CINXE.COM

Adolf Nichtenhauser: Documenting the History of Movies and Medicine – Circulating Now from the NLM Historical Collections

<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en-US"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"> <link rel="profile" href="http://gmpg.org/xfn/11"> <link rel="pingback" href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/xmlrpc.php"> <title>Adolf Nichtenhauser: Documenting the History of Movies and Medicine &#8211; Circulating Now from the NLM Historical Collections</title> <script type="text/javascript"> WebFontConfig = {"google":{"families":["Lato:r,i,b,bi:latin,latin-ext","Raleway:r:latin,latin-ext"]},"api_url":"https:\/\/fonts-api.wp.com\/css"}; (function() { var wf = document.createElement('script'); wf.src = 'https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/mu-plugins/wpcomsh/vendor/automattic/custom-fonts/js/webfont.js'; wf.type = 'text/javascript'; wf.async = 'true'; var s = document.getElementsByTagName('script')[0]; s.parentNode.insertBefore(wf, s); })(); </script><style id="jetpack-custom-fonts-css">.wf-active code, .wf-active kbd, .wf-active pre, .wf-active samp{font-family:"Lato",sans-serif}.wf-active body, .wf-active button, .wf-active input, .wf-active select, .wf-active textarea{font-family:"Lato",sans-serif}.wf-active pre{font-family:"Lato",sans-serif}.wf-active code, .wf-active kbd, .wf-active tt, .wf-active var{font-family:"Lato",sans-serif}.wf-active .main-navigation-menu a{font-family:"Lato",sans-serif}.wf-active .top-navigation-menu a{font-family:"Lato",sans-serif}.wf-active .footer-navigation-menu a{font-family:"Lato",sans-serif}@media (max-width: 60em){.wf-active .main-navigation-toggle{font-family:"Lato",sans-serif}}.wf-active h1{font-style:normal;font-weight:400}.wf-active .site-title{font-family:"Raleway",sans-serif;font-weight:400;font-style:normal}.wf-active .site-description{font-family:"Raleway",sans-serif;font-style:normal;font-weight:400}.wf-active .widget-title{font-family:"Raleway",sans-serif;font-weight:400;font-style:normal}.wf-active .archive-title, .wf-active .entry-title, .wf-active .page-title{font-family:"Raleway",sans-serif;font-weight:400;font-style:normal}.wf-active .post-layout-columns .post-wrapper .post-column article .entry-title{font-style:normal;font-weight:400}.wf-active .comment-reply-title span, .wf-active .comments-header .comments-title{font-family:"Raleway",sans-serif;font-weight:400;font-style:normal}@media (max-width: 80em){.wf-active .site-description{font-style:normal;font-weight:400}}@media (max-width: 70em){.wf-active .post-layout-columns .post-wrapper .post-column article .entry-title{font-style:normal;font-weight:400}}@media (max-width: 60em){.wf-active .site-description{font-style:normal;font-weight:400}}@media (max-width: 60em){.wf-active .archive-title, .wf-active .entry-title, .wf-active .page-title{font-style:normal;font-weight:400}}@media (max-width: 60em){.wf-active .post-layout-columns .post-wrapper .post-column article .entry-title{font-style:normal;font-weight:400}}</style> <meta name='robots' content='max-image-preview:large' /> <style>img:is([sizes="auto" i], [sizes^="auto," i]) { contain-intrinsic-size: 3000px 1500px }</style> <!-- Jetpack Site Verification Tags --> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//secure.gravatar.com' /> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//stats.wp.com' /> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//fonts-api.wp.com' /> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//widgets.wp.com' /> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//jetpack.wordpress.com' /> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//s0.wp.com' /> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//public-api.wordpress.com' /> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//0.gravatar.com' /> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//1.gravatar.com' /> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//2.gravatar.com' /> <link rel='preconnect' href='//i0.wp.com' /> <link rel='preconnect' href='//c0.wp.com' /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="Circulating Now from the NLM Historical Collections &raquo; Feed" href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/feed/" /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="Circulating Now from the NLM Historical Collections &raquo; Comments Feed" href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/comments/feed/" /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="Circulating Now from the NLM Historical Collections &raquo; Adolf Nichtenhauser: Documenting the History of Movies and Medicine Comments Feed" href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2022/03/03/adolf-nichtenhauser-documenting-the-history-of-movies-and-medicine/feed/" /> <script type="text/javascript"> /* <![CDATA[ */ window._wpemojiSettings = {"baseUrl":"https:\/\/s.w.org\/images\/core\/emoji\/15.0.3\/72x72\/","ext":".png","svgUrl":"https:\/\/s.w.org\/images\/core\/emoji\/15.0.3\/svg\/","svgExt":".svg","source":{"concatemoji":"https:\/\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-includes\/js\/wp-emoji-release.min.js?ver=6.7.1"}}; /*! This file is auto-generated */ !function(i,n){var o,s,e;function c(e){try{var t={supportTests:e,timestamp:(new Date).valueOf()};sessionStorage.setItem(o,JSON.stringify(t))}catch(e){}}function p(e,t,n){e.clearRect(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height),e.fillText(t,0,0);var t=new Uint32Array(e.getImageData(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height).data),r=(e.clearRect(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height),e.fillText(n,0,0),new Uint32Array(e.getImageData(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height).data));return t.every(function(e,t){return e===r[t]})}function u(e,t,n){switch(t){case"flag":return n(e,"\ud83c\udff3\ufe0f\u200d\u26a7\ufe0f","\ud83c\udff3\ufe0f\u200b\u26a7\ufe0f")?!1:!n(e,"\ud83c\uddfa\ud83c\uddf3","\ud83c\uddfa\u200b\ud83c\uddf3")&&!n(e,"\ud83c\udff4\udb40\udc67\udb40\udc62\udb40\udc65\udb40\udc6e\udb40\udc67\udb40\udc7f","\ud83c\udff4\u200b\udb40\udc67\u200b\udb40\udc62\u200b\udb40\udc65\u200b\udb40\udc6e\u200b\udb40\udc67\u200b\udb40\udc7f");case"emoji":return!n(e,"\ud83d\udc26\u200d\u2b1b","\ud83d\udc26\u200b\u2b1b")}return!1}function f(e,t,n){var r="undefined"!=typeof WorkerGlobalScope&&self instanceof WorkerGlobalScope?new OffscreenCanvas(300,150):i.createElement("canvas"),a=r.getContext("2d",{willReadFrequently:!0}),o=(a.textBaseline="top",a.font="600 32px Arial",{});return e.forEach(function(e){o[e]=t(a,e,n)}),o}function t(e){var t=i.createElement("script");t.src=e,t.defer=!0,i.head.appendChild(t)}"undefined"!=typeof Promise&&(o="wpEmojiSettingsSupports",s=["flag","emoji"],n.supports={everything:!0,everythingExceptFlag:!0},e=new Promise(function(e){i.addEventListener("DOMContentLoaded",e,{once:!0})}),new Promise(function(t){var n=function(){try{var e=JSON.parse(sessionStorage.getItem(o));if("object"==typeof e&&"number"==typeof e.timestamp&&(new Date).valueOf()<e.timestamp+604800&&"object"==typeof e.supportTests)return e.supportTests}catch(e){}return null}();if(!n){if("undefined"!=typeof Worker&&"undefined"!=typeof OffscreenCanvas&&"undefined"!=typeof URL&&URL.createObjectURL&&"undefined"!=typeof Blob)try{var e="postMessage("+f.toString()+"("+[JSON.stringify(s),u.toString(),p.toString()].join(",")+"));",r=new Blob([e],{type:"text/javascript"}),a=new Worker(URL.createObjectURL(r),{name:"wpTestEmojiSupports"});return void(a.onmessage=function(e){c(n=e.data),a.terminate(),t(n)})}catch(e){}c(n=f(s,u,p))}t(n)}).then(function(e){for(var t in e)n.supports[t]=e[t],n.supports.everything=n.supports.everything&&n.supports[t],"flag"!==t&&(n.supports.everythingExceptFlag=n.supports.everythingExceptFlag&&n.supports[t]);n.supports.everythingExceptFlag=n.supports.everythingExceptFlag&&!n.supports.flag,n.DOMReady=!1,n.readyCallback=function(){n.DOMReady=!0}}).then(function(){return e}).then(function(){var e;n.supports.everything||(n.readyCallback(),(e=n.source||{}).concatemoji?t(e.concatemoji):e.wpemoji&&e.twemoji&&(t(e.twemoji),t(e.wpemoji)))}))}((window,document),window._wpemojiSettings); /* ]]> */ </script> <link rel='stylesheet' id='all-css-2a82f5cbef94d80ceefd84e40d65a10c' href='https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/_static/??-eJyNUltuAjEMvFCDS5HKV9UfpB6gB6iyiRsMeSl2Cnv7ZoGteBX488SPmYy9ycqkKBgFsq+OIsMKJWuzhpBs9chQ0GtBq3JiOUMTw/y0uRzhaoMdFgddJW+h88mslaeu6NIDS+/xv1av+1RFuUL2tJCi8dU2PSuGgJY0egxD5zHIrR2L8ui06SeB4t3uljvGxz2jtFDVqG6TTQq8hB+MNhXQVVLQImRAcCv7SWpD1qGonXqGNgwOL0PNo5Y1npxiq+Dbfpm0M5fh74cLzE0dRkMNfKSFtraHz72Y/exhg3yhRJbNAQZJRarTt1nHG/lqrOAwYqFWwtfDO0SDQd8et+zJYrnHOF5l8yfs3akdm0JZKEXVstqrFhzSV7KPEnha4x3vz1uOyc7QwyOWuqDdrWwIKbqHVsDJUPu4Ty7xCRjv+T28Teezl/nL7HX6/At9M4bY' type='text/css' media='all' /> <style id='wp-block-library-inline-css'> .has-text-align-justify{text-align:justify;} </style> <style id='wp-emoji-styles-inline-css'> img.wp-smiley, img.emoji { display: inline !important; border: none !important; box-shadow: none !important; height: 1em !important; width: 1em !important; margin: 0 0.07em !important; vertical-align: -0.1em !important; background: none !important; padding: 0 !important; } </style> <style id='jetpack-sharing-buttons-style-inline-css'> .jetpack-sharing-buttons__services-list{display:flex;flex-direction:row;flex-wrap:wrap;gap:0;list-style-type:none;margin:5px;padding:0}.jetpack-sharing-buttons__services-list.has-small-icon-size{font-size:12px}.jetpack-sharing-buttons__services-list.has-normal-icon-size{font-size:16px}.jetpack-sharing-buttons__services-list.has-large-icon-size{font-size:24px}.jetpack-sharing-buttons__services-list.has-huge-icon-size{font-size:36px}@media print{.jetpack-sharing-buttons__services-list{display:none!important}}.editor-styles-wrapper .wp-block-jetpack-sharing-buttons{gap:0;padding-inline-start:0}ul.jetpack-sharing-buttons__services-list.has-background{padding:1.25em 2.375em} </style> <style id='classic-theme-styles-inline-css'> /*! This file is auto-generated */ .wp-block-button__link{color:#fff;background-color:#32373c;border-radius:9999px;box-shadow:none;text-decoration:none;padding:calc(.667em + 2px) calc(1.333em + 2px);font-size:1.125em}.wp-block-file__button{background:#32373c;color:#fff;text-decoration:none} </style> <style id='global-styles-inline-css'> :root{--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--square: 1;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--4-3: 4/3;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--3-4: 3/4;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--3-2: 3/2;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--2-3: 2/3;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--16-9: 16/9;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--9-16: 9/16;--wp--preset--color--black: #000000;--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray: #abb8c3;--wp--preset--color--white: #ffffff;--wp--preset--color--pale-pink: #f78da7;--wp--preset--color--vivid-red: #cf2e2e;--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange: #ff6900;--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber: #fcb900;--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan: #7bdcb5;--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan: #00d084;--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue: #8ed1fc;--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue: #0693e3;--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple: #9b51e0;--wp--preset--color--primary: #dd5533;--wp--preset--color--secondary: #c43c1a;--wp--preset--color--accent: #22aadd;--wp--preset--color--highlight: #67bf96;--wp--preset--color--light-gray: #dddddd;--wp--preset--color--gray: #808080;--wp--preset--color--dark-gray: #303030;--wp--preset--gradient--vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(6,147,227,1) 0%,rgb(155,81,224) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(122,220,180) 0%,rgb(0,208,130) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(252,185,0,1) 0%,rgba(255,105,0,1) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(255,105,0,1) 0%,rgb(207,46,46) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(238,238,238) 0%,rgb(169,184,195) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--cool-to-warm-spectrum: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(74,234,220) 0%,rgb(151,120,209) 20%,rgb(207,42,186) 40%,rgb(238,44,130) 60%,rgb(251,105,98) 80%,rgb(254,248,76) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--blush-light-purple: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,206,236) 0%,rgb(152,150,240) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--blush-bordeaux: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(254,205,165) 0%,rgb(254,45,45) 50%,rgb(107,0,62) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-dusk: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,203,112) 0%,rgb(199,81,192) 50%,rgb(65,88,208) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--pale-ocean: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,245,203) 0%,rgb(182,227,212) 50%,rgb(51,167,181) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--electric-grass: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(202,248,128) 0%,rgb(113,206,126) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--midnight: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(2,3,129) 0%,rgb(40,116,252) 100%);--wp--preset--font-size--small: 14px;--wp--preset--font-size--medium: 20px;--wp--preset--font-size--large: 24px;--wp--preset--font-size--x-large: 42px;--wp--preset--font-size--huge: 36px;--wp--preset--font-family--albert-sans: 'Albert Sans', sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--alegreya: Alegreya, serif;--wp--preset--font-family--arvo: Arvo, serif;--wp--preset--font-family--bodoni-moda: 'Bodoni Moda', serif;--wp--preset--font-family--bricolage-grotesque: 'Bricolage Grotesque', sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--cabin: Cabin, sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--chivo: Chivo, sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--commissioner: Commissioner, sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--cormorant: Cormorant, serif;--wp--preset--font-family--courier-prime: 'Courier Prime', monospace;--wp--preset--font-family--crimson-pro: 'Crimson Pro', serif;--wp--preset--font-family--dm-mono: 'DM Mono', monospace;--wp--preset--font-family--dm-sans: 'DM Sans', sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--dm-serif-display: 'DM Serif Display', serif;--wp--preset--font-family--domine: Domine, serif;--wp--preset--font-family--eb-garamond: 'EB Garamond', serif;--wp--preset--font-family--epilogue: Epilogue, sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--fahkwang: Fahkwang, sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--figtree: Figtree, sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--fira-sans: 'Fira Sans', sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--fjalla-one: 'Fjalla One', sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--fraunces: Fraunces, serif;--wp--preset--font-family--gabarito: Gabarito, system-ui;--wp--preset--font-family--ibm-plex-mono: 'IBM Plex Mono', monospace;--wp--preset--font-family--ibm-plex-sans: 'IBM Plex Sans', sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--ibarra-real-nova: 'Ibarra Real Nova', serif;--wp--preset--font-family--instrument-serif: 'Instrument Serif', serif;--wp--preset--font-family--inter: Inter, sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--josefin-sans: 'Josefin Sans', sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--jost: Jost, sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--libre-baskerville: 'Libre Baskerville', serif;--wp--preset--font-family--libre-franklin: 'Libre Franklin', sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--literata: Literata, serif;--wp--preset--font-family--lora: Lora, serif;--wp--preset--font-family--merriweather: Merriweather, serif;--wp--preset--font-family--montserrat: Montserrat, sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--newsreader: Newsreader, serif;--wp--preset--font-family--noto-sans-mono: 'Noto Sans Mono', sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--nunito: Nunito, sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--open-sans: 'Open Sans', sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--overpass: Overpass, sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--pt-serif: 'PT Serif', serif;--wp--preset--font-family--petrona: Petrona, serif;--wp--preset--font-family--piazzolla: Piazzolla, serif;--wp--preset--font-family--playfair-display: 'Playfair Display', serif;--wp--preset--font-family--plus-jakarta-sans: 'Plus Jakarta Sans', sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--poppins: Poppins, sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--raleway: Raleway, sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--roboto: Roboto, sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--roboto-slab: 'Roboto Slab', serif;--wp--preset--font-family--rubik: Rubik, sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--rufina: Rufina, serif;--wp--preset--font-family--sora: Sora, sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--source-sans-3: 'Source Sans 3', sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--source-serif-4: 'Source Serif 4', serif;--wp--preset--font-family--space-mono: 'Space Mono', monospace;--wp--preset--font-family--syne: Syne, sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--texturina: Texturina, serif;--wp--preset--font-family--urbanist: Urbanist, sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--work-sans: 'Work Sans', sans-serif;--wp--preset--spacing--20: 0.44rem;--wp--preset--spacing--30: 0.67rem;--wp--preset--spacing--40: 1rem;--wp--preset--spacing--50: 1.5rem;--wp--preset--spacing--60: 2.25rem;--wp--preset--spacing--70: 3.38rem;--wp--preset--spacing--80: 5.06rem;--wp--preset--shadow--natural: 6px 6px 9px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);--wp--preset--shadow--deep: 12px 12px 50px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.4);--wp--preset--shadow--sharp: 6px 6px 0px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);--wp--preset--shadow--outlined: 6px 6px 0px -3px rgba(255, 255, 255, 1), 6px 6px rgba(0, 0, 0, 1);--wp--preset--shadow--crisp: 6px 6px 0px rgba(0, 0, 0, 1);}:where(.is-layout-flex){gap: 0.5em;}:where(.is-layout-grid){gap: 0.5em;}body .is-layout-flex{display: flex;}.is-layout-flex{flex-wrap: wrap;align-items: center;}.is-layout-flex > :is(*, div){margin: 0;}body .is-layout-grid{display: grid;}.is-layout-grid > :is(*, div){margin: 0;}:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-flex){gap: 2em;}:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-grid){gap: 2em;}:where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-flex){gap: 1.25em;}:where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-grid){gap: 1.25em;}.has-black-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-black-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-black-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red) !important;}.has-very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-cool-to-warm-spectrum-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--cool-to-warm-spectrum) !important;}.has-blush-light-purple-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--blush-light-purple) !important;}.has-blush-bordeaux-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--blush-bordeaux) !important;}.has-luminous-dusk-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-dusk) !important;}.has-pale-ocean-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--pale-ocean) !important;}.has-electric-grass-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--electric-grass) !important;}.has-midnight-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--midnight) !important;}.has-small-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--small) !important;}.has-medium-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--medium) !important;}.has-large-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--large) !important;}.has-x-large-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--x-large) !important;}.has-albert-sans-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--albert-sans) !important;}.has-alegreya-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--alegreya) !important;}.has-arvo-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--arvo) !important;}.has-bodoni-moda-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--bodoni-moda) !important;}.has-bricolage-grotesque-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--bricolage-grotesque) !important;}.has-cabin-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--cabin) !important;}.has-chivo-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--chivo) !important;}.has-commissioner-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--commissioner) !important;}.has-cormorant-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--cormorant) !important;}.has-courier-prime-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--courier-prime) !important;}.has-crimson-pro-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--crimson-pro) !important;}.has-dm-mono-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--dm-mono) !important;}.has-dm-sans-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--dm-sans) !important;}.has-dm-serif-display-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--dm-serif-display) !important;}.has-domine-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--domine) !important;}.has-eb-garamond-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--eb-garamond) !important;}.has-epilogue-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--epilogue) !important;}.has-fahkwang-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--fahkwang) !important;}.has-figtree-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--figtree) !important;}.has-fira-sans-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--fira-sans) !important;}.has-fjalla-one-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--fjalla-one) !important;}.has-fraunces-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--fraunces) !important;}.has-gabarito-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--gabarito) !important;}.has-ibm-plex-mono-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--ibm-plex-mono) !important;}.has-ibm-plex-sans-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--ibm-plex-sans) !important;}.has-ibarra-real-nova-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--ibarra-real-nova) !important;}.has-instrument-serif-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--instrument-serif) !important;}.has-inter-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--inter) !important;}.has-josefin-sans-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--josefin-sans) !important;}.has-jost-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--jost) !important;}.has-libre-baskerville-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--libre-baskerville) !important;}.has-libre-franklin-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--libre-franklin) !important;}.has-literata-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--literata) !important;}.has-lora-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--lora) !important;}.has-merriweather-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--merriweather) !important;}.has-montserrat-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--montserrat) !important;}.has-newsreader-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--newsreader) !important;}.has-noto-sans-mono-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--noto-sans-mono) !important;}.has-nunito-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--nunito) !important;}.has-open-sans-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--open-sans) !important;}.has-overpass-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--overpass) !important;}.has-pt-serif-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--pt-serif) !important;}.has-petrona-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--petrona) !important;}.has-piazzolla-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--piazzolla) !important;}.has-playfair-display-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--playfair-display) !important;}.has-plus-jakarta-sans-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--plus-jakarta-sans) !important;}.has-poppins-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--poppins) !important;}.has-raleway-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--raleway) !important;}.has-roboto-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--roboto) !important;}.has-roboto-slab-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--roboto-slab) !important;}.has-rubik-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--rubik) !important;}.has-rufina-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--rufina) !important;}.has-sora-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--sora) !important;}.has-source-sans-3-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--source-sans-3) !important;}.has-source-serif-4-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--source-serif-4) !important;}.has-space-mono-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--space-mono) !important;}.has-syne-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--syne) !important;}.has-texturina-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--texturina) !important;}.has-urbanist-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--urbanist) !important;}.has-work-sans-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--work-sans) !important;} :where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-flex){gap: 2em;}:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-grid){gap: 2em;} :root :where(.wp-block-pullquote){font-size: 1.5em;line-height: 1.6;} :where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-flex){gap: 1.25em;}:where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-grid){gap: 1.25em;} </style> <link rel='stylesheet' id='dashicons-css' href='https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-includes/css/dashicons.min.css?ver=6.7.1' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='tortuga-default-fonts-css' href='https://fonts-api.wp.com/css?family=Titillium+Web%3A400%2C400italic%2C700%2C700italic%7COpen+Sans%3A400%2C400italic%2C700%2C700italic&#038;subset=latin%2Clatin-ext' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='front_end_css-css' href='https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/plugins/broken-link-notifier/includes/css/results-front.css?ver=1.1.3.2' media='all' /> <style id='jetpack-global-styles-frontend-style-inline-css'> :root { --font-headings: unset; --font-base: unset; --font-headings-default: -apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,"Segoe UI",Roboto,Oxygen-Sans,Ubuntu,Cantarell,"Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; --font-base-default: -apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,"Segoe UI",Roboto,Oxygen-Sans,Ubuntu,Cantarell,"Helvetica Neue",sans-serif;} </style> <script type="text/javascript" id="jetpack_related-posts-js-extra"> /* <![CDATA[ */ var related_posts_js_options = {"post_heading":"h4"}; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type='text/javascript' src='https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/plugins/jetpack/_inc/build/related-posts/related-posts.min.js?m=1687202188'></script> <script type="text/javascript" id="jetpack-mu-wpcom-settings-js-before"> /* <![CDATA[ */ var JETPACK_MU_WPCOM_SETTINGS = {"assetsUrl":"https:\/\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/mu-plugins\/wpcomsh\/vendor\/automattic\/jetpack-mu-wpcom\/src\/build\/"}; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-includes/js/jquery/jquery.min.js?ver=3.7.1" id="jquery-core-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" id="tortuga-jquery-navigation-js-extra"> /* <![CDATA[ */ var tortuga_menu_title = "Menu"; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type='text/javascript' src='https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/_static/??-eJyFjEsKhDAQBS80iTgMURfiWYK2sSXpOEnHz+1VFLfCg9pUvWUSSK1NHcRsPPZPELYbwqEJmkE6JDnGzzKJ1hMDccYDuKNgHzgZfZakZzSa0b+r17vsLazRYgfhtXi0xtW5KtW3rAr12wHF0Uaf'></script> <!-- Google Analytics Code Snippet By GA4WP --><script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-P1FPTH9PL4"></script> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag('js', new Date());gtag('config', 'G-P1FPTH9PL4');</script> <!- end of Google Analytics Code Snippet by GA4WP--><link rel="https://api.w.org/" href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-json/" /><link rel="alternate" title="JSON" type="application/json" href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-json/wp/v2/posts/23332" /><link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" title="RSD" href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/xmlrpc.php?rsd" /> <link rel="canonical" href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2022/03/03/adolf-nichtenhauser-documenting-the-history-of-movies-and-medicine/" /> <link rel='shortlink' href='https://wp.me/p3xcDk-64k' /> <link rel="alternate" title="oEmbed (JSON)" type="application/json+oembed" href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-json/oembed/1.0/embed?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcirculatingnow.nlm.nih.gov%2F2022%2F03%2F03%2Fadolf-nichtenhauser-documenting-the-history-of-movies-and-medicine%2F" /> <link rel="alternate" title="oEmbed (XML)" type="text/xml+oembed" href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-json/oembed/1.0/embed?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcirculatingnow.nlm.nih.gov%2F2022%2F03%2F03%2Fadolf-nichtenhauser-documenting-the-history-of-movies-and-medicine%2F&#038;format=xml" /> <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge"><script async type="text/javascript" id="_fed_an_ua_tag" src="https://dap.digitalgov.gov/Universal-Federated-Analytics-Min.js?agency=HHS&subagency=NIH&sp=query&enhlink=true"></script> <style>img#wpstats{display:none}</style> <meta name="description" content="Circulating Now welcomes guest blogger David Cantor to discuss a newly digitized collection of materials related to medicine and film compiled by Adolf Nichtenhauser (1903–1953). The collection contains correspondence, memoranda, reviews, catalogs, and a variety of printed matter pertaining to technical, historical, educational, and miscellaneous aspects of the medical motion picture. Medicine and the motion&hellip;" /> <link rel="amphtml" href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2022/03/03/adolf-nichtenhauser-documenting-the-history-of-movies-and-medicine/amp/"> <!-- Jetpack Open Graph Tags --> <meta property="og:type" content="article" /> <meta property="og:title" content="Adolf Nichtenhauser: Documenting the History of Movies and Medicine" /> <meta property="og:url" content="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2022/03/03/adolf-nichtenhauser-documenting-the-history-of-movies-and-medicine/" /> <meta property="og:description" content="Circulating Now welcomes guest blogger David Cantor to discuss a newly digitized collection of materials related to medicine and film compiled by Adolf Nichtenhauser (1903–1953). The collection con…" /> <meta property="article:published_time" content="2022-03-03T16:00:26+00:00" /> <meta property="article:modified_time" content="2022-12-05T14:44:43+00:00" /> <meta property="og:site_name" content="Circulating Now from the NLM Historical Collections" /> <meta property="og:image" content="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/2934110RX312_Page_29_feature.jpg?fit=900%2C400&#038;ssl=1" /> <meta property="og:image:width" content="900" /> <meta property="og:image:height" content="400" /> <meta property="og:image:alt" content="Detail from a catalog of films listing &quot;Rx&quot; A Documentary Film." /> <meta property="og:locale" content="en_US" /> <meta name="twitter:site" content="@NLM_NIH" /> <meta name="twitter:text:title" content="Adolf Nichtenhauser: Documenting the History of Movies and Medicine" /> <meta name="twitter:image" content="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/2934110RX312_Page_29_feature.jpg?fit=900%2C400&#038;ssl=1&#038;w=640" /> <meta name="twitter:image:alt" content="Detail from a catalog of films listing &quot;Rx&quot; A Documentary Film." /> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image" /> <!-- End Jetpack Open Graph Tags --> <style type="text/css" id="custom-colors-css">.primary-navigation-wrap{background-color:transparent}.main-navigation-menu a:hover,.main-navigation-menu a:hover:after,.main-navigation-menu a:active,.main-navigation-menu a:active:after{color:#fff !important}.main-navigation-menu li.current-menu-item>a,.main-navigation-menu li.current-menu-item>a:after:hover,.main-navigation-menu ul .menu-item-has-children>a:after:hover,.widget_wpcom_social_media_icons_widget ul li a{color:#fff !important}.widget_tag_cloud div a:link,.footer-widgets .widget_tag_cloud div a:link,.widget_tag_cloud div a:hover,.footer-widgets .widget_tag_cloud div a:hover,.widget_tag_cloud div a:active,.footer-widgets .widget_tag_cloud div a:active,.widget_tag_cloud div a:visited,.footer-widgets .widget_tag_cloud div a:visited,.wp_widget_tag_cloud div a:link,.footer-widgets .wp_widget_tag_cloud div a:link,.wp_widget_tag_cloud div a:hover,.footer-widgets .wp_widget_tag_cloud div a:hover,.wp_widget_tag_cloud div a:active,.footer-widgets .wp_widget_tag_cloud div a:active,.wp_widget_tag_cloud div a:visited,.footer-widgets .wp_widget_tag_cloud div a:visited{color:#fff !important}.rtl blockquote{border-left-color:#ddd !important}.entry-meta a:hover,.entry-meta a:active,.footer-widgets .widget a:hover,.footer-widgets .widget a:active,.site-footer a:hover,.site-footer a:active{opacity:.8}.footer-widgets .widget_tag_cloud div a:hover,.footer-widgets .widget_tag_cloud div a:active,.footer-widgets .wp_widget_tag_cloud div a:hover,.footer-widgets .wp_widget_tag_cloud div a:active{opacity:1.0}.a-stats a{color:#fff !important}.site-header,.site-title a:link,.site-title a:visited,.main-navigation-menu a:link,.main-navigation-menu a:visited,.top-navigation-menu a:link,.top-navigation-menu a:visited,.main-navigation-menu>.menu-item-has-children>a:after,.top-navigation-menu>.menu-item-has-children>a:after,.main-navigation-menu ul .menu-item-has-children>a:after,.top-navigation-menu ul .menu-item-has-children>a:after,.jetpack-social-navigation .menu li a:before,.footer-widgets .widget-title,.footer-widgets .widget a:link,.footer-widgets .widget a:visited,.footer-widgets .widget,.site-footer,.site-footer a:link,.site-footer a:visited{color:#fff}.main-navigation-menu a:hover,.top-navigation-menu a:hover{color:#fff}.site-footer a:link,.site-footer a:visited{border-color:#fff}body{background-color:#ddd}body a:hover,body a:focus,body a:active,body .widget_flickr #flickr_badge_uber_wrapper a:hover,body .widget_flickr #flickr_badge_uber_wrapper a:active,body .entry-title a:hover,body .entry-title a:active,.entry-meta,.entry-meta a:link,.entry-meta a:visited{color:#303030}button:hover,input[type=button]:hover,input[type=reset]:hover,input[type=submit]:hover,button:focus,input[type=button]:focus,input[type=reset]:focus,input[type=submit]:focus,button:active,input[type=button]:active,input[type=reset]:active,input[type=submit]:active,.widget_wpcom_social_media_icons_widget ul li a:hover,.more-link:hover,.more-link:active,.widget_tag_cloud .tagcloud a,.entry-tags .meta-tags a,.widget_tag_cloud div a,.wp_widget_tag_cloud div a,.post-navigation .nav-links a:hover,.post-navigation .nav-links a:active,.post-pagination a,.post-pagination .current,.infinite-scroll #infinite-handle span,.post-slider-controls .zeeflex-direction-nav a:hover,.post-slider-controls .zeeflex-direction-nav a:active{background:#303030}.site-header,.main-navigation-menu ul,.footer-widgets-wrap{background:#303030}.header-bar-wrap{background:#232323}.primary-navigation-wrap,.footer-wrap,.top-navigation-menu ul{background:#161616}a,a:link,a:visited,.widget-title,.widget_flickr #flickr_badge_uber_wrapper a:link,.widget_flickr #flickr_badge_uber_wrapper a:visited,.archive-title,.page-title,.entry-title,.entry-title a:link,.entry-title a:visited,.comments-header .comments-title,.comment-reply-title span{color:#a11423}button,input[type=button],input[type=reset],input[type=submit],.main-navigation-menu a:hover,.main-navigation-menu a:active,.main-navigation-menu li.current-menu-item>a,.widget_wpcom_social_media_icons_widget ul li a,.more-link,.entry-tags .meta-tags a:hover,.entry-tags .meta-tags a:active,.widget_tag_cloud div a:hover,.widget_tag_cloud div a:active,.wp_widget_tag_cloud div a:hover,.wp_widget_tag_cloud div a:active,.post-navigation .nav-links a,.post-pagination a:hover,.post-pagination a:active,.post-pagination .current,.infinite-scroll #infinite-handle span:hover,.main-navigation-toggle,.main-navigation-toggle:active,.main-navigation-toggle:focus,.main-navigation-toggle:hover,.main-navigation-menu .submenu-dropdown-toggle:hover,.main-navigation-menu .submenu-dropdown-toggle:active,.post-slider-controls .zeeflex-direction-nav a{background:#a11423}.primary-navigation-wrap,.main-navigation-menu ul,.widget,.type-post,.type-page,.type-attachment,.comments-area,.sticky,.page-header,.main-navigation-menu-wrap{border-color:#a11423}blockquote{border-left-color:#a11423}.rtl blockquote{border-right-color:#a11423}</style> <link rel="icon" href="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/circulating-now-512.gif?fit=32%2C32&#038;ssl=1" sizes="32x32" /> <link rel="icon" href="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/circulating-now-512.gif?fit=192%2C192&#038;ssl=1" sizes="192x192" /> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/circulating-now-512.gif?fit=180%2C180&#038;ssl=1" /> <meta name="msapplication-TileImage" content="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/circulating-now-512.gif?fit=270%2C270&#038;ssl=1" /> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" id="wp-custom-css" href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/?custom-css=79100b201d" /><!-- Jetpack Google Analytics --> <script type='text/javascript'> var _gaq = _gaq || []; _gaq.push(['_setAccount', 'UA-77373749-1']); _gaq.push(['_trackPageview']); (function() { var ga = document.createElement('script'); ga.type = 'text/javascript'; ga.async = true; ga.src = ('https:' === document.location.protocol ? 'https://ssl' : 'http://www') + '.google-analytics.com/ga.js'; var s = document.getElementsByTagName('script')[0]; s.parentNode.insertBefore(ga, s); })(); </script> <!-- End Jetpack Google Analytics --> </head> <body class="post-template-default single single-post postid-23332 single-format-standard wp-custom-logo wp-embed-responsive post-layout-two-columns post-layout-columns custom-colors"> <div id="page" class="hfeed site"> <a class="skip-link screen-reader-text" href="#content">Skip to content</a> <div id="header-top" class="header-bar-wrap"> <div id="header-bar" class="header-bar container clearfix"> </div> </div> <header id="masthead" class="site-header clearfix" role="banner"> <div class="header-main container clearfix"> <div id="logo" class="site-branding clearfix"> <a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/" class="custom-logo-link" rel="home"><img width="507" height="131" src="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/circulating-nih-logo-v3.png?fit=507%2C131&amp;ssl=1" class="custom-logo" alt="Circulating Now From the Historical Collections of the National Library of Medicine, NIH" decoding="async" fetchpriority="high" srcset="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/circulating-nih-logo-v3.png?w=507&amp;ssl=1 507w, https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/circulating-nih-logo-v3.png?resize=300%2C78&amp;ssl=1 300w" sizes="(max-width: 507px) 100vw, 507px" data-attachment-id="22721" data-permalink="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/circulating-nih-logo-v3-2/" data-orig-file="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/circulating-nih-logo-v3.png?fit=507%2C131&amp;ssl=1" data-orig-size="507,131" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}" data-image-title="circulating-nih-logo-v3" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="" data-medium-file="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/circulating-nih-logo-v3.png?fit=300%2C78&amp;ssl=1" data-large-file="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/circulating-nih-logo-v3.png?fit=507%2C131&amp;ssl=1" /></a> </div><!-- .site-branding --> </div><!-- .header-main --> <div id="main-navigation-wrap" class="primary-navigation-wrap"> <nav id="main-navigation" class="primary-navigation navigation container clearfix" role="navigation"> <div class="main-navigation-menu-wrap"> <ul id="menu-main" class="main-navigation-menu"><li id="menu-item-250" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-home menu-item-250"><a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/">Blog</a></li> <li id="menu-item-256" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-256"><a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/about/">About</a></li> <li id="menu-item-10880" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-10880"><a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/comments-privacy/">COMMENTS &#038; PRIVACY</a></li> <li id="menu-item-10881" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-10881"><a href="https://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd" title="The History of Medicine Division">National Library of Medicine</a></li> </ul> </div> </nav><!-- #main-navigation --> </div> </header><!-- #masthead --> <div id="content" class="site-content container clearfix"> <section id="primary" class="content-single content-area"> <main id="main" class="site-main" role="main"> <article id="post-23332" class="post-23332 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-archives-manuscripts category-collections category-films-videos category-guests category-news tag-1930s tag-1940s tag-1950s tag-digital-collections tag-film tag-manuscript tag-medicine-on-screen"> <img width="840" height="373" src="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/2934110RX312_Page_29_feature.jpg?fit=840%2C373&amp;ssl=1" class="attachment-tortuga-single-post size-tortuga-single-post wp-post-image" alt="Detail from a catalog of films listing &quot;Rx&quot; A Documentary Film." decoding="async" srcset="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/2934110RX312_Page_29_feature.jpg?w=900&amp;ssl=1 900w, https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/2934110RX312_Page_29_feature.jpg?resize=300%2C133&amp;ssl=1 300w, https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/2934110RX312_Page_29_feature.jpg?resize=768%2C341&amp;ssl=1 768w, https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/2934110RX312_Page_29_feature.jpg?resize=840%2C373&amp;ssl=1 840w" sizes="(max-width: 840px) 100vw, 840px" data-attachment-id="23335" data-permalink="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2022/03/03/adolf-nichtenhauser-documenting-the-history-of-movies-and-medicine/2934110rx312_page_29_feature/" data-orig-file="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/2934110RX312_Page_29_feature.jpg?fit=900%2C400&amp;ssl=1" data-orig-size="900,400" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}" data-image-title="2934110RX312_Page_29_feature" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="" data-medium-file="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/2934110RX312_Page_29_feature.jpg?fit=300%2C133&amp;ssl=1" data-large-file="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/2934110RX312_Page_29_feature.jpg?fit=840%2C373&amp;ssl=1" /> <header class="entry-header"><h1 class="entry-title">Adolf Nichtenhauser: Documenting the History of Movies and Medicine</h1></header> <div class="entry-meta clearfix"><span class="meta-date"><a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2022/03/03/adolf-nichtenhauser-documenting-the-history-of-movies-and-medicine/" title="11:00 AM" rel="bookmark"><time class="entry-date published updated" datetime="2022-03-03T11:00:26-05:00">March 3, 2022</time></a></span><span class="meta-author"> <span class="author vcard"><a class="url fn n" href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/author/bethmullen/" title="View all posts by Circulating Now" rel="author">Circulating Now</a></span></span><span class="meta-category"> <a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/category/collections/archives-manuscripts/" rel="category tag">Archives &amp; Manuscripts</a>, <a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/category/collections/" rel="category tag">Collections</a>, <a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/category/collections/films-videos/" rel="category tag">Films &amp; Videos</a>, <a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/category/guests/" rel="category tag">Guests</a>, <a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/category/news/" rel="category tag">News</a></span><span class="meta-comments"> <a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2022/03/03/adolf-nichtenhauser-documenting-the-history-of-movies-and-medicine/#comments">4 comments</a></span></div> <div class="entry-content clearfix"> <p><em>Circulating Now welcomes guest blogger David Cantor to discuss a newly digitized collection of materials related to medicine and film compiled by Adolf </em><em>Nichtenhauser (1903–1953). The </em><a href="https://findingaids.nlm.nih.gov/repositories/4/resources/901"><em>collection</em></a><em> contains correspondence, memoranda, reviews, catalogs, and a variety of printed matter pertaining to technical, historical, educational, and miscellaneous aspects of the medical motion picture.</em></p> <figure id="attachment_23337" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-23337" style="width: 350px" class="wp-caption alignright"><a href="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/Nich-SafetyFilms.jpg?ssl=1"><img data-recalc-dims="1" decoding="async" data-attachment-id="23337" data-permalink="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2022/03/03/adolf-nichtenhauser-documenting-the-history-of-movies-and-medicine/nich-safetyfilms/" data-orig-file="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/Nich-SafetyFilms.jpg?fit=540%2C822&amp;ssl=1" data-orig-size="540,822" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}" data-image-title="Published by the National Safety Council, Inc." data-image-description="" data-image-caption="&lt;p&gt;Adolf Nichtenhauser Medical Film Materials 1933-1955, MS C 277&lt;br /&gt; National Library of Medicine #2934110R&lt;/p&gt; " data-medium-file="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/Nich-SafetyFilms.jpg?fit=197%2C300&amp;ssl=1" data-large-file="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/Nich-SafetyFilms.jpg?fit=540%2C822&amp;ssl=1" class="wp-image-23337" title="A National Directory of Safety Films" src="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/Nich-SafetyFilms.jpg?resize=350%2C533&#038;ssl=1" alt="The cover of a pamphlet: A National Directory of Safety Films, 1946-47 edition." width="350" height="533" srcset="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/Nich-SafetyFilms.jpg?w=540&amp;ssl=1 540w, https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/Nich-SafetyFilms.jpg?resize=197%2C300&amp;ssl=1 197w" sizes="(max-width: 350px) 100vw, 350px" /></a><figcaption id="caption-attachment-23337" class="wp-caption-text">Adolf Nichtenhauser Medical Film Materials 1933–1955, <br /><a href="https://collections.nlm.nih.gov/catalog/nlm:nlmuid-2934110R-root"><em>National Library of Medicine #2934110R, MS C 277</em></a></figcaption></figure> <p>Medicine and the motion picture have had a long engagement. They first came together in the late nineteenth century, but their romance truly blossomed during the twentieth.  Enthusiasts saw film as a revolutionary new medium that could transform how the body, health, and disease were viewed, and reform the education of mass audiences.  So, during this period, they made thousands of medical and health films, sometimes using the medium as a research tool, sometimes as a way of recording medical or scientific practice, and sometimes as a means of instruction, marketing, or promotion.  We are only now beginning to understand the complexities of the flowering of this relationship between film and medicine.</p> <p>The National Library of Medicine (NLM) has released a treasure trove of <a href="https://collections.nlm.nih.gov/catalog/nlm:nlmuid-2934110R-root">digitized papers</a> on this subject collected by the film historian and enthusiast <a href="https://findingaids.nlm.nih.gov/repositories/4/resources/901">Adolf Nichtenhauser</a> (1903–1953).  Nichtenhauser’s name may not be well-known outside of a few scholars of medical and health films, yet the rich collection of papers he amassed has become a foundation for much recent historical research on the topic. Before this digital release, anyone wishing to work with his papers had to travel to Bethesda, Maryland where the NLM is based. Now, this vast collection of primary sources on the history of medical and health films is freely available for the first time to anyone, anywhere in the world.</p> <p>Nichtenhauser’s enthusiasm for film went back to his roots in Central Europe. He was born in Vienna, Austria, studied psychology, art history, and literature at the Universities of Berlin, Bonn, and Heidelberg, and medicine at the universities of Berlin and Vienna. He received his medical degree in 1931 from the University of Vienna, after which he practiced medicine in various Viennese hospitals, and worked as a medical translator.  While in Vienna he also took courses in motion picture technology, fascinated by the educational and aesthetic possibilities of film, and began a career as a critic, promoter, and maker of motion pictures alongside his work as a physician.</p> <figure id="attachment_23338" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-23338" style="width: 350px" class="wp-caption alignleft"><a href="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/Nich-years-after-WWI.jpg?ssl=1"><img data-recalc-dims="1" decoding="async" data-attachment-id="23338" data-permalink="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2022/03/03/adolf-nichtenhauser-documenting-the-history-of-movies-and-medicine/nich-years-after-wwi/" data-orig-file="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/Nich-years-after-WWI.jpg?fit=633%2C816&amp;ssl=1" data-orig-size="633,816" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}" data-image-title="The Years After WWI" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="&lt;p&gt;Adolf Nichtenhauser Medical Film Materials 1933-1955&lt;br /&gt; National Library of Medicine #2934110R, MS C 277&lt;/p&gt; " data-medium-file="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/Nich-years-after-WWI.jpg?fit=233%2C300&amp;ssl=1" data-large-file="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/Nich-years-after-WWI.jpg?fit=633%2C816&amp;ssl=1" class="wp-image-23338" title="A Hand Edited Typescript" src="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/Nich-years-after-WWI.jpg?resize=350%2C451&#038;ssl=1" alt="An annotated typscript page headed The Years After the First World War" width="350" height="451" srcset="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/Nich-years-after-WWI.jpg?w=633&amp;ssl=1 633w, https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/Nich-years-after-WWI.jpg?resize=233%2C300&amp;ssl=1 233w" sizes="(max-width: 350px) 100vw, 350px" /></a><figcaption id="caption-attachment-23338" class="wp-caption-text">Adolf Nichtenhauser Medical Film Materials 1933–1955<br /><a href="https://collections.nlm.nih.gov/catalog/nlm:nlmuid-2934110R-root"><em>National Library of Medicine #2934110R, MS C 277</em></a></figcaption></figure> <p>Right-wing authoritarianism in Austria changed everything for Nichtenhauser. He was banned from the General Hospital in Vienna in 1933, accused of “anti-government” propaganda abroad, and in 1934 reprimanded by the Federal Ministry for Social Administration. So, in 1937, he emigrated to France and then in 1939 to the USA.  He rapidly gained a reputation in the US as an expert in medical and health films, making some movies and helping to evaluate others.  He also sought to integrate film into medical and health education, promote the creation of film libraries, and publish lists of recommended films.  He worked with several federal and private agencies, including the National Tuberculosis Association, the Rockefeller Foundation, the Medical Film Institute of the Association of American Medical Colleges, and the Armed Forces Medical Library (later the NLM) for which he prepared a plan to collect and preserve medical motion pictures.</p> <p>Throughout this difficult period, he amassed a huge corpus of materials on medical and health films which would become a foundation for his unpublished book manuscript “<a href="https://findingaids.nlm.nih.gov/repositories/4/resources/963>A History of Motion Pictures in Medicine</a>.”  While “A History…” itself is not yet digitized, the corpus of materials Nichtenhauser collected to support the observations, assessments, and arguments in the manuscript is part of the NLM’s digital release.  There are, for example, records that he used to support his argument about how motion pictures became a research and demonstration tool within the field of medicine shortly after the invention of film technology, and his contention that from the 1910s it was transformed into an educational device targeted at the wider public. The collection also provides evidence for other observations and arguments in the book manuscript, including his claims about the importance of the two world wars as key moments in the history of the medical and health films, and how the development of such films varied from country to country (there are files on the history of motion pictures in several nations, mainly in Europe and North America).</p> <figure id="attachment_23334" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-23334" style="width: 350px" class="wp-caption alignright"><a href="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/2934110RX312_Page_29.jpg?ssl=1"><img data-recalc-dims="1" loading="lazy" decoding="async" data-attachment-id="23334" data-permalink="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2022/03/03/adolf-nichtenhauser-documenting-the-history-of-movies-and-medicine/2934110rx312_page_29/" data-orig-file="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/2934110RX312_Page_29.jpg?fit=900%2C1161&amp;ssl=1" data-orig-size="900,1161" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}" data-image-title="2934110RX312_Page_29" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="&lt;p&gt;Adolf Nichtenhauser Medical Film Materials 1933–1955&lt;br /&gt; National Library of Medicine #2934110R, MS C 277&lt;/p&gt; " data-medium-file="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/2934110RX312_Page_29.jpg?fit=233%2C300&amp;ssl=1" data-large-file="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/2934110RX312_Page_29.jpg?fit=794%2C1024&amp;ssl=1" class="wp-image-23334" title="A page from a catalog of films from Squibb Visual Aids" src="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/2934110RX312_Page_29.jpg?resize=350%2C452&#038;ssl=1" alt="A page from a catalog of films from Squibb Visual Aids, NY." width="350" height="452" srcset="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/2934110RX312_Page_29.jpg?w=900&amp;ssl=1 900w, https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/2934110RX312_Page_29.jpg?resize=233%2C300&amp;ssl=1 233w, https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/2934110RX312_Page_29.jpg?resize=794%2C1024&amp;ssl=1 794w, https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/2934110RX312_Page_29.jpg?resize=768%2C991&amp;ssl=1 768w, https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/2934110RX312_Page_29.jpg?resize=840%2C1084&amp;ssl=1 840w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 350px) 100vw, 350px" /></a><figcaption id="caption-attachment-23334" class="wp-caption-text">Adolf Nichtenhauser Medical Film Materials 1933–1955<br /><a href="https://collections.nlm.nih.gov/catalog/nlm:nlmuid-2934110R-root"><em>National Library of Medicine #2934110R, MS C 277</em></a></figcaption></figure> <p>The documentation in this collection is extraordinary.  It illuminates the evidence behind Nichtenhauser’s views on the critical roles of numerous international, professional, commercial, and government organizations.  There are many folders here on organizations that made and produced films, but Nichtenhauser also gathered information on the screening, sponsorship, collection, and distribution of motion pictures. The corpus also includes material on the evolving technologies of the camera, projector, and the film medium. In the unpublished book, he presented these details with an explanation of how such technologies influenced what was filmed, how it was shown, and how audiences might have experienced motion pictures.</p> <p>Anyone interested in the use of film in medicine will find riches in this collection. There are folders on cancer, cardiovascular disease, rabies, nutrition, surgery, pharmacology, orthopedics, physical medicine and physiotherapy, nursing, dentistry, public health, mental health, and television among other subjects.  And there are countless film reviews, many unpublished, often evaluations of their effectiveness or otherwise: “<a href="https://collections.nlm.nih.gov/ext/mm/2934110RX277/PDF/2934110RX277.pdf">an excellent example of a bad instructional film</a>,” (p.2) is the scathing assessment of one title.</p> <figure id="attachment_23336" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-23336" style="width: 646px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><a href="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/Nich-bad-instruct.jpg?ssl=1"><img data-recalc-dims="1" loading="lazy" decoding="async" data-attachment-id="23336" data-permalink="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2022/03/03/adolf-nichtenhauser-documenting-the-history-of-movies-and-medicine/nich-bad-instruct/" data-orig-file="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/Nich-bad-instruct.jpg?fit=646%2C263&amp;ssl=1" data-orig-size="646,263" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}" data-image-title="Film Review of From One Cell" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="&lt;p&gt;Adolf Nichtenhauser Medical Film Materials 1933-1955, MS C 277&lt;br /&gt; National Library of Medicine #2934110R&lt;/p&gt; " data-medium-file="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/Nich-bad-instruct.jpg?fit=300%2C122&amp;ssl=1" data-large-file="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/Nich-bad-instruct.jpg?fit=646%2C263&amp;ssl=1" class="wp-image-23336 size-full" title="Film Review for From One Cell" src="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/Nich-bad-instruct.jpg?resize=646%2C263&#038;ssl=1" alt="An excerpt from a typed document with the heading From One Cell" width="646" height="263" srcset="https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/Nich-bad-instruct.jpg?w=646&amp;ssl=1 646w, https://i0.wp.com/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/Nich-bad-instruct.jpg?resize=300%2C122&amp;ssl=1 300w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 646px) 100vw, 646px" /></a><figcaption id="caption-attachment-23336" class="wp-caption-text">Adolf Nichtenhauser Medical Film Materials 1933–1955 <br /><a href="https://collections.nlm.nih.gov/catalog/nlm:nlmuid-2934110R-root"><em>National Library of Medicine #2934110R, MS C 277</em></a></figcaption></figure> <p>Finally, Nichtenhauser was also interested in what today might be called visual culture. He argued in his manuscript that the problem of motion-picture filmmaking was not primarily “one of equipment, photographic technique and finances but one of thinking in a visual language which has its own particular grammar, syntax and logic.” Some of the papers he used to formulate his thoughts on this subject are here in the NLM’s collection.</p> <p>The NLM has thus released a cornucopia of material that will be the foundation of much future historical research on medicine and film.  While this release does not include Nichtenhauser’s unpublished book manuscript, the NLM plans to scan that material in the near future and make it similarly available. The Nichtenhauser collections, along with selected films and further commentary, will be highlighted on the NLM’s <a href="https://medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/">Medicine on Screen</a> site, likely in 2023.</p> <p><em>For more on Nichtenhauser’s history of motion pictures in medicine see the “Introduction” to </em><a href="https://catalog.nlm.nih.gov/permalink/01NLM_INST/1o1phhn/alma9917290563406676"><em>Health Education Films in the Twentieth Century</em></a><em>, 2018, by Christian Bonah, David Cantor, and Anja Laukötter (eds.)</em></p> <p><em>David Cantor is an investigador (researcher) at the Instituto de Desarrollo Económico y Social (IDES), Buenos Aires Argentina and an adjunct professor in the School of Public Health at the University of Maryland, College Park. He was for several years affiliated with the National Library of Medicine and also worked in the Office of History, National Institutes of Health. His extensive published scholarship focuses on the history of medicine in the twentieth century, most recently the histories of cancer, stress and medical film.</em></p> <div class="sharedaddy sd-sharing-enabled"><div class="robots-nocontent sd-block sd-social sd-social-icon sd-sharing"><h3 class="sd-title">Circulate this:</h3><div class="sd-content"><ul><li class="share-twitter"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" data-shared="sharing-twitter-23332" class="share-twitter sd-button share-icon no-text" href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2022/03/03/adolf-nichtenhauser-documenting-the-history-of-movies-and-medicine/?share=twitter" target="_blank" title="Click to share on Twitter" ><span></span><span class="sharing-screen-reader-text">Click to share on Twitter (Opens in new window)</span></a></li><li class="share-facebook"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" data-shared="sharing-facebook-23332" class="share-facebook sd-button share-icon no-text" href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2022/03/03/adolf-nichtenhauser-documenting-the-history-of-movies-and-medicine/?share=facebook" target="_blank" title="Click to share on Facebook" ><span></span><span class="sharing-screen-reader-text">Click to share on Facebook (Opens in new window)</span></a></li><li class="share-pinterest"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" data-shared="sharing-pinterest-23332" class="share-pinterest sd-button share-icon no-text" href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2022/03/03/adolf-nichtenhauser-documenting-the-history-of-movies-and-medicine/?share=pinterest" target="_blank" title="Click to share on Pinterest" ><span></span><span class="sharing-screen-reader-text">Click to share on Pinterest (Opens in new window)</span></a></li><li class="share-tumblr"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" data-shared="" class="share-tumblr sd-button share-icon no-text" href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2022/03/03/adolf-nichtenhauser-documenting-the-history-of-movies-and-medicine/?share=tumblr" target="_blank" title="Click to share on Tumblr" ><span></span><span class="sharing-screen-reader-text">Click to share on Tumblr (Opens in new window)</span></a></li><li class="share-reddit"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" data-shared="" class="share-reddit sd-button share-icon no-text" href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2022/03/03/adolf-nichtenhauser-documenting-the-history-of-movies-and-medicine/?share=reddit" target="_blank" title="Click to share on Reddit" ><span></span><span class="sharing-screen-reader-text">Click to share on Reddit (Opens in new window)</span></a></li><li class="share-linkedin"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" data-shared="sharing-linkedin-23332" class="share-linkedin sd-button share-icon no-text" href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2022/03/03/adolf-nichtenhauser-documenting-the-history-of-movies-and-medicine/?share=linkedin" target="_blank" title="Click to share on LinkedIn" ><span></span><span class="sharing-screen-reader-text">Click to share on LinkedIn (Opens in new window)</span></a></li><li class="share-email"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" data-shared="" class="share-email sd-button share-icon no-text" href="mailto:?subject=%5BShared%20Post%5D%20Adolf%20Nichtenhauser%3A%20Documenting%20the%20History%20of%20Movies%20and%20Medicine&body=https%3A%2F%2Fcirculatingnow.nlm.nih.gov%2F2022%2F03%2F03%2Fadolf-nichtenhauser-documenting-the-history-of-movies-and-medicine%2F&share=email" target="_blank" title="Click to email a link to a friend" data-email-share-error-title="Do you have email set up?" data-email-share-error-text="If you&#039;re having problems sharing via email, you might not have email set up for your browser. You may need to create a new email yourself." data-email-share-nonce="3c0de8ddf5" data-email-share-track-url="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2022/03/03/adolf-nichtenhauser-documenting-the-history-of-movies-and-medicine/?share=email"><span></span><span class="sharing-screen-reader-text">Click to email a link to a friend (Opens in new window)</span></a></li><li><a href="#" class="sharing-anchor sd-button share-more"><span>More</span></a></li><li class="share-end"></li></ul><div class="sharing-hidden"><div class="inner" style="display: none;"><ul><li class="share-print"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" data-shared="" class="share-print sd-button share-icon no-text" href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2022/03/03/adolf-nichtenhauser-documenting-the-history-of-movies-and-medicine/#print" target="_blank" title="Click to print" ><span></span><span class="sharing-screen-reader-text">Click to print (Opens in new window)</span></a></li><li class="share-jetpack-whatsapp"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" data-shared="" class="share-jetpack-whatsapp sd-button share-icon no-text" href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2022/03/03/adolf-nichtenhauser-documenting-the-history-of-movies-and-medicine/?share=jetpack-whatsapp" target="_blank" title="Click to share on WhatsApp" ><span></span><span class="sharing-screen-reader-text">Click to share on WhatsApp (Opens in new window)</span></a></li><li class="share-pocket"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" data-shared="" class="share-pocket sd-button share-icon no-text" href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2022/03/03/adolf-nichtenhauser-documenting-the-history-of-movies-and-medicine/?share=pocket" target="_blank" title="Click to share on Pocket" ><span></span><span class="sharing-screen-reader-text">Click to share on Pocket (Opens in new window)</span></a></li><li class="share-telegram"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" data-shared="" class="share-telegram sd-button share-icon no-text" href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2022/03/03/adolf-nichtenhauser-documenting-the-history-of-movies-and-medicine/?share=telegram" target="_blank" title="Click to share on Telegram" ><span></span><span class="sharing-screen-reader-text">Click to share on Telegram (Opens in new window)</span></a></li><li class="share-end"></li></ul></div></div></div></div></div><div class='sharedaddy sd-block sd-like jetpack-likes-widget-wrapper jetpack-likes-widget-unloaded' id='like-post-wrapper-52242398-23332-6747a73a55cef' data-src='https://widgets.wp.com/likes/?ver=14.1-a.7#blog_id=52242398&amp;post_id=23332&amp;origin=circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov&amp;obj_id=52242398-23332-6747a73a55cef&amp;n=1' data-name='like-post-frame-52242398-23332-6747a73a55cef' data-title='Like or Reblog'><h3 class="sd-title">Like this:</h3><div class='likes-widget-placeholder post-likes-widget-placeholder' style='height: 55px;'><span class='button'><span>Like</span></span> <span class="loading">Loading...</span></div><span class='sd-text-color'></span><a class='sd-link-color'></a></div> <div id='jp-relatedposts' class='jp-relatedposts' > <h3 class="jp-relatedposts-headline"><em>Related</em></h3> </div> <div class="wp-block-group has-border-color" style="border-style:none;border-width:0px;margin-top:32px;margin-bottom:32px;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px"><div class="wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow"> <hr class="wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity is-style-wide" style="margin-bottom:24px"/> <h3 class="wp-block-heading has-text-align-center" style="margin-top:4px;margin-bottom:10px">Discover more from Circulating Now from the NLM Historical Collections</h3> <p class="has-text-align-center" style="margin-top:10px;margin-bottom:10px;font-size:15px">Subscribe to get the latest posts sent to your email.</p> <div class="wp-block-group"><div class="wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-constrained wp-container-core-group-is-layout-1 wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained"> <div class="wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions__supports-newline wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions"> <div class="wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions__container is-not-subscriber"> <form action="https://wordpress.com/email-subscriptions" method="post" accept-charset="utf-8" data-blog="52242398" data-post_access_level="everybody" data-subscriber_email="" id="subscribe-blog" > <div class="wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions__form-elements"> <p id="subscribe-email"> <label id="subscribe-field-label" for="subscribe-field" class="screen-reader-text" > Type your email… </label> <input required="required" type="email" name="email" class="no-border-radius " style="font-size: 16px;padding: 15px 23px 15px 23px;border-radius: 0px;border-width: 1px;" placeholder="Type your email…" value="" id="subscribe-field" title="Please fill in this field." /> </p> <p id="subscribe-submit" > <input type="hidden" name="action" value="subscribe"/> <input type="hidden" name="blog_id" value="52242398"/> <input type="hidden" name="source" value="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2022/03/03/adolf-nichtenhauser-documenting-the-history-of-movies-and-medicine/"/> <input type="hidden" name="sub-type" value="subscribe-block"/> <input type="hidden" name="app_source" value="subscribe-block-post-end"/> <input type="hidden" name="redirect_fragment" value="subscribe-blog"/> <input type="hidden" name="lang" value="en_US"/> <input type="hidden" id="_wpnonce" name="_wpnonce" value="e271d8991e" /><input type="hidden" name="_wp_http_referer" value="/2022/03/03/adolf-nichtenhauser-documenting-the-history-of-movies-and-medicine/" /><input type="hidden" name="post_id" value="23332"/> <button type="submit" class="wp-block-button__link no-border-radius" style="font-size: 16px;padding: 15px 23px 15px 23px;margin: 0; margin-left: 10px;border-radius: 0px;border-width: 1px;" name="jetpack_subscriptions_widget" > Subscribe </button> </p> </div> </form> </div> </div> </div></div> </div></div> </div><!-- .entry-content --> <footer class="entry-footer"> <div class="entry-tags clearfix"> <span class="meta-tags"> <a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/1930s/" rel="tag">1930s</a><a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/1940s/" rel="tag">1940s</a><a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/1950s/" rel="tag">1950s</a><a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/digital-collections/" rel="tag">digital collections</a><a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/film/" rel="tag">film</a><a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/manuscript/" rel="tag">manuscript</a><a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/medicine-on-screen/" rel="tag">Medicine on Screen</a> </span> </div><!-- .entry-tags --> <nav class="navigation post-navigation" aria-label="Posts"> <h2 class="screen-reader-text">Post navigation</h2> <div class="nav-links"><div class="nav-previous"><a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2022/02/24/patient-pamphlet-for-piedmont-tb-sanatorium-va-1940/" rel="prev"><span class="screen-reader-text">Previous Post:</span> Patient Pamphlet for Piedmont TB Sanatorium, VA, 1940</a></div><div class="nav-next"><a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2022/03/10/george-deacon-and-the-circulation-of-homeopathic-therapies-in-peru-1880-1915/" rel="next"><span class="screen-reader-text">Next Post:</span> George Deacon and the Circulation of Homeopathic Therapies in Peru (1880-1915)</a></div></div> </nav> </footer><!-- .entry-footer --> </article> <div id="comments" class="comments-area"> <header class="comments-header"> <h2 class="comments-title"> 4 comments </h2> </header><!-- .comment-header --> <ol class="comment-list"> <li id="comment-86992" class="comment even thread-even depth-1 parent"> <article id="div-comment-86992" class="comment-body"> <footer class="comment-meta"> <div class="comment-author vcard"> <img alt='' src='https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/8c82820a8c7ae595296f4b7fbeafaa84?s=56&#038;d=mm&#038;r=pg' srcset='https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/8c82820a8c7ae595296f4b7fbeafaa84?s=112&#038;d=mm&#038;r=pg 2x' class='avatar avatar-56 photo' height='56' width='56' loading='lazy' decoding='async'/> <b class="fn">Story IT</b> <span class="says">says:</span> </div><!-- .comment-author --> <div class="comment-metadata"> <a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2022/03/03/adolf-nichtenhauser-documenting-the-history-of-movies-and-medicine/#comment-86992"><time datetime="2022-03-10T04:18:38-05:00">March 10, 2022 at 4:18 AM</time></a> </div><!-- .comment-metadata --> </footer><!-- .comment-meta --> <div class="comment-content"> <p>I need someone to recommend the best service among those listed on this site?</p> <div class='jetpack-comment-likes-widget-wrapper jetpack-likes-widget-unloaded' id='like-comment-wrapper-52242398-86992-6747a73a5ad91' data-src='https://widgets.wp.com/likes/#blog_id=52242398&amp;comment_id=86992&amp;origin=circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov&amp;obj_id=52242398-86992-6747a73a5ad91' data-name='like-comment-frame-52242398-86992-6747a73a5ad91'> <div class='likes-widget-placeholder comment-likes-widget-placeholder comment-likes'><span class='loading'>Loading...</span></div> <div class='comment-likes-widget jetpack-likes-widget comment-likes'><span class='comment-like-feedback'></span><span class='sd-text-color'></span><a class='sd-link-color'></a></div> </div> </div><!-- .comment-content --> <div class="reply"><a rel="nofollow" class="comment-reply-link" href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2022/03/03/adolf-nichtenhauser-documenting-the-history-of-movies-and-medicine/?replytocom=86992#respond" data-commentid="86992" data-postid="23332" data-belowelement="div-comment-86992" data-respondelement="respond" data-replyto="Reply to Story IT" aria-label="Reply to Story IT">Reply</a></div> </article><!-- .comment-body --> <ol class="children"> <li id="comment-86994" class="comment byuser comment-author-bethmullen bypostauthor odd alt depth-2"> <article id="div-comment-86994" class="comment-body"> <footer class="comment-meta"> <div class="comment-author vcard"> <img alt='' src='https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/73076457ffbda79ef0d169146708c56a?s=56&#038;d=mm&#038;r=pg' srcset='https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/73076457ffbda79ef0d169146708c56a?s=112&#038;d=mm&#038;r=pg 2x' class='avatar avatar-56 photo' height='56' width='56' loading='lazy' decoding='async'/> <b class="fn"><a href="http://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/" class="url" rel="ugc">Circulating Now</a></b> <span class="says">says:</span> </div><!-- .comment-author --> <div class="comment-metadata"> <a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2022/03/03/adolf-nichtenhauser-documenting-the-history-of-movies-and-medicine/#comment-86994"><time datetime="2022-03-10T10:57:44-05:00">March 10, 2022 at 10:57 AM</time></a> </div><!-- .comment-metadata --> </footer><!-- .comment-meta --> <div class="comment-content"> <p>Hi, I&#8217;m not sure what you mean by &#8216;service.&#8217; If you have a specific reference question you can contact us at <a href="https://support.nlm.nih.gov/" rel="nofollow ugc">NLM Support Center</a></p> <div class='jetpack-comment-likes-widget-wrapper jetpack-likes-widget-unloaded' id='like-comment-wrapper-52242398-86994-6747a73a5b564' data-src='https://widgets.wp.com/likes/#blog_id=52242398&amp;comment_id=86994&amp;origin=circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov&amp;obj_id=52242398-86994-6747a73a5b564' data-name='like-comment-frame-52242398-86994-6747a73a5b564'> <div class='likes-widget-placeholder comment-likes-widget-placeholder comment-likes'><span class='loading'>Loading...</span></div> <div class='comment-likes-widget jetpack-likes-widget comment-likes'><span class='comment-like-feedback'></span><span class='sd-text-color'></span><a class='sd-link-color'></a></div> </div> </div><!-- .comment-content --> <div class="reply"><a rel="nofollow" class="comment-reply-link" href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2022/03/03/adolf-nichtenhauser-documenting-the-history-of-movies-and-medicine/?replytocom=86994#respond" data-commentid="86994" data-postid="23332" data-belowelement="div-comment-86994" data-respondelement="respond" data-replyto="Reply to Circulating Now" aria-label="Reply to Circulating Now">Reply</a></div> </article><!-- .comment-body --> </li><!-- #comment-## --> </ol><!-- .children --> </li><!-- #comment-## --> <li id="comment-88338" class="pingback even thread-odd thread-alt depth-1"> <div class="comment-body"> Pingback: <a href="https://medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/2023/09/18/psychiatric-interview-films-in-the-age-of-reform-notes-on-the-depressive-neurosis-series-filmed-by-the-university-of-mississippi-medical-center-in-1969/" class="url" rel="ugc external nofollow">Psychiatric Interview Films in the Age of Reform: Notes on the Depressive Neurosis Series Filmed by the University of Mississippi Medical Center in 1969 &#8211; Medicine on Screen</a> </div> </li><!-- #comment-## --> <li id="comment-88347" class="pingback odd alt thread-even depth-1"> <div class="comment-body"> Pingback: <a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2023/09/28/psychiatric-interview-films-in-the-age-of-reform/" class="url" rel="ugc">Psychiatric Interview Films in the Age of Reform &#8211; Circulating Now from the NLM Historical Collections</a> </div> </li><!-- #comment-## --> </ol><!-- .comment-list --> <div id="respond" class="comment-respond"> <h3 id="reply-title" class="comment-reply-title">Leave a Reply<small><a rel="nofollow" id="cancel-comment-reply-link" href="/2022/03/03/adolf-nichtenhauser-documenting-the-history-of-movies-and-medicine/#respond" style="display:none;">Cancel reply</a></small></h3> <form id="commentform" class="comment-form"> <iframe title="Comment Form" src="https://jetpack.wordpress.com/jetpack-comment/?blogid=52242398&#038;postid=23332&#038;comment_registration=0&#038;require_name_email=1&#038;stc_enabled=1&#038;stb_enabled=1&#038;show_avatars=1&#038;avatar_default=mystery&#038;greeting=Leave+a+Reply&#038;jetpack_comments_nonce=1f98964ab7&#038;greeting_reply=Leave+a+Reply+to+%25s&#038;color_scheme=light&#038;lang=en_US&#038;jetpack_version=14.1-a.7&#038;iframe_unique_id=1&#038;show_cookie_consent=10&#038;has_cookie_consent=0&#038;is_current_user_subscribed=0&#038;token_key=%3Bnormal%3B&#038;sig=b8669569878263c11f62afef2ae63ece4d5fdfc6#parent=https%3A%2F%2Fcirculatingnow.nlm.nih.gov%2F2022%2F03%2F03%2Fadolf-nichtenhauser-documenting-the-history-of-movies-and-medicine%2F" name="jetpack_remote_comment" style="width:100%; height: 430px; border:0;" class="jetpack_remote_comment" id="jetpack_remote_comment" sandbox="allow-same-origin allow-top-navigation allow-scripts allow-forms allow-popups" > </iframe> <!--[if !IE]><!--> <script> document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', function () { var commentForms = document.getElementsByClassName('jetpack_remote_comment'); for (var i = 0; i < commentForms.length; i++) { commentForms[i].allowTransparency = false; commentForms[i].scrolling = 'no'; } }); </script> <!--<![endif]--> </form> </div> <input type="hidden" name="comment_parent" id="comment_parent" value="" /> <p class="akismet_comment_form_privacy_notice">This site uses Akismet to reduce spam. <a href="https://akismet.com/privacy/" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener">Learn how your comment data is processed</a>.</p> </div><!-- #comments --> </main><!-- #main --> </section><!-- #primary --> <section id="secondary" class="sidebar widget-area clearfix" role="complementary"> <div class="widget-wrap"><aside id="search-3" class="widget widget_search clearfix"> <form role="search" method="get" class="search-form" action="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/"> <label> <span class="screen-reader-text">Search for:</span> <input type="search" class="search-field" placeholder="Search &hellip;" value="" name="s" title="Search for:" /> </label> <button type="submit" class="search-submit"> <span class="genericon-search"></span> <span class="screen-reader-text">Search</span> </button> </form> </aside></div><div class="widget-wrap"><aside id="blog_subscription-4" class="widget widget_blog_subscription jetpack_subscription_widget clearfix"><div class="widget-header"><h3 class="widget-title">Follow Us via Email</h3></div> <div class="wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions__container"> <form action="#" method="post" accept-charset="utf-8" id="subscribe-blog-blog_subscription-4" data-blog="52242398" data-post_access_level="everybody" > <div id="subscribe-text"><p>Enter your email address to follow this blog and receive notifications of new posts by email.</p> </div> <p id="subscribe-email"> <label id="jetpack-subscribe-label" class="screen-reader-text" for="subscribe-field-blog_subscription-4"> Email Address </label> <input type="email" name="email" required="required" value="" id="subscribe-field-blog_subscription-4" placeholder="Email Address" /> </p> <p id="subscribe-submit" > <input type="hidden" name="action" value="subscribe"/> <input type="hidden" name="source" value="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2022/03/03/adolf-nichtenhauser-documenting-the-history-of-movies-and-medicine/"/> <input type="hidden" name="sub-type" value="widget"/> <input type="hidden" name="redirect_fragment" value="subscribe-blog-blog_subscription-4"/> <input type="hidden" id="_wpnonce" name="_wpnonce" value="e271d8991e" /><input type="hidden" name="_wp_http_referer" value="/2022/03/03/adolf-nichtenhauser-documenting-the-history-of-movies-and-medicine/" /> <button type="submit" class="wp-block-button__link" name="jetpack_subscriptions_widget" > Follow </button> </p> </form> </div> </aside></div><div class="widget-wrap"><aside id="rss_links-4" class="widget widget_rss_links clearfix"><div class="widget-header"><h3 class="widget-title">Subscribe via RSS</h3></div><ul><li><a target="_self" href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/feed/" title="Subscribe to posts">RSS - Posts</a></li><li><a target="_self" href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/comments/feed/" title="Subscribe to comments">RSS - Comments</a></li></ul> </aside></div><div class="widget-wrap"><aside id="categories-5" class="widget widget_categories clearfix"><div class="widget-header"><h3 class="widget-title">Topics</h3></div> <ul> <li class="cat-item cat-item-14520"><a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/category/about-us/">About Us</a> </li> <li class="cat-item cat-item-12763"><a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/category/collections/">Collections</a> <ul class='children'> <li class="cat-item cat-item-42333869"><a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/category/collections/archives-manuscripts/">Archives &amp; Manuscripts</a> </li> <li class="cat-item cat-item-1359464"><a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/category/collections/films-videos/">Films &amp; Videos</a> </li> <li class="cat-item cat-item-4940351"><a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/category/collections/prints-photographs/">Prints &amp; Photographs</a> </li> <li class="cat-item cat-item-347145303"><a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/category/collections/rare-books-journals/">Rare Books &amp; Journals</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="cat-item cat-item-2029"><a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/category/exhibitions/">Exhibitions</a> <ul class='children'> <li class="cat-item cat-item-51873791"><a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/category/exhibitions/confronting-violence/">Confronting Violence</a> </li> <li class="cat-item cat-item-51136828"><a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/category/exhibitions/for-all-the-people/">For All the People</a> </li> <li class="cat-item cat-item-207572835"><a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/category/exhibitions/from-dna-to-beer/">From DNA to Beer</a> </li> <li class="cat-item cat-item-43646346"><a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/category/exhibitions/graphic-medicine/">Graphic Medicine</a> </li> <li class="cat-item cat-item-39242778"><a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/category/exhibitions/harry-potters-world/">Harry Potters World</a> </li> <li class="cat-item cat-item-678875970"><a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/category/exhibitions/making-the-greatest-medical-library-in-america/">Making the Greatest Medical Library in America</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="cat-item cat-item-51014"><a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/category/guests/">Guests</a> </li> <li class="cat-item cat-item-103"><a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/category/news/">News</a> </li> <li class="cat-item cat-item-2347"><a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/category/series/">Series</a> <ul class='children'> <li class="cat-item cat-item-608566155"><a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/category/series/a-new-history-of-nlm/">A New History of NLM</a> </li> <li class="cat-item cat-item-204221395"><a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/category/series/andreas-vesalius-at-500/">Andreas Vesalius at 500</a> </li> <li class="cat-item cat-item-354547839"><a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/category/series/curious-herbals/">Curious Herbals</a> </li> <li class="cat-item cat-item-321229776"><a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/category/series/deciphering-the-genetic-code/">Deciphering the Genetic Code</a> </li> <li class="cat-item cat-item-8370612"><a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/category/series/garfield-assassination/">Garfield Assassination</a> </li> <li class="cat-item cat-item-610680187"><a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/category/series/making-exhibition-connections/">Making Exhibition Connections</a> </li> <li class="cat-item cat-item-678875949"><a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/category/series/nlm-collections-tour/">NLM Collections Tour</a> </li> <li class="cat-item cat-item-76943049"><a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/category/series/revealing-data/">Revealing Data</a> </li> <li class="cat-item cat-item-1269102"><a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/category/series/the-great-war/">The Great War</a> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </aside></div><div class="widget-wrap"><aside id="tag_cloud-3" class="widget widget_tag_cloud clearfix"><div class="widget-header"><h3 class="widget-title">Explore</h3></div><div class="tagcloud"><a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/1500s/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-903712 tag-link-position-1" style="font-size: 12.106666666667pt;" aria-label="1500s (35 items)">1500s</a> <a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/1600s/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-275516 tag-link-position-2" style="font-size: 12.48pt;" aria-label="1600s (37 items)">1600s</a> <a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/1700s/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-411245 tag-link-position-3" style="font-size: 11.173333333333pt;" aria-label="1700s (31 items)">1700s</a> <a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/1800s/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-273905 tag-link-position-4" style="font-size: 20.88pt;" aria-label="1800s (105 items)">1800s</a> <a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/1900s/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-273907 tag-link-position-5" style="font-size: 20.32pt;" aria-label="1900s (98 items)">1900s</a> <a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/1950s/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-24741 tag-link-position-6" style="font-size: 9.3066666666667pt;" aria-label="1950s (25 items)">1950s</a> <a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/1960s/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-24742 tag-link-position-7" style="font-size: 12.106666666667pt;" aria-label="1960s (35 items)">1960s</a> <a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/african-american-history/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-168941 tag-link-position-8" style="font-size: 15.093333333333pt;" aria-label="African American History (51 items)">African American History</a> <a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/america/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-8055 tag-link-position-9" style="font-size: 9.12pt;" aria-label="America (24 items)">America</a> <a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/anatomy/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-26371 tag-link-position-10" style="font-size: 10.613333333333pt;" aria-label="anatomy (29 items)">anatomy</a> <a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/animals/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-490 tag-link-position-11" style="font-size: 10.613333333333pt;" aria-label="animals (29 items)">animals</a> <a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/anniversaries/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-678875953 tag-link-position-12" style="font-size: 11.173333333333pt;" aria-label="anniversaries (31 items)">anniversaries</a> <a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/archives/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-12080 tag-link-position-13" style="font-size: 14.533333333333pt;" aria-label="archives (48 items)">archives</a> <a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/art/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-177 tag-link-position-14" style="font-size: 18.64pt;" aria-label="art (80 items)">art</a> <a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/book-illustration/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-1480675 tag-link-position-15" style="font-size: 16.4pt;" aria-label="book illustration (61 items)">book illustration</a> <a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/conservation/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-23993 tag-link-position-16" style="font-size: 8pt;" aria-label="conservation (21 items)">conservation</a> <a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/covid-19/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-678875829 tag-link-position-17" style="font-size: 10.613333333333pt;" aria-label="COVID-19 (29 items)">COVID-19</a> <a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/data/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-22379 tag-link-position-18" style="font-size: 16.586666666667pt;" aria-label="data (62 items)">data</a> <a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/digital-humanities/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-541876 tag-link-position-19" style="font-size: 12.106666666667pt;" aria-label="digital humanities (35 items)">digital humanities</a> <a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/digitization/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-106484 tag-link-position-20" style="font-size: 13.04pt;" aria-label="digitization (40 items)">digitization</a> <a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/drugs/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-6200 tag-link-position-21" style="font-size: 9.12pt;" aria-label="drugs (24 items)">drugs</a> <a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/education/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-1342 tag-link-position-22" style="font-size: 13.04pt;" aria-label="education (40 items)">education</a> <a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/epidemic/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-136219 tag-link-position-23" style="font-size: 15.84pt;" aria-label="epidemic (56 items)">epidemic</a> <a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/film/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-524 tag-link-position-24" style="font-size: 17.52pt;" aria-label="film (70 items)">film</a> <a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/food/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-586 tag-link-position-25" style="font-size: 11.546666666667pt;" aria-label="food (33 items)">food</a> <a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/france/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-4704 tag-link-position-26" style="font-size: 10.613333333333pt;" aria-label="France (29 items)">France</a> <a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/germany/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-3550 tag-link-position-27" style="font-size: 8pt;" aria-label="Germany (21 items)">Germany</a> <a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/hidden-treasure/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-1487506 tag-link-position-28" style="font-size: 13.226666666667pt;" aria-label="Hidden Treasure (41 items)">Hidden Treasure</a> <a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/hospitals/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-38746 tag-link-position-29" style="font-size: 13.04pt;" aria-label="hospitals (40 items)">hospitals</a> <a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/interview/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-11788 tag-link-position-30" style="font-size: 22pt;" aria-label="interview (121 items)">interview</a> <a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/legislation/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-5563 tag-link-position-31" style="font-size: 12.853333333333pt;" aria-label="legislation (39 items)">legislation</a> <a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/letter/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-50991 tag-link-position-32" style="font-size: 9.68pt;" aria-label="letter (26 items)">letter</a> <a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/librarians/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-15380 tag-link-position-33" style="font-size: 9.68pt;" aria-label="librarians (26 items)">librarians</a> <a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/libraries/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-12499 tag-link-position-34" style="font-size: 10.613333333333pt;" aria-label="libraries (29 items)">libraries</a> <a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/manuscript/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-517998 tag-link-position-35" style="font-size: 16.4pt;" aria-label="manuscript (60 items)">manuscript</a> <a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/medicine-on-screen/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-671616459 tag-link-position-36" style="font-size: 12.106666666667pt;" aria-label="Medicine on Screen (35 items)">Medicine on Screen</a> <a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/mental-health/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-5004 tag-link-position-37" style="font-size: 10.8pt;" aria-label="mental health (30 items)">mental health</a> <a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/michael-e-debakey/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-1753209 tag-link-position-38" style="font-size: 8.7466666666667pt;" aria-label="Michael E. DeBakey (23 items)">Michael E. DeBakey</a> <a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/military/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-488 tag-link-position-39" style="font-size: 18.266666666667pt;" aria-label="military (76 items)">military</a> <a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/nih/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-631875 tag-link-position-40" style="font-size: 8.3733333333333pt;" aria-label="NIH (22 items)">NIH</a> <a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/fellowship/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-58980 tag-link-position-41" style="font-size: 12.666666666667pt;" aria-label="NLM DeBakey Fellowship (38 items)">NLM DeBakey Fellowship</a> <a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/nlmhisttalk/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-5711 tag-link-position-42" style="font-size: 19.013333333333pt;" aria-label="NLM History Talks (85 items)">NLM History Talks</a> <a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/nursing/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-7193 tag-link-position-43" style="font-size: 11.36pt;" aria-label="nursing (32 items)">nursing</a> <a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/photograph/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-12074 tag-link-position-44" style="font-size: 12.293333333333pt;" aria-label="photograph (36 items)">photograph</a> <a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/physician/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-541893 tag-link-position-45" style="font-size: 10.613333333333pt;" aria-label="physician (29 items)">physician</a> <a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/plants/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-15734 tag-link-position-46" style="font-size: 9.12pt;" aria-label="plants (24 items)">plants</a> <a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/posters/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-7195 tag-link-position-47" style="font-size: 12.106666666667pt;" aria-label="posters (35 items)">posters</a> <a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/profiles-in-science/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-5535849 tag-link-position-48" style="font-size: 9.68pt;" aria-label="Profiles in Science (26 items)">Profiles in Science</a> <a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/public-health/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-28006 tag-link-position-49" style="font-size: 19.946666666667pt;" aria-label="public health (95 items)">public health</a> <a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/race/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-678875950 tag-link-position-50" style="font-size: 11.546666666667pt;" aria-label="race (33 items)">race</a> <a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/rare-books/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-393736 tag-link-position-51" style="font-size: 9.68pt;" aria-label="Rare Books (26 items)">Rare Books</a> <a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/recent-acquisitions/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-2971278 tag-link-position-52" style="font-size: 15.093333333333pt;" aria-label="Recent Acquisitions (51 items)">Recent Acquisitions</a> <a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/research/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-668 tag-link-position-53" style="font-size: 20.693333333333pt;" aria-label="research (104 items)">research</a> <a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/surgeon-general/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-385674 tag-link-position-54" style="font-size: 9.12pt;" aria-label="Surgeon General (24 items)">Surgeon General</a> <a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/surgery/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-57544 tag-link-position-55" style="font-size: 8pt;" aria-label="surgery (21 items)">surgery</a> <a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/traveling-exhibitions/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-6044794 tag-link-position-56" style="font-size: 9.68pt;" aria-label="traveling exhibitions (26 items)">traveling exhibitions</a> <a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/web-collecting/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-238214791 tag-link-position-57" style="font-size: 8pt;" aria-label="web collecting (21 items)">web collecting</a> <a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/womens-history/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-97077 tag-link-position-58" style="font-size: 17.146666666667pt;" aria-label="Women&#039;s History (66 items)">Women&#039;s History</a> <a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/world-war-i/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-110820 tag-link-position-59" style="font-size: 14.906666666667pt;" aria-label="World War I (50 items)">World War I</a> <a href="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/tag/world-war-ii/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-62291 tag-link-position-60" style="font-size: 13.6pt;" aria-label="World War II (43 items)">World War II</a></div> </aside></div><div class="widget-wrap"><aside id="archives-5" class="widget widget_archive clearfix"><div class="widget-header"><h3 class="widget-title">Archives</h3></div> <label class="screen-reader-text" for="archives-dropdown-5">Archives</label> <select id="archives-dropdown-5" name="archive-dropdown"> <option value="">Select Month</option> <option value='https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2024/11/'> November 2024 </option> <option value='https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2024/10/'> October 2024 </option> <option value='https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2024/09/'> September 2024 </option> <option value='https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2024/08/'> August 2024 </option> <option value='https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2024/07/'> July 2024 </option> <option value='https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2024/06/'> June 2024 </option> <option value='https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2024/05/'> May 2024 </option> <option value='https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2024/04/'> April 2024 </option> <option value='https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2024/03/'> March 2024 </option> <option value='https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2024/02/'> February 2024 </option> <option value='https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2024/01/'> January 2024 </option> <option value='https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2023/12/'> December 2023 </option> <option value='https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2023/11/'> November 2023 </option> <option value='https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2023/10/'> October 2023 </option> <option value='https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2023/09/'> September 2023 </option> <option value='https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2023/08/'> August 2023 </option> <option value='https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2023/07/'> July 2023 </option> <option value='https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2023/06/'> June 2023 </option> <option value='https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2023/05/'> May 2023 </option> <option value='https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2023/04/'> April 2023 </option> <option value='https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2023/03/'> March 2023 </option> <option value='https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2023/02/'> February 2023 </option> <option value='https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2023/01/'> January 2023 </option> <option value='https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2022/12/'> December 2022 </option> <option value='https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2022/11/'> November 2022 </option> <option value='https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2022/10/'> October 2022 </option> <option value='https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2022/09/'> September 2022 </option> <option value='https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2022/08/'> August 2022 </option> <option value='https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2022/07/'> July 2022 </option> <option value='https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2022/06/'> June 2022 </option> <option value='https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2022/05/'> May 2022 </option> <option value='https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2022/04/'> April 2022 </option> <option value='https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2022/03/'> March 2022 </option> <option value='https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2022/02/'> February 2022 </option> <option value='https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2022/01/'> January 2022 </option> <option value='https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2021/12/'> December 2021 </option> <option value='https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2021/11/'> November 2021 </option> <option value='https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2021/10/'> October 2021 </option> <option value='https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2021/09/'> September 2021 </option> <option value='https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2021/08/'> August 2021 </option> <option value='https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2021/07/'> July 2021 </option> <option value='https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2021/06/'> June 2021 </option> <option value='https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2021/05/'> May 2021 </option> <option value='https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2021/04/'> April 2021 </option> <option value='https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2021/03/'> March 2021 </option> <option value='https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2021/02/'> February 2021 </option> <option value='https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2021/01/'> January 2021 </option> <option value='https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2020/12/'> December 2020 </option> <option value='https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2020/11/'> November 2020 </option> <option value='https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2020/10/'> October 2020 </option> <option value='https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2020/09/'> September 2020 </option> <option value='https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2020/08/'> August 2020 </option> <option value='https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2020/07/'> July 2020 </option> <option value='https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2020/06/'> June 2020 </option> <option value='https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2020/05/'> May 2020 </option> <option value='https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2020/04/'> April 2020 </option> <option value='https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2020/03/'> March 2020 </option> <option value='https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2020/02/'> February 2020 </option> <option value='https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2020/01/'> January 2020 </option> <option value='https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2019/12/'> December 2019 </option> <option value='https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2019/11/'> November 2019 </option> <option value='https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2019/10/'> October 2019 </option> <option value='https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2019/09/'> September 2019 </option> <option value='https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2019/08/'> August 2019 </option> <option value='https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2019/07/'> July 2019 </option> <option value='https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2019/06/'> June 2019 </option> <option value='https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2019/05/'> May 2019 </option> <option value='https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2019/04/'> April 2019 </option> <option value='https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2019/03/'> March 2019 </option> <option value='https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2019/02/'> February 2019 </option> <option value='https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2019/01/'> January 2019 </option> <option value='https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2018/12/'> December 2018 </option> <option value='https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2018/11/'> November 2018 </option> <option value='https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2018/10/'> October 2018 </option> <option value='https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2018/09/'> September 2018 </option> <option value='https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2018/08/'> August 2018 </option> <option value='https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2018/07/'> July 2018 </option> <option value='https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2018/06/'> June 2018 </option> <option value='https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2018/05/'> May 2018 </option> <option value='https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2018/04/'> April 2018 </option> <option value='https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2018/03/'> March 2018 </option> <option value='https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2018/02/'> February 2018 </option> <option value='https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2018/01/'> January 2018 </option> <option value='https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2017/12/'> December 2017 </option> <option value='https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2017/11/'> November 2017 </option> <option value='https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2017/10/'> October 2017 </option> <option value='https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2017/09/'> September 2017 </option> <option value='https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2017/08/'> August 2017 </option> <option value='https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2017/07/'> July 2017 </option> <option value='https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2017/06/'> June 2017 </option> <option value='https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2017/05/'> May 2017 </option> <option value='https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2017/04/'> April 2017 </option> <option value='https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2017/03/'> March 2017 </option> <option value='https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2017/02/'> February 2017 </option> <option value='https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2017/01/'> January 2017 </option> <option value='https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2016/12/'> December 2016 </option> <option value='https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2016/11/'> November 2016 </option> <option value='https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2016/10/'> October 2016 </option> <option value='https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2016/09/'> September 2016 </option> <option value='https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2016/08/'> August 2016 </option> <option value='https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2016/07/'> July 2016 </option> <option value='https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2016/06/'> June 2016 </option> <option value='https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2016/05/'> May 2016 </option> <option value='https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2016/04/'> April 2016 </option> <option value='https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2016/03/'> March 2016 </option> <option value='https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2016/02/'> February 2016 </option> <option value='https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2016/01/'> January 2016 </option> <option value='https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2015/12/'> December 2015 </option> <option value='https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2015/11/'> November 2015 </option> <option value='https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2015/10/'> October 2015 </option> <option value='https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2015/09/'> September 2015 </option> <option value='https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2015/08/'> August 2015 </option> <option value='https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2015/07/'> July 2015 </option> <option value='https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2015/06/'> June 2015 </option> <option value='https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2015/05/'> May 2015 </option> <option value='https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2015/04/'> April 2015 </option> <option value='https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2015/03/'> March 2015 </option> <option value='https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2015/02/'> February 2015 </option> <option value='https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2015/01/'> January 2015 </option> <option value='https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2014/12/'> December 2014 </option> <option value='https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2014/11/'> November 2014 </option> <option value='https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2014/10/'> October 2014 </option> <option value='https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2014/09/'> September 2014 </option> <option value='https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2014/08/'> August 2014 </option> <option value='https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2014/07/'> July 2014 </option> <option value='https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2014/06/'> June 2014 </option> <option value='https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2014/05/'> May 2014 </option> <option value='https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2014/04/'> April 2014 </option> <option value='https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2014/03/'> March 2014 </option> <option value='https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2014/02/'> February 2014 </option> <option value='https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2014/01/'> January 2014 </option> <option value='https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2013/12/'> December 2013 </option> <option value='https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2013/11/'> November 2013 </option> <option value='https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2013/10/'> October 2013 </option> <option value='https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2013/09/'> September 2013 </option> <option value='https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2013/08/'> August 2013 </option> <option value='https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2013/07/'> July 2013 </option> </select> <script type="text/javascript"> /* <![CDATA[ */ (function() { var dropdown = document.getElementById( "archives-dropdown-5" ); function onSelectChange() { if ( dropdown.options[ dropdown.selectedIndex ].value !== '' ) { document.location.href = this.options[ this.selectedIndex ].value; } } dropdown.onchange = onSelectChange; })(); /* ]]> */ </script> </aside></div><div class="widget-wrap"><aside id="text-4" class="widget widget_text clearfix"><div class="widget-header"><h3 class="widget-title">VISIT US</h3></div> <div class="textwidget"><a href="https://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/index.html">History of Medicine Division</a> at the <a href="https://www.nlm.nih.gov/">National Library of Medicine</a></div> </aside></div><div class="widget-wrap"><aside id="google_translate_widget-5" class="widget widget_google_translate_widget clearfix"><div class="widget-header"><h3 class="widget-title">Translate This Blog</h3></div><div id="google_translate_element"></div></aside></div> </section><!-- #secondary --> </div><!-- #content --> <div id="footer-widgets-wrap" class="footer-widgets-wrap"> <div id="footer-widgets" class="footer-widgets container"> <div id="footer-widgets-columns" class="footer-widgets-columns clearfix" role="complementary"> <div class="footer-widget-column"><aside id="block-2" class="widget widget_block widget_text clearfix"> <p>National Library of Medicine<br><a href="https://www.google.com/maps/place/8600+Rockville+Pike,+Bethesda,+MD+20894/@38.9959508,-77.101021,17z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x89b7c95e25765ddb:0x19156f88b27635b8!8m2!3d38.9959508!4d-77.0988323">8600 Rockville Pike<br>Bethesda, MD 20894</a></p> </aside></div><div class="footer-widget-column"><aside id="block-3" class="widget widget_block widget_text clearfix"> <p><a href="https://www.nlm.nih.gov/web_policies.html">Web Policies</a><br><a href="https://www.nih.gov/institutes-nih/nih-office-director/office-communications-public-liaison/freedom-information-act-office">FOIA</a><br><a href="https://www.hhs.gov/vulnerability-disclosure-policy/index.html">HHS Vulnerability Disclosure</a></p> </aside></div><div class="footer-widget-column"><aside id="block-4" class="widget widget_block widget_text clearfix"> <p><a href="https://support.nlm.nih.gov/?from=https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/">NLM Support Center</a><br><a href="https://www.nlm.nih.gov/accessibility.html">Accessibility</a><br><a href="https://www.nlm.nih.gov/careers/careers.html">Careers</a></p> </aside></div><div class="footer-widget-column"><aside id="block-5" class="widget widget_block widget_text clearfix"> <p><a href="https://www.nlm.nih.gov/">NLM</a>&nbsp;|&nbsp;<a href="https://www.nih.gov/">NIH</a>&nbsp;|&nbsp;<a href="https://www.hhs.gov/">HHS</a>&nbsp;|&nbsp;<a href="https://www.usa.gov/">USA.gov</a></p> </aside></div><div class="footer-widget-column"><aside id="block-16" class="widget widget_block clearfix"><h3 class="widget-title">Connect with NLM</h3> <figure class="wp-block-image size-large nlmicon"><a href="https://www.facebook.com/nationallibraryofmedicine"><img decoding="async" src="https://www.nlm.nih.gov/images/facebook_white.svg" alt=""/></a></figure> <figure class="wp-block-image size-large nlmicon"><a href="https://twitter.com/nlm_nih"><img decoding="async" src="https://www.nlm.nih.gov/images/twitter_white.svg" style="padding:10px" alt=""/></a></figure> <figure class="wp-block-image size-large nlmicon"><a href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/national-library-of-medicine-nlm"><img decoding="async" src="https://www.nlm.nih.gov/images/linkedin_white.svg" alt=""/></a></figure></aside></div><div class="footer-widget-column"><aside id="jetpack_display_posts_widget-4" class="widget widget_jetpack_display_posts_widget clearfix"><div class="widget-header"><h3 class="widget-title">Films and Essays from NLM: Medicine on Screen</h3></div><div class="jetpack-display-remote-posts"><h4><a href="https://medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/2024/07/09/promoting-birth-control-in-1970s-colombia-unlikely-alliances-on-and-off-the-screen/">Promoting Birth Control in 1970s Colombia: Unlikely Alliances On and Off the Screen</a></h4> <a title="Promoting Birth Control in 1970s Colombia: Unlikely Alliances On and Off the Screen" href="https://medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/2024/07/09/promoting-birth-control-in-1970s-colombia-unlikely-alliances-on-and-off-the-screen/"><img src="https://i0.wp.com/medicineonscreen.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/the-city_101194160.jpg?fit=625%2C480&ssl=1" alt="Promoting Birth Control in 1970s Colombia: Unlikely Alliances On and Off the Screen"/></a></div><!-- .jetpack-display-remote-posts --></aside></div><div class="footer-widget-column"><aside id="wpcom_instagram_widget-2" class="widget widget_wpcom_instagram_widget clearfix"><div class="widget-header"><h3 class="widget-title">NLM Collections on Instagram</h3></div><div class="wpcom-instagram-images wpcom-instagram-columns-2"> <a href="https://www.instagram.com/p/DC2CCJ4JtjY/" target="_self"><div class="sq-bg-image" style="background-image: url(https://scontent-dfw5-2.cdninstagram.com/v/t51.2885-15/468083128_497178793366110_8989301224340113260_n.jpg?_nc_cat=104&#038;ccb=1-7&#038;_nc_sid=18de74&#038;_nc_ohc=RYTQjOANAwMQ7kNvgEi95UO&#038;_nc_zt=23&#038;_nc_ht=scontent-dfw5-2.cdninstagram.com&#038;edm=ANo9K5cEAAAA&#038;oh=00_AYBAtSG-oQy_OfoFAlP5h2X7gd5aMIoLKmSg36SGLxjXBQ&#038;oe=674D82E5)"><span class="screen-reader-text">For many, Thanksgiving kicks off all the delicious food of the holiday season. As baking commences, the air is enriched with the wonderful smell of spices. Take a look at how spices were gathered in the 1500s and learn about some of their historical medical uses in this week&#039;s Circulating Now post. Click the Link in Bio or visit https://loom.ly/9QcC4gA to read &quot;Spicing Up Thanksgiving.&quot;</span></div></a> <a href="https://www.instagram.com/p/DCy68FntzC6/" target="_self"><div class="sq-bg-image" style="background-image: url(https://scontent-dfw5-1.cdninstagram.com/v/t51.2885-15/468348982_1623422565221376_28455659666648215_n.jpg?_nc_cat=101&#038;ccb=1-7&#038;_nc_sid=18de74&#038;_nc_ohc=i52q7RSSLzgQ7kNvgGfiRS9&#038;_nc_zt=23&#038;_nc_ht=scontent-dfw5-1.cdninstagram.com&#038;edm=ANo9K5cEAAAA&#038;oh=00_AYAmwD01AiamBNZXiBvSKKGOxXc-DSX5eDRj9NtoulHY3w&#038;oe=674D704E)"><span class="screen-reader-text">In the latest post from the Circulating Now blog, catch Part 2 of an interview with Donald R. Shopland, a former NLM employee who supported the work of the Surgeon General&#039;s Advisory Committee as they wrote the 1964 report on Smoking and Health in the basement of the NLM building in Bethesda, Maryland (Link in Bio or https://loom.ly/EcyK-Ck).</span></div></a> <a href="https://www.instagram.com/p/DCorjZAyiiS/" target="_self"><div class="sq-bg-image" style="background-image: url(https://scontent-dfw5-1.cdninstagram.com/v/t51.2885-15/467548227_2375683589268509_4001340206492683976_n.jpg?_nc_cat=105&#038;ccb=1-7&#038;_nc_sid=18de74&#038;_nc_ohc=T5KntIZE5ksQ7kNvgGUXHAk&#038;_nc_zt=23&#038;_nc_ht=scontent-dfw5-1.cdninstagram.com&#038;edm=ANo9K5cEAAAA&#038;oh=00_AYB3XCuxCif-vd6atXxqOUnMpUmIGHvQqzRBmEGXjm9z9A&#038;oe=674D90E7)"><span class="screen-reader-text">This week, the Circulating Now blog features a virtual tour of the NLM historical collection focusing on tobacco. It documents how people have used, perceived, studied, and managed tobacco with materials from the 1700s to today. Explore the highlights in &quot;NLM Collections Tour: Tobacco&quot; (🔗Link in Bio or https://loom.ly/B1sycvA)</span></div></a> <a href="https://www.instagram.com/p/DCkE5JKJeDG/" target="_self"><div class="sq-bg-image" style="background-image: url(https://scontent-dfw5-2.cdninstagram.com/v/t51.2885-15/467473062_1892761684798071_7136598176063340485_n.jpg?_nc_cat=102&#038;ccb=1-7&#038;_nc_sid=18de74&#038;_nc_ohc=RcG222N7s2kQ7kNvgHeaDH9&#038;_nc_zt=23&#038;_nc_ht=scontent-dfw5-2.cdninstagram.com&#038;edm=ANo9K5cEAAAA&#038;oh=00_AYDlM4A1pkkgg1GoN3uQvdZP1WbN5HCM9gco0s_jh4vfZw&#038;oe=674D8EB1)"><span class="screen-reader-text">This year marks the 60th anniversary of U.S. Surgeon General Luther Terry’s 1964 landmark Smoking and Health report, which authoritatively linked cigarette smoking with diseases such as lung cancer and emphysema. This week on Circulating Now, hear from Donald R. Shopland, a former NLM employee who supported the work of the Surgeon General&#039;s Advisory Committee as they wrote the report in the basement of the NLM building in Bethesda, Maryland.</span></div></a> <a href="https://www.instagram.com/p/DCHwLGEJX-k/" target="_self"><div class="sq-bg-image" style="background-image: url(https://scontent-dfw5-1.cdninstagram.com/v/t51.2885-15/465082837_1138413731216268_5777298878963131913_n.jpg?_nc_cat=111&#038;ccb=1-7&#038;_nc_sid=18de74&#038;_nc_ohc=nakP5WV97YUQ7kNvgFF3R0b&#038;_nc_zt=23&#038;_nc_ht=scontent-dfw5-1.cdninstagram.com&#038;edm=ANo9K5cEAAAA&#038;oh=00_AYCtw9nTP-JVdBjEKeZ5HU0gu_HkadZ5Wz-6l_ijDRwUOQ&#038;oe=674D87A5)"><span class="screen-reader-text">In todays Circulating Now guest post, E. Thomas Ewing, a professor at Virginia Tech, shares how his students engage with historical data in the NLM Collection and explore both statistics and the personal stories of soldiers in WWI. Click the link in our bio or visit https://loom.ly/82UNpUQ to read &quot;Revealing Data: American Soldiers and the 1918 Influenza Epidemic.&quot;</span></div></a> <a href="https://www.instagram.com/p/DBy7JYrucpJ/" target="_self"><div class="sq-bg-image" style="background-image: url(https://scontent-dfw5-2.cdninstagram.com/v/t51.2885-15/465062957_2291740687857740_7651164642823026240_n.jpg?_nc_cat=102&#038;ccb=1-7&#038;_nc_sid=18de74&#038;_nc_ohc=1g_BZCumouMQ7kNvgGISKiJ&#038;_nc_zt=23&#038;_nc_ht=scontent-dfw5-2.cdninstagram.com&#038;edm=ANo9K5cEAAAA&#038;oh=00_AYAOsA-kXV_ZlnFzQZRF-GkIQfEzeOBGZ5kRFSUABWkTyQ&#038;oe=674D6D9A)"><span class="screen-reader-text">Happy Halloween! &quot;Saving Sarah McCann&quot; is a 1917 advertisement from NLM&#039;s historical pamphlet collection that tells the tale of a troublesome witch who summons a swarm of bugs to invade her neighbor&#039;s home, only for her spell to be countered by the use of Black Flag Insect Powder. </span></div></a> </div> </aside></div><div class="footer-widget-column"><aside id="wpcom_social_media_icons_widget-4" class="widget widget_wpcom_social_media_icons_widget clearfix"><div class="widget-header"><h3 class="widget-title">Explore History at NLM</h3></div><ul><li><a href="https://www.instagram.com/nlm_collections/" class="genericon genericon-instagram" target="_blank"><span class="screen-reader-text">View nlm_collections&#8217;s profile on Instagram</span></a></li><li><a href="https://www.pinterest.com/NLMHistory/" class="genericon genericon-pinterest" target="_blank"><span class="screen-reader-text">View NLMHistory&#8217;s profile on Pinterest</span></a></li><li><a href="https://www.youtube.com/user/NLMNIH/" class="genericon genericon-youtube" target="_blank"><span class="screen-reader-text">View NLMNIH&#8217;s profile on YouTube</span></a></li><li><a href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/nlmhmd/" class="genericon genericon-flickr" target="_blank"><span class="screen-reader-text">View nlmhmd&#8217;s profile on Flickr</span></a></li></ul></aside></div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="footer" class="footer-wrap"> <footer id="colophon" class="site-footer container clearfix" role="contentinfo"> <div class="site-info"> </div><!-- .site-info --> </footer><!-- #colophon --> </div> </div><!-- #page --> <!-- --> <script defer id="bilmur" data-customproperties="{&quot;woo_active&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}" data-provider="wordpress.com" data-service="atomic" src="https://s0.wp.com/wp-content/js/bilmur.min.js?m=202448"></script> <div class="jetpack-subscription-modal"> <div class="jetpack-subscription-modal__modal-content"> <div class="wp-block-group has-border-color jetpack-subscription-modal__modal-content-form" style="border-color:#dddddd;border-width:1px;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;padding:32px"><div class="wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow"> <h2 class="wp-block-heading has-text-align-center" style="margin-top:4px;margin-bottom:10px;font-size:26px;font-style:normal;font-weight:600">Discover more from Circulating Now from the NLM Historical Collections</h2> <p class='has-text-align-center' style='margin-top:4px;margin-bottom:0px;font-size:15px'>Subscribe now to keep reading and get access to the full archive.</p> <div class="wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions__supports-newline is-style-compact wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions"> <div class="wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions__container is-not-subscriber"> <form action="https://wordpress.com/email-subscriptions" method="post" accept-charset="utf-8" data-blog="52242398" data-post_access_level="everybody" data-subscriber_email="" id="subscribe-blog-3" > <div class="wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions__form-elements"> <p id="subscribe-email"> <label id="subscribe-field-3-label" for="subscribe-field-3" class="screen-reader-text" > Type your email… </label> <input required="required" type="email" name="email" style="font-size: 16px;padding: 15px 23px 15px 23px;border-radius: 50px;border-width: 1px;" placeholder="Type your email…" value="" id="subscribe-field-3" title="Please fill in this field." /> </p> <p id="subscribe-submit" > <input type="hidden" name="action" value="subscribe"/> <input type="hidden" name="blog_id" value="52242398"/> <input type="hidden" name="source" value="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2022/03/03/adolf-nichtenhauser-documenting-the-history-of-movies-and-medicine/"/> <input type="hidden" name="sub-type" value="subscribe-block"/> <input type="hidden" name="app_source" value="atomic-subscription-modal-lo"/> <input type="hidden" name="redirect_fragment" value="subscribe-blog-3"/> <input type="hidden" name="lang" value="en_US"/> <input type="hidden" id="_wpnonce" name="_wpnonce" value="e271d8991e" /><input type="hidden" name="_wp_http_referer" value="/2022/03/03/adolf-nichtenhauser-documenting-the-history-of-movies-and-medicine/" /><input type="hidden" name="post_id" value="23332"/> <button type="submit" class="wp-block-button__link" style="font-size: 16px;padding: 15px 23px 15px 23px;margin: 0; margin-left: 10px;border-radius: 50px;border-width: 1px;" name="jetpack_subscriptions_widget" > Subscribe </button> </p> </div> </form> </div> </div> <p class="has-text-align-center jetpack-subscription-modal__close" style="margin-top:20px;font-size:14px"><a href="#">Continue reading</a></p> </div></div> </div> </div> <div style="display:none"> <div class="grofile-hash-map-8c82820a8c7ae595296f4b7fbeafaa84"> </div> <div class="grofile-hash-map-73076457ffbda79ef0d169146708c56a"> </div> </div> <div id="jp-carousel-loading-overlay"> <div id="jp-carousel-loading-wrapper"> <span id="jp-carousel-library-loading">&nbsp;</span> </div> </div> <div class="jp-carousel-overlay" style="display: none;"> <div class="jp-carousel-container"> <!-- The Carousel Swiper --> <div class="jp-carousel-wrap swiper-container jp-carousel-swiper-container jp-carousel-transitions" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/ImageGallery"> <div class="jp-carousel swiper-wrapper"></div> <div class="jp-swiper-button-prev swiper-button-prev"> <svg width="25" height="24" viewBox="0 0 25 24" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <mask id="maskPrev" mask-type="alpha" maskUnits="userSpaceOnUse" x="8" y="6" width="9" height="12"> <path d="M16.2072 16.59L11.6496 12L16.2072 7.41L14.8041 6L8.8335 12L14.8041 18L16.2072 16.59Z" fill="white"/> </mask> <g mask="url(#maskPrev)"> <rect x="0.579102" width="23.8823" height="24" fill="#FFFFFF"/> </g> </svg> </div> <div class="jp-swiper-button-next swiper-button-next"> <svg width="25" height="24" viewBox="0 0 25 24" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <mask id="maskNext" mask-type="alpha" maskUnits="userSpaceOnUse" x="8" y="6" width="8" height="12"> <path d="M8.59814 16.59L13.1557 12L8.59814 7.41L10.0012 6L15.9718 12L10.0012 18L8.59814 16.59Z" fill="white"/> </mask> <g mask="url(#maskNext)"> <rect x="0.34375" width="23.8822" height="24" fill="#FFFFFF"/> </g> </svg> </div> </div> <!-- The main close buton --> <div class="jp-carousel-close-hint"> <svg width="25" height="24" viewBox="0 0 25 24" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <mask id="maskClose" mask-type="alpha" maskUnits="userSpaceOnUse" x="5" y="5" width="15" height="14"> <path d="M19.3166 6.41L17.9135 5L12.3509 10.59L6.78834 5L5.38525 6.41L10.9478 12L5.38525 17.59L6.78834 19L12.3509 13.41L17.9135 19L19.3166 17.59L13.754 12L19.3166 6.41Z" fill="white"/> </mask> <g mask="url(#maskClose)"> <rect x="0.409668" width="23.8823" height="24" fill="#FFFFFF"/> </g> </svg> </div> <!-- Image info, comments and meta --> <div class="jp-carousel-info"> <div class="jp-carousel-info-footer"> <div class="jp-carousel-pagination-container"> <div class="jp-swiper-pagination swiper-pagination"></div> <div class="jp-carousel-pagination"></div> </div> <div class="jp-carousel-photo-title-container"> <h2 class="jp-carousel-photo-caption"></h2> </div> <div class="jp-carousel-photo-icons-container"> <a href="#" class="jp-carousel-icon-btn jp-carousel-icon-info" aria-label="Toggle photo metadata visibility"> <span class="jp-carousel-icon"> <svg width="25" height="24" viewBox="0 0 25 24" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <mask id="maskInfo" mask-type="alpha" maskUnits="userSpaceOnUse" x="2" y="2" width="21" height="20"> <path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M12.7537 2C7.26076 2 2.80273 6.48 2.80273 12C2.80273 17.52 7.26076 22 12.7537 22C18.2466 22 22.7046 17.52 22.7046 12C22.7046 6.48 18.2466 2 12.7537 2ZM11.7586 7V9H13.7488V7H11.7586ZM11.7586 11V17H13.7488V11H11.7586ZM4.79292 12C4.79292 16.41 8.36531 20 12.7537 20C17.142 20 20.7144 16.41 20.7144 12C20.7144 7.59 17.142 4 12.7537 4C8.36531 4 4.79292 7.59 4.79292 12Z" fill="white"/> </mask> <g mask="url(#maskInfo)"> <rect x="0.8125" width="23.8823" height="24" fill="#FFFFFF"/> </g> </svg> </span> </a> <a href="#" class="jp-carousel-icon-btn jp-carousel-icon-comments" aria-label="Toggle photo comments visibility"> <span class="jp-carousel-icon"> <svg width="25" height="24" viewBox="0 0 25 24" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <mask id="maskComments" mask-type="alpha" maskUnits="userSpaceOnUse" x="2" y="2" width="21" height="20"> <path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M4.3271 2H20.2486C21.3432 2 22.2388 2.9 22.2388 4V16C22.2388 17.1 21.3432 18 20.2486 18H6.31729L2.33691 22V4C2.33691 2.9 3.2325 2 4.3271 2ZM6.31729 16H20.2486V4H4.3271V18L6.31729 16Z" fill="white"/> </mask> <g mask="url(#maskComments)"> <rect x="0.34668" width="23.8823" height="24" fill="#FFFFFF"/> </g> </svg> <span class="jp-carousel-has-comments-indicator" aria-label="This image has comments."></span> </span> </a> </div> </div> <div class="jp-carousel-info-extra"> <div class="jp-carousel-info-content-wrapper"> <div class="jp-carousel-photo-title-container"> <h2 class="jp-carousel-photo-title"></h2> </div> <div class="jp-carousel-comments-wrapper"> <div id="jp-carousel-comments-loading"> <span>Loading Comments...</span> </div> <div class="jp-carousel-comments"></div> <div id="jp-carousel-comment-form-container"> <span id="jp-carousel-comment-form-spinner">&nbsp;</span> <div id="jp-carousel-comment-post-results"></div> <form id="jp-carousel-comment-form"> <label for="jp-carousel-comment-form-comment-field" class="screen-reader-text">Write a Comment...</label> <textarea name="comment" class="jp-carousel-comment-form-field jp-carousel-comment-form-textarea" id="jp-carousel-comment-form-comment-field" placeholder="Write a Comment..." ></textarea> <div id="jp-carousel-comment-form-submit-and-info-wrapper"> <div id="jp-carousel-comment-form-commenting-as"> <fieldset> <label for="jp-carousel-comment-form-email-field">Email (Required)</label> <input type="text" name="email" class="jp-carousel-comment-form-field jp-carousel-comment-form-text-field" id="jp-carousel-comment-form-email-field" /> </fieldset> <fieldset> <label for="jp-carousel-comment-form-author-field">Name (Required)</label> <input type="text" name="author" class="jp-carousel-comment-form-field jp-carousel-comment-form-text-field" id="jp-carousel-comment-form-author-field" /> </fieldset> <fieldset> <label for="jp-carousel-comment-form-url-field">Website</label> <input type="text" name="url" class="jp-carousel-comment-form-field jp-carousel-comment-form-text-field" id="jp-carousel-comment-form-url-field" /> </fieldset> </div> <input type="submit" name="submit" class="jp-carousel-comment-form-button" id="jp-carousel-comment-form-button-submit" value="Post Comment" /> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div class="jp-carousel-image-meta"> <div class="jp-carousel-title-and-caption"> <div class="jp-carousel-photo-info"> <h3 class="jp-carousel-caption" itemprop="caption description"></h3> </div> <div class="jp-carousel-photo-description"></div> </div> <ul class="jp-carousel-image-exif" style="display: none;"></ul> <a class="jp-carousel-image-download" href="#" target="_blank" style="display: none;"> <svg width="25" height="24" viewBox="0 0 25 24" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <mask id="mask0" mask-type="alpha" maskUnits="userSpaceOnUse" x="3" y="3" width="19" height="18"> <path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M5.84615 5V19H19.7775V12H21.7677V19C21.7677 20.1 20.8721 21 19.7775 21H5.84615C4.74159 21 3.85596 20.1 3.85596 19V5C3.85596 3.9 4.74159 3 5.84615 3H12.8118V5H5.84615ZM14.802 5V3H21.7677V10H19.7775V6.41L9.99569 16.24L8.59261 14.83L18.3744 5H14.802Z" fill="white"/> </mask> <g mask="url(#mask0)"> <rect x="0.870605" width="23.8823" height="24" fill="#FFFFFF"/> </g> </svg> <span class="jp-carousel-download-text"></span> </a> <div class="jp-carousel-image-map" style="display: none;"></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <script type="text/javascript"> window.WPCOM_sharing_counts = {"https:\/\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/2022\/03\/03\/adolf-nichtenhauser-documenting-the-history-of-movies-and-medicine\/":23332}; </script> <link rel='stylesheet' id='all-css-2d358309ce6acf346d98cc9809dd5456' href='https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/_static/??-eJyVjs0KwjAQhF/INVSw9iI+S0yWsJqfJbsh+PYGtPTanmaYYT6mM7iSFbMaji1QFvNCZeveJhXfIopxtpYmGI10YqzwbNlHPDuRUz+w/hewBnsBnXxAHVqq54oiwEUUfrER/ez/sqJGpzZUmzZ3FCHFkY2Q0JMFGivZrjzSfZpvl+m6LPPyBTadh3w=' type='text/css' media='all' /> <style id='jetpack-block-subscriptions-inline-css'> .is-style-compact .is-not-subscriber .wp-block-button__link,.is-style-compact .is-not-subscriber .wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions__button{border-end-start-radius:0!important;border-start-start-radius:0!important;margin-inline-start:0!important}.is-style-compact .is-not-subscriber .components-text-control__input,.is-style-compact .is-not-subscriber p#subscribe-email input[type=email]{border-end-end-radius:0!important;border-start-end-radius:0!important}.is-style-compact:not(.wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions__use-newline) .components-text-control__input{border-inline-end-width:0!important}.wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions.wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions__supports-newline .wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions__form-container{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions.wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions__supports-newline:not(.wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions__use-newline) .is-not-subscriber .wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions__form-elements{align-items:flex-start;display:flex}.wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions.wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions__supports-newline:not(.wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions__use-newline) p#subscribe-submit{display:flex;justify-content:center}.wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions.wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions__supports-newline .wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions__form .wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions__button,.wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions.wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions__supports-newline .wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions__form .wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions__textfield .components-text-control__input,.wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions.wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions__supports-newline .wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions__form button,.wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions.wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions__supports-newline .wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions__form input[type=email],.wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions.wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions__supports-newline form .wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions__button,.wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions.wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions__supports-newline form .wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions__textfield .components-text-control__input,.wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions.wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions__supports-newline form button,.wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions.wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions__supports-newline form input[type=email]{box-sizing:border-box;cursor:pointer;line-height:1.3;min-width:auto!important;white-space:nowrap!important}.wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions.wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions__supports-newline .wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions__form .wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions__button[contenteditable=true],.wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions.wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions__supports-newline form .wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions__button[contenteditable=true]{white-space:pre-wrap!important}.wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions.wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions__supports-newline .wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions__form input[type=email]::placeholder,.wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions.wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions__supports-newline .wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions__form input[type=email]:disabled,.wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions.wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions__supports-newline form input[type=email]::placeholder,.wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions.wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions__supports-newline form input[type=email]:disabled{color:currentColor;opacity:.5}.wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions.wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions__supports-newline .wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions__form .wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions__button,.wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions.wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions__supports-newline .wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions__form button,.wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions.wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions__supports-newline form .wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions__button,.wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions.wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions__supports-newline form button{border-color:#0000;border-style:solid}.wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions.wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions__supports-newline .wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions__form .wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions__textfield,.wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions.wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions__supports-newline .wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions__form p#subscribe-email,.wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions.wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions__supports-newline form .wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions__textfield,.wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions.wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions__supports-newline form p#subscribe-email{background:#0000;flex-grow:1}.wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions.wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions__supports-newline .wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions__form .wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions__textfield .components-base-control__field,.wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions.wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions__supports-newline .wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions__form .wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions__textfield .components-text-control__input,.wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions.wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions__supports-newline .wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions__form .wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions__textfield input[type=email],.wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions.wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions__supports-newline .wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions__form p#subscribe-email .components-base-control__field,.wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions.wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions__supports-newline .wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions__form p#subscribe-email .components-text-control__input,.wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions.wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions__supports-newline .wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions__form p#subscribe-email input[type=email],.wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions.wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions__supports-newline form .wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions__textfield .components-base-control__field,.wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions.wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions__supports-newline form .wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions__textfield .components-text-control__input,.wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions.wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions__supports-newline form .wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions__textfield input[type=email],.wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions.wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions__supports-newline form p#subscribe-email .components-base-control__field,.wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions.wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions__supports-newline form p#subscribe-email .components-text-control__input,.wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions.wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions__supports-newline form p#subscribe-email input[type=email]{height:auto;margin:0;width:100%}.wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions.wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions__supports-newline .wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions__form p#subscribe-email,.wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions.wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions__supports-newline .wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions__form p#subscribe-submit,.wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions.wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions__supports-newline form p#subscribe-email,.wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions.wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions__supports-newline form p#subscribe-submit{line-height:0;margin:0;padding:0}.wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions.wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions__supports-newline.wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions__show-subs .wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions__subscount{font-size:16px;margin:8px 0;text-align:end}.wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions.wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions__supports-newline.wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions__use-newline .wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions__form-elements{display:block}.wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions.wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions__supports-newline.wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions__use-newline .wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions__button,.wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions.wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions__supports-newline.wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions__use-newline button{display:inline-block;max-width:100%}.wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions.wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions__supports-newline.wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions__use-newline .wp-block-jetpack-subscriptions__subscount{text-align:start}#subscribe-submit.is-link{text-align:center;width:auto!important}#subscribe-submit.is-link a{margin-left:0!important;margin-top:0!important;width:auto!important}@keyframes jetpack-memberships_button__spinner-animation{to{transform:rotate(1turn)}}.jetpack-memberships-spinner{display:none;height:1em;margin:0 0 0 5px;width:1em}.jetpack-memberships-spinner svg{height:100%;margin-bottom:-2px;width:100%}.jetpack-memberships-spinner-rotating{animation:jetpack-memberships_button__spinner-animation .75s linear infinite;transform-origin:center}.is-loading .jetpack-memberships-spinner{display:inline-block}body.jetpack-memberships-modal-open{overflow:hidden}dialog.jetpack-memberships-modal{opacity:1}dialog.jetpack-memberships-modal,dialog.jetpack-memberships-modal iframe{background:#0000;border:0;bottom:0;box-shadow:none;height:100%;left:0;margin:0;padding:0;position:fixed;right:0;top:0;width:100%}dialog.jetpack-memberships-modal::backdrop{background-color:#000;opacity:.7;transition:opacity .2s ease-out}dialog.jetpack-memberships-modal.is-loading,dialog.jetpack-memberships-modal.is-loading::backdrop{opacity:0} </style> <style id='core-block-supports-inline-css'> .wp-container-core-group-is-layout-1 > :where(:not(.alignleft):not(.alignright):not(.alignfull)){max-width:480px;margin-left:auto !important;margin-right:auto !important;}.wp-container-core-group-is-layout-1 > .alignwide{max-width:480px;}.wp-container-core-group-is-layout-1 .alignfull{max-width:none;} </style> <script type="text/javascript" id="coblocks-tinyswiper-initializer-js-extra"> /* <![CDATA[ */ var coblocksTinyswiper = {"carouselPrevButtonAriaLabel":"Previous","carouselNextButtonAriaLabel":"Next","sliderImageAriaLabel":"Image"}; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" id="subscription-modal-js-js-extra"> /* <![CDATA[ */ var subscriptionData = {"homeUrl":"circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov"}; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type='text/javascript' src='https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/_static/??-eJyNkEsOwjAMRC9EsBD/BeIsaWJVLokTxQmlnJ5URWUDqDvbozczch+VCZyRM0RXWmIBExoXzE3AkmToPgelmbzOFHjdyapfQN6RbUgCmXhQ0lPEtBSdQ0d2QhUxZdKOnrMNsXHFokyE99VSJYxuWHv61bItdW0wtdAUchZs8JXRdgBii48/ZIc5anMDH2xxOCcKSGnEJIrjb1RVtVN1eMtf1Op/9ZfNcbs573en4+EFKaaU6Q=='></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://secure.gravatar.com/js/gprofiles.js?ver=202448" id="grofiles-cards-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" id="wpgroho-js-extra"> /* <![CDATA[ */ var WPGroHo = {"my_hash":""}; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type='text/javascript' src='https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/plugins/jetpack/modules/wpgroho.js?m=1730206540'></script> <script type="text/javascript" id="front_end_js-js-extra"> /* <![CDATA[ */ var blnotifier_front_end = {"show_in_console":"","admin_dir":"wp-admin","scan_header":"","scan_footer":"","elements":{"a":"href","iframe":"src","img":"src"},"nonce":"3c866e0a8c","ajaxurl":"https:\/\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-admin\/admin-ajax.php"}; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/plugins/broken-link-notifier/includes/js/results-front.js?ver=1.1.3.2" id="front_end_js-js"></script> <script type='text/javascript' src='https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/plugins/jetpack/_inc/build/likes/queuehandler.min.js?m=1728899916'></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://stats.wp.com/e-202448.js" id="jetpack-stats-js" data-wp-strategy="defer"></script> <script type="text/javascript" id="jetpack-stats-js-after"> /* <![CDATA[ */ _stq = window._stq || []; _stq.push([ "view", JSON.parse("{\"v\":\"ext\",\"blog\":\"52242398\",\"post\":\"23332\",\"tz\":\"-5\",\"srv\":\"circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\",\"hp\":\"atomic\",\"ac\":\"2\",\"amp\":\"0\",\"j\":\"1:14.1-a.7\"}") ]); _stq.push([ "clickTrackerInit", "52242398", "23332" ]); /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" id="jetpack-carousel-js-extra"> /* <![CDATA[ */ var jetpackSwiperLibraryPath = {"url":"https:\/\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-content\/plugins\/jetpack\/_inc\/build\/carousel\/swiper-bundle.min.js"}; var jetpackCarouselStrings = {"widths":[370,700,1000,1200,1400,2000],"is_logged_in":"","lang":"en","ajaxurl":"https:\/\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-admin\/admin-ajax.php","nonce":"909d796375","display_exif":"1","display_comments":"1","single_image_gallery":"1","single_image_gallery_media_file":"","background_color":"black","comment":"Comment","post_comment":"Post Comment","write_comment":"Write a Comment...","loading_comments":"Loading Comments...","image_label":"Open image in full-screen.","download_original":"View full size <span class=\"photo-size\">{0}<span class=\"photo-size-times\">\u00d7<\/span>{1}<\/span>","no_comment_text":"Please be sure to submit some text with your comment.","no_comment_email":"Please provide an email address to comment.","no_comment_author":"Please provide your name to comment.","comment_post_error":"Sorry, but there was an error posting your comment. Please try again later.","comment_approved":"Your comment was approved.","comment_unapproved":"Your comment is in moderation.","camera":"Camera","aperture":"Aperture","shutter_speed":"Shutter Speed","focal_length":"Focal Length","copyright":"Copyright","comment_registration":"0","require_name_email":"1","login_url":"https:\/\/circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov\/wp-login.php?redirect_to=https%3A%2F%2Fcirculatingnow.nlm.nih.gov%2F2022%2F03%2F03%2Fadolf-nichtenhauser-documenting-the-history-of-movies-and-medicine%2F","blog_id":"1","meta_data":["camera","aperture","shutter_speed","focal_length","copyright"]}; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type='text/javascript' src='https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/plugins/jetpack/_inc/build/carousel/jetpack-carousel.min.js?m=1730206540'></script> <script type="text/javascript" id="jetpack-blocks-assets-base-url-js-before"> /* <![CDATA[ */ var Jetpack_Block_Assets_Base_Url="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/plugins/jetpack/_inc/blocks/"; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" id="google-translate-init-js-extra"> /* <![CDATA[ */ var _wp_google_translate_widget = {"lang":"en_US","layout":"0"}; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type='text/javascript' src='https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/_static/??-eJyNj8EKwjAQRH/IdNGixYP4KdIm27DtNgndTYN/b9DeRPA4w7wZpiRDwXJ2KDAJOBKFDYOLK5RkUuTnSMzNQqGZ5FAtG4NiUEicPYUKoabezvCoNTBwtLOA5EHsSkkp1sRGWH7A/UyyoH7gXZhxfafcX4OZ2EEh51EFfIye0ejaB+Fe8cvYf9yX27E7Xbpr17bnFzf9YWc='></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="//translate.google.com/translate_a/element.js?cb=googleTranslateElementInit&amp;ver=14.1-a.7" id="google-translate-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" id="sharing-js-js-extra"> /* <![CDATA[ */ var sharing_js_options = {"lang":"en","counts":"1","is_stats_active":"1"}; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/wp-content/plugins/jetpack/_inc/build/sharedaddy/sharing.min.js?ver=14.1-a.7" id="sharing-js-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" id="sharing-js-js-after"> /* <![CDATA[ */ var windowOpen; ( function () { function matches( el, sel ) { return !! ( el.matches && el.matches( sel ) || el.msMatchesSelector && el.msMatchesSelector( sel ) ); } document.body.addEventListener( 'click', function ( event ) { if ( ! event.target ) { return; } var el; if ( matches( event.target, 'a.share-twitter' ) ) { el = event.target; } else if ( event.target.parentNode && matches( event.target.parentNode, 'a.share-twitter' ) ) { el = event.target.parentNode; } if ( el ) { event.preventDefault(); // If there's another sharing window open, close it. if ( typeof windowOpen !== 'undefined' ) { windowOpen.close(); } windowOpen = window.open( el.getAttribute( 'href' ), 'wpcomtwitter', 'menubar=1,resizable=1,width=600,height=350' ); return false; } } ); } )(); var windowOpen; ( function () { function matches( el, sel ) { return !! ( el.matches && el.matches( sel ) || el.msMatchesSelector && el.msMatchesSelector( sel ) ); } document.body.addEventListener( 'click', function ( event ) { if ( ! event.target ) { return; } var el; if ( matches( event.target, 'a.share-facebook' ) ) { el = event.target; } else if ( event.target.parentNode && matches( event.target.parentNode, 'a.share-facebook' ) ) { el = event.target.parentNode; } if ( el ) { event.preventDefault(); // If there's another sharing window open, close it. if ( typeof windowOpen !== 'undefined' ) { windowOpen.close(); } windowOpen = window.open( el.getAttribute( 'href' ), 'wpcomfacebook', 'menubar=1,resizable=1,width=600,height=400' ); return false; } } ); } )(); var windowOpen; ( function () { function matches( el, sel ) { return !! ( el.matches && el.matches( sel ) || el.msMatchesSelector && el.msMatchesSelector( sel ) ); } document.body.addEventListener( 'click', function ( event ) { if ( ! event.target ) { return; } var el; if ( matches( event.target, 'a.share-tumblr' ) ) { el = event.target; } else if ( event.target.parentNode && matches( event.target.parentNode, 'a.share-tumblr' ) ) { el = event.target.parentNode; } if ( el ) { event.preventDefault(); // If there's another sharing window open, close it. if ( typeof windowOpen !== 'undefined' ) { windowOpen.close(); } windowOpen = window.open( el.getAttribute( 'href' ), 'wpcomtumblr', 'menubar=1,resizable=1,width=450,height=450' ); return false; } } ); } )(); var windowOpen; ( function () { function matches( el, sel ) { return !! ( el.matches && el.matches( sel ) || el.msMatchesSelector && el.msMatchesSelector( sel ) ); } document.body.addEventListener( 'click', function ( event ) { if ( ! event.target ) { return; } var el; if ( matches( event.target, 'a.share-linkedin' ) ) { el = event.target; } else if ( event.target.parentNode && matches( event.target.parentNode, 'a.share-linkedin' ) ) { el = event.target.parentNode; } if ( el ) { event.preventDefault(); // If there's another sharing window open, close it. if ( typeof windowOpen !== 'undefined' ) { windowOpen.close(); } windowOpen = window.open( el.getAttribute( 'href' ), 'wpcomlinkedin', 'menubar=1,resizable=1,width=580,height=450' ); return false; } } ); } )(); var windowOpen; ( function () { function matches( el, sel ) { return !! ( el.matches && el.matches( sel ) || el.msMatchesSelector && el.msMatchesSelector( sel ) ); } document.body.addEventListener( 'click', function ( event ) { if ( ! event.target ) { return; } var el; if ( matches( event.target, 'a.share-pocket' ) ) { el = event.target; } else if ( event.target.parentNode && matches( event.target.parentNode, 'a.share-pocket' ) ) { el = event.target.parentNode; } if ( el ) { event.preventDefault(); // If there's another sharing window open, close it. if ( typeof windowOpen !== 'undefined' ) { windowOpen.close(); } windowOpen = window.open( el.getAttribute( 'href' ), 'wpcompocket', 'menubar=1,resizable=1,width=450,height=450' ); return false; } } ); } )(); var windowOpen; ( function () { function matches( el, sel ) { return !! ( el.matches && el.matches( sel ) || el.msMatchesSelector && el.msMatchesSelector( sel ) ); } document.body.addEventListener( 'click', function ( event ) { if ( ! event.target ) { return; } var el; if ( matches( event.target, 'a.share-telegram' ) ) { el = event.target; } else if ( event.target.parentNode && matches( event.target.parentNode, 'a.share-telegram' ) ) { el = event.target.parentNode; } if ( el ) { event.preventDefault(); // If there's another sharing window open, close it. if ( typeof windowOpen !== 'undefined' ) { windowOpen.close(); } windowOpen = window.open( el.getAttribute( 'href' ), 'wpcomtelegram', 'menubar=1,resizable=1,width=450,height=450' ); return false; } } ); } )(); /* ]]> */ </script> <iframe src='https://widgets.wp.com/likes/master.html?ver=20241127#ver=20241127&#038;n=1' scrolling='no' id='likes-master' name='likes-master' style='display:none;'></iframe> <div id='likes-other-gravatars' class='wpl-new-layout' role="dialog" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"><div class="likes-text"><span>%d</span></div><ul class="wpl-avatars sd-like-gravatars"></ul></div> <script type="text/javascript"> (function () { const iframe = document.getElementById( 'jetpack_remote_comment' ); const watchReply = function() { // Check addComment._Jetpack_moveForm to make sure we don't monkey-patch twice. if ( 'undefined' !== typeof addComment && ! addComment._Jetpack_moveForm ) { // Cache the Core function. addComment._Jetpack_moveForm = addComment.moveForm; const commentParent = document.getElementById( 'comment_parent' ); const cancel = document.getElementById( 'cancel-comment-reply-link' ); function tellFrameNewParent ( commentParentValue ) { const url = new URL( iframe.src ); if ( commentParentValue ) { url.searchParams.set( 'replytocom', commentParentValue ) } else { url.searchParams.delete( 'replytocom' ); } if( iframe.src !== url.href ) { iframe.src = url.href; } }; cancel.addEventListener( 'click', function () { tellFrameNewParent( false ); } ); addComment.moveForm = function ( _, parentId ) { tellFrameNewParent( parentId ); return addComment._Jetpack_moveForm.apply( null, arguments ); }; } } document.addEventListener( 'DOMContentLoaded', watchReply ); // In WP 6.4+, the script is loaded asynchronously, so we need to wait for it to load before we monkey-patch the functions it introduces. document.querySelector('#comment-reply-js')?.addEventListener( 'load', watchReply ); const commentIframes = document.getElementsByClassName('jetpack_remote_comment'); window.addEventListener('message', function(event) { if (event.origin !== 'https://jetpack.wordpress.com') { return; } if (!event?.data?.iframeUniqueId && !event?.data?.height) { return; } const eventDataUniqueId = event.data.iframeUniqueId; // Change height for the matching comment iframe for (let i = 0; i < commentIframes.length; i++) { const iframe = commentIframes[i]; const url = new URL(iframe.src); const iframeUniqueIdParam = url.searchParams.get('iframe_unique_id'); if (iframeUniqueIdParam == event.data.iframeUniqueId) { iframe.style.height = event.data.height + 'px'; return; } } }); })(); </script> </body> </html>

Pages: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10