{margin:0;}main{display:block;}h1{font-size:2em;margin:.67em 0;}a{background-color:transparent;}b,strong{font-weight:bolder;}img{border-style:none;}button,input,optgroup,select,textarea{font-family:inherit;font-size:100%;line-height:1.15;margin:0;}button,input{overflow:visible;}button,select{text-transform:none;}[type=button],[type=reset],[type=submit],button{-webkit-appearance:button;}[type=button]::-moz-focus-inner,[type=reset]::-moz-focus-inner,[type=submit]::-moz-focus-inner,button::-moz-focus-inner{border-style:none;padding:0;}[type=button]:-moz-focusring,[type=reset]:-moz-focusring,[type=submit]:-moz-focusring,button:-moz-focusring{outline:1px dotted ButtonText;}[type=checkbox],[type=radio]{box-sizing:border-box;padding:0;}[type=number]::-webkit-inner-spin-button,[type=number]::-webkit-outer-spin-button{height:auto;}[type=search]{-webkit-appearance:textfield;outline-offset:-2px;}[type=search]::-webkit-search-decoration{-webkit-appearance:none;}::-webkit-file-upload-button{-webkit-appearance:button;font:inherit;}[hidden],template{display:none;}html,input[type="search"]{box-sizing:border-box;}*,*::before,*::after{box-sizing:inherit;}.author-box::before,.clearfix::before,.entry::before,.entry-content::before,.footer-widgets::before,.nav-primary::before,.nav-secondary::before,.pagination::before,.site-container::before,.site-footer::before,.site-header::before,.site-inner::before,.widget::before,.wrap::before{content:" ";display:table;}.author-box::after,.clearfix::after,.entry::after,.entry-content::after,.footer-widgets::after,.nav-primary::after,.nav-secondary::after,.pagination::after,.site-container::after,.site-footer::after,.site-header::after,.site-inner::after,.widget::after,.wrap::after{clear:both;content:" ";display:table;}html{font-size:62.5%;}body > div{font-size:1.6rem;}body{background-color:#f6f5f2;color:#666;font-family:Raleway,sans-serif;font-size:16px;font-size:1.6rem;font-weight:400;line-height:1.625;}a,button,input:focus,input[type="button"],input[type="reset"],input[type="submit"],textarea:focus,.button{transition:all .1s ease-in-out;}::selection{background-color:#000;color:#fff;}a{color:#db0000;text-decoration:none;}a img{margin-bottom:-4px;}a:focus,a:hover{color:#000;}p{margin:0 0 24px;padding:0;}strong{font-weight:700;}ol,ul{margin:0;padding:0;}h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6{color:#000;font-weight:700;line-height:1.2;margin:0 0 16px;}h1{font-size:36px;font-size:3.6rem;}h2{font-size:30px;font-size:3rem;}h3{font-size:24px;font-size:2.4rem;}embed,iframe,img,object,video,.wp-caption{max-width:100%;}img{height:auto;}input,select,textarea{background-color:#fff;border:1px solid #e3e3e3;box-shadow:1px 1px 3px #eee inset;color:#767676;font-size:14px;font-size:1.4rem;padding:16px;width:100%;}input[type="checkbox"],input[type="radio"],input[type="image"]{width:auto;}input:focus,textarea:focus{border:1px solid #999;outline:none;}::-moz-placeholder{color:#767676;opacity:1;}::-webkit-input-placeholder{color:#767676;}button,input[type="button"],input[type="reset"],input[type="submit"],.button,.entry-content .button{background-color:#000;border:none;border-radius:3px;box-shadow:none;color:#fff;cursor:pointer;font-size:14px;font-size:1.4rem;line-height:1;padding:16px;text-transform:uppercase;white-space:normal;width:auto;}button:focus,input:focus[type="button"],input:focus[type="reset"],input:focus[type="submit"],.button:focus,.entry-content .button:focus,button:hover,input:hover[type="button"],input:hover[type="reset"],input:hover[type="submit"],.button:hover,.entry-content .button:hover{background-color:#db0000;color:#fff;}.site-container button:disabled,.site-container button:disabled:hover,.site-container input:disabled,.site-container input:disabled:hover,.site-container input[type="button"]:disabled,.site-container input[type="button"]:disabled:hover,.site-container input[type="reset"]:disabled,.site-container input[type="reset"]:disabled:hover,.site-container input[type="submit"]:disabled,.site-container input[type="submit"]:disabled:hover{background-color:#ddd;border-width:0;color:#565656;cursor:not-allowed;}input[type="search"]::-webkit-search-cancel-button,input[type="search"]::-webkit-search-results-button{display:none;}.screen-reader-shortcut,.screen-reader-text,.screen-reader-text span{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);height:1px;overflow:hidden;position:absolute !important;width:1px;word-wrap:normal !important;}.genesis-nav-menu .search input[type="submit"]:focus,.screen-reader-shortcut:focus,.screen-reader-text:focus,.widget_search input[type="submit"]:focus{clip:auto !important;display:block;font-size:1em;font-weight:700;height:auto;padding:20px 23px;text-decoration:none;width:auto;z-index:100000;}.screen-reader-shortcut:focus,.screen-reader-text:focus{background-color:#fff;}.site-container-wrap{background-color:#fff;border:1px solid #e3e3e3;margin:60px auto;max-width:1140px;}.site-inner{clear:both;}.content{float:right;width:778px;}.content-sidebar .content,.content-sidebar-sidebar .content{border-right:1px solid #e3e3e3;float:left;}.sidebar-primary{float:right;width:359px;}.search-form{overflow:hidden;position:relative;}.genesis-nav-menu .search input[type="submit"],.widget_search input[type="submit"]{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);height:1px;margin:-1px;padding:0;position:absolute;right:0;top:0;width:1px;}a.aligncenter img{display:block;margin:0 auto;}img.centered,.aligncenter{display:block;margin:0 auto 20px;}.alignright{float:right;text-align:right;}a.alignleft,a.alignnone,a.alignright{max-width:100%;}a.alignleft,img.alignleft,.wp-caption.alignleft{margin:0 24px 16px 0;}a.alignright,img.alignright,.wp-caption.alignright{margin:0 0 24px 16px;}.entry-title{font-size:36px;font-size:3.6rem;line-height:1;}.entry-title a,.sidebar .widget-title a{color:#000;}.entry-title a:focus,.entry-title a:hover{color:#db0000;}.widget-title{border-top:3px solid #000;border-bottom:1px solid #e3e3e3;color:#000;font-size:14px;font-size:1.4rem;font-weight:400;margin-bottom:24px;padding:16px;text-align:center;text-transform:uppercase;}.widget{word-wrap:break-word;}.featured-content .entry{margin-bottom:20px;padding:0;}.featured-content .entry-title{font-size:20px;font-size:2rem;line-height:1.2;}.featured-content p{margin-bottom:20px;}.genesis-skip-link{margin:0;}.genesis-skip-link li{height:0;width:0;list-style:none;}:focus{color:#333;outline:#ccc solid 1px;}.site-header{background-color:#fff;border-bottom:3px solid #000;}.site-header .wrap{padding:40px 0;}.title-area{float:left;padding-left:40px;width:300px;}.site-title{font-size:48px;font-size:4.8rem;font-weight:700;line-height:1;margin:0;text-transform:uppercase;}.site-title a,.site-title a:focus,.site-title a:hover{color:#000;}.site-description{color:#767676;font-size:16px;font-size:1.6rem;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:2px;line-height:1;margin:10px 0 0;text-transform:uppercase;}.header-image .site-description,.header-image .site-title a{display:block;text-indent:-9999px;}.header-image .site-title a{background-position:top left !important;background-size:contain !important;float:left;min-height:90px;width:100%;}.widget-area{word-wrap:break-word;}.site-header .widget-area{float:right;padding-right:40px;text-align:right;width:800px;}.site-header .widget-area li{list-style-type:none;}.site-header .search-form{float:right;margin-top:24px;}.genesis-nav-menu{clear:both;color:#000;font-size:12px;font-size:1.2rem;font-weight:700;line-height:1.5;width:100%;}.genesis-nav-menu .menu-item{display:inline-block;text-align:left;margin-right:-4px;}.genesis-nav-menu a{border-right:1px solid #e3e3e3;color:#000;display:block;padding:20px 24px;position:relative;}.genesis-nav-menu a:focus,.genesis-nav-menu a:hover,.genesis-nav-menu .current-menu-item > a{background-color:#000;color:#fff;}.genesis-nav-menu > .menu-item > a{text-transform:uppercase;}.genesis-nav-menu .sub-menu{border-top:1px solid #e3e3e3;left:-9999px;opacity:0;position:absolute;transition:opacity .4s ease-in-out;width:200px;z-index:99;}.genesis-nav-menu .sub-menu a{background-color:#fff;border:1px solid #e3e3e3;border-top:none;padding:12px 24px;position:relative;width:200px;}.genesis-nav-menu .sub-menu a:focus,.genesis-nav-menu .sub-menu a:hover,.genesis-nav-menu .sub-menu .current-menu-item > a{background-color:#000;color:#fff;}.genesis-nav-menu .sub-menu .sub-menu{margin:-44px 0 0 199px;}.genesis-nav-menu .menu-item:hover{position:static;}.genesis-nav-menu .menu-item:hover > .sub-menu{left:auto;opacity:1;}.site-header .genesis-nav-menu a{border:none;}.site-header .genesis-nav-menu .sub-menu a{border:1px solid #e3e3e3;border-top:none;}.nav-primary{border-bottom:1px solid #e3e3e3;}.menu .menu-item:focus{position:static;}.menu .menu-item > a:focus + ul.sub-menu,.menu .menu-item.sfHover > ul.sub-menu{left:auto;opacity:1;}.entry{border-bottom:1px solid #e3e3e3;padding:40px;}.entry-content ol,.entry-content p,.entry-content ul,.quote-caption{margin-bottom:26px;}.entry-content ol,.entry-content ul{margin-left:40px;}.entry-content ul > li{list-style-type:disc;}.entry-content ol ol,.entry-content ul ul{margin-bottom:0;}.entry-content .search-form{margin-bottom:40px;width:50%;}.entry-meta{color:#767676;font-size:12px;font-size:1.2rem;text-transform:uppercase;}.entry-header .entry-meta{margin-bottom:24px;}.entry-footer .entry-meta{border-top:1px dotted #e3e3e3;margin:0 -40px;padding:32px 40px 8px;}.entry-categories,.entry-tags{display:block;}.after-entry ol,.after-entry ul,.news-pro-home .content ol,.news-pro-home .content ul,.sidebar ol,.sidebar ul{margin-bottom:12px;}.after-entry li,.news-pro-home .content li,.sidebar li{border-bottom:1px dotted #e3e3e3;list-style-position:inside;margin-bottom:12px;padding-bottom:12px;word-wrap:break-word;}.after-entry ol li:last-child,.after-entry ul li:last-child,.news-pro-home .content ol li:last-child,.news-pro-home .content ul li:last-child,.sidebar ol li:last-child,.sidebar ul li:last-child{border-bottom-width:0;margin-bottom:0;padding-bottom:0;}.after-entry ul > li,.news-pro-home .content ul > li,.sidebar ul > li{list-style-type:none;}.after-entry ul > li::before,.news-pro-home .content ul > li::before,.sidebar ul > li::before{content:"›";font-size:12px;font-size:1.2rem;margin:0 10px;}.after-entry li ol,.after-entry li ul,.news-pro-home .content li ol,.news-pro-home .content li ul,.sidebar li ol,.sidebar li ul{border-top:1px dotted #e3e3e3;margin-bottom:0;margin-top:12px;padding-left:20px;padding-top:12px;}.sidebar .widget{background-color:#fff;border-bottom:1px solid #e3e3e3;padding:20px;}.footer-widgets{background-color:#000;color:#fff;clear:both;padding:40px 40px 16px;}.footer-widgets-1,.footer-widgets-2,.footer-widgets-3,.footer-widgets-4,.footer-widgets-5,.footer-widgets-6{width:160px;}.footer-widgets-1,.footer-widgets-2,.footer-widgets-3,.footer-widgets-4{margin-right:20px;}.footer-widgets-1,.footer-widgets-2,.footer-widgets-3,.footer-widgets-4,.footer-widgets-5{float:left;}.footer-widgets a{color:#fff;}.footer-widgets a:focus,.footer-widgets a:hover{color:#ddd;-webkit-text-decoration:underline #db0000;text-decoration:underline #db0000;}.footer-widgets .widget{margin-bottom:24px;}.footer-widgets .widget-title{border:none;color:#fff;font-weight:700;padding:0;margin-bottom:16px;text-align:left;}.footer-widgets li{list-style-type:none;margin-bottom:6px;word-wrap:break-word;}.footer-widgets .search-form input:focus{border:1px solid #ddd;}.site-footer{background-color:#000;border-top:1px solid #333;color:#999;font-size:14px;font-size:1.4rem;padding:40px 0;text-align:center;}.site-footer a{color:#aaa;}.site-footer a:focus,.site-footer a:hover{color:#ddd;-webkit-text-decoration:underline #db0000;text-decoration:underline #db0000;}.site-footer p{margin-bottom:0;}@media only screen and (max-width: 1188px){.site-container-wrap{max-width:960px;}.content{width:658px;}.site-header .widget-area{width:620px;}.sidebar-primary{width:300px;}.footer-widgets-1,.footer-widgets-2,.footer-widgets-3,.footer-widgets-4,.footer-widgets-5,.footer-widgets-6{width:130px;}.site-title{margin-top:0;}}@media only screen and (max-width: 1023px){.site-container-wrap{max-width:780px;width:96%;}.content,.content-sidebar-sidebar .content,.content-sidebar-sidebar .content-sidebar-wrap,.sidebar-content-sidebar .content,.sidebar-content-sidebar .content-sidebar-wrap,.sidebar-primary,.sidebar-secondary,.sidebar-sidebar-content .content,.sidebar-sidebar-content .content-sidebar-wrap,.site-header .widget-area,.site-inner,.title-area,.wrap{width:100%;}.entry,.entry-comments,.comment-respond{padding:20px;}.footer-widgets-1,.footer-widgets-2,.footer-widgets-3,.footer-widgets-4,.footer-widgets-5,.footer-widgets-6{margin:0;width:33.3333%;}.site-header .title-area,.site-header .widget-area{padding:0;}.site-header .title-area{padding-bottom:16px;}.header-image .site-title a{background-position:top center !important;}.site-header .wrap{padding:20px 0;}.genesis-nav-menu li,.site-header ul.genesis-nav-menu,.site-header .search-form{float:none;}.genesis-nav-menu,.home-top .featured-content .entry-title,.site-description,.site-header .search-form,.site-header .title-area,.site-header .widget-area,.site-title{text-align:center;}.genesis-nav-menu a,.genesis-nav-menu > .first > a,.genesis-nav-menu > .last > a{border:none;padding:12px;}.site-container-wrap,.site-header .search-form{margin:16px auto;}.content{border:none;}.site-footer{padding:24px;}.content-sidebar .content,.content-sidebar-sidebar .content,.sidebar-sidebar-content .sidebar-primary{border:none;}}@media only screen and (max-width: 600px){.five-sixths,.footer-widgets-1,.footer-widgets-2,.footer-widgets-3,.footer-widgets-4,.footer-widgets-5,.footer-widgets-6,.four-sixths,.home-middle-left,.home-middle-right,.one-fourth,.one-half,.one-sixth,.one-third,.three-fourths,.three-sixths,.two-fourths,.two-sixths,.two-thirds{margin:0;width:100%;}.header-image .site-header .site-title a{background-size:contain !important;}.entry-title{font-size:26px;font-size:2.6rem;}}:where(.wp-block-button__link){border-radius:9999px;box-shadow:none;padding:calc(.667em + 2px) calc(1.333em + 2px);text-decoration:none;}:where(.wp-block-columns){margin-bottom:1.75em;}:where(.wp-block-columns.has-background){padding:1.25em 2.375em;}:where(.wp-block-post-comments input[type=submit]){border:none;}:where(.wp-block-cover-image:not(.has-text-color)),:where(.wp-block-cover:not(.has-text-color)){color:#fff;}:where(.wp-block-cover-image.is-light:not(.has-text-color)),:where(.wp-block-cover.is-light:not(.has-text-color)){color:#000;}.wp-block-embed.alignleft,.wp-block-embed.alignright,.wp-block[data-align=left]>[data-type="core/embed"],.wp-block[data-align=right]>[data-type="core/embed"]{max-width:360px;width:100%;}.wp-block-embed.alignleft .wp-block-embed__wrapper,.wp-block-embed.alignright .wp-block-embed__wrapper,.wp-block[data-align=left]>[data-type="core/embed"] .wp-block-embed__wrapper,.wp-block[data-align=right]>[data-type="core/embed"] .wp-block-embed__wrapper{min-width:280px;}.wp-block-cover .wp-block-embed{min-height:240px;min-width:320px;}.wp-block-embed{overflow-wrap:break-word;}.wp-block-embed figcaption{margin-bottom:1em;margin-top:.5em;}.wp-block-embed iframe{max-width:100%;}.wp-block-embed__wrapper{position:relative;}.wp-embed-responsive .wp-has-aspect-ratio .wp-block-embed__wrapper:before{content:"";display:block;padding-top:50%;}.wp-embed-responsive .wp-has-aspect-ratio iframe{bottom:0;height:100%;left:0;position:absolute;right:0;top:0;width:100%;}.wp-embed-responsive .wp-embed-aspect-21-9 .wp-block-embed__wrapper:before{padding-top:42.85%;}.wp-embed-responsive .wp-embed-aspect-18-9 .wp-block-embed__wrapper:before{padding-top:50%;}.wp-embed-responsive .wp-embed-aspect-16-9 .wp-block-embed__wrapper:before{padding-top:56.25%;}.wp-embed-responsive .wp-embed-aspect-4-3 .wp-block-embed__wrapper:before{padding-top:75%;}.wp-embed-responsive .wp-embed-aspect-1-1 .wp-block-embed__wrapper:before{padding-top:100%;}.wp-embed-responsive .wp-embed-aspect-9-16 .wp-block-embed__wrapper:before{padding-top:177.77%;}.wp-embed-responsive .wp-embed-aspect-1-2 .wp-block-embed__wrapper:before{padding-top:200%;}:where(.wp-block-file){margin-bottom:1.5em;}:where(.wp-block-file__button){border-radius:2em;display:inline-block;padding:.5em 1em;}:where(.wp-block-file__button):is(a):active,:where(.wp-block-file__button):is(a):focus,:where(.wp-block-file__button):is(a):hover,:where(.wp-block-file__button):is(a):visited{box-shadow:none;color:#fff;opacity:.85;text-decoration:none;}@keyframes turn-on-visibility{0%{opacity:0;}to{opacity:1;}}@keyframes turn-off-visibility{0%{opacity:1;visibility:visible;}99%{opacity:0;visibility:visible;}to{opacity:0;visibility:hidden;}}@keyframes lightbox-zoom-in{0%{left:var(--lightbox-initial-left-position);top:var(--lightbox-initial-top-position);transform:scale(var(--lightbox-scale-width),var(--lightbox-scale-height));}to{left:var(--lightbox-target-left-position);top:var(--lightbox-target-top-position);transform:scale(1);}}@keyframes lightbox-zoom-out{0%{left:var(--lightbox-target-left-position);top:var(--lightbox-target-top-position);transform:scale(1);visibility:visible;}99%{visibility:visible;}to{left:var(--lightbox-initial-left-position);top:var(--lightbox-initial-top-position);transform:scale(var(--lightbox-scale-width),var(--lightbox-scale-height));}}:where(.wp-block-latest-comments:not([style*=line-height] .wp-block-latest-comments__comment)){line-height:1.1;}:where(.wp-block-latest-comments:not([style*=line-height] .wp-block-latest-comments__comment-excerpt p)){line-height:1.8;}ol,ul{box-sizing:border-box;}:where(.wp-block-navigation.has-background .wp-block-navigation-item a:not(.wp-element-button)),:where(.wp-block-navigation.has-background .wp-block-navigation-submenu a:not(.wp-element-button)){padding:.5em 1em;}:where(.wp-block-navigation .wp-block-navigation__submenu-container .wp-block-navigation-item a:not(.wp-element-button)),:where(.wp-block-navigation .wp-block-navigation__submenu-container .wp-block-navigation-submenu a:not(.wp-element-button)),:where(.wp-block-navigation .wp-block-navigation__submenu-container .wp-block-navigation-submenu button.wp-block-navigation-item__content),:where(.wp-block-navigation .wp-block-navigation__submenu-container .wp-block-pages-list__item button.wp-block-navigation-item__content){padding:.5em 1em;}@keyframes overlay-menu__fade-in-animation{0%{opacity:0;transform:translateY(.5em);}to{opacity:1;transform:translateY(0);}}:where(p.has-text-color:not(.has-link-color)) a{color:inherit;}:where(.wp-block-post-excerpt){margin-bottom:var(--wp--style--block-gap);margin-top:var(--wp--style--block-gap);}:where(.wp-block-pullquote){margin:0 0 1em;}:where(.wp-block-search__button){border:1px solid #ccc;padding:6px 10px;}:where(.wp-block-search__button-inside .wp-block-search__inside-wrapper){border:1px solid #949494;box-sizing:border-box;padding:4px;}:where(.wp-block-search__button-inside .wp-block-search__inside-wrapper) :where(.wp-block-search__button){padding:4px 8px;}:where(.wp-block-term-description){margin-bottom:var(--wp--style--block-gap);margin-top:var(--wp--style--block-gap);}:where(pre.wp-block-verse){font-family:inherit;}.editor-styles-wrapper,.entry-content{counter-reset:footnotes;}:root{--wp--preset--font-size--normal:16px;--wp--preset--font-size--huge:42px;}.aligncenter{clear:both;}.screen-reader-text{clip:rect(1px,1px,1px,1px);word-wrap:normal !important;border:0;-webkit-clip-path:inset(50%);clip-path:inset(50%);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px;}.screen-reader-text:focus{clip:auto !important;background-color:#ddd;-webkit-clip-path:none;clip-path:none;color:#444;display:block;font-size:1em;height:auto;left:5px;line-height:normal;padding:15px 23px 14px;text-decoration:none;top:5px;width:auto;z-index:100000;}html :where(.has-border-color){border-style:solid;}html :where([style*=border-top-color]){border-top-style:solid;}html :where([style*=border-right-color]){border-right-style:solid;}html :where([style*=border-bottom-color]){border-bottom-style:solid;}html :where([style*=border-left-color]){border-left-style:solid;}html :where([style*=border-width]){border-style:solid;}html :where([style*=border-top-width]){border-top-style:solid;}html :where([style*=border-right-width]){border-right-style:solid;}html :where([style*=border-bottom-width]){border-bottom-style:solid;}html :where([style*=border-left-width]){border-left-style:solid;}html :where(img[class*=wp-image-]){height:auto;max-width:100%;}:where(figure){margin:0 0 1em;}html :where(.is-position-sticky){--wp-admin--admin-bar--position-offset:var(--wp-admin--admin-bar--height,0px);}@media screen and (max-width:600px){html :where(.is-position-sticky){--wp-admin--admin-bar--position-offset:0px;}}#prestitial{height:100vh;text-align:center;z-index:99999;position:relative;}#prestitial-overlay{position:fixed;top:0;left:0;width:100%;height:100%;background-size:cover;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-position:center center;z-index:-9999999;display:none;background:-webkit-gradient(linear,left top,left bottom,from(gray),to(lightgray));background:linear-gradient(gray,lightgray);}.prestitial-logo{grid-area:headerlogo;margin-top:20px;margin-left:20px;text-align:left;}#prestitial-banner{grid-area:banner;}.close-cta{font-family:"Open Sans",sans-serif;text-transform:uppercase;font-size:122%;font-weight:bold;text-align:right;color:black;cursor:pointer;grid-area:headercta;margin-top:20px;margin-right:20px;}@media (max-width: 480px){.close-cta{margin-top:10px;margin-bottom:10px;}}@media (min-width: 768px){#prestitial-grid{display:grid;grid-template-columns:121px auto auto 121px;grid-template-rows:150px auto;grid-template-areas:"headerlogo headerlogo headercta headercta" "blank banner banner otherblank";}}@media screen and (min-width: 1181px){body .extendedwopts-hide.extendedwopts-desktop{display:none !important;}}@media screen and (max-width: 1024px) and (orientation: Portrait){body .extendedwopts-hide.extendedwopts-tablet{display:none !important;}}@media screen and (max-width: 1180px) and (orientation: landscape){body .extendedwopts-hide.extendedwopts-tablet{display:none !important;}}@media screen and (max-width: 767px) and (orientation: Portrait){body .extendedwopts-hide.extendedwopts-tablet:not(.extendedwopts-mobile){display:block !important;}body .extendedwopts-hide.extendedwopts-mobile{display:none !important;}}@media screen and (max-width: 991px) and (orientation: landscape){body .extendedwopts-hide.extendedwopts-tablet:not(.extendedwopts-mobile){display:block !important;}body .extendedwopts-hide.extendedwopts-mobile{display:none !important;}}.addtoany_content{clear:both;margin:16px auto;}.addtoany_list{display:inline;line-height:16px;}.a2a_kit a:empty,.a2a_kit a[class^="a2a_button_"]:has(.a2a_s_undefined){display:none;}.addtoany_list a,.widget .addtoany_list a{border:0;box-shadow:none;display:inline-block;font-size:16px;padding:0 4px;vertical-align:middle;}.addtoany_list a img{border:0;display:inline-block;opacity:1;overflow:hidden;vertical-align:baseline;}.addtoany_list a span{display:inline-block;float:none;}.addtoany_list.a2a_kit_size_32 a{font-size:32px;}.addtoany_list.a2a_kit_size_32 a:not(.addtoany_special_service)>span{height:32px;line-height:32px;width:32px;}.addtoany_list a:not(.addtoany_special_service)>span{border-radius:4px;display:inline-block;opacity:1;}.site .a2a_kit.addtoany_list a:focus,.addtoany_list a:hover,.widget .addtoany_list a:hover{background:none;border:0;box-shadow:none;}.addtoany_list a:hover img,.addtoany_list a:hover span{opacity:.7;}</style> <meta name="description" content="Have you ever wondered which type of Printed Circuit Board (PCB) materials would be worth investing in to improve signal integrity? Would your" /> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.microcontrollertips.com/choosing-pcb-materials-to-optimize-applications-part-ii/" /> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image" /> <meta name="twitter:title" content="Choosing PCB materials to optimize applications, Part 2" /> <meta name="twitter:description" content="Have you ever wondered which type of Printed Circuit Board (PCB) materials would be worth investing in to improve signal integrity? Would your" /> <meta name="twitter:image" content="https://www.microcontrollertips.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/api-4.jpeg" /> <meta name="twitter:creator" content="@MicroContrlTips" /> <meta name="twitter:site" content="@MicroContrlTips" /> <meta name="twitter:label1" content="Written by" /> <meta name="twitter:data1" content="Scott Thornton" /> <meta name="twitter:label2" content="Est. reading time" /> <meta name="twitter:data2" content="5 minutes" /> <script type="application/ld+json" class="yoast-schema-graph">{"@context":"https://schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https://www.microcontrollertips.com/choosing-pcb-materials-to-optimize-applications-part-ii/","url":"https://www.microcontrollertips.com/choosing-pcb-materials-to-optimize-applications-part-ii/","name":"Choosing PCB materials to optimize applications, Part 2","isPartOf":{"@id":"https://www.microcontrollertips.com/#website"},"primaryImageOfPage":{"@id":"https://www.microcontrollertips.com/choosing-pcb-materials-to-optimize-applications-part-ii/#primaryimage"},"image":{"@id":"https://www.microcontrollertips.com/choosing-pcb-materials-to-optimize-applications-part-ii/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https://www.microcontrollertips.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/api-4.jpeg","datePublished":"2019-01-11T13:00:14+00:00","dateModified":"2021-12-09T23:24:58+00:00","author":{"@id":"https://www.microcontrollertips.com/#/schema/person/41383838e8dcec12780f5290ccdf1134"},"description":"Have you ever wondered which type of Printed Circuit Board (PCB) materials would be worth investing in to improve signal integrity? Would your","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https://www.microcontrollertips.com/choosing-pcb-materials-to-optimize-applications-part-ii/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https://www.microcontrollertips.com/choosing-pcb-materials-to-optimize-applications-part-ii/"]}]},{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https://www.microcontrollertips.com/choosing-pcb-materials-to-optimize-applications-part-ii/#primaryimage","url":"https://www.microcontrollertips.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/api-4.jpeg","contentUrl":"https://www.microcontrollertips.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/api-4.jpeg","width":1200,"height":800},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https://www.microcontrollertips.com/choosing-pcb-materials-to-optimize-applications-part-ii/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Home","item":"https://www.microcontrollertips.com/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"Choosing PCB materials to optimize applications, Part 2"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https://www.microcontrollertips.com/#website","url":"https://www.microcontrollertips.com/","name":"Microcontroller Tips","description":"Microcontroller engineering resources, new microcontroller products and electronics engineering news","potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https://www.microcontrollertips.com/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":{"@type":"PropertyValueSpecification","valueRequired":true,"valueName":"search_term_string"}}],"inLanguage":"en-US"},{"@type":"Person","@id":"https://www.microcontrollertips.com/#/schema/person/41383838e8dcec12780f5290ccdf1134","name":"Scott Thornton","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https://www.microcontrollertips.com/#/schema/person/image/","url":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/d1a2c5a9b2e5a741bbecb1d70b886e59?s=96&d=mm&r=g","contentUrl":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/d1a2c5a9b2e5a741bbecb1d70b886e59?s=96&d=mm&r=g","caption":"Scott Thornton"},"url":"https://www.microcontrollertips.com/author/scott-thornton/"}]}</script>  <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//static.addtoany.com' /> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//kit.fontawesome.com' /> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//fonts.googleapis.com' /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="Microcontroller Tips » Feed" href="https://www.microcontrollertips.com/feed/" /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="Microcontroller Tips » Comments Feed" href="https://www.microcontrollertips.com/comments/feed/" /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="Microcontroller Tips » Choosing PCB materials to optimize applications, Part 2 Comments Feed" href="https://www.microcontrollertips.com/choosing-pcb-materials-to-optimize-applications-part-ii/feed/" /> <link rel="stylesheet" id="news-pro-css" href="https://www.microcontrollertips.com/wp-content/themes/news-pro/style.css?ver=3.2.3" type="text/css" media="print" onload="this.media='all';this.onload=null;"></link> <link rel="stylesheet" id="wp-block-library-css" href="https://www.microcontrollertips.com/wp-includes/css/dist/block-library/style.min.css?ver=6.7" type="text/css" media="print" onload="this.media='all';this.onload=null;"></link> <style id='classic-theme-styles-inline-css' type='text/css'> /*! This file is auto-generated */ .wp-block-button__link{color:#fff;background-color:#32373c;border-radius:9999px;box-shadow:none;text-decoration:none;padding:calc(.667em + 2px) calc(1.333em + 2px);font-size:1.125em}.wp-block-file__button{background:#32373c;color:#fff;text-decoration:none} </style> <link rel="stylesheet" id="wtwh_prestitial_main_style-css" href="https://www.microcontrollertips.com/wp-content/plugins/prestitial/assets/css/main.css?ver=1.1.0" type="text/css" media="print" onload="this.media='all';this.onload=null;"></link> <link rel="stylesheet" id="wtwh_prestitial_style-css" href="https://www.microcontrollertips.com/wp-content/plugins/prestitial/assets/css/prestitial.css?ver=1.1.0" type="text/css" media="print" onload="this.media='all';this.onload=null;"></link> <link rel="stylesheet" id="widgetopts-styles-css" href="https://www.microcontrollertips.com/wp-content/plugins/widget-options/assets/css/widget-options.css?ver=4.0.7" type="text/css" media="print" onload="this.media='all';this.onload=null;"></link> <link rel='stylesheet' id='google-fonts-css' href='//fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Raleway%3A400%2C700&ver=3.2.3' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel="stylesheet" id="addtoany-css" href="https://www.microcontrollertips.com/wp-content/plugins/add-to-any/addtoany.min.css?ver=1.16" type="text/css" media="print" onload="this.media='all';this.onload=null;"></link> <link rel="stylesheet" id="slider_styles-css" href="https://www.microcontrollertips.com/wp-content/plugins/genesis-responsive-slider/assets/style.css?ver=1.0.1" type="text/css" media="print" onload="this.media='all';this.onload=null;"></link> <script type="text/javascript" id="addtoany-core-js-before"> /* <![CDATA[ */ window.a2a_config=window.a2a_config||{};a2a_config.callbacks=[];a2a_config.overlays=[];a2a_config.templates={}; a2a_config.track_links = 'bitly'; a2a_config.track_links_key = 'addtoany|R_cc6a4017b0274d1d86f2397771b70136'; // username|API key delimited by | a2a_config.templates = { twitter: "${title} ${link} @MicroContrlTips" }; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" defer src="https://static.addtoany.com/menu/page.js" id="addtoany-core-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.microcontrollertips.com/wp-includes/js/jquery/jquery.min.js?ver=3.7.1" id="jquery-core-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" defer src="https://www.microcontrollertips.com/wp-content/plugins/add-to-any/addtoany.min.js?ver=1.1" id="addtoany-jquery-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://kit.fontawesome.com/0db18eb627.js?ver=6.7" id="wtwh_prestitial_fontAwesome_js-js"></script> <link rel="https://api.w.org/" href="https://www.microcontrollertips.com/wp-json/" /><link rel="alternate" title="JSON" type="application/json" href="https://www.microcontrollertips.com/wp-json/wp/v2/posts/6595" /> <script> var contentHash = '2903e21cd3c05da4e5f064414d06cc65'; var cat_target='2903e21cd3c05da4e5f064414d06cc65, faq, featured, ros'; </script> <link href="data:image/x-icon;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABAAAAAQEAYAAABPYyMiAAAABmJLR0T///////8JWPfcAAAACXBIWXMAAABIAAAASABGyWs+AAAAF0lEQVRIx2NgGAWjYBSMglEwCkbBSAcACBAAAeaR9cIAAAAASUVORK5CYII=" rel="icon" type="image/x-icon" /> <script>(function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start': new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0], j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src= 'https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f); })(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-MMC9PJ9');</script>   <script>(function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start': new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0], j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src= 'https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f); })(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-KZX8HNL');</script>  <script async src="https://securepubads.g.doubleclick.net/tag/js/gpt.js"></script> <script async src="https://securepubads.g.doubleclick.net/tag/js/gpt.js"></script> <script> window.googletag = window.googletag || {cmd: []}; googletag.cmd.push(function() { var pathParts = window.location.pathname.substr(1).split('/'); var mapHeader = googletag.sizeMapping() .addSize([768, 200], [728, 90]) .addSize([0, 0], [300, 250]) .build(); var mapLargeHeader = googletag.sizeMapping() .addSize([1024, 200], [[970, 90], [970, 250]]) .addSize([0, 0], [300, 250]) .build(); var mapWallpaper = googletag.sizeMapping() .addSize([1024, 500], [[1, 1]]) .addSize([0, 0], [[1, 1]]) .build(); var gptSlots = []; gptSlots[0] = googletag.defineSlot('/5272491/ee_network/microcontroller_header', [[300, 250], [728, 90]], 'div-gpt-microcontroller-header') .defineSizeMapping(mapHeader) .addService(googletag.pubads()); gptSlots[1] = googletag.defineSlot('/5272491/ee_network/microcontroller_largeleader', [[970, 90], [970, 250]], 'div-gpt-microcontroller_largeleader') .defineSizeMapping(mapLargeHeader) .addService(googletag.pubads()); gptSlots[2] = googletag.defineSlot('/5272491/ee_network/microcontroller_wallpaper', [[1, 1]], 'div-gpt-microcontroller_wallpaper') .defineSizeMapping(mapWallpaper) .addService(googletag.pubads()); googletag.defineSlot('/5272491/ee_network/microcontroller_allstreamflex', [[1, 1]], 'div-gpt-microcontroller_allstreamflex').addService(googletag.pubads()); googletag.defineSlot('/5272491/ee_network/microcontroller_allstreamprelude', [[1, 1]], 'div-gpt-microcontroller_allstreamprelude').addService(googletag.pubads()); googletag.defineSlot('/5272491/ee_network/microcontroller_sidebar1', [[300, 250], [300, 600]], 'div-gpt-microcontroller_sidebar1').addService(googletag.pubads()); googletag.defineSlot('/5272491/ee_network/microcontroller_sidebarbottom', [[300, 250], [300, 600]], 'div-gpt-microcontroller_sidebarbottom').addService(googletag.pubads()); googletag.pubads().enableSingleRequest(); googletag.pubads().collapseEmptyDivs(); googletag.pubads().setTargeting('articletitle', pathParts[0] ? pathParts[0]: 'home-page').setTargeting('cat_target', [cat_target]); googletag.enableServices(); }); </script> <style type="text/css">.site-title a { background: url(/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/2016-microcontroller-logo-2.png) no-repeat !important; }</style> <link rel="icon" href="https://www.microcontrollertips.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/cropped-favicon-512x512-1-32x32.png" sizes="32x32" /> <link rel="icon" href="https://www.microcontrollertips.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/cropped-favicon-512x512-1-192x192.png" sizes="192x192" /> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="https://www.microcontrollertips.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/cropped-favicon-512x512-1-180x180.png" /> <meta name="msapplication-TileImage" content="https://www.microcontrollertips.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/cropped-favicon-512x512-1-270x270.png" /> <style type="text/css" id="wp-custom-css"> /*** MOBILE SLIDER TITLE ***/ @media only screen and (max-width: 600px) { .slide-excerpt { display: block !important; } } @media only screen and (max-width: 600px) { h2 { font-size: 18px; } } /*** LYTICS IMAGE RESIZE ***/ .pf-widget.pf-widget-variant-2.image-widget, .pf-widget-img { border-radius: 0px !important; width: 100% !important; height: auto !important; top: 0px !important; left: 0px !important; margin: 0px !important; } .pf-widget.pf-widget-variant-2.image-widget, .pf-widget-content, .pf-widget-headline { margin-top: 100px; } .pf-widget.pf-widget-variant-2.image-widget .pf-widget-img { z-index: 0; } .pf-widget.image-widget, .pf-widget-close { color: white !important; z-index: 1; } /*** END LYTICS IMAGE RESIZE ***/ /*EE Classrooms Drop Down Menu*/ .motion-design-guides { font-size: 14px; font-family: Raleway, sans-serif; width: 270px; height: 50px; text-align: center; text-align-last: center; -moz-text-align-last: center; border-radius: 0px; background-color: white; color: #000; border-top: 3px solid #000; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #e3e3e3; text-transform: uppercase; white-space: wrap; } .motion-design-guide-option { text-align: center; text-align-last: center; -moz-text-align-last: center; text-transform: uppercase; width: 270px; white-space: wrap; } /* THREE FOOTERS */ .footer-widgets-1, .footer-widgets-2, .footer-widgets-3 { width: 330px !important; } @media only screen and (min-width: 970px) { #genesis-footer-widgets > div { display: flex; flex-direction: row; justify-content: space-evenly !important; } } .dropbtn { background-color: #04AA6D; color: white; padding: 16px; font-size: 16px; border: none; } .dropdown { display: inline-block; } .dropdown-content { display: none; position: absolute; background-color: #f1f1f1; min-width: 160px; box-shadow: 0px 8px 16px 0px rgba(0,0,0,0.2); z-index: 1; } .dropdown-content a { color: black; padding: 12px 16px; text-decoration: none; display: block; } .dropdown-content a:hover {background-color: #ddd;} .dropdown:hover .dropdown-content {display: block;} .dropdown:hover .dropbtn {background-color: #3e8e41;} /*Design Guide Drop Down Menu*/ .motion-design-guides { font-size: 14px; font-family: Raleway, sans-serif; width: 270px; height: 50px; text-align: center; text-align-last: center; -moz-text-align-last: center; border-radius: 0px; background-color: white; color: #000; border-top: 3px solid #000; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #e3e3e3; text-transform: uppercase; white-space: wrap; } .motion-design-guide-option { text-align: center; text-align-last: center; -moz-text-align-last: center; text-transform: uppercase; width: 270px; white-space: wrap; } .motion-design-guides:after { content: ""; border: solid #000; border-width: 0 2px 2px 0; margin-left: 30px; margin-bottom: 3px; display: inline-block; padding: 2.5px; transform: rotate(45deg); -webkit-transform: rotate(45deg); } #algolia-powered-by { display:none; } /*** FEATURED CONTRIBUTIONS ***/ #featured-post-5 h4.entry-title { font-size: 15px; } /* Search Page */ body.search .site-inner { padding-left: unset; padding-right: unset; } </style> <noscript><style>.perfmatters-lazy[data-src]{display:none !important;}</style></noscript><style>.perfmatters-lazy-youtube{position:relative;width:100%;max-width:100%;height:0;padding-bottom:56.23%;overflow:hidden}.perfmatters-lazy-youtube img{position:absolute;top:0;right:0;bottom:0;left:0;display:block;width:100%;max-width:100%;height:auto;margin:auto;border:none;cursor:pointer;transition:.5s all;-webkit-transition:.5s all;-moz-transition:.5s all}.perfmatters-lazy-youtube img:hover{-webkit-filter:brightness(75%)}.perfmatters-lazy-youtube .play{position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;right:auto;width:68px;height:48px;margin-left:-34px;margin-top:-24px;background:url(https://www.microcontrollertips.com/wp-content/plugins/perfmatters/img/youtube.svg) no-repeat;background-position:center;background-size:cover;pointer-events:none;filter:grayscale(1)}.perfmatters-lazy-youtube:hover .play{filter:grayscale(0)}.perfmatters-lazy-youtube iframe{position:absolute;top:0;left:0;width:100%;height:100%;z-index:99}.perfmatters-lazy.pmloaded,.perfmatters-lazy.pmloaded>img,.perfmatters-lazy>img.pmloaded,.perfmatters-lazy[data-ll-status=entered]{animation:500ms pmFadeIn}@keyframes pmFadeIn{0%{opacity:0}100%{opacity:1}}body .perfmatters-lazy-css-bg:not([data-ll-status=entered]),body .perfmatters-lazy-css-bg:not([data-ll-status=entered]) *,body .perfmatters-lazy-css-bg:not([data-ll-status=entered])::before,body .perfmatters-lazy-css-bg:not([data-ll-status=entered])::after{background-image:none!important;will-change:transform;transition:opacity 0.025s ease-in,transform 0.025s ease-in!important;}</style></head> <body class="post-template-default single single-post postid-6595 single-format-standard custom-header header-image content-sidebar genesis-breadcrumbs-hidden genesis-footer-widgets-visible news-pro-blue">  <div id="prestitial" style="opacity: 0;"> <div id="prestitial-overlay"></div> <div id="prestitial-grid"> <div class="prestitial-logo"> <div class="title-area"> <h1 class="site-title"> <a href="#"><img width="235" height="160" src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20width='235'%20height='160'%20viewBox='0%200%20235%20160'%3E%3C/svg%3E" class="perfmatters-lazy" data-src="https://www.microcontrollertips.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/mctlogo005-235x160.png" /><noscript><img width="235" height="160" src="https://www.microcontrollertips.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/mctlogo005-235x160.png"></noscript></a></h1> </div> </div> <div class="close-cta"> Continue to Site <i class="fa fa-arrow-right"></i> </div> <div id="prestitial-banner"></div> </div> </div>  <div id="body-wrapper" style="opacity: 0;"> <div class="site-container"><ul class="genesis-skip-link"><li><a href="#genesis-nav-primary" class="screen-reader-shortcut"> Skip to primary navigation</a></li><li><a href="#genesis-content" class="screen-reader-shortcut"> Skip to main content</a></li><li><a href="#genesis-sidebar-primary" class="screen-reader-shortcut"> Skip to primary sidebar</a></li><li><a href="#genesis-footer-widgets" class="screen-reader-shortcut"> Skip to footer</a></li></ul><div class="site-container-wrap"><header class="site-header"><div class="wrap"><div class="title-area"><p class="site-title"><a href="https://www.microcontrollertips.com/">Microcontroller Tips</a></p><p class="site-description">Microcontroller engineering resources, new microcontroller products and electronics engineering news</p></div><div class="widget-area header-widget-area"><section id="text-15" class="widget widget_text"><div class="widget-wrap"> <div class="textwidget"><div id='div-gpt-microcontroller-header'> <script> googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.display('div-gpt-microcontroller-header'); }); </script> </div></div> </div></section> </div></div></header><nav class="nav-primary" aria-label="Main" id="genesis-nav-primary"><div class="wrap"><ul id="menu-main-menu" class="menu genesis-nav-menu menu-primary js-superfish"><li id="menu-item-18" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-has-children menu-item-18"><a href="https://www.microcontrollertips.com/category/products/"><span >Products</span></a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-22" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-22"><a href="https://www.microcontrollertips.com/category/products/8bit/"><span >8-bit</span></a></li> <li id="menu-item-19" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-19"><a href="https://www.microcontrollertips.com/category/products/16bit/"><span >16-bit</span></a></li> <li id="menu-item-20" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-20"><a href="https://www.microcontrollertips.com/category/products/32bit/"><span >32-bit</span></a></li> <li id="menu-item-21" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-21"><a href="https://www.microcontrollertips.com/category/products/64bit/"><span >64-bit</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li id="menu-item-11" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-has-children menu-item-11"><a href="https://www.microcontrollertips.com/category/applications/"><span >Applications</span></a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-14991" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-14991"><a href="https://www.microcontrollertips.com/category/applications/5g/"><span >5G</span></a></li> <li id="menu-item-12" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-12"><a href="https://www.microcontrollertips.com/category/applications/automotive/"><span >Automotive</span></a></li> <li id="menu-item-13" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-13"><a href="https://www.microcontrollertips.com/category/applications/connectivity/"><span >Connectivity</span></a></li> <li id="menu-item-14" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-14"><a href="https://www.microcontrollertips.com/category/applications/consumer/"><span >Consumer Electronics</span></a></li> <li id="menu-item-14993" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-14993"><a href="https://www.microcontrollertips.com/category/ev-engineering/"><span >EV Engineering</span></a></li> <li id="menu-item-15" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-15"><a href="https://www.microcontrollertips.com/category/applications/industrial/"><span >Industrial</span></a></li> <li id="menu-item-14995" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-14995"><a href="https://www.microcontrollertips.com/category/applications/iot/"><span >IoT</span></a></li> <li id="menu-item-16" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-16"><a href="https://www.microcontrollertips.com/category/applications/medical/"><span >Medical</span></a></li> <li id="menu-item-17" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-17"><a href="https://www.microcontrollertips.com/category/applications/security/"><span >Security</span></a></li> <li id="menu-item-14994" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-14994"><a href="https://www.microcontrollertips.com/category/applications/telecommunications/"><span >Telecommunications</span></a></li> <li id="menu-item-14992" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-14992"><a href="https://www.microcontrollertips.com/category/applications/wearables/"><span >Wearables</span></a></li> <li id="menu-item-14996" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-14996"><a href="https://www.microcontrollertips.com/category/applications/wireless-applications/"><span >Wireless</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li id="menu-item-8119" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-has-children menu-item-8119"><a target="_blank"><span >Learn</span></a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-7505" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-7505"><a href="https://www.eeworldonline.com/category/tech-tips/"><span >eBooks / Tech Tips</span></a></li> <li id="menu-item-14998" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-14998"><a href="https://eetrainingdays.com/"><span >EE Training Days</span></a></li> <li id="menu-item-10460" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category current-post-ancestor current-menu-parent current-post-parent menu-item-10460"><a href="https://www.microcontrollertips.com/category/faq/"><span >FAQs</span></a></li> <li id="menu-item-14999" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-14999"><a href="https://www.eeworldonline.com/learning-center"><span >Learning Center</span></a></li> <li id="menu-item-15528" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-15528"><a target="_blank" href="https://www.eeworldonline.com/category/tech-toolboxes/"><span >Tech Toolboxes</span></a></li> <li id="menu-item-7509" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-7509"><a target="_blank" href="https://www.eeworldonline.com/ee-world-webinars-and-digital-events/"><span >Webinars/Digital Events</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li id="menu-item-7504" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-has-children menu-item-7504"><a href="#"><span >Resources</span></a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-13237" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-13237"><a target="_blank" href="https://www.eeworldonline.com/design-guide-library"><span >Design Guide Library</span></a></li> <li id="menu-item-5218" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-5218"><a target="_blank" href="https://www.DesignFast.com/"><span >DesignFast</span></a></li> <li id="menu-item-7507" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-7507"><a target="_blank" href="https://www.eeworldonline.com/2023-leap-awards-winners-are-announced/"><span >LEAP Awards</span></a></li> <li id="menu-item-7508" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-7508"><a href="https://www.eeworldonline.com/category/podcasts/"><span >Podcasts</span></a></li> <li id="menu-item-7510" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-7510"><a href="http://www.engineeringwhitepapers.com/category/electricalelectronic/"><span >White Papers</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li id="menu-item-2118" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children menu-item-2118"><a href="https://www.microcontrollertips.com/ee-world-videos/"><span >Videos</span></a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-14467" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-14467"><a target="_blank" href="https://www.eeworldonline.com/videos/"><span >EE Videos & Interviews</span></a></li> <li id="menu-item-14468" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-14468"><a target="_blank" href="https://www.eeworldonline.com/teardown-videos/"><span >Teardown Videos</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li id="menu-item-2112" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-has-children menu-item-2112"><a href="#"><span >EE Forums</span></a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-2110" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-2110"><a target="_blank" href="https://www.edaboard.com/"><span >EDABoard.com</span></a></li> <li id="menu-item-2111" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-2111"><a target="_blank" href="http://www.electro-tech-online.com"><span >Electro-Tech-Online.com</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li id="menu-item-15000" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-15000"><a href="https://eetrainingdays.com/"><span >Engineering Training Days</span></a></li> </ul></div></nav><div style="padding-top:10px;text-align:center"><div id='div-gpt-microcontroller_largeleader'> <script> googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.display('div-gpt-microcontroller_largeleader'); }); </script> </div></div><div class="site-inner"><div class="content-sidebar-wrap"><main class="content" id="genesis-content"><article class="post-6595 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail category-faq category-featured tag-basics tag-faq entry" aria-label="Choosing PCB materials to optimize applications, Part 2"><header class="entry-header"><h1 class="entry-title">Choosing PCB materials to optimize applications, Part 2</h1> <p class="entry-meta"><time class="entry-time">January 11, 2019</time> By <span class="entry-author"><a href="https://www.microcontrollertips.com/author/scott-thornton/" class="entry-author-link" rel="author"><span class="entry-author-name">Scott Thornton</span></a></span> <span class="entry-comments-link"><a href="https://www.microcontrollertips.com/choosing-pcb-materials-to-optimize-applications-part-ii/#comments">1 Comment</a></span> </p></header><div class="entry-content"><div class="addtoany_share_save_container addtoany_content addtoany_content_top"><div class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_16 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="https://www.microcontrollertips.com/choosing-pcb-materials-to-optimize-applications-part-ii/" data-a2a-title="Choosing PCB materials to optimize applications, Part 2"><a class="a2a_button_facebook" href="https://www.addtoany.com/add_to/facebook?linkurl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.microcontrollertips.com%2Fchoosing-pcb-materials-to-optimize-applications-part-ii%2F&linkname=Choosing%20PCB%20materials%20to%20optimize%20applications%2C%20Part%202" title="Facebook" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank"></a><a class="a2a_button_x" href="https://www.addtoany.com/add_to/x?linkurl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.microcontrollertips.com%2Fchoosing-pcb-materials-to-optimize-applications-part-ii%2F&linkname=Choosing%20PCB%20materials%20to%20optimize%20applications%2C%20Part%202" title="X" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank"></a><a class="a2a_button_linkedin" href="https://www.addtoany.com/add_to/linkedin?linkurl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.microcontrollertips.com%2Fchoosing-pcb-materials-to-optimize-applications-part-ii%2F&linkname=Choosing%20PCB%20materials%20to%20optimize%20applications%2C%20Part%202" title="LinkedIn" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank"></a><a class="a2a_button_email" href="https://www.addtoany.com/add_to/email?linkurl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.microcontrollertips.com%2Fchoosing-pcb-materials-to-optimize-applications-part-ii%2F&linkname=Choosing%20PCB%20materials%20to%20optimize%20applications%2C%20Part%202" title="Email" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank"></a></div></div><p>Have you ever wondered which type of Printed Circuit Board (PCB) materials would be worth investing in to improve signal integrity? Would your high-frequency signaling work better with a tighter, more uniform weave in the core sheet of the PCB? What’s a high-frequency signal, anyway? When should you invest in a rigid, moisture-proof PCB?</p> <p><strong>Properties of PCB materials</strong></p> <p>The electrical properties of PCB material directly affect the overall performance and durability of circuitry. Some PCB material properties that may be of concern are the following:</p> <ul> <li>The <a href="https://www.britannica.com/science/dielectric-constant">dielectric constant</a> (Dk) of PCB material affects impedance of the circuits. A PCB with a low and stable dielectric constant, even with changing frequencies and temperatures, is suitable for high-frequency <a href="#_edn1" name="_ednref1">[i]</a> Otherwise, if a PCB is made of material with a poor Dk, transmission lines or traces on the PCB will change impedance in unpredictable ways.</li> <li>Electromagnetic waves are created from oscillating electric and magnetic fields. These waves can be absorbed in the dielectric layer of a PCB during signal transmissions, which leads to <a href="https://itel.com/what-is-attenuation/">attenuation</a>. (Attenuation is a measure of the loss of signal strength in a transmission).</li> <li>The measure of signal attenuation with respect to signal propagation is called Dissipation Factor (Df). A PCB material’s Df is a useful parameter to investigate when <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signal_integrity">Signal Integrity (SI)</a> is of concern. Preserving SI is a matter of combating causes of signal distortion, signal loss, crosstalk, ringing, and noise induced by a power supply. Signal strength is a major concern with respect to high-frequency signals and sensitive circuits. In many applications were the electromagnetic signals are feeble, the dissipation factor plays a vital role in preserving signal strength.<a href="#_edn2" name="_ednref2">[ii]</a></li> <li>The roughness of the copper surface on a PCB can also add resistance to a signal or add resistance in the circuit. Rough copper traces increase the resistance because the topography of the copper surface moves the signal up and down. Surface spikes can create an increase in capacitance, as well. Smooth copper can cost more but may be worth it to preserve signal integrity at RF frequencies.<a href="#_edn3" name="_ednref3">[iii]</a></li> </ul> <figure id="attachment_6597" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-6597" style="width: 715px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><a href="https://www.microcontrollertips.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/Figure-1_Part2.jpg"><img decoding="async" class="wp-image-6597 perfmatters-lazy" src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20width='715'%20height='144'%20viewBox='0%200%20715%20144'%3E%3C/svg%3E" alt width="715" height="144" data-src="https://www.microcontrollertips.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/Figure-1_Part2-1024x239.jpg" /><noscript><img decoding="async" class="wp-image-6597 " src="https://www.microcontrollertips.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/Figure-1_Part2-1024x239.jpg" alt="" width="715" height="144" /></noscript></a><figcaption id="caption-attachment-6597" class="wp-caption-text">Figure 1: The current can tunnel below the surface profile and through the bulk of the conductor (image at left). The current is forced to follow every peak and trough of the surface profile increasing path length and resistance. (Image to the right). (Source: Webinar, isola-group.com)</figcaption></figure> <ul> <li>PCBs can have fiberglass sheet cores that are made up of strands of fiberglass yarn and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epoxy#Epoxy_resin">epoxy resin</a>. The dielectric constant differs across the sheet cores and is therefore inhomogeneous. For improved uniformity of dielectrics across materials, a densely woven fiberglass style can be used for the PCB core. The pre-impregnated material around the high-speed signal layers must be used for controlling impedance and signal issues. <a href="#_edn4" name="_ednref4">[iv]</a></li> </ul> <p><a href="https://www.isola-group.com/about-us/">Isola</a> is “a leading global material sciences company that designs, develops, manufactures and markets copper-clad laminates and dielectric prepregs used to fabricate advanced multilayer printed circuit boards (PCBs).”<a href="#_edn5" name="_ednref5">[v]</a> Isola’s expertise includes knowledge on how to mitigate fiber weave effects of PCB sheet cores. Isola’s advice is to use more uniform glass (see Figure 2, below). The uniform glass weaves will have more uconsistent distributions of glass across the entire surface, which reduces variations in impedance for traces. You can use as wide a trace as possible in your layout, route the traces at an angle to the fiber warp and fill, route traces in a zig-zag fashion with respect to the fiber (see figure 2, below), and select materials that have resin and fiber dielectric constants that are as close as possible to each other. High frequency signals (>100MHz) are the most likely to be affected by non-uniform dielectric effects caused by the PCB weave. The fabric weave has a far lower impact as a non-uniform dielectric on a trace that’s carrying a signal at a lower frequency.</p> <figure id="attachment_6596" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-6596" style="width: 741px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><a href="https://www.microcontrollertips.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/Figure-2_Part2.jpg"><img decoding="async" class="wp-image-6596 perfmatters-lazy" src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20width='741'%20height='237'%20viewBox='0%200%20741%20237'%3E%3C/svg%3E" alt width="741" height="237" data-src="https://www.microcontrollertips.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/Figure-2_Part2-1024x380.jpg" /><noscript><img decoding="async" class="wp-image-6596 " src="https://www.microcontrollertips.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/Figure-2_Part2-1024x380.jpg" alt="" width="741" height="237" /></noscript></a><figcaption id="caption-attachment-6596" class="wp-caption-text">Figure 2: It’s possible to mitigate the dielectric effects that PCB fiber weave can produce. The weave on the left (1080) is not as uniform in construction as the weave on the right (3113). The wire shown on top of each weave is an example of how a trace should be imposed against weaves, which also improves the uniformity of the dielectric imposed by the fabric weave.</figcaption></figure> <ul> <li>Note that the dielectric of a PCB fabric weave can absorb moisture if it’s exposed to liquids or wicks moisture due to humidity. Moisture absorption affects the overall performance of a PCB. Generally, the moisture absorption value of a PCB dielectric is between 0.01 to 0.2 %. <a href="#_edn6" name="_ednref6">[vi]</a></li> <li>The ability of a PCB to bear stress is called “flexural strength.” A PCB bend test can be performed to determine a PCB’s ability to resist <a href="#_edn7" name="_ednref7">[vii]</a></li> </ul> <p>This just scratches the surface of the available choices in PCBs beyond options in traces and the fabric weave that’s sandwiched (laminated) between PCB layers. However, if you are starting to hit a wall on improving a design’s signal integrity, especially with high-frequency signals (greater than 100 MHz or 10 Gbps), then you might want to begin investigating the options mentioned here. Not all PCB options are mentioned in <a href="https://www.microcontrollertips.com/choosing-pcb-materials-to-optimize-applications-part-i/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><u>Part I</u> </a>and II of this article, but it’s a start.</p> <p><a href="#_ednref1" name="_edn1">[i]</a> http://www.microwavejournal.com/blogs/1-rog-blog/post/23743-selecting-pcb-materials-for-high-speed-digital-circuits<br /> <a href="#_ednref2" name="_edn2">[ii] https://intel.ly/2SPIRcC</a><br /> <a href="#_ednref3" name="_edn3">[iii]</a> http://www.microwavejournal.com/ext/resources/Webinars/2014/SLIDES_Isola_26feb14.pdf<br /> <a href="#_ednref4" name="_edn4">[iv] https://intel.ly/2SPIRcC</a><br /> <a href="#_ednref5" name="_edn5">[v]</a> https://www.isola-group.com/about-us/<br /> <a href="#_ednref6" name="_edn6">[vi]</a> https://www.mclpcb.com/pcb-material-selection-guide/<br /> <a href="#_ednref7" name="_edn7">[vii]</a> https://www.testresources.net/applications/electronic-printed-circuit-board-pcb-flexural-bend-test/</p> <div class="bawmrp"> <h3>You may also like:</h3> <ul> <li style="float:left;width:120px;height:auto;overflow:hidden;list-style:none;border-right: 1px solid #ccc;text-align:center;padding:0px 5px;" class="bawmrp_manual"><a href="https://www.microcontrollertips.com/teardown-dr-pocket-tens-therapy-pain-relief-kit/"><img decoding="async" width="100" height="100" src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20width='100'%20height='100'%20viewBox='0%200%20100%20100'%3E%3C/svg%3E" class="attachment-100x100 size-100x100 wp-post-image perfmatters-lazy" alt="Mr. Pocket" data-src="https://www.microcontrollertips.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/featured-7-150x150.jpg" /><noscript><img decoding="async" width="100" height="100" src="https://www.microcontrollertips.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/featured-7-150x150.jpg" class="attachment-100x100 size-100x100 wp-post-image" alt="Mr. Pocket" /></noscript><br />Teardown: Dr. Pocket TENS therapy pain relief kit</a></li> <li style="float:left;width:120px;height:auto;overflow:hidden;list-style:none;border-right: 1px solid #ccc;text-align:center;padding:0px 5px;" class="bawmrp_manual"><a href="https://www.microcontrollertips.com/choosing-pcb-materials-to-optimize-applications-part-i/"><img decoding="async" width="100" height="100" src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20width='100'%20height='100'%20viewBox='0%200%20100%20100'%3E%3C/svg%3E" class="attachment-100x100 size-100x100 wp-post-image perfmatters-lazy" alt data-src="https://www.microcontrollertips.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/MCU-faq-pcb-150x150.jpg" /><noscript><img decoding="async" width="100" height="100" src="https://www.microcontrollertips.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/MCU-faq-pcb-150x150.jpg" class="attachment-100x100 size-100x100 wp-post-image" alt="" /></noscript><br />Choosing PCB materials to optimize applications, Part I</a></li> <li style="float:left;width:120px;height:auto;overflow:hidden;list-style:none;border-right: 1px solid #ccc;text-align:center;padding:0px 5px;" class="bawmrp_manual"><a href="https://www.microcontrollertips.com/why-clean-pcbs-matter-part-2-faq/"><img decoding="async" width="100" height="100" src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20width='100'%20height='100'%20viewBox='0%200%20100%20100'%3E%3C/svg%3E" class="attachment-100x100 size-100x100 wp-post-image perfmatters-lazy" alt="clean PCBs" data-src="https://www.microcontrollertips.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/clean-pcbs-2-featured-150x150.jpg" /><noscript><img decoding="async" width="100" height="100" src="https://www.microcontrollertips.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/clean-pcbs-2-featured-150x150.jpg" class="attachment-100x100 size-100x100 wp-post-image" alt="clean PCBs" /></noscript><br />Why clean PCBs matter, Part 2</a></li> <li style="float:left;width:120px;height:auto;overflow:hidden;list-style:none;border-right: 1px solid #ccc;text-align:center;padding:0px 5px;" class="bawmrp_manual"><a href="https://www.microcontrollertips.com/why-clean-pcbs-matter-part-i-faq/"><img decoding="async" width="100" height="100" src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20width='100'%20height='100'%20viewBox='0%200%20100%20100'%3E%3C/svg%3E" class="attachment-100x100 size-100x100 wp-post-image perfmatters-lazy" alt data-src="https://www.microcontrollertips.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/Why-clean-PCBs-Part-1-150x150.jpg" /><noscript><img decoding="async" width="100" height="100" src="https://www.microcontrollertips.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/Why-clean-PCBs-Part-1-150x150.jpg" class="attachment-100x100 size-100x100 wp-post-image" alt="" /></noscript><br />Why clean PCBs matter, Part 1</a></li> </ul> </div> <div style="clear:both;"></div> </div><footer class="entry-footer"><p class="entry-meta"><span class="entry-categories">Filed Under: <a href="https://www.microcontrollertips.com/category/faq/" rel="category tag">FAQ</a>, <a href="https://www.microcontrollertips.com/category/featured/" rel="category tag">Featured</a></span> <span class="entry-tags">Tagged With: <a href="https://www.microcontrollertips.com/tag/basics/" rel="tag">basics</a>, <a href="https://www.microcontrollertips.com/tag/faq/" rel="tag">FAQ</a></span></p></footer></article><h2 class="screen-reader-text">Reader Interactions</h2> <div id="respond" class="comment-respond"> <h3 id="reply-title" class="comment-reply-title">Leave a Reply <small><a rel="nofollow" id="cancel-comment-reply-link" href="/choosing-pcb-materials-to-optimize-applications-part-ii/#respond" style="display:none;">Cancel reply</a></small></h3><form action="https://www.microcontrollertips.com/wp-comments-post.php?wpe-comment-post=microcontro" method="post" id="commentform" class="comment-form" novalidate><p class="comment-notes"><span id="email-notes">Your email address will not be published.</span> <span class="required-field-message">Required fields are marked <span class="required">*</span></span></p><p class="comment-form-comment"><label for="comment">Comment <span class="required">*</span></label> <textarea id="comment" name="comment" cols="45" rows="8" maxlength="65525" required></textarea></p><p class="comment-form-author"><label for="author">Name <span class="required">*</span></label> <input id="author" name="author" type="text" value="" size="30" maxlength="245" autocomplete="name" required /></p> <p class="comment-form-email"><label for="email">Email <span class="required">*</span></label> <input id="email" name="email" type="email" value="" size="30" maxlength="100" aria-describedby="email-notes" autocomplete="email" required /></p> <p class="form-submit"><input name="submit" type="submit" id="submit" class="submit" value="Post Comment" /> <input type='hidden' name='comment_post_ID' value='6595' id='comment_post_ID' /> <input type='hidden' name='comment_parent' id='comment_parent' value='0' /> </p><p style="display: none;"><input type="hidden" id="akismet_comment_nonce" name="akismet_comment_nonce" value="468d9c5ae3" /></p><p style="display: none !important;" class="akismet-fields-container" data-prefix="ak_"><label>Δ<textarea name="ak_hp_textarea" cols="45" rows="8" maxlength="100"></textarea></label><input type="hidden" id="ak_js_1" name="ak_js" value="224"/><script>document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() );</script></p></form> </div> </main><aside class="sidebar sidebar-primary widget-area" role="complementary" aria-label="Primary Sidebar" id="genesis-sidebar-primary"><h2 class="genesis-sidebar-title screen-reader-text">Primary Sidebar</h2><section id="search-3" class="extendedwopts-hide extendedwopts-tablet extendedwopts-mobile widget widget_search"><div class="extendedwopts-hide extendedwopts-tablet extendedwopts-mobile widget-wrap"><form class="search-form" method="get" action="https://www.microcontrollertips.com/" role="search"><label class="search-form-label screen-reader-text" for="searchform-1">Search this website</label><input class="search-form-input" type="search" name="s" id="searchform-1" placeholder="Search this website"><input class="search-form-submit" type="submit" value="Search"><meta content="https://www.microcontrollertips.com/?s={s}"></form></div></section> <section id="text-9" class="widget widget_text"><div class="widget-wrap"> <div class="textwidget"><center><div id='div-gpt-microcontroller_sidebar1'> <script> googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.display('div-gpt-microcontroller_sidebar1'); }); </script> </div></center></div> </div></section> <section id="featured-post-5" class="widget featured-content featuredpost"><div class="widget-wrap"><h3 class="widgettitle widget-title">Featured Contributions</h3> <article class="post-15638 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail category-applications category-artificial-intelligence category-automotive category-featured category-featured-contributions category-neural-networking tag-digikey tag-edge-ai entry" aria-label="Edge AI: Revolutionizing real-time data processing and automation"><a href="https://www.microcontrollertips.com/edge-ai-revolutionizing-real-time-data-processing-and-automation/" class="alignleft" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"><img width="150" height="98" src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20width='150'%20height='98'%20viewBox='0%200%20150%2098'%3E%3C/svg%3E" class="entry-image attachment-post perfmatters-lazy" alt decoding="async" data-src="https://www.microcontrollertips.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/DigiKey-edge-AI-image_vehicle-A-featuredI-150x98.png" data-srcset="https://www.microcontrollertips.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/DigiKey-edge-AI-image_vehicle-A-featuredI-150x98.png 150w, https://www.microcontrollertips.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/DigiKey-edge-AI-image_vehicle-A-featuredI-300x195.png 300w, https://www.microcontrollertips.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/DigiKey-edge-AI-image_vehicle-A-featuredI.png 740w" data-sizes="(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px" /><noscript><img width="150" height="98" src="https://www.microcontrollertips.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/DigiKey-edge-AI-image_vehicle-A-featuredI-150x98.png" class="entry-image attachment-post" alt="" decoding="async" srcset="https://www.microcontrollertips.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/DigiKey-edge-AI-image_vehicle-A-featuredI-150x98.png 150w, https://www.microcontrollertips.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/DigiKey-edge-AI-image_vehicle-A-featuredI-300x195.png 300w, https://www.microcontrollertips.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/DigiKey-edge-AI-image_vehicle-A-featuredI.png 740w" sizes="(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px" /></noscript></a><header class="entry-header"><h4 class="entry-title"><a href="https://www.microcontrollertips.com/edge-ai-revolutionizing-real-time-data-processing-and-automation/">Edge AI: Revolutionizing real-time data processing and automation</a></h4></header></article><article class="post-15541 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail category-faq category-featured category-featured-contributions tag-nvent entry" aria-label="Building the quantum future: how to master quantum control design"><a href="https://www.microcontrollertips.com/building-the-quantum-future-how-to-master-quantum-control-design/" class="alignleft" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"><img width="150" height="81" src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20width='150'%20height='81'%20viewBox='0%200%20150%2081'%3E%3C/svg%3E" class="entry-image attachment-post perfmatters-lazy" alt decoding="async" data-src="https://www.microcontrollertips.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/quantum-computing-concept-150x81.jpg" data-srcset="https://www.microcontrollertips.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/quantum-computing-concept-150x81.jpg 150w, https://www.microcontrollertips.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/quantum-computing-concept-300x162.jpg 300w, https://www.microcontrollertips.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/quantum-computing-concept-737x400.jpg 737w, https://www.microcontrollertips.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/quantum-computing-concept.jpg 740w" data-sizes="(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px" /><noscript><img width="150" height="81" src="https://www.microcontrollertips.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/quantum-computing-concept-150x81.jpg" class="entry-image attachment-post" alt="" decoding="async" srcset="https://www.microcontrollertips.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/quantum-computing-concept-150x81.jpg 150w, https://www.microcontrollertips.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/quantum-computing-concept-300x162.jpg 300w, https://www.microcontrollertips.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/quantum-computing-concept-737x400.jpg 737w, https://www.microcontrollertips.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/quantum-computing-concept.jpg 740w" sizes="(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px" /></noscript></a><header class="entry-header"><h4 class="entry-title"><a href="https://www.microcontrollertips.com/building-the-quantum-future-how-to-master-quantum-control-design/">Building the quantum future: how to master quantum control design</a></h4></header></article><article class="post-15512 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail category-automotive category-connectivity category-ethernet category-faq category-featured category-featured-contributions tag-faq entry" aria-label="10Base-T1S simplifies automotive zonal architectures"><a href="https://www.microcontrollertips.com/10base-t1s-simplifies-automotive-zonal-architectures/" class="alignleft" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"><img width="150" height="81" src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20width='150'%20height='81'%20viewBox='0%200%20150%2081'%3E%3C/svg%3E" class="entry-image attachment-post perfmatters-lazy" alt decoding="async" data-src="https://www.microcontrollertips.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/Screen-Shot-2024-08-15-at-4.31.31-PM-150x81.png" data-srcset="https://www.microcontrollertips.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/Screen-Shot-2024-08-15-at-4.31.31-PM-150x81.png 150w, https://www.microcontrollertips.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/Screen-Shot-2024-08-15-at-4.31.31-PM-300x162.png 300w, https://www.microcontrollertips.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/Screen-Shot-2024-08-15-at-4.31.31-PM-737x400.png 737w, https://www.microcontrollertips.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/Screen-Shot-2024-08-15-at-4.31.31-PM.png 740w" data-sizes="(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px" /><noscript><img width="150" height="81" src="https://www.microcontrollertips.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/Screen-Shot-2024-08-15-at-4.31.31-PM-150x81.png" class="entry-image attachment-post" alt="" decoding="async" srcset="https://www.microcontrollertips.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/Screen-Shot-2024-08-15-at-4.31.31-PM-150x81.png 150w, https://www.microcontrollertips.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/Screen-Shot-2024-08-15-at-4.31.31-PM-300x162.png 300w, https://www.microcontrollertips.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/Screen-Shot-2024-08-15-at-4.31.31-PM-737x400.png 737w, https://www.microcontrollertips.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/Screen-Shot-2024-08-15-at-4.31.31-PM.png 740w" sizes="(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px" /></noscript></a><header class="entry-header"><h4 class="entry-title"><a href="https://www.microcontrollertips.com/10base-t1s-simplifies-automotive-zonal-architectures/">10Base-T1S simplifies automotive zonal architectures</a></h4></header></article><article class="post-15458 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail category-applications category-artificial-intelligence category-faq category-featured category-featured-contributions category-machine-learning tag-faq tag-ldra entry" aria-label="How software segregation minimizes the impact of AI/ML on safety-critical software"><a href="https://www.microcontrollertips.com/how-software-segregation-minimizes-the-impact-of-ai-ml-on-safety-critical-software/" class="alignleft" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"><img width="150" height="100" src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20width='150'%20height='100'%20viewBox='0%200%20150%20100'%3E%3C/svg%3E" class="entry-image attachment-post perfmatters-lazy" alt decoding="async" data-src="https://www.microcontrollertips.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/LDRA-featurd-image-150x100.jpg" data-srcset="https://www.microcontrollertips.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/LDRA-featurd-image-150x100.jpg 150w, https://www.microcontrollertips.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/LDRA-featurd-image-300x200.jpg 300w, https://www.microcontrollertips.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/LDRA-featurd-image.jpg 740w" data-sizes="(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px" /><noscript><img width="150" height="100" src="https://www.microcontrollertips.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/LDRA-featurd-image-150x100.jpg" class="entry-image attachment-post" alt="" decoding="async" srcset="https://www.microcontrollertips.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/LDRA-featurd-image-150x100.jpg 150w, https://www.microcontrollertips.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/LDRA-featurd-image-300x200.jpg 300w, https://www.microcontrollertips.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/LDRA-featurd-image.jpg 740w" sizes="(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px" /></noscript></a><header class="entry-header"><h4 class="entry-title"><a href="https://www.microcontrollertips.com/how-software-segregation-minimizes-the-impact-of-ai-ml-on-safety-critical-software/">How software segregation minimizes the impact of AI/ML on safety-critical software</a></h4></header></article><article class="post-15420 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail category-automotive category-connectivity category-ethernet category-faq category-featured category-featured-contributions category-industrial category-poe tag-microchiptechnologiesinc tag-on-semiconductor entry" aria-label="10Base-T1S/L connects sensors in cars and buildings"><a href="https://www.microcontrollertips.com/10base-t1s-l-connects-sensors-in-cars-and-buildings/" class="alignleft" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"><img width="150" height="100" src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20width='150'%20height='100'%20viewBox='0%200%20150%20100'%3E%3C/svg%3E" class="entry-image attachment-post perfmatters-lazy" alt="Future connected car" decoding="async" data-src="https://www.microcontrollertips.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/Car_1800x1200-150x100.jpg" data-srcset="https://www.microcontrollertips.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/Car_1800x1200-150x100.jpg 150w, https://www.microcontrollertips.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/Car_1800x1200-300x200.jpg 300w, https://www.microcontrollertips.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/Car_1800x1200-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https://www.microcontrollertips.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/Car_1800x1200-768x512.jpg 768w, https://www.microcontrollertips.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/Car_1800x1200-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://www.microcontrollertips.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/Car_1800x1200.jpg 1800w" data-sizes="(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px" /><noscript><img width="150" height="100" src="https://www.microcontrollertips.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/Car_1800x1200-150x100.jpg" class="entry-image attachment-post" alt="Future connected car" decoding="async" srcset="https://www.microcontrollertips.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/Car_1800x1200-150x100.jpg 150w, https://www.microcontrollertips.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/Car_1800x1200-300x200.jpg 300w, https://www.microcontrollertips.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/Car_1800x1200-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https://www.microcontrollertips.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/Car_1800x1200-768x512.jpg 768w, https://www.microcontrollertips.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/Car_1800x1200-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://www.microcontrollertips.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/Car_1800x1200.jpg 1800w" sizes="(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px" /></noscript></a><header class="entry-header"><h4 class="entry-title"><a href="https://www.microcontrollertips.com/10base-t1s-l-connects-sensors-in-cars-and-buildings/">10Base-T1S/L connects sensors in cars and buildings</a></h4></header></article><p class="more-from-category"><a href="https://www.microcontrollertips.com/category/featured-contributions/" title="Featured Contributions">More Featured Contributions</a></p></div></section> <section id="custom_html-8" class="widget_text widget widget_custom_html"><div class="widget_text widget-wrap"><h3 class="widgettitle widget-title">EE TECH TOOLBOX</h3> <div class="textwidget custom-html-widget"><center> <div style="display: flex; flex-direction: column; justify-content: center; width: 300px;"> <div align="center"><a href="https://www.eeworldonline.com/tech-toolbox-test-measurement/" target="_blank"><img src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20width='0'%20height='0'%20viewBox='0%200%200%200'%3E%3C/svg%3E" alt="“ee" tech class="perfmatters-lazy" data-src="https://www.eeworldonline.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/EE-TechToolbox-T_and_M_Page_01-scaled.jpg" /><noscript><img src="https://www.eeworldonline.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/EE-TechToolbox-T_and_M_Page_01-scaled.jpg" alt=“ee tech toolbox”></noscript></a></div> <div align="center" style="width: 300px; line-height: 20px; padding-top: 10px;"><span style="font-weight: bold; color: #0c506d; text-align: center; font-size: 20px;">Tech Toolbox: Test & Measurement</span></div> <div align="center" style="line-height: 16px; padding-top: 5px;"><span style="text-align: center; font-size: 16px;"> Everything needs testing and testing needs measurement. This Tech Toolbox covers measurement fundamentals, accuracy, precision, and resolution. A look at the Smith chart, a handy tool for RF engineers, is also reviewed. </span></div> <div align="center" style="padding-top: 10px;"><a href="https://www.eeworldonline.com/tech-toolbox-test-measurement/" target="_blank"><button style="background-color: #57bf9b; color: white; font-weight: bold; border: none; padding: 10px; font-size: 16px; cursor: pointer;">Download PDF</button></a></div> <div align="center" style="padding-top: 10px;"><a href="https://www.eeworldonline.com/category/tech-toolboxes/" target="_blank"><button style="background-color: #57bf9b; color: white; font-weight: bold; border: none; padding: 10px; font-size: 16px; cursor: pointer;">View All Tech Toolboxes</button></a></div> </div> </center> </div></div></section> <section id="custom_html-3" class="widget_text widget widget_custom_html"><div class="widget_text widget-wrap"><h3 class="widgettitle widget-title">EE Learning Center</h3> <div class="textwidget custom-html-widget"><center><div style="display: flex; flex-direction: column; width: 270px;"><a href="https://www.eeworldonline.com/learning-center" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img width="300" height="250" src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20width='300'%20height='250'%20viewBox='0%200%20300%20250'%3E%3C/svg%3E" alt="EE Learning Center" style="max-width: 270px;" class="perfmatters-lazy" data-src="https://www.microcontrollertips.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/300x250-2-EE-LearnCtr.png" /><noscript><img width="300" height="250" src="https://www.microcontrollertips.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/300x250-2-EE-LearnCtr.png" alt="EE Learning Center" style="max-width: 270px;" /></noscript></a> <div class="dropdown" style="text-align: center; margin-top: 10px;"> <button class="motion-design-guides">BROWSE CLASSROOMS</button> <div class="dropdown-content"> <a class="motion-design-guide-option" href="https://www.eeworldonline.com/circuit-protection-classroom" target="_blank">CIRCUIT PROTECTION</a> </div> </div></div> </center> <center> <div class="dropdown" style="text-align: center; padding-top: 10px;"> <button class="motion-design-guides">Browse Design Guides</button> <div class="dropdown-content"> <a class="motion-design-guide-option" href="https://eeworldonline.tradepub.com/free/w_defa3554/" target="_blank">Connectors</a> <a class="motion-design-guide-option" href="https://eeworldonline.tradepub.com/free/w_defa3475/" target="_blank">5G Connectivity</a> <a class="motion-design-guide-option" href="https://eeworldonline.tradepub.com/free/w_rene01/" target="_blank">Bluetooth & Connectivity</a> <a class="motion-design-guide-option" href="https://eeworldonline.tradepub.com/free/w_defa2728/" target="_blank">WiFi & the IOT</a> </div> </div> </center></div></div></section> <section id="custom_html-6" class="widget_text widget widget_custom_html"><div class="widget_text widget-wrap"><h3 class="widgettitle widget-title">EE ENGINEERING TRAINING DAYS</h3> <div class="textwidget custom-html-widget"><center><div style="display: flex; flex-direction: column; width: 270px;"><a href="https://eetrainingdays.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20width='0'%20height='0'%20viewBox='0%200%200%200'%3E%3C/svg%3E" alt="engineering" class="perfmatters-lazy" data-src="https://www.eeworldonline.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/300x250-side-bar-graphic.png" /><noscript><img src="https://www.eeworldonline.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/300x250-side-bar-graphic.png" alt="engineering" /></noscript></a> </div> </center></div></div></section> <section id="custom_html-7" class="widget_text widget widget_custom_html"><div class="widget_text widget-wrap"><div class="textwidget custom-html-widget"><center><a href="https://www.eeworldonline.com/category/bill-schweber-blogs/" target="_blank"><img src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20width='0'%20height='0'%20viewBox='0%200%200%200'%3E%3C/svg%3E" alt="“bills" class="perfmatters-lazy" data-src="https://www.eeworldonline.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/300x250-V2.5.jpg" /><noscript><img src="https://www.eeworldonline.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/300x250-V2.5.jpg" alt=“bills blog”></noscript></a></center></div></div></section> <section id="text-6" class="widget widget_text"><div class="widget-wrap"> <div class="textwidget"><center> <div style="display: flex; flex-direction: column; justify-content: center; width: 300px;"> <div align="center"><a href="https://www.microcontrollertips.com/newsletter-subscription-form/" target="_blank"><img width="300" height="100" src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20width='300'%20height='100'%20viewBox='0%200%20300%20100'%3E%3C/svg%3E" alt="“microcontroller" class="perfmatters-lazy" data-src="https://www.microcontrollertips.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/Microcontrollers-300x100-1.jpg" /><noscript><img width="300" height="100" src="https://www.microcontrollertips.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/Microcontrollers-300x100-1.jpg" alt=“microcontroller newsletter”></noscript></a></div> <div align="center" style="width: 300px; line-height: 20px; padding-top: 10px;"><span style="font-weight: bold; color: #0c506d; text-align: center; font-size: 20px;">EXPAND YOUR KNOWLEDGE AND STAY CONNECTED</span></div> <div align="center" style="line-height: 16px; padding-top: 5px;"><span style="text-align: center; font-size: 16px;">Get the latest info on technologies, tools and strategies for EE professionals.</span></div> <div align="center" style="padding-top: 10px;"><a href="https://www.microcontrollertips.com/newsletter-subscription-form/" target="_blank"><button style="background-color: #57bf9b; color: white; font-weight: bold; border: none; padding: 10px; font-size: 16px; cursor: pointer;">GET THE ENEWSLETTER</button></a></div> </div> </center></div> </div></section> <section id="custom_html-4" class="widget_text widget widget_custom_html"><div class="widget_text widget-wrap"><div class="textwidget custom-html-widget"><center><div id='div-gpt-microcontroller_sidebarbottom'> <script> googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.display('div-gpt-microcontroller_sidebarbottom'); }); </script> </div></center></div></div></section> <section id="rss-2" class="widget widget_rss"><div class="widget-wrap"><h3 class="widgettitle widget-title"><a class="rsswidget rss-widget-feed" href="http://www.edaboard.com/external.php?type=RSS"><img class="rss-widget-icon perfmatters-lazy" style="border:0" width="14" height="14" src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20width='14'%20height='14'%20viewBox='0%200%2014%2014'%3E%3C/svg%3E" alt="RSS" data-src="https://www.microcontrollertips.com/wp-includes/images/rss.png" /><noscript><img class="rss-widget-icon" style="border:0" width="14" height="14" src="https://www.microcontrollertips.com/wp-includes/images/rss.png" alt="RSS" /></noscript></a> <a class="rsswidget rss-widget-title" href="https://www.edaboard.com/">Current EDABoard.com discussions</a></h3> <ul><li><a class='rsswidget' href='https://www.edaboard.com/threads/restoring-a-wards-airline-radio-model-93br-1201-wards-airline-radio-model-93br-1201.413102/'>Restoring A WARDS AIRLINE RADIO MODEL 93BR-1201 WARDS AIRLINE RADIO MODEL 93BR-1201</a></li><li><a class='rsswidget' href='https://www.edaboard.com/threads/all-black-screen-after-booting-zorin-os-16-on-hp-notebook-with-11th-gen-intel-cpu.413069/'>All black Screen After Booting Zorin OS 16 on HP Notebook with 11th Gen Intel CPU</a></li><li><a class='rsswidget' href='https://www.edaboard.com/threads/how-parallel-patterns-are-pulsed-during-shift.413158/'>How parallel patterns are pulsed during shift?</a></li><li><a class='rsswidget' href='https://www.edaboard.com/threads/relative-phase-compensation-technique.413067/'>Relative phase compensation technique</a></li><li><a class='rsswidget' href='https://www.edaboard.com/threads/buck-boost-inductor-design-calculation.413149/'>Buck-Boost Inductor design calculation</a></li></ul></div></section> <section id="rss-3" class="widget widget_rss"><div class="widget-wrap"><h3 class="widgettitle widget-title"><a class="rsswidget rss-widget-feed" href="https://www.electro-tech-online.com/forums/-/index.rss"><img class="rss-widget-icon perfmatters-lazy" style="border:0" width="14" height="14" src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20width='14'%20height='14'%20viewBox='0%200%2014%2014'%3E%3C/svg%3E" alt="RSS" data-src="https://www.microcontrollertips.com/wp-includes/images/rss.png" /><noscript><img class="rss-widget-icon" style="border:0" width="14" height="14" src="https://www.microcontrollertips.com/wp-includes/images/rss.png" alt="RSS" /></noscript></a> <a class="rsswidget rss-widget-title" href="https://www.electro-tech-online.com/">Current Electro-Tech-Online.com Discussions</a></h3> <ul><li><a class='rsswidget' href='https://www.electro-tech-online.com/threads/pic-basic-finger-print-scanner-as608.166942/'>Pic basic finger print scanner AS608</a></li><li><a class='rsswidget' href='https://www.electro-tech-online.com/threads/filtering-for-a-signal-level-detector.166547/'>Filtering for a signal level detector</a></li><li><a class='rsswidget' href='https://www.electro-tech-online.com/threads/help-put-switch-back-together-on-cookerhood.166879/'>Help! Put switch back together on cookerhood</a></li><li><a class='rsswidget' href='https://www.electro-tech-online.com/threads/display-tft-st7789-oshonsoft-basic.166219/'>Display TFT ST7789 (OshonSoft Basic).</a></li><li><a class='rsswidget' href='https://www.electro-tech-online.com/threads/varying-voltage-in-a-circuit.166946/'>Varying voltage in a circuit</a></li></ul></div></section> <section id="custom_html-2" class="widget_text widget widget_custom_html"><div class="widget_text widget-wrap"><h3 class="widgettitle widget-title">DesignFast</h3> <div class="textwidget custom-html-widget"><style type="text/css">/*! normalize.css v8.0.0 | MIT License | github.com/necolas/normalize.css */ /* Document ========================================================================== */ /** * 1. Correct the line height in all browsers. * 2. Prevent adjustments of font size after orientation changes in iOS. */ html { line-height: 1.15; /* 1 */ -webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%; /* 2 */ } /* Sections ========================================================================== */ /** * Remove the margin in all browsers. */ body { margin: 0; } /** * Correct the font size and margin on `h1` elements within `section` and * `article` contexts in Chrome, Firefox, and Safari. */ h1 { font-size: 2em; margin: 0.67em 0; } /* Grouping content ========================================================================== */ /** * 1. Add the correct box sizing in Firefox. * 2. Show the overflow in Edge and IE. */ hr { box-sizing: content-box; /* 1 */ height: 0; /* 1 */ overflow: visible; /* 2 */ } /** * 1. Correct the inheritance and scaling of font size in all browsers. * 2. Correct the odd `em` font sizing in all browsers. */ pre { font-family: monospace, monospace; /* 1 */ font-size: 1em; /* 2 */ } /* Text-level semantics ========================================================================== */ /** * Remove the gray background on active links in IE 10. */ a { background-color: transparent; } /** * 1. Remove the bottom border in Chrome 57- * 2. Add the correct text decoration in Chrome, Edge, IE, Opera, and Safari. */ abbr[title] { border-bottom: none; /* 1 */ text-decoration: underline; /* 2 */ text-decoration: underline dotted; /* 2 */ } /** * Add the correct font weight in Chrome, Edge, and Safari. */ b, strong { font-weight: bolder; } /** * 1. Correct the inheritance and scaling of font size in all browsers. * 2. Correct the odd `em` font sizing in all browsers. */ code, kbd, samp { font-family: monospace, monospace; /* 1 */ font-size: 1em; /* 2 */ } /** * Add the correct font size in all browsers. */ small { font-size: 80%; } /** * Prevent `sub` and `sup` elements from affecting the line height in * all browsers. */ sub, sup { font-size: 75%; line-height: 0; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline; } sub { bottom: -0.25em; } sup { top: -0.5em; } /* Embedded content ========================================================================== */ /** * Remove the border on images inside links in IE 10. */ img { border-style: none; } /* Forms ========================================================================== */ /** * 1. Change the font styles in all browsers. * 2. Remove the margin in Firefox and Safari. */ button, input, optgroup, select, textarea { font-family: inherit; /* 1 */ font-size: 100%; /* 1 */ line-height: 1.15; /* 1 */ margin: 0; /* 2 */ } /** * Show the overflow in IE. * 1. Show the overflow in Edge. */ button, input { /* 1 */ overflow: visible; } /** * Remove the inheritance of text transform in Edge, Firefox, and IE. * 1. Remove the inheritance of text transform in Firefox. */ button, select { /* 1 */ text-transform: none; } /** * Correct the inability to style clickable types in iOS and Safari. */ button, [type="button"], [type="reset"], [type="submit"] { -webkit-appearance: button; } /** * Remove the inner border and padding in Firefox. */ button::-moz-focus-inner, [type="button"]::-moz-focus-inner, [type="reset"]::-moz-focus-inner, [type="submit"]::-moz-focus-inner { border-style: none; padding: 0; } /** * Restore the focus styles unset by the previous rule. */ button:-moz-focusring, [type="button"]:-moz-focusring, [type="reset"]:-moz-focusring, [type="submit"]:-moz-focusring { outline: 1px dotted ButtonText; } /** * Correct the padding in Firefox. */ fieldset { padding: 0.35em 0.75em 0.625em; } /** * 1. Correct the text wrapping in Edge and IE. * 2. Correct the color inheritance from `fieldset` elements in IE. * 3. Remove the padding so developers are not caught out when they zero out * `fieldset` elements in all browsers. */ legend { box-sizing: border-box; /* 1 */ color: inherit; /* 2 */ display: table; /* 1 */ max-width: 100%; /* 1 */ padding: 0; /* 3 */ white-space: normal; /* 1 */ } /** * Add the correct vertical alignment in Chrome, Firefox, and Opera. */ progress { vertical-align: baseline; } /** * Remove the default vertical scrollbar in IE 10+. */ textarea { overflow: auto; } /** * 1. Add the correct box sizing in IE 10. * 2. Remove the padding in IE 10. */ [type="checkbox"], [type="radio"] { box-sizing: border-box; /* 1 */ padding: 0; /* 2 */ } /** * Correct the cursor style of increment and decrement buttons in Chrome. */ [type="number"]::-webkit-inner-spin-button, [type="number"]::-webkit-outer-spin-button { height: auto; } /** * 1. Correct the odd appearance in Chrome and Safari. * 2. Correct the outline style in Safari. */ [type="search"] { -webkit-appearance: textfield; /* 1 */ outline-offset: -2px; /* 2 */ } /** * Remove the inner padding in Chrome and Safari on macOS. */ [type="search"]::-webkit-search-decoration { -webkit-appearance: none; } /** * 1. Correct the inability to style clickable types in iOS and Safari. * 2. Change font properties to `inherit` in Safari. */ ::-webkit-file-upload-button { -webkit-appearance: button; /* 1 */ font: inherit; /* 2 */ } /* Interactive ========================================================================== */ /* * Add the correct display in Edge, IE 10+, and Firefox. */ details { display: block; } /* * Add the correct display in all browsers. */ summary { display: list-item; } /* Misc ========================================================================== */ /** * Add the correct display in IE 10+. */ template { display: none; } /** * Add the correct display in IE 10. */ [hidden] { display: none; } #box { background-color: #1d2765; width: 300px; height: 250px; } .img-padding { padding-top: 5%; } .center { text-align: center; } #header { display: flex; } #header-text { font-family: 'Open Sans', Arial, sans-serif !important; font-size: 21px; color: #ffffff !important; line-height: 20px !important; text-align: center; display: inline-block; flex: 0 60%; } /* Style used in WP Ad, overriding here. */ #df-form input { box-shadow: none; padding: 0; } #df-form { display: flex; justify-content: center; margin-top: 5%; } #header-image { display: inline-block; flex: 0 40%; } #header-image img { width: 100px; height: 100px; } #search-input { background-color: #36428c; border: 10px solid #36428c; max-width: 70%; color:#fff; font-size: 12px; } #search-input::placeholder { color: #fff; } #submit-btn { color: #000; background-color: #ff9993; border: 10px solid #ff9993; } </style><style>/*! normalize.css v8.0.0 | MIT License | github.com/necolas/normalize.css */ /* Document ========================================================================== */ /** * 1. Correct the line height in all browsers. * 2. Prevent adjustments of font size after orientation changes in iOS. */ html { line-height: 1.15; /* 1 */ -webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%; /* 2 */ } /* Sections ========================================================================== */ /** * Remove the margin in all browsers. */ body { margin: 0; } /** * Correct the font size and margin on `h1` elements within `section` and * `article` contexts in Chrome, Firefox, and Safari. */ h1 { font-size: 2em; margin: 0.67em 0; } /* Grouping content ========================================================================== */ /** * 1. Add the correct box sizing in Firefox. * 2. Show the overflow in Edge and IE. */ hr { box-sizing: content-box; /* 1 */ height: 0; /* 1 */ overflow: visible; /* 2 */ } /** * 1. Correct the inheritance and scaling of font size in all browsers. * 2. Correct the odd `em` font sizing in all browsers. */ pre { font-family: monospace, monospace; /* 1 */ font-size: 1em; /* 2 */ } /* Text-level semantics ========================================================================== */ /** * Remove the gray background on active links in IE 10. */ a { background-color: transparent; } /** * 1. Remove the bottom border in Chrome 57- * 2. Add the correct text decoration in Chrome, Edge, IE, Opera, and Safari. */ abbr[title] { border-bottom: none; /* 1 */ text-decoration: underline; /* 2 */ text-decoration: underline dotted; /* 2 */ } /** * Add the correct font weight in Chrome, Edge, and Safari. */ b, strong { font-weight: bolder; } /** * 1. Correct the inheritance and scaling of font size in all browsers. * 2. Correct the odd `em` font sizing in all browsers. */ code, kbd, samp { font-family: monospace, monospace; /* 1 */ font-size: 1em; /* 2 */ } /** * Add the correct font size in all browsers. */ small { font-size: 80%; } /** * Prevent `sub` and `sup` elements from affecting the line height in * all browsers. */ sub, sup { font-size: 75%; line-height: 0; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline; } sub { bottom: -0.25em; } sup { top: -0.5em; } /* Embedded content ========================================================================== */ /** * Remove the border on images inside links in IE 10. */ img { border-style: none; } /* Forms ========================================================================== */ /** * 1. Change the font styles in all browsers. * 2. Remove the margin in Firefox and Safari. */ button, input, optgroup, select, textarea { font-family: inherit; /* 1 */ font-size: 100%; /* 1 */ line-height: 1.15; /* 1 */ margin: 0; /* 2 */ } /** * Show the overflow in IE. * 1. Show the overflow in Edge. */ button, input { /* 1 */ overflow: visible; } /** * Remove the inheritance of text transform in Edge, Firefox, and IE. * 1. Remove the inheritance of text transform in Firefox. */ button, select { /* 1 */ text-transform: none; } /** * Correct the inability to style clickable types in iOS and Safari. */ button, [type="button"], [type="reset"], [type="submit"] { -webkit-appearance: button; } /** * Remove the inner border and padding in Firefox. */ button::-moz-focus-inner, [type="button"]::-moz-focus-inner, [type="reset"]::-moz-focus-inner, [type="submit"]::-moz-focus-inner { border-style: none; padding: 0; } /** * Restore the focus styles unset by the previous rule. */ button:-moz-focusring, [type="button"]:-moz-focusring, [type="reset"]:-moz-focusring, [type="submit"]:-moz-focusring { outline: 1px dotted ButtonText; } /** * Correct the padding in Firefox. */ fieldset { padding: 0.35em 0.75em 0.625em; } /** * 1. Correct the text wrapping in Edge and IE. * 2. Correct the color inheritance from `fieldset` elements in IE. * 3. Remove the padding so developers are not caught out when they zero out * `fieldset` elements in all browsers. */ legend { box-sizing: border-box; /* 1 */ color: inherit; /* 2 */ display: table; /* 1 */ max-width: 100%; /* 1 */ padding: 0; /* 3 */ white-space: normal; /* 1 */ } /** * Add the correct vertical alignment in Chrome, Firefox, and Opera. */ progress { vertical-align: baseline; } /** * Remove the default vertical scrollbar in IE 10+. */ textarea { overflow: auto; } /** * 1. Add the correct box sizing in IE 10. * 2. Remove the padding in IE 10. */ [type="checkbox"], [type="radio"] { box-sizing: border-box; /* 1 */ padding: 0; /* 2 */ } /** * Correct the cursor style of increment and decrement buttons in Chrome. */ [type="number"]::-webkit-inner-spin-button, [type="number"]::-webkit-outer-spin-button { height: auto; } /** * 1. Correct the odd appearance in Chrome and Safari. * 2. Correct the outline style in Safari. */ [type="search"] { -webkit-appearance: textfield; /* 1 */ outline-offset: -2px; /* 2 */ } /** * Remove the inner padding in Chrome and Safari on macOS. */ [type="search"]::-webkit-search-decoration { -webkit-appearance: none; } /** * 1. Correct the inability to style clickable types in iOS and Safari. * 2. Change font properties to `inherit` in Safari. */ ::-webkit-file-upload-button { -webkit-appearance: button; /* 1 */ font: inherit; /* 2 */ } /* Interactive ========================================================================== */ /* * Add the correct display in Edge, IE 10+, and Firefox. */ details { display: block; } /* * Add the correct display in all browsers. */ summary { display: list-item; } /* Misc ========================================================================== */ /** * Add the correct display in IE 10+. */ template { display: none; } /** * Add the correct display in IE 10. */ [hidden] { display: none; } #box { background-color: #1d2765; width: 300px; height: 250px; } .img-padding { padding-top: 5%; } .center { text-align: center; } #header { display: flex; } #header-text { font-family: 'Open Sans', Arial, sans-serif !important; font-size: 21px; color: #ffffff !important; line-height: 20px !important; text-align: center; display: inline-block; flex: 0 60%; } /* Style used in WP Ad, overriding here. */ #df-form input { box-shadow: none; padding: 0; } #df-form { display: flex; justify-content: center; margin-top: 5%; } #header-image { display: inline-block; flex: 0 40%; } #header-image img { width: 100px; height: 100px; } #search-input { background-color: #36428c; border: 10px solid #36428c; max-width: 70%; color:#fff; font-size: 12px; } #search-input::placeholder { color: #fff; } #submit-btn { color: #000; background-color: #ff9993; border: 10px solid #ff9993; } </style> <div id="box">  <div class="center img-padding"> <img src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20width='0'%20height='0'%20viewBox='0%200%200%200'%3E%3C/svg%3E" alt="Design Fast Logo" class="perfmatters-lazy" data-src="https://images.designworldonline.com/newsletters/images/c4988f59a6e50d1a1d4c5d5f9e5dcd72.png" /><noscript><img src="https://images.designworldonline.com/newsletters/images/c4988f59a6e50d1a1d4c5d5f9e5dcd72.png" alt="Design Fast Logo"></noscript> </div>  <div id="header">  <div id="header-text"> Component Selection Made Simple.<br><br>Try it Today </div>  <div id="header-image"> <img alt="design fast globle" src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20width='0'%20height='0'%20viewBox='0%200%200%200'%3E%3C/svg%3E" class="perfmatters-lazy" data-src="https://images.designworldonline.com/newsletters/images/037373d010e86f50d2d8462d161945b4.png" /><noscript><img alt="design fast globle" src="https://images.designworldonline.com/newsletters/images/037373d010e86f50d2d8462d161945b4.png" /></noscript> </div> </div>   <form id="df-form"> <input type="text" name="searchbox" id="search-input" size="32" placeholder="Search for a part or datasheet" /> <input type="submit" value="GO" id="submit-btn" /> </form>  </div> <script type="text/javascript">!function(e){var t={};function n(r){if(t[r])return t[r].exports;var o=t[r]={i:r,l:!1,exports:{}};return e[r].call(o.exports,o,o.exports,n),o.l=!0,o.exports}n.m=e,n.c=t,n.d=function(e,t,r){n.o(e,t)||Object.defineProperty(e,t,{enumerable:!0,get:r})},n.r=function(e){"undefined"!=typeof Symbol&&Symbol.toStringTag&&Object.defineProperty(e,Symbol.toStringTag,{value:"Module"}),Object.defineProperty(e,"__esModule",{value:!0})},n.t=function(e,t){if(1&t&&(e=n(e)),8&t)return e;if(4&t&&"object"==typeof e&&e&&e.__esModule)return e;var r=Object.create(null);if(n.r(r),Object.defineProperty(r,"default",{enumerable:!0,value:e}),2&t&&"string"!=typeof e)for(var o in e)n.d(r,o,function(t){return e[t]}.bind(null,o));return r},n.n=function(e){var t=e&&e.__esModule?function(){return e.default}:function(){return e};return n.d(t,"a",t),t},n.o=function(e,t){return Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(e,t)},n.p="",n(n.s=0)}([function(e,t,n){n(1),n(3);let r=document.querySelector("#df-form");function o(){const e=r.elements[0].value;window.open("https://www.app.designfast.com/search?q="+e)}r.addEventListener("submit",function(e){if(!e)window.event;e.preventDefault(),o()}),r.addEventListener("keydown",function(e){13===e.key&&o()})},function(e,t,n){},,function(e,t,n){}]);</script> </div></div></section> </aside></div></div><div class="footer-widgets" id="genesis-footer-widgets"><h2 class="genesis-sidebar-title screen-reader-text">Footer</h2><div class="wrap"><div class="widget-area footer-widgets-1 footer-widget-area"><section id="text-17" class="widget widget_text"><div class="widget-wrap"> <div class="textwidget"><img src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20width='260'%20height='23'%20viewBox='0%200%20260%2023'%3E%3C/svg%3E" width="260" height="23" alt="Microcontroller Tips" class="perfmatters-lazy" data-src="/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/2016-microcontroller-logo-white-1.png" /><noscript><img src="/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/2016-microcontroller-logo-white-1.png" width="260" height="23" alt="Microcontroller Tips" /></noscript></div> </div></section> </div><div class="widget-area footer-widgets-2 footer-widget-area"><section id="text-16" class="widget widget_text"><div class="widget-wrap"><h3 class="widgettitle widget-title">EE World Online Network</h3> <div class="textwidget"><ul> <li><a href="https://www.5gtechnologyworld.com/" target="_blank">5G Technology World</a></li> <li><a href="http://www.eeworldonline.com/" target="_blank">EE World Online</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/" target="_blank">Engineers Garage</a></li> <li><a href="http://www.analogictips.com/" target="_blank">Analog IC Tips</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.batterypowertips.com/" target="_blank">Battery Power Tips</a></li> <li><a href="http://www.connectortips.com/" target="_blank">Connector Tips</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.DesignFast.com/" target="_blank">DesignFast</a></li> <li><a href="http://www.edaboard.com/" target="_blank">EDA Board Forums</a></li> <li><a href="http://www.electro-tech-online.com/" target="_blank">Electro Tech Online Forums</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.evengineeringonline.com/" target="_blank">EV Engineering</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.powerelectronictips.com/" target="_blank">Power Electronic Tips</a></li> <li><a href="http://www.sensortips.com/" target="_blank">Sensor Tips</a></li> <li><a href="http://www.testandmeasurementtips.com/" target="_blank">Test and Measurement Tips</a></li> </ul></div> </div></section> </div><div class="widget-area footer-widgets-3 footer-widget-area"><section id="list-2" class="widget widget_link_list"><div class="widget-wrap"><h3 class="widgettitle widget-title">Microcontroller Tips</h3> <ul class="list"> <li class=''><a href='/newsletter-subscription-form/'>Subscribe to our newsletter</a></li><li class=''><a href='https://marketing.wtwhmedia.com/2024-ee-world-online-media-guide/'>Advertise with us</a></li><li class=''><a href='/contact-us/'>Contact us</a></li><li class=''><a href='/about-us/'>About us</a></li></ul></div></section> <section id="a2a_follow_widget-2" class="widget widget_a2a_follow_widget"><div class="widget-wrap"><div class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_34 a2a_follow addtoany_list"><a class="a2a_button_facebook" href="https://www.facebook.com/EEWorldOnline" title="Facebook" rel="noopener" target="_blank"></a><a class="a2a_button_instagram" href="https://www.instagram.com/eeworldonline" title="Instagram" rel="noopener" target="_blank"></a><a class="a2a_button_x" href="https://x.com/microcontrltips" title="X" rel="noopener" target="_blank"></a><a class="a2a_button_youtube_channel" href="https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCiii-uV5Stls72T19oVWKTQ" title="YouTube Channel" rel="noopener" target="_blank"></a></div></div></section> </div></div></div><footer class="site-footer"><div class="wrap"><p>Copyright © 2024 · WTWH Media LLC and its licensors. All rights reserved.<br /> The material on this site may not be reproduced, distributed, transmitted, cached or otherwise used, except with the prior written permission of WTWH Media.</p> <a href="http://www.wtwhmedia.com/privacy-policy/" target="_blank" rel="nofollow">Privacy Policy</a> </div></footer></div></div>  </div> <script> var GAMaccountID = 5272491; var GAMnetworkName = 'ee_network'; var GAMadUnitName = 'microcontroller_prestitial'; googletag.slots = googletag.slots || {}; </script>  <noscript><iframe src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-MMC9PJ9" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe></noscript>   <noscript><iframe src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-KZX8HNL" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe></noscript>  <div id='div-gpt-microcontroller_wallpaper'> <script> googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.display('div-gpt-microcontroller_wallpaper'); }); </script> </div> <div id='div-gpt-microcontroller_allstreamflex'> <script> googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.display('div-gpt-microcontroller_allstreamflex'); }); </script> </div> <div id='div-gpt-microcontroller_allstreamprelude'> <script> googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.display('div-gpt-microcontroller_allstreamprelude'); }); </script> </div> <script type='text/javascript'>jQuery(document).ready(function($) {$(".flexslider").flexslider({controlsContainer: "#genesis-responsive-slider",animation: "slide",directionNav: 0,controlNav: 1,animationDuration: 600,slideshowSpeed: 6000 }); });</script><script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.microcontrollertips.com/wp-content/plugins/prestitial/assets/js/adlogic.js?ver=1.1.0" id="wtwh_prestitial_core_js-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.microcontrollertips.com/wp-includes/js/comment-reply.min.js?ver=6.7" id="comment-reply-js" async="async" data-wp-strategy="async"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.microcontrollertips.com/wp-includes/js/hoverIntent.min.js?ver=1.10.2" id="hoverIntent-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.microcontrollertips.com/wp-content/themes/genesis/lib/js/menu/superfish.min.js?ver=1.7.10" id="superfish-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.microcontrollertips.com/wp-content/themes/genesis/lib/js/menu/superfish.args.min.js?ver=3.5.0" id="superfish-args-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.microcontrollertips.com/wp-content/themes/genesis/lib/js/skip-links.min.js?ver=3.5.0" id="skip-links-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.microcontrollertips.com/wp-content/themes/news-pro/js/jquery.matchHeight.min.js?ver=3.2.3" id="news-match-height-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.microcontrollertips.com/wp-content/themes/news-pro/js/global.js?ver=3.2.3" id="news-global-js-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" id="news-responsive-menus-js-extra"> /* <![CDATA[ */ var genesis_responsive_menu = {"mainMenu":"Menu","subMenu":"Submenu","menuClasses":{"combine":[".nav-secondary",".nav-primary",".nav-header"]}}; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.microcontrollertips.com/wp-content/themes/news-pro/js/responsive-menus.min.js?ver=3.2.3" id="news-responsive-menus-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.microcontrollertips.com/wp-content/plugins/genesis-responsive-slider/assets/js/jquery.flexslider.js?ver=1.0.1" id="flexslider-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" id="q2w3_fixed_widget-js-extra"> /* <![CDATA[ */ var q2w3_sidebar_options = [{"use_sticky_position":false,"margin_top":0,"margin_bottom":0,"stop_elements_selectors":"","screen_max_width":0,"screen_max_height":0,"widgets":[]}]; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.microcontrollertips.com/wp-content/plugins/q2w3-fixed-widget/js/frontend.min.js?ver=6.2.3" id="q2w3_fixed_widget-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" id="perfmatters-lazy-load-js-before"> /* <![CDATA[ */ window.lazyLoadOptions={elements_selector:"img[data-src],.perfmatters-lazy,.perfmatters-lazy-css-bg",thresholds:"0px 0px",class_loading:"pmloading",class_loaded:"pmloaded",callback_loaded:function(element){if(element.tagName==="IFRAME"){if(element.classList.contains("pmloaded")){if(typeof window.jQuery!="undefined"){if(jQuery.fn.fitVids){jQuery(element).parent().fitVids()}}}}}};window.addEventListener("LazyLoad::Initialized",function(e){var lazyLoadInstance=e.detail.instance;var target=document.querySelector("body");var observer=new MutationObserver(function(mutations){lazyLoadInstance.update()});var config={childList:!0,subtree:!0};observer.observe(target,config);});function perfmattersLazyLoadYouTube(e){var t=document.createElement("iframe"),r="ID?";r+=0===e.dataset.query.length?"":e.dataset.query+"&",r+="autoplay=1",t.setAttribute("src",r.replace("ID",e.dataset.src)),t.setAttribute("frameborder","0"),t.setAttribute("allowfullscreen","1"),t.setAttribute("allow","accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture"),e.replaceChild(t,e.firstChild)} /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" async src="https://www.microcontrollertips.com/wp-content/plugins/perfmatters/js/lazyload.min.js?ver=2.3.4" id="perfmatters-lazy-load-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" async data-no-optimize="1" src="https://www.microcontrollertips.com/wp-content/plugins/perfmatters/vendor/instant-page/pminstantpage.min.js?ver=2.3.4" id="perfmatters-instant-page-js"></script> <script defer type="text/javascript" src="https://www.microcontrollertips.com/wp-content/plugins/akismet/_inc/akismet-frontend.js?ver=1732020709" id="akismet-frontend-js"></script> </body></html>