The uses of microbes - Royal Society of Edinburgh : Royal Society of Edinburgh

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padding-top-none padding-bottom-none"> <ol id="hs-breadcrumb" class="hs-breadcrumb"><li class="item"><a href="https://rse.org.uk">Home</a></li><li class="item item-cat"><a href="https://rse.org.uk/resource/">Resources</a></li><li class="item-current item">The uses of microbes</li></ol> </nav> <section> <div class="container padding-bottom-none"> <div class="row"> <div class="column"> <span class="post-date">Published on <time datetime="2024-10-01 14:10">1 October 2024</time></span> <h1 class="post-title">The uses of microbes</h1> <p>Answers to popular questions on microbes.</p> <h3>Classroom resource</h3> <p><img fetchpriority="high" decoding="async" class="wp-image-51792 size-medium alignleft lazyload" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" alt="" width="300" height="400" data-src="https://rse.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/Untitled-2-1-300x400.png"> We’ve asked the scientists and got answers to popular questions from young people about microbiology. This interactive poster has been designed to support learning and teaching as well as create an eye-catching classroom display. Support pupils to learn independently and find the answers by scanning the QR code on each poster. Any of these materials can be paired with one of our talks from the RSE schools talks programme and are ideal for use with pupils in upper broad general education (BGE).</p> <div><a href="https://rse.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/RSE-schools-poster-microbes-BGE-2024.pdf">Download RSE schools poster, microbiology (PDF, 3MB)</a></div>   <div class="wp-block-columns"> <div class="wp-block-column"></div>   <div class="wp-block-column"></div>   <div class="wp-block-column"></div> </div>   <div class="wp-block-columns"> <div class="wp-block-column"></div>   <div class="wp-block-column"></div>   <div class="wp-block-column"></div> </div>     <h4 id="h-links-with-the-curriculum-for-excellence" class="wp-block-heading">Links with the Curriculum for Excellence</h4>   <ul> <li>I have contributed to investigations into the role of microorganisms in producing and breaking down some materials. SCN 2-13a</li> <li>I have contributed to investigations into the different types of microorganisms and can explain how their growth can be controlled. SCN 3-13b</li> <li>By investigating some body systems and potential problems which they may develop, I can make informed decisions to help me to maintain my health and well-being. SCN 2-12a</li> <li>Through research and discussion, I have an appreciation of the contribution that individuals are making to scientific discovery and invention and the impact this has made on society. SCN 2-20a</li> </ul> <hr />  <div class="wp-block-columns"> <div class="wp-block-column" style="flex-basis: 33.33%;"> <figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-medium is-style-rounded"><img decoding="async" class="wp-image-35611 lazyload" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" alt="" data-src="https://rse.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/Martin-Hendry-edited-5-scaled.jpg"> <h2 class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-medium is-style-rounded">Answers provided by</h2> <figure> <ul> <li><a class="blue-link" href="https://rse.org.uk/whats-on/exhibition/women-science-exhibition/professor-nicola-stanley-wall/">Professor Nicola Stanley-Wall FRSE</a></li> <li><a href="https://rse.org.uk/fellowship/fellow/professor-sarah-coulthurst-17344/">Professor Sarah Coulthurst FRSE</a></li> <li><a href="https://rse.org.uk/fellowship/fellow/professor-j-ross-fitzgerald-44716/">Professor J. Ross Fitzgerald FRSE</a></li> <li><a href="https://rse.org.uk/fellowship/fellow/professor-paul-hoskisson-36961/">Professor Paul Hoskisson FRSE</a></li> <li><a href="https://rse.org.uk/fellowship/fellow/professor-malcolm-white-8802/">Professor Malcolm White FRSE</a></li> <li><a href="https://rse.org.uk/fellowship/fellow/professor-matthew-holden-38849/">Professor Matthew Holden FRSE</a></li> </ul> </figure> </figure> <h3 class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-medium is-style-rounded">How can microbes be useful?</h3> </div> <div class="wp-block-column" style="flex-basis: 33.33%;">Microbes are incredibly useful, and we use them in our everyday life – often without realising it. Almost half of the oxygen we breathe is made by certain bacteria living in the sea. Many of our foods need microbes to do the hard work that we cannot, such as converting chemicals in the food into flavours or helping the food last longer on the supermarket shelves. Bread, cheese, yoghurt, coffee, chocolate, beer, and vinegar are just a few foods that require microbes for their production. Many other foods contain ingredients that are also made by microbes, such as the citric acid added to many fizzy drinks and other foods. We also require microbes to help us farm the fruits and vegetables we eat. Microbes are very important for the health of soil to allow plants to grow better. Some microbes also associate with the fruits and vegetables we farm to help them capture nitrogen from the air to help them grow and in return, the plants supply the microbes with food to help them grow in a process called symbiosis. Microbes living inside us also help us to digest the foods we eat. Lots of our medicines are also made by microbes such as antibiotics and microbes are also important in helping us to treat the wastewater in our sewage systems helping the water to become safe for release into rivers and the sea. <h3><strong>How can microbes be used in medicines?</strong></h3> Some of our most important medicines are made by microbes that live in soil. Some of these microbes make antibiotics and we can use these to help kill the bad microbes that make us sick. Antibiotics were first discovered by Sir Alexander Fleming, a Scottish scientist, who noticed that when a certain type of microbe grew in his work by accident, the bacteria he was trying to grow were killed. This discovery has saved the lives of many people and is one of the most important breakthroughs in medicine. Some related microbes can also make other medicines that can help to cure people infected with parasites, some make chemicals that can help combat cancer and some microbes can even help people who have had organ transplants. <h3><strong>How many microbes are in the world?</strong></h3> Micro-organisms are ubiquitous in nature, being present in water, soil, air, and on the surface and interior of all animals. Within a single human, it is estimated there are about 38 trillion bacterial cells (many more than there are human cells). It is very complex to estimate the total number of microbes in the world, but one estimate for bacteria only is 5 million trillion trillion. A combined total for all microbes would be many more times than this and possibly into the quadrillions. One estimate for the total biomass of bacteria in the world is about 70 billion metric tonnes. <h3><strong>Can microbes defend themselves against viruses?</strong></h3> Yes! Microbes have lots of different defence systems that they use to destroy viruses before the virus kills them. Some of these are like scissors that snip the viral DNA into pieces to stop replication. These scissors are now used by scientists to build useful DNA structures and to cure genetic diseases. Without microbial defence enzymes a lot of the genetic engineering scientists do would be impossible! As microbes are our distant ancestors, we inherited a lot of our defence systems against viruses like Covid-19 from microbes – so there are lots of reasons to be grateful for microbes!</div> </div> </div> <div class="column column-30 column-offset-2"> <div class="sidebar-image event-data"> <img width="600" height="600" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" class="img-responsive wp-post-image lazyload" alt="" decoding="async" sizes="(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px" loading="lazy" data-src="https://rse.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/Web2-600x600.png" data-srcset="https://rse.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/Web2-600x600.png 600w, https://rse.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/Web2-300x300.png 300w, https://rse.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/Web2-400x400.png 400w, https://rse.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/Web2.png 800w"> <div class="post-info"> <div class="resource-cat data-item"> <h3>Resource Type</h3> <span>Schools</span> </div> <div class="authors data-item"> <h3>Authors:</h3> <ul> <li><a href="https://rse.org.uk/fellowship/fellow/professor-nicola-stanley-wall-490/">Professor Nicola Stanley-Wall FRSE</a></li> <li><a href="https://rse.org.uk/fellowship/fellow/professor-sarah-coulthurst-17344/">Professor Sarah Coulthurst FRSE</a></li> <li><a href="https://rse.org.uk/fellowship/fellow/professor-j-ross-fitzgerald-44716/">Professor J. Ross Fitzgerald FRSE</a></li> <li><a href="https://rse.org.uk/fellowship/fellow/professor-paul-hoskisson-36961/">Professor Paul Hoskisson FRSE</a></li> <li><a href="https://rse.org.uk/fellowship/fellow/professor-malcolm-white-8802/">Professor Malcolm White FRSE</a></li> <li><a href="https://rse.org.uk/fellowship/fellow/professor-matthew-holden-38849/">Professor Matthew Holden FRSE</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="share-icons sidebar-content"> <h3 class="share-title">Share this post</h3> <ul class="share-media"> <li> <a href="https://twitter.com/intent/tweet?url=https://rse.org.uk/resource/the-uses-of-microbes/&text=The uses of microbes" title="Share this post on Twitter" class="twitter" target="_blank"> <svg class="svg-icon"> <use xlink:href="https://rse.org.uk/wp-content/themes/hillside-rse/assets/images/icons/symbol-defs.svg#icon-twitter"> </use> </svg> <span>Twitter</span> </a> </li> <li> <a 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