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class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Bill Neel</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bill_Neel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Brett_Bursey" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Brett_Bursey"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Brett Bursey</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Brett_Bursey-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-ACLU_litigation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ACLU_litigation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>ACLU litigation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ACLU_litigation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-College_and_university_campuses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#College_and_university_campuses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>College and university campuses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-College_and_university_campuses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_countries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_countries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Other countries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_countries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div 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<div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Area set aside in public places for the purpose of political protesting</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p><p><b>Free speech zones</b> (also known as <b>First Amendment zones</b>, <b>free speech cages</b>, and <b>protest zones</b>) are areas set aside in <a href="/wiki/Public_space" title="Public space">public places</a> for the purpose of political protesting. The <a href="/wiki/First_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="First Amendment to the United States Constitution">First Amendment to the United States Constitution</a> states that "<a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">Congress</a> shall make no law ... abridging ... the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances." The existence of free speech zones is based on U.S. court decisions stipulating that the government may reasonably regulate the <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech_in_the_United_States#Time.2C_place.2C_and_manner_restrictions" title="Freedom of speech in the United States">time, place, and manner</a> – but not content – of expression.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Supreme Court has developed a <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech_in_the_United_States#Time.2C_place.2C_and_manner_restrictions" title="Freedom of speech in the United States">four-part analysis</a> to evaluate the constitutionality of time, place and manner (TPM) restrictions. To pass muster under the First Amendment, TPM restrictions must be neutral with respect to content, be narrowly drawn, serve a significant government interest, and leave open alternative channels of communication. Application of this four-part analysis varies with the circumstances of each case, and typically requires lower standards for the restriction of <a href="/wiki/Obscenity" title="Obscenity">obscenity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fighting_words" title="Fighting words">fighting words</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="Needs a supporting ref! (July 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Free speech zones have been used at a variety of political gatherings. The stated purpose of free speech zones is to protect the safety of those attending the political gathering, or for the safety of the protesters themselves. Critics, however, suggest that such zones are "<a href="/wiki/Orwellian" title="Orwellian">Orwellian</a>",<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and that authorities use them in a heavy-handed manner to censor protesters by putting them literally out of sight of the mass media, hence the public, as well as visiting dignitaries. Though authorities generally deny specifically targeting protesters, on a number of occasions, these denials have been contradicted by subsequent court testimony. The <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_Liberties_Union" title="American Civil Liberties Union">American Civil Liberties Union</a> (ACLU) has filed, with various degrees of success and failure, a number of lawsuits on the issue. </p><p>Although free speech zones existed prior to the <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_George_W._Bush" title="Presidency of George W. Bush">presidency of George W. Bush</a>, it was during Bush's presidency that their scope was greatly expanded.<sup id="cite_ref-freedomunderfire_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-freedomunderfire-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These zones continued through the presidency of <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a>, who signed a bill in 2012 that expanded the power of the Secret Service to restrict speech and make arrests.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many colleges and universities earlier instituted free-speech-zone rules during the <a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_the_Vietnam_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Opposition to the Vietnam War">Vietnam-era protests</a> of the 1960s and 1970s. In recent years, a number of them have revised or removed these restrictions following student protests and lawsuits.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="BOTH sentences definitely need refs! (July 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Free_speech_zone&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/1988_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1988 Democratic National Convention">1988 Democratic National Convention</a>, the city of <a href="/wiki/Atlanta" title="Atlanta">Atlanta</a> set up a "designated protest zone"<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> so the convention would not be disrupted. A <a href="/wiki/Pro-choice" class="mw-redirect" title="Pro-choice">pro-choice</a> demonstrator opposing an <a href="/wiki/History_of_Operation_Rescue" title="History of Operation Rescue">Operation Rescue</a> group said Atlanta Mayor <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Young" title="Andrew Young">Andrew Young</a> "put us in a free-speech cage."<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Protest zones" were used during the 1992 and 1996 <a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_nominating_convention" title="United States presidential nominating convention">United States presidential nominating conventions</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Free speech zones have been used for non-political purposes. Through 1990s, the San Francisco International Airport played host to a steady stream of religious groups (Hare Krishnas in particular), preachers, and beggars. The city considered whether this public transportation hub was required to host free speech, and to what extent. As a compromise, two "free speech booths" were installed in the South Terminal, and groups wishing to speak but not having direct business at the airport were directed there. These booths still exist, although permits are required to access the booths.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:WTO_protests.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/WTO_protests.jpg/220px-WTO_protests.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/WTO_protests.jpg/330px-WTO_protests.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/WTO_protests.jpg/440px-WTO_protests.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Police on Union Street in Seattle during the <a href="/wiki/WTO_Ministerial_Conference_of_1999_protest_activity" class="mw-redirect" title="WTO Ministerial Conference of 1999 protest activity">1999 WTO conference</a>. The WTO protests catalyzed a number of changes in the way law enforcement deals with protesters.<sup id="cite_ref-Boghosian_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boghosian-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/WTO_Ministerial_Conference_of_1999_protest_activity" class="mw-redirect" title="WTO Ministerial Conference of 1999 protest activity">WTO Ministerial Conference of 1999 protest activity</a> saw a number of changes to how law enforcement deals with protest activities. "The <a href="/wiki/National_Lawyers_Guild" title="National Lawyers Guild">[National Lawyers] Guild</a>, which has a 35-year history of monitoring First Amendment activity, has witnessed a notable change in police treatment of political protesters since the November 1999 <a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization" title="World Trade Organization">World Trade Organization</a> meeting in <a href="/wiki/Seattle" title="Seattle">Seattle</a>. At subsequent gatherings in Washington, D.C., Detroit, Philadelphia, Los Angeles, Miami, Chicago, and Portland a pattern of behavior that stifles First Amendment rights has emerged".<sup id="cite_ref-Boghosian_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boghosian-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a subsequent lawsuit, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Ninth_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit">United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit</a> found that "It was lawful for the city of Seattle to deem part of downtown off-limits ... But the court also said that police enforcing the rule may have gone too far by targeting only those opposed to the WTO, in violation of their First Amendment rights."<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When then-President <a href="/wiki/George_W_Bush" class="mw-redirect" title="George W Bush">George W Bush</a> came to <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh,_Pennsylvania" class="mw-redirect" title="Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania">Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania</a>, on Labor Day, 2002, for a speech, the local police, acting on the request of the <a href="/wiki/US_Secret_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="US Secret Service">Secret Service</a>, erected <a href="/wiki/Chain-link_fence" class="mw-redirect" title="Chain-link fence">chain-link fence</a> on a baseball field a third of a mile from the speech site, and proclaimed it a "designated free-speech zone."<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Free speech zones were used in Boston at the <a href="/wiki/2004_Democratic_National_Convention" title="2004 Democratic National Convention">2004 Democratic National Convention</a>. The free speech zones organized by the authorities in Boston were boxed in by concrete walls, invisible to the <a href="/wiki/FleetCenter_(Boston)" class="mw-redirect" title="FleetCenter (Boston)">FleetCenter</a> where the convention was held and criticized harshly as a "protest pen" or "Boston's <a href="/wiki/Camp_X-Ray" title="Camp X-Ray">Camp X-Ray</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-democracynow.org_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-democracynow.org-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Some protesters for a short time Monday [July 26, 2004] converted the zone into a mock prison camp by donning hoods and marching in the cage with their hands behind their backs."<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A coalition of groups protesting the <a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a> challenged the planned protest zones. U.S. District Court Judge <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Preston_Woodlock" class="mw-redirect" title="Douglas Preston Woodlock">Douglas Woodlock</a> was sympathetic to their request: "One cannot conceive of what other design elements could be put into a space to create a more symbolic affront to the role of free expression.".<sup id="cite_ref-Muzzle_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Muzzle-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, he ultimately rejected the petition to move the protest zones closer to the FleetCenter.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Free speech zones were also used in New York City at the <a href="/wiki/2004_Republican_National_Convention" title="2004 Republican National Convention">2004 Republican National Convention</a>. According to Mike McGuire, a columnist for the online anti-war magazine <i>Nonviolent Activist</i>, "The policing of <a href="/wiki/2004_Republican_National_Convention_protest_activity" title="2004 Republican National Convention protest activity">the protests during the 2004 Republican National Convention</a> represent[ed] another interesting model of repression. The <a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Police_Department" title="New York City Police Department">NYPD</a> tracked every planned action and set up traps. As marches began, police would emerge from their hiding places – building vestibules, parking garages, or vans – and corral the dissenters with orange netting that read 'POLICE LINE – DO <i>not</i> CROSS,' establishing areas they ironically called 'ad-hoc free speech zones.' One by one, protesters were arrested and detained – some for nearly two days."<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both the Democratic and Republican National parties were jointly awarded a 2005 Jefferson Muzzle from the <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson_Center_for_the_Protection_of_Free_Expression" title="Thomas Jefferson Center for the Protection of Free Expression">Thomas Jefferson Center for the Protection of Free Expression</a>, "For their mutual failure to make the preservation of First Amendment freedoms a priority during the last Presidential election".<sup id="cite_ref-Muzzle_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Muzzle-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Washington_University_Public_Zones2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Washington_University_Public_Zones2.jpg/220px-Washington_University_Public_Zones2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Washington_University_Public_Zones2.jpg/330px-Washington_University_Public_Zones2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Washington_University_Public_Zones2.jpg/440px-Washington_University_Public_Zones2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Falun_Gong" title="Falun Gong">Falun Gong</a> protesters inside a fenced-off free speech zone at the <a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election_debates" class="mw-redirect" title="United States presidential election debates">2000 Presidential Debate</a> at <a href="/wiki/Washington_University_in_St._Louis" title="Washington University in St. Louis">Washington University in St. Louis</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Free speech zones were commonly used by President <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> after the <a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11 attacks</a> and through the 2004 election. Free speech zones were set up by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secret_Service" title="United States Secret Service">Secret Service</a>, who scouted locations where the U.S. president was scheduled to speak, or pass through. Officials targeted those who carried anti-Bush signs and escorted them to the free speech zones prior to and during the event. Reporters were often barred by local officials from displaying these protesters on camera or speaking to them within the zone.<sup id="cite_ref-bushzones_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bushzones-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-freedomunderfire_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-freedomunderfire-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Protesters who refused to go to the free speech zone were often arrested and charged with <a href="/wiki/Trespass" title="Trespass">trespassing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Disorderly_conduct" title="Disorderly conduct">disorderly conduct</a> and/or <a href="/wiki/Resisting_arrest" class="mw-redirect" title="Resisting arrest">resisting arrest</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-sfgate_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sfgate-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-amconmag_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-amconmag-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A seldom-used federal law making it unlawful to "willfully and knowingly to enter or remain in ... any posted, cordoned off, or otherwise restricted area of a building or grounds where the President or other person protected by the Secret Service is or will be temporarily visiting" has also been invoked.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criticisms">Criticisms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Free_speech_zone&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Criticisms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:First_amendment_area_Muir_Woods.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/First_amendment_area_Muir_Woods.jpg/200px-First_amendment_area_Muir_Woods.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/First_amendment_area_Muir_Woods.jpg/300px-First_amendment_area_Muir_Woods.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/First_amendment_area_Muir_Woods.jpg/400px-First_amendment_area_Muir_Woods.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2576" data-file-height="1932" /></a><figcaption>A "First Amendment Area" at the <a href="/wiki/Muir_Woods_National_Monument" title="Muir Woods National Monument">Muir Woods National Monument</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Civil_liberties" title="Civil liberties">Civil liberties</a> advocates argue that free speech zones are used as a form of censorship and <a href="/wiki/Public_relations" title="Public relations">public relations</a> management to conceal the existence of popular opposition from the mass public and elected officials.<sup id="cite_ref-ACLU_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ACLU-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is much controversy surrounding the creation of these areas – the mere existence of such zones is offensive to some people, who maintain that the <a href="/wiki/First_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="First Amendment to the United States Constitution">First Amendment to the United States Constitution</a> makes the entire country an unrestricted free speech zone.<sup id="cite_ref-ACLU_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ACLU-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Homeland_Security" class="mw-redirect" title="Department of Homeland Security">Department of Homeland Security</a> "has even gone so far as to tell local police departments to regard critics of the <a href="/wiki/War_on_Terrorism" class="mw-redirect" title="War on Terrorism">War on Terrorism</a> as potential <a href="/wiki/Terrorism" title="Terrorism">terrorists</a> themselves."<sup id="cite_ref-sfgate_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sfgate-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Bush administration has been criticized by columnist <a href="/wiki/James_Bovard" title="James Bovard">James Bovard</a> of <i>The American Conservative</i> for requiring protesters to stay within a designated area, while allowing supporters access to more areas.<sup id="cite_ref-amconmag_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-amconmag-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the <i><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Tribune" title="Chicago Tribune">Chicago Tribune</a></i>, the American Civil Liberties Union has asked a federal court in Washington, D.C. to prevent the Secret Service from keeping anti-Bush protesters distant from presidential appearances while allowing supporters to display their messages up close, where they are likely to be seen by the news media.<sup id="cite_ref-amconmag_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-amconmag-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The preliminary plan for the <a href="/wiki/2004_Democratic_National_Convention" title="2004 Democratic National Convention">2004 Democratic National Convention</a> was criticized by the <a href="/wiki/National_Lawyers_Guild" title="National Lawyers Guild">National Lawyers Guild</a> and the ACLU of Massachusetts as being insufficient to handle the size of the expected protest. "The zone would hold as few as 400 of the several thousand protesters who are expected in Boston in late July."<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_incidents_and_court_proceedings">Notable incidents and court proceedings</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Free_speech_zone&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Notable incidents and court proceedings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1939, the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">United States Supreme Court</a> found in <i><a href="/wiki/Hague_v._Committee_for_Industrial_Organization" title="Hague v. Committee for Industrial Organization">Hague v. Committee for Industrial Organization</a></i> that public streets and parks "have immemorially been held in trust for the use of the public and, time out of mind, have been used for purposes of assembly, communicating thoughts between citizens, and discussing public questions." In the later <i><a href="/wiki/Thornhill_v._Alabama" title="Thornhill v. Alabama">Thornhill v. Alabama</a></i> case, the court found that <a href="/wiki/Picketing_(protest)" class="mw-redirect" title="Picketing (protest)">picketing</a> and marching in public areas is protected by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Constitution">United States Constitution</a> as free speech. However, subsequent rulings – <i><a href="/wiki/Edwards_v._South_Carolina" title="Edwards v. South Carolina">Edwards v. South Carolina</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Brown_v._Louisiana" title="Brown v. Louisiana">Brown v. Louisiana</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Cox_v._Louisiana" title="Cox v. Louisiana">Cox v. Louisiana</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Adderley_v._Florida" title="Adderley v. Florida">Adderley v. Florida</a></i> – found that picketing is afforded less protection than pure speech due to the physical <a href="/wiki/Externalities" class="mw-redirect" title="Externalities">externalities</a> it creates. Regulations on demonstrations may affect the time, place, and manner of those demonstrations, but may not discriminate based on the content of the demonstration. </p><p>The Secret Service denied targeting the president's political opponents. "Decisions made in the formulation of a security plan are based on security considerations, not political considerations", said one Secret Service spokesman.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bill_Neel">Bill Neel</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Free_speech_zone&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Bill Neel"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>"These [free speech] zones routinely succeed in keeping protesters out of presidential sight and outside the view of media covering the event. When Bush came to the Pittsburgh area on <a href="/wiki/Labor_Day" title="Labor Day">Labor Day</a> 2002, 65-year-old retired steel worker Bill Neel was there to greet him with a sign proclaiming, 'The Bush family must surely love the poor, they made so many of us.' The local police, at the Secret Service's behest, set up a 'designated free-speech zone' on a <a href="/wiki/Baseball_field" title="Baseball field">baseball field</a> surrounded by a chain-link fence a third of a mile from the location of Bush's speech. The police cleared the path of the <a href="/wiki/Motorcade" title="Motorcade">motorcade</a> of all critical signs, though folks with pro-Bush signs were permitted to line the president's path. Neel refused to go to the designated area and was arrested for disorderly conduct. Police detective John Ianachione testified that the Secret Service told local police to confine 'people that were there making a statement pretty much against the president and his views.'"<sup id="cite_ref-amconmag_22-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-amconmag-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> District judge Shirley Trkula threw out the charges, stating that "I believe this is America. Whatever happened to 'I don't agree with you, but I'll defend to the death your right to say it'?"<sup id="cite_ref-bushzones_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bushzones-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Brett_Bursey">Brett Bursey</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Free_speech_zone&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Brett Bursey"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At another incident during a presidential visit to South Carolina, protester Brett Bursey refused an order by Secret Service agents to go to a free speech zone half-a-mile away. He was arrested and charged with trespassing by the South Carolina police. "Bursey said that he asked the policeman if 'it was the content of my sign,' and he said, 'Yes, sir, it's the content of your sign that's the problem.'"<sup id="cite_ref-amconmag_22-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-amconmag-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the prosecution, led by <a href="/wiki/James_Strom_Thurmond_Jr." title="James Strom Thurmond Jr.">James Strom Thurmond Jr.</a>, disputes Bursey's version of events.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Trespassing charges against Bursey were dropped, and Bursey was instead indicted by the federal government for violation of a federal law that allows the Secret Service to restrict access to areas visited by the president.<sup id="cite_ref-amconmag_22-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-amconmag-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bursey faced up to six months in prison and a <a href="/wiki/US_dollar" class="mw-redirect" title="US dollar">US$</a>5,000 fine.<sup id="cite_ref-amconmag_22-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-amconmag-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After a <a href="/wiki/Bench_trial" title="Bench trial">bench trial</a>, Bursey was convicted of the offense of trespassing, but judge Bristow Marchant deemed the offense to be relatively minor and ordered a fine of $500 be assessed, which Bursey appealed, and lost.<sup id="cite_ref-Bursey_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bursey-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his ruling, Marchant found that "this is not to say that the Secret Service's power to restrict the area around the President is absolute, nor does the Court find that protesters are required to go to a designated demonstration area – which was an issue in this case – as long as they do not otherwise remain in a properly restricted area."<sup id="cite_ref-Bursey_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bursey-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Marchant's ruling however, was criticized for three reasons: </p> <ul><li>The ruling found that Bursey was not the victim of selective prosecution because Bursey was the only person who had refused an order to leave the area. However, this overlooks the fact that nobody else refused to leave the zone because nobody else was asked to leave.<sup id="cite_ref-katz_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-katz-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The prosecution claimed that the protected zone around the President was 100 yards wide. However, it was unmarked, with cars and trucks allowed to pass through and drop off ticket-holders, and nobody was willing to tell protesters where the zone's boundaries were. Marchant's decision noted this but did not find this unreasonable.<sup id="cite_ref-katz_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-katz-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Marchant found that in the "age of <a href="/wiki/Suicide_bombing" class="mw-redirect" title="Suicide bombing">suicide bombers</a>", the Secret Service should have latitude to get rid of anyone suspicious who is standing near the president's route. However, given that the reason Bursey was singled out by the Secret Service was his sign, "it's enough to make anyone with a dissenting view think twice before deciding to stand out from a crowd."<sup id="cite_ref-katz_32-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-katz-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="ACLU_litigation">ACLU litigation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Free_speech_zone&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: ACLU litigation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2003, the ACLU brought a lawsuit against the Secret Service, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=ACORN_v._Secret_Service&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ACORN v. Secret Service (page does not exist)">ACORN v. Secret Service</a></i>, representing the <a href="/wiki/Association_of_Community_Organizations_for_Reform_Now" title="Association of Community Organizations for Reform Now">Association of Community Organizations for Reform Now</a> (ACORN). "The federal court in Philadelphia dismissed that case in March [2004] after the Secret Service acknowledged that it could not discriminate against protesters through the use of out-of-sight, out-of-earshot protest zones."<sup id="cite_ref-ACLU2_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ACLU2-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another 2003 lawsuit against the city of Philadelphia, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=ACORN_v._Philadelphia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ACORN v. Philadelphia (page does not exist)">ACORN v. Philadelphia</a></i>, charged that the <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Police_Department" title="Philadelphia Police Department">Philadelphia Police Department</a>, on orders from the Secret Service, had kept protesters "further away from the site of presidential visits than Administration supporters. A high-ranking official of the Philadelphia police told <a href="/w/index.php?title=ACLU_of_Pennsylvania&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ACLU of Pennsylvania (page does not exist)">ACLU of Pennsylvania</a> Legal Director <a href="/w/index.php?title=Stefan_Presser&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stefan Presser (page does not exist)">Stefan Presser</a> that he was only following Secret Service orders."<sup id="cite_ref-ACLU_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ACLU-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the court found the ACLU lacked <a href="/wiki/Standing_(law)" title="Standing (law)">standing</a> to bring the case and dismissed it.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <blockquote><p>The Secret Service says it does establish 'public viewing areas' to protect dignitaries but does not discriminate against individuals based on the content of their signs or speech. 'Absolutely not,' said Tom Mazur, a spokesman for the agency created to protect the president. 'The Secret Service makes no distinction on the purpose, message or intent of any individual or group.' Civil libertarians dispute that. They cite a <a href="/wiki/Corpus_Christi,_Texas" title="Corpus Christi, Texas">Corpus Christi</a>, Texas, couple, Jeff and Nicole Rank, as an example. The two were arrested at a Bush campaign event in <a href="/wiki/Charleston,_West_Virginia" title="Charleston, West Virginia">Charleston</a>, West Virginia, on July 4, 2004, when they refused to take off anti-Bush shirts. Their shirts read, 'Love America, Hate Bush' ... The ACLU found 17 cases since March 2001 in which protesters were removed during events where the president or vice president appeared. And lawyers say it's an increasing trend.<sup id="cite_ref-Redner_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Redner-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p></blockquote> <p>According to Jeff Rank, Nicole Rank's shirt did say "Love America, Hate Bush" while Jeff Rank's shirt said "Regime change starts at home."<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (February 2021)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-rank_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rank-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The incident occurred several months after the Secret Service's pledge in <i>ACORN v. Secret Service</i> not to discriminate against protesters. "The charges against the Ranks were ultimately dismissed in court and the mayor and city council publicly apologized for the arrest. City officials also said that local law enforcement was acting at the request of Secret Service."<sup id="cite_ref-ACLU3_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ACLU3-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ACLU Senior Staff Attorney Chris Hansen pointed out that "The Secret Service has promised to not curtail the right to dissent at presidential appearances, and yet we are still hearing stories of people being blocked from engaging in lawful protest", said Hansen. "It is time for the Secret Service to stop making empty promises."<sup id="cite_ref-ACLU3_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ACLU3-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Ranks subsequently filed a lawsuit, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rank_v._Jenkins&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rank v. Jenkins (page does not exist)">Rank v. Jenkins</a></i>, against Deputy <a href="/wiki/Assistant_to_the_President" class="mw-redirect" title="Assistant to the President">Assistant to the President</a> Gregory Jenkins and the Secret Service. "The lawsuit, <i>Rank v. Jenkins</i>, is seeking unspecified damages as well as a declaration that the actions leading to the removal of the Ranks from the Capitol grounds were unconstitutional."<sup id="cite_ref-ACLU3_38-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ACLU3-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In August 2007, the Ranks settled their lawsuit against the Federal Government. The government paid them $80,000, but made no admission of wrongdoing.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Ranks' case against Gregory Jenkins is still pending in the District of Columbia.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The date of the event predicted near this tag has passed. (February 2021)">needs update</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As a result of ACLU <a href="/wiki/Subpoena" title="Subpoena">subpoenas</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Discovery_(law)" title="Discovery (law)">discovery</a> in the <i>Rank</i> lawsuit, the ACLU obtained the White House's previously-classified <a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidential_advance_manual&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Presidential advance manual (page does not exist)">presidential advance manual</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-manual_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-manual-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The manual gives people organizing presidential visits specific advice for preventing or obstructing protests. "There are several ways the advance person" – the person organizing the presidential visit – "can prepare a site to minimize demonstrators. First, as always, work with the Secret Service to and have them ask the local police department to designate a protest area where demonstrators can be placed, preferably not in view of the event site or motorcade route. The formation of 'rally squads' is a common way to prepare for demonstrators ... The rally squad's task is to use their signs and banners as shields between the demonstrators and the main press platform ... As a last resort, security should remove the demonstrators from the event site."<sup id="cite_ref-manual_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-manual-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="College_and_university_campuses">College and university campuses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Free_speech_zone&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: College and university campuses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:229px;max-width:229px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:227px;max-width:227px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Texas_Woman%27s_University_September_2015_62_(Mary_Evelyn_Blagg-Huey_Library).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Texas_Woman%27s_University_September_2015_62_%28Mary_Evelyn_Blagg-Huey_Library%29.jpg/225px-Texas_Woman%27s_University_September_2015_62_%28Mary_Evelyn_Blagg-Huey_Library%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="225" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Texas_Woman%27s_University_September_2015_62_%28Mary_Evelyn_Blagg-Huey_Library%29.jpg/338px-Texas_Woman%27s_University_September_2015_62_%28Mary_Evelyn_Blagg-Huey_Library%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Texas_Woman%27s_University_September_2015_62_%28Mary_Evelyn_Blagg-Huey_Library%29.jpg/450px-Texas_Woman%27s_University_September_2015_62_%28Mary_Evelyn_Blagg-Huey_Library%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">The free speech area on the campus of <a href="/wiki/Texas_Woman%27s_University" title="Texas Woman's University">Texas Woman's University</a> (above) and the sign that demarcates it (below).</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:227px;max-width:227px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Texas_Woman%27s_University_September_2015_63_(free_speech_area).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Texas_Woman%27s_University_September_2015_63_%28free_speech_area%29.jpg/225px-Texas_Woman%27s_University_September_2015_63_%28free_speech_area%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="225" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Texas_Woman%27s_University_September_2015_63_%28free_speech_area%29.jpg/338px-Texas_Woman%27s_University_September_2015_63_%28free_speech_area%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Texas_Woman%27s_University_September_2015_63_%28free_speech_area%29.jpg/450px-Texas_Woman%27s_University_September_2015_63_%28free_speech_area%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a></span></div></div></div></div></div> <p>The use of free speech zones on university campuses is controversial. Many universities created on-campus free speech zones during the 1960s and 1970s, during which protests on-campus (especially against the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a>) were common. Generally, the requirements are that the university is given advance notice and that they are held in locations that do not disrupt classes. </p><p>In 1968, the Supreme Court ruled in <i><a href="/wiki/Tinker_v._Des_Moines_Independent_Community_School_District" title="Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District">Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District</a></i> that non-disruptive speech is permitted in public schools. However, this does not apply to <a href="/wiki/Private_university" title="Private university">private universities</a>. In September 2004, U.S. District Court Judge Sam Cummings struck down the free-speech-zone policy at <a href="/wiki/Texas_Tech_University" title="Texas Tech University">Texas Tech University</a>. </p> <blockquote><p>According to the opinion of the court, campus areas such as parks, sidewalks, streets and other areas are designated as public forums, regardless of whether the university has chosen to officially designate the areas as such. The university may open more of the campus as public forums for its students, but it cannot designate fewer areas ... Not all places within the boundaries of the campus are public forums, according to Cummings' opinion. The court declared the university's policy unconstitutional to the extent that it regulates the content of student speech in areas of the campus that are public forums.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>In 2007, the <a href="/wiki/Foundation_for_Individual_Rights_in_Education" class="mw-redirect" title="Foundation for Individual Rights in Education">Foundation for Individual Rights in Education</a> released a survey of 346 colleges and Universities in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Of those institutions, 259 (75%) maintain policies that "both clearly and substantially restrict freedom of speech." </p><p>In December 2005, the <a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_(United_States)" title="Libertarian Party (United States)">College Libertarians</a> at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_North_Carolina_at_Greensboro" title="University of North Carolina at Greensboro">University of North Carolina at Greensboro</a> staged a protest outside the University's designated protest zones. The specific intent of the protest was to provoke just such a charge, to "provoke the system into action into a critical review of what's going on."<sup id="cite_ref-UNCG_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNCG-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two students, Allison Jaynes and Robert Sinnott, were brought up on charges under the student code of conduct of "violation of respect",<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for refusing to move when told to do so by a university official.<sup id="cite_ref-UNCG_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNCG-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The university subsequently dropped honor code charges against the students.<sup id="cite_ref-UNCG_44-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNCG-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "University officials said the history of the free-speech zones is not known. 'It predated just about everybody here", said Lucien 'Skip' Capone III, the university attorney. The policy may be a holdover from the Vietnam War and civil rights era, he said.'"<sup id="cite_ref-UNCG_44-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNCG-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A number of colleges and universities have revised or revoked free speech zone policies in the last decade, including: <a href="/wiki/Tufts_University" title="Tufts University">Tufts University</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-USC_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USC-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Appalachian_State_University" title="Appalachian State University">Appalachian State University</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-USC_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USC-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/West_Virginia_University" title="West Virginia University">West Virginia University</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-USC_46-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USC-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In August 2006, <a href="/wiki/Penn_State_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Penn State University">Penn State University</a> revised its seven-year-old rules restricting the rights of students to protest. "In effect, the whole campus is now a 'free-speech zone.'"<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Controversies have also occurred at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Southern_California" title="University of Southern California">University of Southern California</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Indiana_University_Bloomington" title="Indiana University Bloomington">Indiana University</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Nevada,_Las_Vegas" title="University of Nevada, Las Vegas">University of Nevada, Las Vegas</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Brigham_Young_University" title="Brigham Young University">Brigham Young University</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At <a href="/wiki/Marquette_University" title="Marquette University">Marquette University</a>, an unattributed <a href="/wiki/Dave_Barry" title="Dave Barry">Dave Barry</a> quote was attached to the door of the office that graduate student Stuart Ditsler shared with three other teaching assistants. It read, "As Americans we must always remember that we all have a common enemy, an enemy that is dangerous, powerful, and relentless. I refer, of course, to the federal government." Philosophy department chairman James South ordered Ditsler to remove the quote, calling it patently offensive. South claimed that the University's free-speech zone rules required Ditsler to take it down. University spokeswoman Brigid O'Brien Miller stated that it was "a workplace issue, not one of academic freedom."<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ultimately, the quote was allowed to remain, albeit with attribution.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For example, the <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_State_University_traditions#Free_Speech_Alley" title="Louisiana State University traditions">Louisiana State University Free Speech Alley</a> (or Free Speech Plaza) was used in November 2015 when Louisiana gubernatorial candidate <a href="/wiki/John_Bel_Edwards" title="John Bel Edwards">John Bel Edwards</a> was publicly endorsed by former opponent and Republican Lt. Governor <a href="/wiki/Jay_Dardenne" title="Jay Dardenne">Jay Dardenne</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Consuming Fire Fellowship, a church located in rural Woodville, Mississippi, often sends members to convene at the university's Free Speech Alley to preach their views of Christianity. The members have often been met with strong resistance and resentment by the student body.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ivan Imes, a retired engineer who holds "Jesus Talks" for students at the university, said in an interview that he advised students frustrated with the preachings of the Consuming Fire Fellowship, "to give the church a break. They don't understand love. They don't understand forgiveness. There are a lot of things in the Bible that they don’t understand, or at least don’t live out."<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As of March 2017<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Free_speech_zone&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, four states had passed legislation outlawing public colleges and universities from establishing free speech zones. The first state to do so was <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a> in 2014,<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> followed by <a href="/wiki/Missouri" title="Missouri">Missouri</a> in 2015,<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Arizona" title="Arizona">Arizona</a> in 2016,<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Kentucky" title="Kentucky">Kentucky</a> in 2017.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_countries">Other countries</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Free_speech_zone&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Other countries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Designated protest areas were established during the August 2007 <a href="/wiki/Security_and_Prosperity_Partnership_of_North_America" title="Security and Prosperity Partnership of North America">Security and Prosperity Partnership of North America</a> Summit in Ottawa, Canada. Although use of the areas was voluntary and not surrounded by fences, some protesters decried the use of designated protest areas, calling them "protest pens."<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the 2005 <a href="/wiki/WTO_Ministerial_Conference_of_2005" class="mw-redirect" title="WTO Ministerial Conference of 2005">WTO Hong Kong Ministerial Conference</a>, over 10,000 protesters were present. <a href="/wiki/Wan_Chai_Sports_Ground" title="Wan Chai Sports Ground">Wan Chai Sports Ground</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wan_Chai_Cargo_Handling_Basin" title="Wan Chai Cargo Handling Basin">Wan Chai Cargo Handling Basin</a> were designated as protest zones. Police wielded sticks, used gas grenades and shot rubber bullets at some of the protesters. They arrested 910 people, 14 were charged, but none were convicted. </p><p>Three protest parks were designated in Beijing during the <a href="/wiki/2008_Summer_Olympics" title="2008 Summer Olympics">2008 Summer Olympics</a>, at the suggestion of the <a href="/wiki/IOC" class="mw-redirect" title="IOC">IOC</a>. All 77 applications to protest there were withdrawn or denied, and no protests took place. Four people who applied to protest were arrested or sentenced to "<a href="/wiki/Re-education_through_labor" title="Re-education through labor">re-education through labor</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>, public spaces that are designated as free speech zones are called <a href="/wiki/Freedom_park" title="Freedom park">freedom parks</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Free_speech_zone&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Sample_09-F9_protest_art%2C_Free_Speech_Flag_by_John_Marcotte.svg/32px-Sample_09-F9_protest_art%2C_Free_Speech_Flag_by_John_Marcotte.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Sample_09-F9_protest_art%2C_Free_Speech_Flag_by_John_Marcotte.svg/48px-Sample_09-F9_protest_art%2C_Free_Speech_Flag_by_John_Marcotte.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Sample_09-F9_protest_art%2C_Free_Speech_Flag_by_John_Marcotte.svg/64px-Sample_09-F9_protest_art%2C_Free_Speech_Flag_by_John_Marcotte.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="288" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Freedom_of_speech" title="Portal:Freedom of speech">Freedom of speech portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Protest_permit" title="Protest permit">Protest permit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speakers%27_Corner" title="Speakers' Corner">Speakers' Corner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crowd_control_barrier" title="Crowd control barrier">Crowd control barrier</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Free_speech_zone&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output 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Retrieved on December 20, 2006.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sfgate-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sfgate_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sfgate_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bovard, James. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2004/01/04/INGPQ40MB81.DTL">"Quarantining dissent – How the Secret Service protects Bush from free speech"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Chronicle" title="San Francisco Chronicle">San Francisco Chronicle</a></i>, January 4, 2004. Retrieved on December 20, 2006.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-amconmag-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-amconmag_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-amconmag_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-amconmag_22-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-amconmag_22-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-amconmag_22-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-amconmag_22-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-amconmag_22-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bovard, James. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.amconmag.com/12_15_03/feature.html">"Free-Speech Zone" – The administration quarantines dissent</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040806155844/http://www.amconmag.com/12_15_03/feature.html">Archived</a> August 6, 2004, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i><a href="/wiki/The_American_Conservative" title="The American Conservative">The American Conservative</a></i>, December 15, 2003. Retrieved on December 20, 2006.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.refuseandresist.org/police_state/art.php?aid=747">Refuseandresist.org</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070103030642/http://refuseandresist.org/police_state/art.php?aid=747">Archived</a> January 3, 2007, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/18/1752-">§ 1752. Temporary residences and offices of the President and others</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cornell_University" title="Cornell University">Cornell University</a> law school</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ACLU-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ACLU_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ACLU_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ACLU_25-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aclu.org/freespeech/protest/11423prs20030923.html">Secret Service Ordered Local Police to Restrict Anti-Bush Protesters at Rallies, ACLU Charges in Unprecedented Nationwide Lawsuit</a>. ACLU press release, September 23, 2003</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cline, Austin. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://atheism.about.com/b/a/051951.htm">"Free Speech" Zones</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060425203124/http://atheism.about.com/b/a/051951.htm">Archived</a> April 25, 2006, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <a href="/wiki/About.com" class="mw-redirect" title="About.com">About.com</a>, December 24, 2003. Retrieved on December 20, 2006</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Klein, Rick. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.boston.com/news/nation/articles/2004/02/20/convention_plan_puts_protesters_blocks_away?mode=PF">Convention plan puts protesters blocks away</a>. The <i><a href="/wiki/Boston_Globe" class="mw-redirect" title="Boston Globe">Boston Globe</a></i>, February 20, 2004. Retrieved on December 20, 2006.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cowan, Lee. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbsnews.com/news/silencing-voices-of-dissent/">"Silencing Voices Of Dissent"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/CBS" title="CBS">CBS</a></i> news, December 4, 2003. Retrieved January 23, 2006.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://homepage.ntlworld.com/jksonc/docs/neel-2002-10-31.html"><i>Pennsylvania v. Neel</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061211183830/http://homepage.ntlworld.com/jksonc/docs/neel-2002-10-31.html">Archived</a> December 11, 2006, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> transcript. WarLaw archive.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thurmond, J. Strom, Jr. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://homepage.ntlworld.com/jksonc/docs/bursey-thurmond-20040113.html">As Court Ruled, Bursey’s Free Speech Not Trampled</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070216032016/http://homepage.ntlworld.com/jksonc/docs/bursey-thurmond-20040113.html">Archived</a> February 16, 2007, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_State_(newspaper)" title="The State (newspaper)"><i>The State</i></a>, Guest columnist, January 13, 2004. Retrieved from the WarLaw archive on January 2, 2006.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bursey-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bursey_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bursey_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://homepage.ntlworld.com/jksonc/docs/bursey-dsc-d87.html"><i>United States v. Bursey</i> Transcript of Verdict Hearing</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120709182409/http://homepage.ntlworld.com/jksonc/docs/bursey-dsc-d87.html">Archived</a> July 9, 2012, at <a href="/wiki/Archive.today" title="Archive.today">archive.today</a>. WarLaw archive.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-katz-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-katz_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-katz_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-katz_32-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Katz, Jonathan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.slate.com/id/2107012/">Thou Dost Protest Too Much</a>. <a href="/wiki/Slate_Magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="Slate Magazine">Slate Magazine</a>, September 21, 2004. Retrieved January 23, 2007</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ACLU2-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ACLU2_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aclu.org/freespeech/protest/11509prs20041209.html">ACLU Files Lawsuit on Behalf of Protesters Arrested at Bush Rally in Pennsylvania</a>. ACLU press release, December 9, 2004. Retrieved on December 22, 2006.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://homepage.ntlworld.com/jksonc/docs/acorn-docket-edpa-03cv4312.html">ACORN v. Philadelphia</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070224015243/http://homepage.ntlworld.com/jksonc/docs/acorn-docket-edpa-03cv4312.html">Archived</a> February 24, 2007, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> docket sheet. WarLaw archive</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fepproject.org/factsheets/politicalspeech.html">Fact Sheet on Political Dissent and Censorship</a> The <a href="/wiki/Free_Expression_Policy_Project" title="Free Expression Policy Project">Free Expression Policy Project</a>, November 2006. Retrieved December 22, 2006.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Redner-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Redner_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Montgomery, Ben. Is It Free Speech If Protesters in Effect Are Put in Quarantine? The <i><a href="/wiki/Tampa_Tribune" class="mw-redirect" title="Tampa Tribune">Tampa Tribune</a></i>, July 4, 2005. Retrieved from Lexis Nexis on December 20, 2006</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rank-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-rank_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aclu.org/multimedia/2006conference/oct16_jeff_rank.mp3">Jeff Rank, while at a reception for ACLU clients, talks about the repercussions of criticizing President Bush.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091011101803/http://www.aclu.org/multimedia/2006conference/oct16_jeff_rank.mp3">Archived</a> October 11, 2009, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> From <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://action.aclu.org/conference/podcasts.html">Podcasts: Voices From the Conference</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070220052328/http://action.aclu.org/conference/podcasts.html">Archived</a> February 20, 2007, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> October 16, 2006</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ACLU3-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ACLU3_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ACLU3_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ACLU3_38-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aclu.org/freespeech/protest/11462prs20040914.html">Secret Service and White House Charged with Violating Free Speech Rights in ACLU Lawsuit</a>. ACLU press release, September 14, 2004. Retrieved on December 22, 2006.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://abcnews.go.com/TheLaw/wireStory?id=3489979">Feds Pay $80,000 Over Anti-Bush T-Shirts</a>. ABC News. August 16, 2007</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chris Weigant. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.huffingtonpost.com/chris-weigant/exclusive-interview-with-_b_60934.html">Exclusive Interview With ACLU Lawyer In Bush Rally Free Speech Case</a>. August 17, 2007</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-manual-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-manual_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-manual_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aclu.org/pdfs/freespeech/presidential_advance_manual.pdf">Presidential Advance Manual</a>. October 2002 edition.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lora, Meghann. Texas Tech coming closer to new free speech policy'. <i><a href="/wiki/The_University_Daily" class="mw-redirect" title="The University Daily">The University Daily</a></i>. January 12, 2005. Retrieved from Lexis Nexis on December 20, 2006</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Foundation for Individual Rights in Education. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thefire.org/Fire_speech_codes_report_2007.pdf">Spotlight on Speech Codes 2007: The State of Free Speech on Our Nation's Campuses</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080228050057/http://www.thefire.org/Fire_speech_codes_report_2007.pdf">Archived</a> February 28, 2008, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-UNCG-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-UNCG_44-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UNCG_44-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UNCG_44-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UNCG_44-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Withers, Lanita. UNCG drops speech-zone charges. <i><a href="/wiki/News_%26_Record" title="News & Record">News & Record</a></i>, January 18, 2004. Retrieved from Lexis Nexis on December 20, 2006</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stancill, Jane. UNCG in free speech battle. <i><a href="/wiki/The_News_and_Observer" class="mw-redirect" title="The News and Observer">The News and Observer</a></i>, December 17, 2005. Retrieved from Lexis Nexis on December 20, 2006</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-USC-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-USC_46-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-USC_46-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-USC_46-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Vernarsky, Taylor. "Many students unaware of free-speech policy at U. Central Florida". <i>Central Florida Future</i>. University of Central Florida, August 1, 2006. Retrieved January 1, 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archives.cnn.com/2002/EDUCATION/11/14/free.speech.zones.ap/index.html">WVU drops 'free speech zone' policy</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071102154033/http://archives.cnn.com/2002/EDUCATION/11/14/free.speech.zones.ap/index.html">Archived</a> November 2, 2007, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a>, via <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a>. November 14, 2002. Retrieved February 15, 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Smeltz, Adam. University ends policy of 'free-speech zones'. The <i><a href="/wiki/Centre_Daily_Times" title="Centre Daily Times">Centre Daily Times</a></i>, August 16, 2006. Retrieved from Lexis Nexis on December 20, 2006</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hawkins, Stephanie. "USC students challenge speech policies". <i><a href="/wiki/Daily_Trojan" title="Daily Trojan">Daily Trojan</a></i>. University of Southern California, March 31, 2005. Retrieved from Lexis Nexis, January 1, 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Staff Editorial, <i><a href="/wiki/Indiana_Daily_Student" title="Indiana Daily Student">Indiana Daily Student</a></i>. "Indiana U. student association halfway there". Indiana University, September 19, 2005. 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Editorial, Daily Herald. Published April 23, 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pimentel. It's all a free-speech zone. <i><a href="/wiki/Milwaukee_Journal_Sentinel" title="Milwaukee Journal Sentinel">Milwaukee Journal Sentinel</a></i>, October 23, 2006. Retrieved from Lexis Nexis on January 1, 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Foley, Ryan J. Free speech group ridicules Marquette for removal of Barry quote. Associated Press, October 18, 2006. 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Retrieved on January 1, 2007</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHilburn,_Greg2015" class="citation news cs1">Hilburn, Greg (November 5, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.shreveporttimes.com/story/news/2015/11/05/republican-dardenne-expected-endorse-democrat-edwards/75202702/">"Republican Dardenne Endorses Democrat Edwards"</a>. <i>The Shreveport Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151218102816/http://www.shreveporttimes.com/story/news/2015/11/05/republican-dardenne-expected-endorse-democrat-edwards/75202702/?from=global&sessionKey=&autologin=">Archived</a> from the original on December 18, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Shreveport+Times&rft.atitle=Republican+Dardenne+Endorses+Democrat+Edwards&rft.date=2015-11-05&rft.au=Hilburn%2C+Greg&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.shreveporttimes.com%2Fstory%2Fnews%2F2015%2F11%2F05%2Frepublican-dardenne-expected-endorse-democrat-edwards%2F75202702%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+speech+zone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.consumingfirefellowship.org/About%20Us.htm">"About Us"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+Us&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.consumingfirefellowship.org%2FAbout%2520Us.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+speech+zone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWriter" class="citation web cs1">Writer, Amy BrittainChief Sports. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lsureveille.com/fire-and-brimstone/article_e516030b-dd95-5460-88e3-6cf661980031.html">"Fire and Brimstone"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fire+and+Brimstone&rft.aulast=Writer&rft.aufirst=Amy+BrittainChief+Sports&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lsureveille.com%2Ffire-and-brimstone%2Farticle_e516030b-dd95-5460-88e3-6cf661980031.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+speech+zone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiner2015" class="citation web cs1">Miner, Kevin (September 8, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lsureveille.com/daily/ivan-imes-reflects-on-past-decade-in-free-speech-plaza/article_63856a46-5697-11e5-8927-ab7e44afca49.html">"Ivan Imes reflects on past decade in Free Speech Plaza"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ivan+Imes+reflects+on+past+decade+in+Free+Speech+Plaza&rft.date=2015-09-08&rft.aulast=Miner&rft.aufirst=Kevin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lsureveille.com%2Fdaily%2Fivan-imes-reflects-on-past-decade-in-free-speech-plaza%2Farticle_63856a46-5697-11e5-8927-ab7e44afca49.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+speech+zone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thefire.org/virginia-bans-unconstitutional-campus-free-speech-zones/">"Virginia Bans Unconstitutional Campus 'Free Speech Zones'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a> (Press release). 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Foundation for Individual Rights in Education. July 15, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Foundation for Individual Rights in Education. May 17, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 31,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Arizona+Governor+Signs+Bills+Protecting+Free+Speech+on+College+Campuses&rft.pub=Foundation+for+Individual+Rights+in+Education&rft.date=2016-05-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thefire.org%2Farizona-governor-signs-bills-protecting-free-speech-on-college-campuses%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+speech+zone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thefire.org/kentuckys-controversial-charlie-brown-bill-has-two-provisions-worth-celebrating/">"Kentucky's Controversial 'Charlie Brown' Bill Has Two Provisions Worth Celebrating"</a> (Press release). Foundation for Individual Rights in Education. March 21, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 31,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kentucky%27s+Controversial+%27Charlie+Brown%27+Bill+Has+Two+Provisions+Worth+Celebrating&rft.pub=Foundation+for+Individual+Rights+in+Education&rft.date=2017-03-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thefire.org%2Fkentuckys-controversial-charlie-brown-bill-has-two-provisions-worth-celebrating%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+speech+zone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/clashes-break-out-at-summit-protest-1.633989?ref=rss">Clashes break out at summit protest</a>. <i>CBC News</i>, August 20, 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/08/20/AR2008082001095.html">Elderly Chinese Women Sentenced to Labor Re-education</a>, <i>The Washington Post</i>, August 20, 2008</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Peter Foster, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101021232327/http://blogs.telegraph.co.uk/news/peterfoster/4959989/The_IOC_plays_appeaser_in_Beijing/">The IOC plays appeaser in Beijing</a>, <i>Telegraph Blogs</i>, August 20, 2008</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Free_speech_zone&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20041206220516/http://www.skywriting.com/misc/pics/free-speech-pen/">Photographs of the "Free Speech Zone"</a> at the <a href="/wiki/2004_Democratic_National_Convention" title="2004 Democratic National Convention">2004 Democratic National Convention</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050908212333/http://www.scpronet.com/nprtranscript.html">NPR transcript on prosecution of alleged free speech zone violator Brett Bursey</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070218045512/http://www.orlandoweekly.com/util/printready.asp?id=1953">Free Speech Zone at a Bush rally in 2000</a></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Free_speech_zone&oldid=1243738361">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Free_speech_zone&oldid=1243738361</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_phraseology" title="Category:American phraseology">American phraseology</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Censorship_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Censorship in the United States">Censorship in the United States</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Crowd_control" title="Category:Crowd control">Crowd control</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Freedom_of_assembly" title="Category:Freedom of assembly">Freedom of assembly</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Freedom_of_speech_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Freedom of speech in the United States">Freedom of speech in the United States</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:George_W._Bush_administration_controversies" title="Category:George W. 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