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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Variation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Variation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Variation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gene_and_protein_expression" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gene_and_protein_expression"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Gene and protein expression</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gene_and_protein_expression-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Development</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Development-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Development subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cellular_development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cellular_development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Cellular development</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cellular_development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Function" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Function"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Function</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Function-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Function subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Function-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Blood_glucose_regulation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Blood_glucose_regulation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Blood glucose regulation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Blood_glucose_regulation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Digestion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Digestion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Digestion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Digestion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Additional_functions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Additional_functions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Additional functions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Additional_functions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Clinical_significance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Clinical_significance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Clinical significance</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Clinical_significance-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Clinical significance subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Clinical_significance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Inflammation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inflammation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Inflammation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inflammation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cancer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cancer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Cancer</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cancer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diabetes_mellitus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diabetes_mellitus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Diabetes mellitus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diabetes_mellitus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Type_1_diabetes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Type_1_diabetes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.1</span> <span>Type 1 diabetes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Type_1_diabetes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Type_2_diabetes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Type_2_diabetes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.2</span> <span>Type 2 diabetes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Type_2_diabetes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Removal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Removal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Removal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Removal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_animals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_animals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Other animals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_animals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cuisine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cuisine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Cuisine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cuisine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Additional_images" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Additional_images"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Additional images</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Additional_images-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Pancreas</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 114 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-114" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">114 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pankreas" title="Pankreas – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Pankreas" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%86%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B3" title="بنكرياس – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بنكرياس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pancrias" title="Pancrias – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Pancrias" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%87%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%B8%D5%B5%D6%80,_%D5%85%D5%A5%D5%BF%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%B8%D6%84%D5%BD%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D4%B3%D5%A5%D5%B2%D5%B1" title="Շարոյր, Յետստամոքսային Գեղձ – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Շարոյր, Յետստամոքսային Գեղձ" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC" title="অগ্ন্যাশয় – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="অগ্ন্যাশয়" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A1ncrees" title="Páncrees – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Páncrees" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C9%99d%C9%99alt%C4%B1_v%C9%99zi" title="Mədəaltı vəzi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Mədəaltı vəzi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC" title="অগ্ন্যাশয় – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="অগ্ন্যাশয়" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C5%ABi-ch%C5%8Dng" title="Chūi-chōng – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Chūi-chōng" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%9E%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Падстраўнікавая залоза – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Падстраўнікавая залоза" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%9E%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Падстраўнікавая залоза – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Падстраўнікавая залоза" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lapay" title="Lapay – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Lapay" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Панкреас – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Панкреас" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gu%C5%A1tera%C4%8Da" title="Gušterača – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Gušterača" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilgreiz" title="Ilgreiz – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Ilgreiz" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A0ncrees" title="Pàncrees – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Pàncrees" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%8B%D1%80%C4%83%D0%BC%D0%BB%C4%83%D1%85_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%C4%95" title="Хырăмлăх парĕ – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Хырăмлăх парĕ" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slinivka_b%C5%99i%C5%A1n%C3%AD" title="Slinivka břišní – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Slinivka břišní" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pancreas" title="Pancreas – Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="Pancreas" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Chavacano de Zamboanga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pancreas" title="Pancreas – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Pancreas" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bugspytkirtel" title="Bugspytkirtel – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Bugspytkirtel" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bauchspeicheldr%C3%BCse" title="Bauchspeicheldrüse – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Bauchspeicheldrüse" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%97%DE%A8%DE%90%DE%B0%DE%89%DE%AD" title="ޗިސްމޭ – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ޗިސްމޭ" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B5hun%C3%A4%C3%A4re" title="Kõhunääre – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kõhunääre" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%AC%CE%B3%CE%BA%CF%81%CE%B5%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Πάγκρεας – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πάγκρεας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A1ncreas" title="Páncreas – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Páncreas" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pankreato" title="Pankreato – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Pankreato" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pankrea" title="Pankrea – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Pankrea" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%AF%D9%87" title="لوزالمعده – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="لوزالمعده" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bris" title="Bris – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Bris" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pancr%C3%A9as" title="Pancréas – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Pancréas" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paincr%C3%A9as" title="Paincréas – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Paincréas" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A1ncreas" title="Páncreas – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Páncreas" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%B8%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B5%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%A6%E0%AB%81%E0%AA%AA%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%82%E0%AA%A1" title="સ્વાદુપિંડ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="સ્વાદુપિંડ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%B2-li%C3%A0m-thiet" title="Vò-liàm-thiet – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Vò-liàm-thiet" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%B4%EC%9E%90_(%ED%95%B4%EB%B6%80%ED%95%99)" title="이자 (해부학) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="이자 (해부학)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B5%D5%B6%D5%A9%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%B8%D6%84%D5%BD%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%A3%D5%A5%D5%B2%D5%B1" title="Ենթաստամոքսային գեղձ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ենթաստամոքսային գեղձ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%AF" title="अग्न्याशय – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="अग्न्याशय" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gu%C5%A1tera%C4%8Da" title="Gušterača – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Gušterača" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pankreato" title="Pankreato – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Pankreato" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pankreas" title="Pankreas – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pankreas" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pancreas" title="Pancreas – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Pancreas" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bris" title="Bris – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Bris" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pancreas" title="Pancreas – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Pancreas" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9C%D7%91%D7%9C%D7%91" title="לבלב – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="לבלב" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pankr%C3%A9as" title="Pankréas – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Pankréas" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%87%E0%B2%A6%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%9C%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%97" title="ಮೇದೋಜೀರಕಾಂಗ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಮೇದೋಜೀರಕಾಂಗ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kundilat" title="Kundilat – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Kundilat" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%99%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98" title="პანკრეასი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="პანკრეასი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%8E%D8%A8%D9%84%D9%8E%D8%A8%DB%81%D9%95" title="لَبلَبہٕ – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="لَبلَبہٕ" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%B0%D0%B9%D2%9B%D1%8B_%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B7%D1%96" title="Ұйқы безі – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Ұйқы безі" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kongosho" title="Kongosho – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kongosho" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pankreas" title="Pankreas – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Pankreas" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pancreas" title="Pancreas – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Pancreas" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aizku%C5%86%C4%A3a_dziedzeris" title="Aizkuņģa dziedzeris – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Aizkuņģa dziedzeris" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bauchspeicheldr%C3%BCs" title="Bauchspeicheldrüs – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Bauchspeicheldrüs" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasa" title="Kasa – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kasa" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvleiskleer" title="Alvleiskleer – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Alvleiskleer" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pancreas" title="Pancreas – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Pancreas" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasny%C3%A1lmirigy" title="Hasnyálmirigy – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Hasnyálmirigy" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Панкреас – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Панкреас" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%86%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A5%E0%B4%BF" title="ആഗ്നേയഗ്രന്ഥി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ആഗ്നേയഗ്രന്ഥി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1" title="स्वादुपिंड – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="स्वादुपिंड" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%99%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98" title="პანკრეასი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="პანკრეასი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%86%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B3" title="بنكرياس – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="بنكرياس" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pankreas" title="Pankreas – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pankreas" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%80_%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%87%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B9" title="Нойр булчирхай – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Нойр булчирхай" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvleesklier" title="Alvleesklier – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Alvleesklier" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%AF" title="अग्न्याशय – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="अग्न्याशय" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C" title="प्यान्कृयाज – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="प्यान्कृयाज" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%86%B5%E8%87%93" title="膵臓 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="膵臓" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bukspyttkjertel" title="Bukspyttkjertel – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Bukspyttkjertel" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bukspyttkjertelen" title="Bukspyttkjertelen – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Bukspyttkjertelen" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pancre%C3%A0s" title="Pancreàs – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Pancreàs" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Me%CA%BCda_osti_bezi" title="Meʼda osti bezi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Meʼda osti bezi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%B8" title="ਪੈਨਕਰੀਅਸ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਪੈਨਕਰੀਅਸ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%A9%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B2" title="پینکریاز – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="پینکریاز" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B3" title="پانکراس – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="پانکراس" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A0ncreas" title="Pàncreas – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Pàncreas" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trzustka" title="Trzustka – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Trzustka" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A2ncreas" title="Pâncreas – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Pâncreas" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pancreas" title="Pancreas – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Pancreas" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suyk%27upin" title="Suyk'upin – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Suyk'upin" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Поджелудочная железа – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Поджелудочная железа" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Ноор – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Ноор" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A0ncreas" title="Pàncreas – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Pàncreas" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pancreas" title="Pancreas – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Pancreas" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pankreasi" title="Pankreasi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Pankreasi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pancreas" title="Pancreas – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Pancreas" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pancreas" title="Pancreas – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Pancreas" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pod%C5%BEal%C3%BAdkov%C3%A1_%C5%BE%C4%BEaza" title="Podžalúdková žľaza – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Podžalúdková žľaza" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trebu%C5%A1na_slinavka" title="Trebušna slinavka – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Trebušna slinavka" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganac" title="Ganac – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Ganac" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%95%D9%86%DA%A9%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B3" title="پەنکریاس – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="پەنکریاس" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%83%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B0" title="Гуштерача – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Гуштерача" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pankreas" title="Pankreas – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Pankreas" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pankreas" title="Pankreas – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Pankreas" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haima" title="Haima – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Haima" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bukspottk%C3%B6rtel" title="Bukspottkörtel – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Bukspottkörtel" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lapay" title="Lapay – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Lapay" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="கணையம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கணையம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8B_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B5" title="Ашказаны асты бизе – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Ашказаны асты бизе" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%81" title="క్లోమము – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="క్లోమము" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99" title="ตับอ่อน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ตับอ่อน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pankreas" title="Pankreas – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Pankreas" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%96%D0%B4%D1%88%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Підшлункова залоза – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Підшлункова залоза" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%A8%DB%81" title="لبلبہ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="لبلبہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%83%D8%B1%DB%90%D8%A6%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%89%D8%AA" title="پانكرېئاتىت – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="پانكرېئاتىت" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%E1%BB%A5y" title="Tụy – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tụy" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pankreas" title="Pankreas – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Pankreas" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%83%B0%E8%84%8F" title="胰脏 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="胰脏" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%A2%D7%90%D7%A1" title="פאנקרעאס – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="פאנקרעאס" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%83%B0" title="胰 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="胰" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%83%B0%E8%84%8F" title="胰脏 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="胰脏" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q9618#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Pancreas" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Pancreas" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page 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Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Organ of the digestive system and endocrine system of vertebrates</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Pancreas_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Pancreas (disambiguation)">Pancreas (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color:dimgray; color: white">Pancreas</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Blausen_0699_PancreasAnatomy2.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Blausen_0699_PancreasAnatomy2.png/250px-Blausen_0699_PancreasAnatomy2.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Blausen_0699_PancreasAnatomy2.png/375px-Blausen_0699_PancreasAnatomy2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Blausen_0699_PancreasAnatomy2.png/500px-Blausen_0699_PancreasAnatomy2.png 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Anatomy of the human pancreas</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef">Details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em">Pronunciation</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'p' in 'pie'">p</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="/ŋ/: 'ng' in 'sing'">ŋ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span></span>/</a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Embryology" title="Embryology">Precursor</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Pancreatic_bud" title="Pancreatic bud">Pancreatic buds</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Organ_system" title="Organ system">System</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Digestion" title="Digestion">Digestive system</a> and <a href="/wiki/Endocrine_system" title="Endocrine system">endocrine system</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Artery" title="Artery">Artery</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Inferior_pancreaticoduodenal_artery" title="Inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery">Inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anterior_superior_pancreaticoduodenal_artery" class="mw-redirect" title="Anterior superior pancreaticoduodenal artery">anterior superior pancreaticoduodenal artery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Posterior_superior_pancreaticoduodenal_artery" class="mw-redirect" title="Posterior superior pancreaticoduodenal artery">posterior superior pancreaticoduodenal artery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Splenic_artery" title="Splenic artery">splenic artery</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Vein" title="Vein">Vein</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Pancreaticoduodenal_veins" title="Pancreaticoduodenal veins">Pancreaticoduodenal veins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pancreatic_veins" title="Pancreatic veins">pancreatic veins</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Nerve" title="Nerve">Nerve</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Pancreatic_plexus" title="Pancreatic plexus">Pancreatic plexus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Celiac_ganglia" title="Celiac ganglia">celiac ganglia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vagus_nerve" title="Vagus nerve">vagus nerve</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Lymph" title="Lymph">Lymph</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Splenic_lymph_nodes" class="mw-redirect" title="Splenic lymph nodes">Splenic lymph nodes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Celiac_lymph_nodes" title="Celiac lymph nodes">celiac lymph nodes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Superior_mesenteric_lymph_nodes" title="Superior mesenteric lymph nodes">superior mesenteric lymph nodes</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef">Identifiers</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>pancreas</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Greek</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>πάγκρεας (pánkreas)</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Medical_Subject_Headings" title="Medical Subject Headings">MeSH</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D010179">D010179</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Terminologia_Anatomica" title="Terminologia Anatomica">TA98</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ifaa.unifr.ch/Public/EntryPage/TA98%20Tree/Entity%20TA98%20EN/05.9.01.001%20Entity%20TA98%20EN.htm">A05.9.01.001</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Terminologia_Anatomica" title="Terminologia Anatomica">TA2</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ta2viewer.openanatomy.org/?id=3114">3114</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Foundational_Model_of_Anatomy" title="Foundational Model of Anatomy">FMA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/FMA/?p=classes&conceptid=http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.org%2Fsig%2Font%2Ffma%2Ffma7198">7198</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below"><a href="/wiki/Anatomical_terminology" title="Anatomical terminology">Anatomical terminology</a><div style="text-align: right;"><small class="noprint">[<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9618" class="extiw" title="d:Q9618">edit on Wikidata</a>]</small></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>pancreas</b> is an <a href="/wiki/Organ_(anatomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Organ (anatomy)">organ</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Digestion" title="Digestion">digestive system</a> and <a href="/wiki/Endocrine_system" title="Endocrine system">endocrine system</a> of <a href="/wiki/Vertebrate" title="Vertebrate">vertebrates</a>. In humans, it is located in the <a href="/wiki/Abdominal_cavity" title="Abdominal cavity">abdomen</a> behind the <a href="/wiki/Stomach" title="Stomach">stomach</a> and functions as a <a href="/wiki/Gland" title="Gland">gland</a>. The pancreas is a mixed or <a href="/wiki/Heterocrine_gland" title="Heterocrine gland">heterocrine gland</a>, i.e., it has both an <a href="/wiki/Endocrine" class="mw-redirect" title="Endocrine">endocrine</a> and a digestive <a href="/wiki/Exocrine" class="mw-redirect" title="Exocrine">exocrine</a> function.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 99% of the pancreas is exocrine and 1% is endocrine.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeger's2018124_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeger's2018124-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As an <a href="/wiki/Endocrine_gland" title="Endocrine gland">endocrine gland</a>, it functions mostly to regulate <a href="/wiki/Blood_sugar_level" title="Blood sugar level">blood sugar levels</a>, secreting the <a href="/wiki/Hormone" title="Hormone">hormones</a> <a href="/wiki/Insulin" title="Insulin">insulin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glucagon" title="Glucagon">glucagon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Somatostatin" title="Somatostatin">somatostatin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pancreatic_polypeptide" title="Pancreatic polypeptide">pancreatic polypeptide</a>. As a part of the digestive system, it functions as an <a href="/wiki/Exocrine_gland" title="Exocrine gland">exocrine gland</a> secreting <a href="/wiki/Pancreatic_juice" title="Pancreatic juice">pancreatic juice</a> into the <a href="/wiki/Duodenum" title="Duodenum">duodenum</a> through the <a href="/wiki/Pancreatic_duct" title="Pancreatic duct">pancreatic duct</a>. This juice contains <a href="/wiki/Bicarbonate" title="Bicarbonate">bicarbonate</a>, which neutralizes <a href="/wiki/Acid" title="Acid">acid</a> entering the duodenum from the stomach; and <a href="/wiki/Digestive_enzyme" title="Digestive enzyme">digestive enzymes</a>, which break down <a href="/wiki/Carbohydrates" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbohydrates">carbohydrates</a>, <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">proteins</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lipids" class="mw-redirect" title="Lipids">fats</a> in food entering the duodenum from the stomach. </p><p>Inflammation of the pancreas is known as <a href="/wiki/Pancreatitis" title="Pancreatitis">pancreatitis</a>, with common causes including chronic <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_(drug)" title="Alcohol (drug)">alcohol</a> use and <a href="/wiki/Gallstone" title="Gallstone">gallstones</a>. Because of its role in the regulation of blood sugar, the pancreas is also a key organ in <a href="/wiki/Diabetes_mellitus" class="mw-redirect" title="Diabetes mellitus">diabetes mellitus</a>. <a href="/wiki/Pancreatic_cancer" title="Pancreatic cancer">Pancreatic cancer</a> can arise following <a href="/wiki/Chronic_pancreatitis" title="Chronic pancreatitis">chronic pancreatitis</a> or due to other reasons, and carries a very poor prognosis, as it is often only identified after it has spread to other areas of the body. </p><p>The word pancreas comes from the <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> πᾶν (pân, "all") & κρέας (kréas, "flesh"). The function of the pancreas in diabetes has been known since at least 1889, with its role in insulin production identified in 1921. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Structure">Structure</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pancreas&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pancreas_and_nearby_organs.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Pancreas_and_nearby_organs.jpg/220px-Pancreas_and_nearby_organs.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Pancreas_and_nearby_organs.jpg/330px-Pancreas_and_nearby_organs.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Pancreas_and_nearby_organs.jpg/440px-Pancreas_and_nearby_organs.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1103" data-file-height="1103" /></a><figcaption>The pancreas (shown here in pink) sits behind the <a href="/wiki/Stomach" title="Stomach">stomach</a>, with the body near the curvature of the <a href="/wiki/Duodenum" title="Duodenum">duodenum</a>, and the tail stretching to touch the <a href="/wiki/Spleen" title="Spleen">spleen</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The pancreas is an organ that in humans lies in the <a href="/wiki/Abdomen" title="Abdomen">abdomen</a>, stretching from behind the <a href="/wiki/Stomach" title="Stomach">stomach</a> to the left upper abdomen near the <a href="/wiki/Spleen" title="Spleen">spleen</a>. In adults, it is about 12–15 centimetres (4.7–5.9 in) long, <i lang="en"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/lobulated#English" class="extiw" title="wikt:lobulated">lobulated</a></i>, and salmon-coloured in appearance.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGray's20161179–1189_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGray's20161179–1189-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Anatomically, the pancreas is divided into a <i>head</i>, <i>neck</i>, <i>body</i>, and <i>tail</i>. The pancreas stretches from the inner curvature of the <a href="/wiki/Duodenum" title="Duodenum">duodenum</a>, where the head surrounds two <a href="/wiki/Blood_vessel" title="Blood vessel">blood vessels</a>: the <a href="/wiki/Superior_mesenteric_artery" title="Superior mesenteric artery">superior mesenteric artery</a> and <a href="/wiki/Superior_mesenteric_vein" title="Superior mesenteric vein">vein</a>. The longest part of the pancreas, the body, stretches across behind the stomach, and the tail of the pancreas ends adjacent to the <a href="/wiki/Spleen" title="Spleen">spleen</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGray's20161179–1189_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGray's20161179–1189-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Two ducts, the <a href="/wiki/Main_pancreatic_duct" class="mw-redirect" title="Main pancreatic duct">main pancreatic duct</a> and a smaller <a href="/wiki/Accessory_pancreatic_duct" class="mw-redirect" title="Accessory pancreatic duct">accessory pancreatic duct</a> run through the body of the pancreas. The main pancreatic duct joins with the <a href="/wiki/Common_bile_duct" title="Common bile duct">common bile duct</a> forming a small ballooning called the <a href="/wiki/Ampulla_of_Vater" title="Ampulla of Vater">ampulla of Vater</a> (hepatopancreatic ampulla). This ampulla is surrounded by a muscle, the <a href="/wiki/Sphincter_of_Oddi" title="Sphincter of Oddi">sphincter of Oddi</a>. This ampulla opens into the descending part of the <a href="/wiki/Duodenum" title="Duodenum">duodenum</a>. The opening of the <a href="/wiki/Common_bile_duct" title="Common bile duct">common bile duct</a> into <a href="/wiki/Pancreatic_duct" title="Pancreatic duct">main pancreatic duct</a> is controlled by <a href="/wiki/Sphincter_of_Boyden" title="Sphincter of Boyden">sphincter of Boyden</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Accessory_pancreatic_duct" class="mw-redirect" title="Accessory pancreatic duct">accessory pancreatic duct</a> opens into <a href="/wiki/Duodenum" title="Duodenum">duodenum</a> with separate openings located above the opening of the <a href="/wiki/Pancreatic_duct" title="Pancreatic duct">main pancreatic duct</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGray's20161179–1189_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGray's20161179–1189-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Parts">Parts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pancreas&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Parts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The head of the pancreas sits within the curvature of the duodenum, and wraps around the superior mesenteric artery and vein. To the right sits the descending part of the duodenum, and between these travel the <a href="/wiki/Superior_pancreaticoduodenal_artery" title="Superior pancreaticoduodenal artery">superior</a> and <a href="/wiki/Inferior_pancreaticoduodenal_artery" title="Inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery">inferior pancreaticoduodenal arteries</a>. Behind rests the <a href="/wiki/Inferior_vena_cava" title="Inferior vena cava">inferior vena cava</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Common_bile_duct" title="Common bile duct">common bile duct</a>. In front sits the <a href="/wiki/Peritoneum" title="Peritoneum">peritoneal membrane</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Transverse_colon" title="Transverse colon">transverse colon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGray's20161179–1189_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGray's20161179–1189-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A small <a href="/wiki/Uncinate_process_of_pancreas" title="Uncinate process of pancreas">uncinate process</a> emerges from below the head, situated behind the <a href="/wiki/Superior_mesenteric_vein" title="Superior mesenteric vein">superior mesenteric vein</a> and sometimes <a href="/wiki/Superior_mesenteric_artery" title="Superior mesenteric artery">artery</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGray's20161179–1189_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGray's20161179–1189-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The neck of the pancreas separates the head of the pancreas, located in the curvature of the duodenum, from the body. The neck is about 2 cm (0.79 in) wide, and sits in front of where the <a href="/wiki/Portal_vein" title="Portal vein">portal vein</a> is formed. The neck lies mostly behind the pylorus of the stomach, and is covered with peritoneum. The <a href="/wiki/Anterior_superior_pancreaticoduodenal_artery" class="mw-redirect" title="Anterior superior pancreaticoduodenal artery">anterior superior pancreaticoduodenal artery</a> travels in front of the neck of the pancreas.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGray's20161179–1189_7-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGray's20161179–1189-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The body is the largest part of the pancreas, and mostly lies behind the stomach, tapering along its length. The peritoneum sits on top of the body of the pancreas, and the <a href="/wiki/Transverse_colon" title="Transverse colon">transverse colon</a> in front of the peritoneum.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGray's20161179–1189_7-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGray's20161179–1189-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Behind the pancreas are several blood vessels, including the <a href="/wiki/Aorta" title="Aorta">aorta</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Splenic_vein" title="Splenic vein">splenic vein</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Left_renal_vein" class="mw-redirect" title="Left renal vein">left renal vein</a>, as well as the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Superior_mesenteric_artery" title="Superior mesenteric artery">superior mesenteric artery</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGray's20161179–1189_7-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGray's20161179–1189-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Below the body of the pancreas sits some of the <a href="/wiki/Small_intestine" title="Small intestine">small intestine</a>, specifically the last part of the duodenum and the <a href="/wiki/Jejunum" title="Jejunum">jejunum</a> to which it connects, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Suspensory_ligament_of_the_duodenum" class="mw-redirect" title="Suspensory ligament of the duodenum">suspensory ligament of the duodenum</a> which falls between these two. In front of the pancreas sits the transverse colon.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGray's20081183–1190_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGray's20081183–1190-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The pancreas narrows towards the tail, which sits near to the spleen.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGray's20161179–1189_7-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGray's20161179–1189-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is usually between 1.3–3.5 cm (0.51–1.38 in) long, and sits between the layers of the <a href="/wiki/Splenorenal_ligament" class="mw-redirect" title="Splenorenal ligament">ligament between the spleen and the left kidney</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Splenic_artery" title="Splenic artery">splenic artery</a> and <a href="/wiki/Splenic_vein" title="Splenic vein">vein</a>, which also passes behind the body of the pancreas, pass behind the tail of the pancreas.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGray's20161179–1189_7-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGray's20161179–1189-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Blood_supply">Blood supply</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pancreas&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Blood supply"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The pancreas has a rich blood supply, with vessels originating as branches of both the <a href="/wiki/Coeliac_artery" class="mw-redirect" title="Coeliac artery">coeliac artery</a> and <a href="/wiki/Superior_mesenteric_artery" title="Superior mesenteric artery">superior mesenteric artery</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGray's20161179–1189_7-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGray's20161179–1189-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Splenic_artery" title="Splenic artery">splenic artery</a>, the largest branch of the celiac trunk, runs along the top of the pancreas, and supplies the left part of the body and the tail of the pancreas through its pancreatic branches, the largest of which is called the <a href="/wiki/Greater_pancreatic_artery" title="Greater pancreatic artery">greater pancreatic artery</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGray's20161179–1189_7-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGray's20161179–1189-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Superior_pancreaticoduodenal_artery" title="Superior pancreaticoduodenal artery">superior</a> and <a href="/wiki/Inferior_pancreaticoduodenal_arteries" class="mw-redirect" title="Inferior pancreaticoduodenal arteries">inferior pancreaticoduodenal arteries</a> run along the back and front surfaces of the head of the pancreas adjacent to the duodenum. These supply the head of the pancreas. These vessels join together (<i lang="en"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/anastamose#English" class="extiw" title="wikt:anastamose">anastamose</a></i>) in the middle.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGray's20161179–1189_7-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGray's20161179–1189-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The body and neck of the pancreas drain into the <a href="/wiki/Splenic_vein" title="Splenic vein">splenic vein</a>, which sits behind the pancreas.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGray's20161179–1189_7-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGray's20161179–1189-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The head drains into, and wraps around, the <a href="/wiki/Superior_mesenteric_vein" title="Superior mesenteric vein">superior mesenteric</a> and <a href="/wiki/Portal_vein" title="Portal vein">portal veins</a>, via the <a href="/wiki/Pancreaticoduodenal_vein" class="mw-redirect" title="Pancreaticoduodenal vein">pancreaticoduodenal veins</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGray's20161179–1189_7-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGray's20161179–1189-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The pancreas drains into lymphatic vessels that travel alongside its <a href="/wiki/Artery" title="Artery">arteries</a>, and has a rich lymphatic supply.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGray's20161179–1189_7-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGray's20161179–1189-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Lymphatic_vessel" title="Lymphatic vessel">lymphatic vessels</a> of the body and tail drain into <a href="/wiki/Splenic_lymph_nodes" class="mw-redirect" title="Splenic lymph nodes">splenic lymph nodes</a>, and eventually into <a href="/wiki/Preaortic_lymph_nodes" title="Preaortic lymph nodes">lymph nodes that lie in front of the aorta</a>, between the coeliac and superior mesenteric arteries. The lymphatic vessels of the head and neck drain into intermediate lymphatic vessels around the pancreaticoduodenal, mesenteric and hepatic arteries, and from there into the lymph nodes that lie in front of the aorta.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGray's20161179–1189_7-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGray's20161179–1189-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Microanatomy">Microanatomy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pancreas&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Microanatomy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Langerhanssche_Insel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Langerhanssche_Insel.jpg/220px-Langerhanssche_Insel.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Langerhanssche_Insel.jpg/330px-Langerhanssche_Insel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Langerhanssche_Insel.jpg/440px-Langerhanssche_Insel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="596" data-file-height="518" /></a><figcaption>This image shows a <a href="/wiki/Pancreatic_islet" class="mw-redirect" title="Pancreatic islet">pancreatic islet</a> when pancreatic tissue is stained and viewed under a microscope. Parts of the digestive ("exocrine") pancreas can be seen around the islet, more darkly. These contain hazy dark purple granules of inactive digestive enzymes (<a href="/wiki/Zymogen" title="Zymogen">zymogens</a>).</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Human_pancreatic_islet.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Human_pancreatic_islet.jpg/220px-Human_pancreatic_islet.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Human_pancreatic_islet.jpg/330px-Human_pancreatic_islet.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Human_pancreatic_islet.jpg/440px-Human_pancreatic_islet.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>A pancreatic islet that uses <a href="/wiki/Immunohistochemistry" title="Immunohistochemistry">fluorescent antibodies</a> to show the location of different cell types in the pancreatic islet. Antibodies against glucagon, secreted by alpha cells, show their peripheral position. Antibodies against insulin, secreted by beta cells, show the more widespread and central position that these cells tend to have.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWheater's_Histology2013332–333_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWheater's_Histology2013332–333-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </figcaption></figure> <p>The pancreas contains tissue with an <a href="/wiki/Endocrine" class="mw-redirect" title="Endocrine">endocrine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Exocrine" class="mw-redirect" title="Exocrine">exocrine</a> role, and this division is also visible when the pancreas is viewed under a microscope.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWheater's_Histology2013287–291_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWheater's_Histology2013287–291-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The majority of pancreatic tissue has a digestive role. The cells with this role form clusters (<a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">acini</i>) around small <a href="/wiki/Duct_(anatomy)" title="Duct (anatomy)">ducts</a>, and are arranged in lobes that have thin <a href="/wiki/Fibrous_tissue" class="mw-redirect" title="Fibrous tissue">fibrous</a> walls. The cells of each acinus secrete inactive digestive enzymes called <a href="/wiki/Zymogen" title="Zymogen">zymogens</a> into the small <i>intercalated</i> ducts which they surround. In each acinus, the cells are pyramid-shaped and situated around the intercalated ducts, with the <a href="/wiki/Cell_nucleus" title="Cell nucleus">nuclei</a> resting on the <a href="/wiki/Basement_membrane" title="Basement membrane">basement membrane</a>, a large <a href="/wiki/Endoplasmic_reticulum" title="Endoplasmic reticulum">endoplasmic reticulum</a>, and a number of zymogen granules visible within the <a href="/wiki/Cytoplasm" title="Cytoplasm">cytoplasm</a>. The intercalated ducts drain into larger <i>intralobular</i> ducts within the lobule, and finally <i>interlobular</i> ducts. The ducts are lined by a single layer of <a href="/wiki/Columnar_epithelium" class="mw-redirect" title="Columnar epithelium">column-shaped cells</a>. There is more than one layer of cells as the diameter of the ducts increases.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWheater's_Histology2013287–291_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWheater's_Histology2013287–291-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The tissues with an <a href="/wiki/Endocrine" class="mw-redirect" title="Endocrine">endocrine</a> role within the pancreas exist as clusters of cells called <a href="/wiki/Pancreatic_islets" title="Pancreatic islets">pancreatic islets</a> (also called islets of <a href="/wiki/Paul_Langerhans" title="Paul Langerhans">Langerhans</a>) that are distributed throughout the pancreas.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWheater's_Histology2013332–333_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWheater's_Histology2013332–333-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pancreatic islets contain <a href="/wiki/Alpha_cell" title="Alpha cell">alpha cells</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beta_cell" title="Beta cell">beta cells</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Delta_cell" title="Delta cell">delta cells</a>, each of which releases a different hormone. These cells have characteristic positions, with alpha cells (secreting <a href="/wiki/Glucagon" title="Glucagon">glucagon</a>) tending to be situated around the periphery of the islet, and beta cells (secreting <a href="/wiki/Insulin" title="Insulin">insulin</a>) more numerous and found throughout the islet.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWheater's_Histology2013332–333_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWheater's_Histology2013332–333-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Enterochromaffin_cell" title="Enterochromaffin cell">Enterochromaffin cells</a> are also scattered throughout the islets.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWheater's_Histology2013332–333_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWheater's_Histology2013332–333-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Islets are composed of up to 3,000 secretory cells, and contain several small arterioles to receive blood, and venules that allow the hormones secreted by the cells to enter the <a href="/wiki/Systemic_circulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Systemic circulation">systemic circulation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWheater's_Histology2013332–333_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWheater's_Histology2013332–333-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Variation">Variation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pancreas&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Variation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The size of the pancreas varies considerably.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGray's20161179–1189_7-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGray's20161179–1189-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several <a href="/wiki/Anatomical_variation" title="Anatomical variation">anatomical variations</a> exist, relating to the embryological development of the two <a href="/wiki/Pancreatic_bud" title="Pancreatic bud">pancreatic buds</a>. The pancreas develops from these buds on either side of the duodenum. The <a href="/wiki/Pancreatic_bud" title="Pancreatic bud">ventral bud</a> rotates to lie next to the <a href="/wiki/Pancreatic_bud" title="Pancreatic bud">dorsal bud</a>, eventually fusing. In about 10% of adults, an <a href="/wiki/Accessory_pancreatic_duct" class="mw-redirect" title="Accessory pancreatic duct">accessory pancreatic duct</a> may be present if the main duct of the dorsal bud of the pancreas does not regress; this duct opens into the <a href="/wiki/Minor_duodenal_papilla" title="Minor duodenal papilla">minor duodenal papilla</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Langmans2019_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Langmans2019-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If the two buds themselves, each having a duct, do not fuse, a pancreas may exist with two separate ducts, a condition known as a <a href="/wiki/Pancreas_divisum" title="Pancreas divisum">pancreas divisum</a>. This condition has no physiologic consequence.<sup id="cite_ref-KanthMedscape_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KanthMedscape-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If the ventral bud does not fully rotate, an <a href="/wiki/Annular_pancreas" title="Annular pancreas">annular pancreas</a> may exist, where part or all of the duodenum is encircled by the pancreas. This may be associated with <a href="/wiki/Duodenal_atresia" title="Duodenal atresia">duodenal atresia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Noh2012_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Noh2012-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gene_and_protein_expression">Gene and protein expression</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pancreas&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Gene and protein expression"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Bioinformatics#Gene_and_protein_expression" title="Bioinformatics">Bioinformatics § Gene and protein expression</a></div> <p>10,000 protein coding genes (~50% of all human genes) are expressed in the normal human pancreas.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Less than 100 of these genes are specifically expressed in the pancreas. Similar to the <a href="/wiki/Salivary_gland" title="Salivary gland">salivary glands</a>, most pancreas-specific genes encode for secreted proteins. Corresponding pancreas-specific proteins are either expressed in the exocrine cellular compartment and have functions related to digestion or food uptake such as digestive <a href="/wiki/Chymotrypsinogen" title="Chymotrypsinogen">chymotrypsinogen</a> enzymes and pancreatic lipase <a href="/wiki/Pancreatic_lipase_family" title="Pancreatic lipase family">PNLIP</a>, or are expressed in the various cells of the endocrine <a href="/wiki/Pancreatic_islets" title="Pancreatic islets">pancreatic islets</a> and have functions related to secreted hormones such as <a href="/wiki/Insulin" title="Insulin">insulin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glucagon" title="Glucagon">glucagon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Somatostatin" title="Somatostatin">somatostatin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pancreatic_polypeptide" title="Pancreatic polypeptide">pancreatic polypeptide</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Development">Development</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pancreas&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Suckale08FBS_fig1_pancreas_development.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Suckale08FBS_fig1_pancreas_development.jpeg/300px-Suckale08FBS_fig1_pancreas_development.jpeg" decoding="async" width="300" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Suckale08FBS_fig1_pancreas_development.jpeg/450px-Suckale08FBS_fig1_pancreas_development.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Suckale08FBS_fig1_pancreas_development.jpeg/600px-Suckale08FBS_fig1_pancreas_development.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="902" data-file-height="625" /></a><figcaption>The pancreas originates from the <a href="/wiki/Foregut" title="Foregut">foregut</a>, a precursor tube to part of the <a href="/wiki/Digestive_tract" class="mw-redirect" title="Digestive tract">digestive tract</a>, as a <a href="/wiki/Anatomical_terms_of_location#Dorsal_and_ventral" title="Anatomical terms of location">dorsal and ventral</a> bud. As it develops, the ventral bud rotates to the other side and the two buds fuse together.</figcaption></figure> <p>The pancreas forms during <a href="/wiki/Prenatal_development" title="Prenatal development">development</a> from two buds that arise from the <a href="/wiki/Duodenum" title="Duodenum">duodenal</a> part of the <a href="/wiki/Foregut" title="Foregut">foregut</a>, an embryonic tube that is a precursor to the <a href="/wiki/Gastrointestinal_tract" title="Gastrointestinal tract">gastrointestinal tract</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Langmans2019_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Langmans2019-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is of <a href="/wiki/Endoderm" title="Endoderm">endodermal</a> origin.<sup id="cite_ref-Langmans2019_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Langmans2019-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pancreatic development begins with the formation of a <a href="/wiki/Anatomical_terms_of_location#Dorsal_and_ventral" title="Anatomical terms of location">dorsal and ventral</a> <a href="/wiki/Pancreatic_bud" title="Pancreatic bud">pancreatic bud</a>. Each joins with the foregut through a duct. The dorsal pancreatic bud forms the neck, body, and tail of the developed pancreas, and the ventral pancreatic bud forms the head and uncinate process.<sup id="cite_ref-Langmans2019_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Langmans2019-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The definitive pancreas results from rotation of the ventral bud and the fusion of the two buds.<sup id="cite_ref-Langmans2019_11-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Langmans2019-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During development, the duodenum rotates to the right, and the ventral bud rotates with it, moving to a position that becomes more dorsal. Upon reaching its final destination, the ventral pancreatic bud is below the larger dorsal bud, and eventually fuses with it. At this point of fusion, the main ducts of the ventral and dorsal pancreatic buds fuse, forming the main pancreatic duct. Usually, the duct of the dorsal bud regresses, leaving the <a href="/wiki/Main_pancreatic_duct" class="mw-redirect" title="Main pancreatic duct">main pancreatic duct</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Langmans2019_11-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Langmans2019-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cellular_development">Cellular development</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pancreas&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Cellular development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Pancreatic_Progenitor_Cell" class="mw-redirect" title="Pancreatic Progenitor Cell">Pancreatic progenitor cells</a> are precursor cells that differentiate into the functional pancreatic cells, including exocrine acinar cells, endocrine islet cells, and ductal cells.<sup id="cite_ref-carlson_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-carlson-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These progenitor cells are characterised by the co-expression of the <a href="/wiki/Transcription_factor" title="Transcription factor">transcription factors</a> <a href="/wiki/PDX1" title="PDX1">PDX1</a> and <a href="/wiki/NKX6-1" title="NKX6-1">NKX6-1</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-carlson_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-carlson-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The cells of the exocrine pancreas differentiate through molecules that induce differentiation including <a href="/wiki/Follistatin" title="Follistatin">follistatin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fibroblast_growth_factor" title="Fibroblast growth factor">fibroblast growth factors</a>, and activation of the <a href="/wiki/Notch_receptor" class="mw-redirect" title="Notch receptor">Notch receptor</a> system.<sup id="cite_ref-carlson_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-carlson-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Development of the exocrine acini progresses through three successive stages. These are the predifferentiated, protodifferentiated, and differentiated stages, which correspond to undetectable, low, and high levels of digestive enzyme activity, respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-carlson_17-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-carlson-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pancreatic progenitor cells differentiate into endocrine islet cells under the influence of <a href="/wiki/Neurogenins" title="Neurogenins">neurogenin-3</a> and <a href="/wiki/ISL1" title="ISL1">ISL1</a>, but only in the absence of <a href="/wiki/Notch_signaling_pathway" title="Notch signaling pathway">notch receptor signaling</a>. Under the direction of a <a href="/wiki/Pax_gene" class="mw-redirect" title="Pax gene">Pax gene</a>, the endocrine precursor cells differentiate to form alpha and gamma cells. Under the direction of <a href="/wiki/Pax-6" class="mw-redirect" title="Pax-6">Pax-6</a>, the endocrine precursor cells differentiate to form beta and delta cells.<sup id="cite_ref-carlson_17-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-carlson-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The pancreatic islets form as the endocrine cells migrate from the duct system to form small clusters around <a href="/wiki/Capillary" title="Capillary">capillaries</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWheater's_Histology2013332–333_9-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWheater's_Histology2013332–333-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This occurs around the third month of development,<sup id="cite_ref-Langmans2019_11-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Langmans2019-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and insulin and glucagon can be detected in the human <a href="/wiki/Fetal_circulation" title="Fetal circulation">fetal circulation</a> by the fourth or fifth month of development.<sup id="cite_ref-carlson_17-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-carlson-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Function">Function</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pancreas&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Function"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The pancreas is involved in <a href="/wiki/Blood_sugar_control" class="mw-redirect" title="Blood sugar control">blood sugar control</a> and metabolism within the body, and also in the secretion of substances (collectively <a href="/wiki/Pancreatic_juice" title="Pancreatic juice">pancreatic juice</a>) that help digestion. These are divided into an "endocrine" role, relating to the secretion of <a href="/wiki/Insulin" title="Insulin">insulin</a> and other substances within pancreatic islets that help control blood sugar levels and metabolism within the body, and an "exocrine" role, relating to the secretion of enzymes involved in digesting substances in the digestive tract.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWheater's_Histology2013287–291_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWheater's_Histology2013287–291-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Blood_glucose_regulation">Blood glucose regulation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pancreas&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Blood glucose regulation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Pancreatic_islets" title="Pancreatic islets">Pancreatic islets</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Negative_Feedback_Gif.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Negative_Feedback_Gif.gif/220px-Negative_Feedback_Gif.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Negative_Feedback_Gif.gif/330px-Negative_Feedback_Gif.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Negative_Feedback_Gif.gif/440px-Negative_Feedback_Gif.gif 2x" data-file-width="786" data-file-height="489" /></a><figcaption>The pancreas maintains constant blood glucose levels (shown as the waving line). When the blood glucose level is too high, the pancreas secretes insulin and when the level is too low, the pancreas secretes glucagon.</figcaption></figure> <p>Cells within the pancreas help to maintain blood glucose levels (<a href="/wiki/Homeostasis" title="Homeostasis">homeostasis</a>). The cells that do this are located within the pancreatic islets that are present throughout the pancreas. When blood glucose levels are low, <a href="/wiki/Alpha_cell" title="Alpha cell">alpha cells</a> secrete <a href="/wiki/Glucagon" title="Glucagon">glucagon</a>, which increases blood glucose levels. When blood glucose levels are high <a href="/wiki/Beta_cell" title="Beta cell">beta cells</a> secrete <a href="/wiki/Insulin" title="Insulin">insulin</a> to decrease glucose in blood. <a href="/wiki/Delta_cell" title="Delta cell">Delta cells</a> in the islet also secrete <a href="/wiki/Somatostatin" title="Somatostatin">somatostatin</a> which decreases the release of insulin and glucagon.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWheater's_Histology2013332–333_9-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWheater's_Histology2013332–333-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Glucagon acts to increase glucose levels by promoting the <a href="/wiki/Gluconeogenesis" title="Gluconeogenesis">creation of glucose</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Glycogenolysis" title="Glycogenolysis">breakdown of glycogen</a> to glucose in the liver. It also decreases the uptake of glucose in fat and muscle. Glucagon release is stimulated by low blood glucose or insulin levels, and during exercise.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarrison's20152853–4_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrison's20152853–4-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Insulin acts to decrease blood glucose levels by facilitating uptake by cells (particularly <a href="/wiki/Skeletal_muscle" title="Skeletal muscle">skeletal muscle</a>), and promoting its use in the creation of proteins, fats and carbohydrates. Insulin is initially created as a precursor form called <a href="/wiki/Preproinsulin" class="mw-redirect" title="Preproinsulin">preproinsulin</a>. This is converted to <a href="/wiki/Proinsulin" title="Proinsulin">proinsulin</a> and cleaved by <a href="/wiki/C-peptide" title="C-peptide">C-peptide</a> to <a href="/wiki/Insulin" title="Insulin">insulin</a> which is then stored in granules in beta cells. Glucose is taken into the beta cells and degraded. The end effect of this is to cause <a href="/wiki/Depolarisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Depolarisation">depolarisation</a> of the cell membrane which stimulates the release of the insulin.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarrison's20152853–4_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrison's20152853–4-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The main factor influencing the secretion of insulin and glucagon are the levels of glucose in blood plasma.<sup id="cite_ref-Ganongs2019Islets_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ganongs2019Islets-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Low blood sugar stimulates glucagon release, and high blood sugar stimulates insulin release. Other factors also influence the secretion of these hormones. Some <a href="/wiki/Amino_acid" title="Amino acid">amino acids</a>, that are byproducts of the digestion of <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">protein</a>, stimulate insulin and glucagon release. Somatostatin acts as an inhibitor of both insulin and glucagon. The <a href="/wiki/Autonomic_nervous_system" title="Autonomic nervous system">autonomic nervous system</a> also plays a role. Activation of <a href="/wiki/Beta-2_adrenergic_receptor" title="Beta-2 adrenergic receptor">Beta-2 receptors</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Sympathetic_nervous_system" title="Sympathetic nervous system">sympathetic nervous system</a> by <a href="/wiki/Catecholamine" title="Catecholamine">catecholamines</a> secreted from sympathetic nerves stimulates secretion of insulin and glucagon,<sup id="cite_ref-Ganongs2019Islets_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ganongs2019Islets-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-GuytonHall2016_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GuytonHall2016-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> whereas activation of <a href="/wiki/Alpha-1_adrenergic_receptors" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpha-1 adrenergic receptors">Alpha-1 receptors</a> inhibits secretion.<sup id="cite_ref-Ganongs2019Islets_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ganongs2019Islets-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Muscarinic_acetylcholine_receptor_M3" title="Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3">M3 receptors</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Parasympathetic_nervous_system" title="Parasympathetic nervous system">parasympathetic nervous system</a> act when stimulated by the right <a href="/wiki/Vagus_nerve" title="Vagus nerve">vagus nerve</a> to stimulate release of insulin from beta cells.<sup id="cite_ref-Ganongs2019Islets_19-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ganongs2019Islets-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Digestion">Digestion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pancreas&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Digestion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1820_The_Pancreas.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/1820_The_Pancreas.jpg/220px-1820_The_Pancreas.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/1820_The_Pancreas.jpg/330px-1820_The_Pancreas.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/1820_The_Pancreas.jpg/440px-1820_The_Pancreas.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1092" data-file-height="551" /></a><figcaption>The pancreas has a role in digestion, highlighted here. Ducts in the pancreas (green) conduct digestive enzymes into the duodenum. This image also shows a <a href="/wiki/Pancreatic_islet" class="mw-redirect" title="Pancreatic islet">pancreatic islet</a>, part of the endocrine pancreas, which contains cells responsible for secretion of <a href="/wiki/Insulin" title="Insulin">insulin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Glucagon" title="Glucagon">glucagon</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The pancreas plays a vital role in the <a href="/wiki/Digestive_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Digestive system">digestive system</a>. It does this by secreting a fluid that contains digestive enzymes into the <a href="/wiki/Duodenum" title="Duodenum">duodenum</a>, the first part of the <a href="/wiki/Small_intestine" title="Small intestine">small intestine</a> that receives food from the <a href="/wiki/Stomach" title="Stomach">stomach</a>. These enzymes help to break down carbohydrates, proteins and lipids (fats). This role is called the "exocrine" role of the pancreas. The cells that do this are arranged in clusters called <i><a href="/wiki/Acini" class="mw-redirect" title="Acini">acini</a></i>. Secretions into the middle of the acinus accumulate in <a href="/wiki/Intralobular_ducts" class="mw-redirect" title="Intralobular ducts">intralobular ducts</a>, which drain to the main <a href="/wiki/Pancreatic_duct" title="Pancreatic duct">pancreatic duct</a>, which drains directly into the <a href="/wiki/Duodenum" title="Duodenum">duodenum</a>. About 1.5–3 liters of fluid are secreted in this manner every day.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGray's20081183–1190_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGray's20081183–1190-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarrison's20152086–2102_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrison's20152086–2102-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The cells in each acinus are filled with granules containing the digestive enzymes. These are secreted in an inactive form termed <a href="/wiki/Zymogen" title="Zymogen">zymogens</a> or proenzymes. When released into the duodenum, they are activated by the enzyme <a href="/wiki/Enterokinase" class="mw-redirect" title="Enterokinase">enterokinase</a> present in the lining of the duodenum. The proenzymes are cleaved, creating a cascade of activating enzymes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarrison's20152086–2102_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrison's20152086–2102-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Protease" title="Protease">Enzymes that break down proteins</a> begin with activation of <a href="/wiki/Trypsinogen" title="Trypsinogen">trypsinogen</a> to <a href="/wiki/Trypsin" title="Trypsin">trypsin</a>. The free trypsin then cleaves the rest of the trypsinogen, as well as <a href="/wiki/Chymotrypsinogen" title="Chymotrypsinogen">chymotrypsinogen</a> to its active form <a href="/wiki/Chymotrypsin" title="Chymotrypsin">chymotrypsin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarrison's20152086–2102_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrison's20152086–2102-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Enzymes secreted involved in the digestion of fats include <a href="/wiki/Pancreatic_lipase" class="mw-redirect" title="Pancreatic lipase">lipase</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phospholipase_A2" title="Phospholipase A2">phospholipase A2</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lysophospholipase" title="Lysophospholipase">lysophospholipase</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sterol_esterase" title="Sterol esterase">cholesterol esterase</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarrison's20152086–2102_21-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrison's20152086–2102-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Enzymes that break down starch and other carbohydrates include <a href="/wiki/Amylase" title="Amylase">amylase</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarrison's20152086–2102_21-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrison's20152086–2102-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>These enzymes are secreted in a fluid rich in <a href="/wiki/Bicarbonate" title="Bicarbonate">bicarbonate</a>. Bicarbonate helps maintain an <a href="/wiki/Alkaline" class="mw-redirect" title="Alkaline">alkaline</a> pH for the fluid, a pH in which most of the enzymes act most efficiently, and also helps to neutralise the stomach acids that enter the duodenum.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarrison's20152086–2102_21-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrison's20152086–2102-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Secretion is influenced by hormones including <a href="/wiki/Secretin" title="Secretin">secretin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cholecystokinin" title="Cholecystokinin">cholecystokinin</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Vasoactive_intestinal_peptide" title="Vasoactive intestinal peptide">VIP</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Acetylcholine" title="Acetylcholine">acetylcholine</a> stimulation from the <a href="/wiki/Vagus_nerve" title="Vagus nerve">vagus nerve</a>. Secretin is released from the <a href="/wiki/S_cell" title="S cell">S cells</a> which form part of the lining of the duodenum in response to stimulation by gastric acid. Along with VIP, it increases the secretion of enzymes and bicarbonate. Cholecystokinin is released from <a href="/wiki/Ito_cell" class="mw-redirect" title="Ito cell">Ito cells</a> of the lining of the duodenum and jejunum mostly in response to long chain fatty acids, and increases the effects of secretin.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarrison's20152086–2102_21-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrison's20152086–2102-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At a cellular level, bicarbonate is secreted from centroacinar and ductal cells through a sodium and bicarbonate <a href="/wiki/Cotransporter" title="Cotransporter">cotransporter</a> that acts because of membrane depolarisation caused by the <a href="/wiki/Cystic_fibrosis_transmembrane_conductance_regulator" title="Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator">cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator</a>. Secretin and VIP act to increase the opening of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator, which leads to more membrane depolarisation and more secretion of bicarbonate.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarrison's20152090_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrison's20152090-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeger's201816,_57_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeger's201816,_57-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Pandol2014_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pandol2014-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A variety of mechanisms act to ensure that the digestive action of the pancreas does not act to digest pancreatic tissue itself. These include the secretion of inactive enzymes (zymogens), the secretion of the protective enzyme <a href="/wiki/Trypsin_inhibitor" title="Trypsin inhibitor">trypsin inhibitor</a>, which inactivates trypsin, the changes in pH that occur with bicarbonate secretion that stimulate digestion only when the pancreas is stimulated, and the fact that the low calcium within cells causes inactivation of trypsin.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarrison's20152086–2102_21-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrison's20152086–2102-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Additional_functions">Additional functions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pancreas&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Additional functions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The pancreas also secretes <a href="/wiki/Vasoactive_intestinal_peptide" title="Vasoactive intestinal peptide">vasoactive intestinal peptide</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pancreatic_polypeptide" title="Pancreatic polypeptide">pancreatic polypeptide</a>. <a href="/wiki/Enterochromaffin_cell" title="Enterochromaffin cell">Enterochromaffin cells</a> of the pancreas secrete the hormones <a href="/wiki/Motilin" title="Motilin">motilin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Serotonin" title="Serotonin">serotonin</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Substance_P" title="Substance P">substance P</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWheater's_Histology2013332–333_9-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWheater's_Histology2013332–333-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has been demonstrated that pancreatic tissue is a strong accumulator and secretor in the intestine of radioactive cesium (<a href="/wiki/Cs-137" class="mw-redirect" title="Cs-137">Cs-137</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Clinical_significance">Clinical significance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pancreas&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Clinical significance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Pancreatic_disease" title="Pancreatic disease">Pancreatic disease</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Inflammation">Inflammation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pancreas&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Inflammation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Pancreatitis" title="Pancreatitis">Pancreatitis</a></div> <p>Inflammation of the pancreas is known as <a href="/wiki/Pancreatitis" title="Pancreatitis">pancreatitis</a>. Pancreatitis is most often associated with recurrent <a href="/wiki/Gallstone" title="Gallstone">gallstones</a> or chronic alcohol use, with other common causes including traumatic damage, damage following an <a href="/wiki/ERCP" class="mw-redirect" title="ERCP">ERCP</a>, some medications, infections such as <a href="/wiki/Mumps" title="Mumps">mumps</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hypertriglyceridaemia" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypertriglyceridaemia">very high blood triglyceride levels</a>. Acute pancreatitis is likely to cause intense pain in the central <a href="/wiki/Abdomen" title="Abdomen">abdomen</a>, that often radiates to the back, and may be associated with nausea or vomiting. Severe pancreatitis may lead to bleeding or perforation of the pancreas resulting in <a href="/wiki/Shock_(circulatory)" title="Shock (circulatory)">shock</a> or a <a href="/wiki/Systemic_inflammatory_response_syndrome" title="Systemic inflammatory response syndrome">systemic inflammatory response syndrome</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grey_Turner%27s_sign" title="Grey Turner's sign">bruising of the flanks</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Cullen%27s_sign" title="Cullen's sign">region around the belly button</a>. These severe complications are often managed in an <a href="/wiki/Intensive_care_unit" title="Intensive care unit">intensive care unit</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavidson's2018837-844_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavidson's2018837-844-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In pancreatitis, enzymes of the exocrine pancreas damage the structure and tissue of the pancreas. Detection of some of these enzymes, such as <a href="/wiki/Amylase" title="Amylase">amylase</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lipase" title="Lipase">lipase</a> in the blood, along with symptoms and findings on <a href="/wiki/Medical_imaging" title="Medical imaging">medical imaging</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Ultrasound" title="Ultrasound">ultrasound</a> or a <a href="/wiki/CT_scan" title="CT scan">CT scan</a>, are often used to indicate that a person has pancreatitis. Pancreatitis is often managed medically with <a href="/wiki/Analgesic" title="Analgesic">pain relief</a>, and monitoring to prevent or manage shock, and management of any identified underlying causes. This may include removal of gallstones, lowering of blood triglyceride or glucose levels, the use of <a href="/wiki/Corticosteroid" title="Corticosteroid">corticosteroids</a> for <a href="/wiki/Autoimmune_pancreatitis" title="Autoimmune pancreatitis">autoimmune pancreatitis</a>, and the cessation of any medication triggers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavidson's2018837-844_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavidson's2018837-844-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Chronic_pancreatitis" title="Chronic pancreatitis">Chronic pancreatitis</a> refers to the development of pancreatitis over time. It shares many similar causes, with the most common being chronic alcohol use, with other causes including recurrent acute episodes and <a href="/wiki/Cystic_fibrosis" title="Cystic fibrosis">cystic fibrosis</a>. Abdominal pain, characteristically relieved by sitting forward or drinking alcohol, is the most common symptom. When the digestive function of the pancreas is severely affected, this may lead to problems with fat digestion and the development of <a href="/wiki/Steatorrhoea" class="mw-redirect" title="Steatorrhoea">steatorrhoea</a>; when the endocrine function is affected, this may lead to diabetes. Chronic pancreatitis is investigated in a similar way to acute pancreatitis. In addition to management of pain and nausea, and management of any identified causes (which may include <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_cessation" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcohol cessation">alcohol cessation</a>), because of the digestive role of the pancreas, <a href="/wiki/Enzyme_replacement" class="mw-redirect" title="Enzyme replacement">enzyme replacement</a> may be needed to prevent <a href="/wiki/Malabsorption" title="Malabsorption">malabsorption</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavidson's2018837-844_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavidson's2018837-844-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cancer">Cancer</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pancreas&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Cancer"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Pancreatic_cancer" title="Pancreatic cancer">Pancreatic cancer</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pancreatic_Cancer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Pancreatic_Cancer.jpg/220px-Pancreatic_Cancer.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Pancreatic_Cancer.jpg/330px-Pancreatic_Cancer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Pancreatic_Cancer.jpg/440px-Pancreatic_Cancer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1080" /></a><figcaption>Pancreatic cancer, shown here, most commonly occurs as an <a href="/wiki/Adenocarcinoma" title="Adenocarcinoma">adenocarcinoma</a> in the head of the pancreas. Because symptoms (such as skin yellowing, pain, or itch) do not occur until later in the disease, it often presents at a later <a href="/wiki/Cancer_staging" title="Cancer staging">stage</a> and has limited treatment options.</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Relative_incidence_of_pancreatic_neoplasms.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Relative_incidence_of_pancreatic_neoplasms.png/350px-Relative_incidence_of_pancreatic_neoplasms.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Relative_incidence_of_pancreatic_neoplasms.png/525px-Relative_incidence_of_pancreatic_neoplasms.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Relative_incidence_of_pancreatic_neoplasms.png/700px-Relative_incidence_of_pancreatic_neoplasms.png 2x" data-file-width="1270" data-file-height="653" /></a><figcaption>Relative incidences of various pancreatic <a href="/wiki/Neoplasm" title="Neoplasm">neoplasms</a>, with pancreatic cancers in red/pink color.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Pancreatic_cancer" title="Pancreatic cancer">Pancreatic cancers</a>, particularly the most common type, pancreatic <a href="/wiki/Adenocarcinoma" title="Adenocarcinoma">adenocarcinoma</a>, remain very difficult to treat, and are mostly diagnosed only at a stage that is too late for surgery, which is the only curative treatment. Pancreatic cancer is rare in people younger than 40 and the <a href="/wiki/Median" title="Median">median</a> age of <a href="/wiki/Diagnosis" title="Diagnosis">diagnosis</a> is 71.<sup id="cite_ref-NEJM14_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NEJM14-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Risk factors include chronic pancreatitis, older age, smoking, <a href="/wiki/Obesity" title="Obesity">obesity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diabetes_mellitus" class="mw-redirect" title="Diabetes mellitus">diabetes</a>, and certain rare genetic conditions including <a href="/wiki/Multiple_endocrine_neoplasia_type_1" title="Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1">multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hereditary_nonpolyposis_colon_cancer" class="mw-redirect" title="Hereditary nonpolyposis colon cancer">hereditary nonpolyposis colon cancer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dysplastic_nevus_syndrome" title="Dysplastic nevus syndrome">dysplastic nevus syndrome</a> among others.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavidson's2018837-844_27-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavidson's2018837-844-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-PDQ2014_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PDQ2014-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> About 25% of cases are attributable to <a href="/wiki/Tobacco_smoking" title="Tobacco smoking">tobacco smoking</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while 5–10% of cases are linked to <a href="/wiki/Heredity" title="Heredity">inherited genes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NEJM14_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NEJM14-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pancreatic adenocarcinoma is the most common form of pancreatic cancer, and is cancer arising from the exocrine digestive part of the pancreas. Most occur in the head of the pancreas.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavidson's2018837-844_27-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavidson's2018837-844-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Symptoms tend to arise late in the course of the cancer, when it causes abdominal pain, weight loss, or yellowing of the skin (<a href="/wiki/Jaundice" title="Jaundice">jaundice</a>). Jaundice occurs when the outflow of <a href="/wiki/Bile" title="Bile">bile</a> is blocked by the cancer. Other less common symptoms include nausea, vomiting, pancreatitis, diabetes or recurrent <a href="/wiki/Venous_thrombosis" title="Venous thrombosis">venous thrombosis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavidson's2018837-844_27-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavidson's2018837-844-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pancreatic cancer is usually diagnosed by <a href="/wiki/Medical_imaging" title="Medical imaging">medical imaging</a> in the form of an <a href="/wiki/Ultrasound" title="Ultrasound">ultrasound</a> or <a href="/wiki/CT_scan" title="CT scan">CT scan</a> with contrast enhancement. An <a href="/wiki/Endoscopic_ultrasound" title="Endoscopic ultrasound">endoscopic ultrasound</a> may be used if a tumour is being considered for surgical removal, and biopsy guided by <a href="/wiki/ERCP" class="mw-redirect" title="ERCP">ERCP</a> or ultrasound can be used to confirm an uncertain diagnosis.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavidson's2018837-844_27-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavidson's2018837-844-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Because of the late development of symptoms, most cancer presents at an advanced <a href="/wiki/Cancer_staging" title="Cancer staging">stage</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavidson's2018837-844_27-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavidson's2018837-844-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Only 10 to 15% of tumours are suitable for surgical resection.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavidson's2018837-844_27-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavidson's2018837-844-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2018<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pancreas&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, when chemotherapy is given the <a href="/wiki/FOLFIRINOX" title="FOLFIRINOX">FOLFIRINOX</a> regimen containing <a href="/wiki/Fluorouracil" title="Fluorouracil">fluorouracil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Irinotecan" title="Irinotecan">irinotecan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oxaliplatin" title="Oxaliplatin">oxaliplatin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Leucovorin" class="mw-redirect" title="Leucovorin">leucovorin</a> has been shown to extend survival beyond traditional <a href="/wiki/Gemcitabine" title="Gemcitabine">gemcitabine</a> regimens.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavidson's2018837-844_27-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavidson's2018837-844-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For the most part, treatment is <a href="/wiki/Palliative" class="mw-redirect" title="Palliative">palliative</a>, focus on the management of symptoms that develop. This may include management of <a href="/wiki/Itch" title="Itch">itch</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Bile_duct#Drainage" title="Bile duct">choledochojejunostomy</a> or the insertion of stents with <a href="/wiki/ERCP" class="mw-redirect" title="ERCP">ERCP</a> to facilitate the drainage of bile, and medications to help control pain.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavidson's2018837-844_27-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavidson's2018837-844-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the United States pancreatic cancer is the fourth most common cause of deaths due to cancer.<sup id="cite_ref-PMC2504856_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PMC2504856-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The disease occurs more often in the developed world, which had 68% of new cases in 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-WCR2014_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WCR2014-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pancreatic adenocarcinoma typically has poor outcomes with the average percentage alive for at least one and five years after <a href="/wiki/Diagnosis" title="Diagnosis">diagnosis</a> being 25% and 5% respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-WCR2014_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WCR2014-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ACS-CFF-2010_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ACS-CFF-2010-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In localized disease where the cancer is small (< 2 cm) the number alive at five years is approximately 20%.<sup id="cite_ref-PDQ2014P_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PDQ2014P-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are several types of pancreatic cancer, involving both the endocrine and exocrine tissue. The many types of <a href="/wiki/Pancreatic_endocrine_tumor" class="mw-redirect" title="Pancreatic endocrine tumor">pancreatic endocrine tumors</a> are all uncommon or rare, and have varied outlooks. However the <a href="/wiki/Incidence_(epidemiology)" title="Incidence (epidemiology)">incidence</a> of these cancers has been rising sharply; it is not clear to what extent this reflects increased detection, especially through <a href="/wiki/Medical_imaging" title="Medical imaging">medical imaging</a>, of tumors that would be very slow to develop. <a href="/wiki/Insulinoma" title="Insulinoma">Insulinomas</a> (largely benign) and <a href="/wiki/Gastrinoma" title="Gastrinoma">gastrinomas</a> are the most common types.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For those with neuroendocrine cancers the number alive after five years is much better at 65%, varying considerably with type.<sup id="cite_ref-WCR2014_33-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WCR2014-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/Solid_pseudopapillary_tumour" title="Solid pseudopapillary tumour">solid pseudopapillary tumour</a> is a low-grade malignant tumour of the pancreas of <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/papilla" class="extiw" title="wikt:papilla">papillary</a> architecture that typically afflicts young women.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diabetes_mellitus">Diabetes mellitus</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pancreas&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Diabetes mellitus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Type_1_diabetes">Type 1 diabetes</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pancreas&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Type 1 diabetes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Diabetes_mellitus_type_1" class="mw-redirect" title="Diabetes mellitus type 1">Diabetes mellitus type 1</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Diabetes_mellitus_type_1" class="mw-redirect" title="Diabetes mellitus type 1">Diabetes mellitus type 1</a> is a chronic <a href="/wiki/Autoimmune_disease" title="Autoimmune disease">autoimmune disease</a> in which the <a href="/wiki/Immune_system" title="Immune system">immune system</a> attacks the insulin-secreting beta cells of the pancreas.<sup id="cite_ref-Ganongs2019DM_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ganongs2019DM-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Insulin is needed to keep <a href="/wiki/Blood_sugar" class="mw-redirect" title="Blood sugar">blood sugar</a> levels within optimal ranges, and its lack can lead to <a href="/wiki/Hyperglycemia" title="Hyperglycemia">high blood sugar</a>. As an untreated chronic condition, complications including accelerated <a href="/wiki/Vascular_disease" title="Vascular disease">vascular disease</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diabetic_retinopathy" title="Diabetic retinopathy">diabetic retinopathy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diabetic_nephropathy" title="Diabetic nephropathy">kidney disease</a> and <a href="/wiki/Diabetic_neuropathy" title="Diabetic neuropathy">neuropathy</a> can result.<sup id="cite_ref-Ganongs2019DM_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ganongs2019DM-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, if there is not enough insulin for glucose to be used within cells, the medical emergency <a href="/wiki/Diabetic_ketoacidosis" title="Diabetic ketoacidosis">diabetic ketoacidosis</a>, which is often the first symptom that a person with type 1 diabetes may have, can result.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavidson's2018735_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavidson's2018735-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Type 1 diabetes can develop at any age but is most often diagnosed before age 40.<sup id="cite_ref-Ganongs2019DM_38-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ganongs2019DM-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For people living with type 1 diabetes, insulin injections are critical for survival.<sup id="cite_ref-Ganongs2019DM_38-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ganongs2019DM-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An experimental procedure to treat type 1 diabetes is <a href="/wiki/Pancreas_transplantation" title="Pancreas transplantation">pancreas transplantation</a> or isolated <a href="/wiki/Islet_cell_transplantation" title="Islet cell transplantation">transplantation of islet cells</a> to supply a person with functioning beta cells.<sup id="cite_ref-Ganongs2019DM_38-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ganongs2019DM-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Type_2_diabetes">Type 2 diabetes</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pancreas&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Type 2 diabetes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Diabetes_mellitus_type_2" class="mw-redirect" title="Diabetes mellitus type 2">Diabetes mellitus type 2</a></div> <p>Diabetes mellitus type 2 is the most common form of diabetes.<sup id="cite_ref-Ganongs2019DM_38-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ganongs2019DM-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The causes for high blood sugar in this form of diabetes usually are a combination of <a href="/wiki/Insulin_resistance" title="Insulin resistance">insulin resistance</a> and impaired insulin secretion, with both genetic and environmental factors playing a role in the development of the disease.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavidson's2018730-732_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavidson's2018730-732-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Over time, pancreatic beta cells may become "exhausted" and less functional.<sup id="cite_ref-Ganongs2019DM_38-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ganongs2019DM-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The management of type 2 diabetes involves a combination of lifestyle measures, medications if required and potentially <a href="/wiki/Insulin_(medication)" title="Insulin (medication)">insulin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavidson's2018745-751_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavidson's2018745-751-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With relevance to the pancreas, several medications act to enhance the secretion of insulin from beta cells, particularly <a href="/wiki/Sulphonylurea" class="mw-redirect" title="Sulphonylurea">sulphonylureas</a>, which act directly on beta cells; <a href="/wiki/Incretins" class="mw-redirect" title="Incretins">incretins</a> which replicate the action of the hormones <a href="/wiki/Glucagon-like_peptide_1" class="mw-redirect" title="Glucagon-like peptide 1">glucagon-like peptide 1</a>, increasing the secretion of insulin from beta cells after meals, and are more resistant to breakdown; and <a href="/wiki/DPP-4_inhibitors" class="mw-redirect" title="DPP-4 inhibitors">DPP-4 inhibitors</a>, which slow the breakdown of incretins.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavidson's2018745-751_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavidson's2018745-751-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Removal">Removal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pancreas&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Removal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>It is possible for a person to live without a pancreas, provided that the person takes insulin for proper regulation of blood glucose concentration and pancreatic enzyme supplements to aid digestion.<sup id="cite_ref-banks_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-banks-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pancreas&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The pancreas was first identified by <a href="/wiki/Herophilus" class="mw-redirect" title="Herophilus">Herophilus</a> (335–280 BC), a <a href="/wiki/Greeks" title="Greeks">Greek</a> <a href="/wiki/Anatomist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anatomist">anatomist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Surgery" title="Surgery">surgeon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A few hundred years later, <a href="/wiki/Rufus_of_Ephesus" title="Rufus of Ephesus">Rufus of Ephesus</a>, another Greek anatomist, gave the pancreas its name. Etymologically, the term "pancreas", a modern <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> adaptation of <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> πάγκρεας,<sup id="cite_ref-O'Brien_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-O'Brien-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> [πᾶν ("all", "whole"), and κρέας ("flesh")],<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> originally means <a href="/wiki/Sweetbread" title="Sweetbread">sweetbread</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Green2008_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Green2008-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although literally meaning all-flesh, presumably because of its fleshy consistency. It was only in 1889 when <a href="/wiki/Oskar_Minkowski" title="Oskar Minkowski">Oskar Minkowski</a> discovered that removing the pancreas from a dog caused it to become diabetic.<sup id="cite_ref-Karamanou2016_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Karamanou2016-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Insulin was later isolated from pancreatic islets by <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Banting" title="Frederick Banting">Frederick Banting</a> and <a href="/wiki/Charles_Best_(medical_scientist)" title="Charles Best (medical scientist)">Charles Best</a> in 1921.<sup id="cite_ref-Karamanou2016_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Karamanou2016-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The way the tissue of the pancreas has been viewed has also changed. Previously, it was viewed using simple <a href="/wiki/Staining" title="Staining">staining</a> methods such as <a href="/wiki/H%26E_stain" title="H&E stain">H&E stains</a>. Now, <a href="/wiki/Immunohistochemistry" title="Immunohistochemistry">immunohistochemistry</a> can be used to more easily differentiate cell types. This involves visible antibodies to the products of certain cell types, and helps identify with greater ease cell types such as alpha and beta cells.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWheater's_Histology2013332–333_9-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWheater's_Histology2013332–333-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_animals">Other animals</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pancreas&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Other animals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pancreatic tissue is present in all <a href="/wiki/Vertebrate" title="Vertebrate">vertebrates</a>, but its precise form and arrangement varies widely. There may be up to three separate pancreases, two of which arise from the <a href="/wiki/Pancreatic_bud" title="Pancreatic bud">pancreatic bud</a>, and the other <a href="/wiki/Dorsally" class="mw-redirect" title="Dorsally">dorsally</a>. In most species (including humans), these "fuse" in the adult, but there are several exceptions. Even when a single pancreas is present, two or three pancreatic ducts may persist, each draining separately into the duodenum (or equivalent part of the foregut). <a href="/wiki/Bird" title="Bird">Birds</a>, for example, typically have three such ducts.<sup id="cite_ref-VB_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VB-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Teleost" title="Teleost">teleost</a> fish, and a few other species (such as <a href="/wiki/Rabbit" title="Rabbit">rabbits</a>), there is no discrete pancreas at all, with pancreatic tissue being distributed diffusely across the <a href="/wiki/Mesentery" title="Mesentery">mesentery</a> and even within other nearby organs, such as the <a href="/wiki/Liver" title="Liver">liver</a> or <a href="/wiki/Spleen" title="Spleen">spleen</a>. In a few teleost species, the endocrine tissue has fused to form a distinct gland within the abdominal cavity, but otherwise it is distributed among the exocrine components. The most primitive arrangement, however, appears to be that of <a href="/wiki/Lamprey" title="Lamprey">lampreys</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lungfish" title="Lungfish">lungfish</a>, in which pancreatic tissue is found as a number of discrete nodules within the wall of the gut itself, with the exocrine portions being little different from other glandular structures of the intestine.<sup id="cite_ref-VB_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VB-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cuisine">Cuisine</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pancreas&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Cuisine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The pancreas of <a href="/wiki/Veal" title="Veal">calf</a> (<i>ris de veau</i>) or <a href="/wiki/Lamb_and_mutton" title="Lamb and mutton">lamb</a> (<i>ris d'agneau</i>), and, less commonly, of <a href="/wiki/Beef" title="Beef">beef</a> or <a href="/wiki/Pork" title="Pork">pork</a>, are used as food under the <a href="/wiki/Culinary_name" title="Culinary name">culinary name</a> of <a href="/wiki/Sweetbread" title="Sweetbread">sweetbread</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Leiths_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leiths-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Additional_images">Additional images</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pancreas&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Additional images"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Axial_section_of_the_epigastric_region_showing_pancreas,_splenic_vein,_IVC,_aorta.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A normal pancreas on ultrasound."><img alt="A normal pancreas on ultrasound." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Axial_section_of_the_epigastric_region_showing_pancreas%2C_splenic_vein%2C_IVC%2C_aorta.jpg/120px-Axial_section_of_the_epigastric_region_showing_pancreas%2C_splenic_vein%2C_IVC%2C_aorta.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Axial_section_of_the_epigastric_region_showing_pancreas%2C_splenic_vein%2C_IVC%2C_aorta.jpg/180px-Axial_section_of_the_epigastric_region_showing_pancreas%2C_splenic_vein%2C_IVC%2C_aorta.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Axial_section_of_the_epigastric_region_showing_pancreas%2C_splenic_vein%2C_IVC%2C_aorta.jpg/240px-Axial_section_of_the_epigastric_region_showing_pancreas%2C_splenic_vein%2C_IVC%2C_aorta.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A normal pancreas on ultrasound.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pancreas_ultrasound_normal.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Identifying pancreas on abdominal ultrasonography when it is partly obscured by bowel gas."><img alt="Identifying pancreas on abdominal ultrasonography when it is partly obscured by bowel gas." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Pancreas_ultrasound_normal.jpg/120px-Pancreas_ultrasound_normal.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Pancreas_ultrasound_normal.jpg/180px-Pancreas_ultrasound_normal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Pancreas_ultrasound_normal.jpg/240px-Pancreas_ultrasound_normal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1552" data-file-height="904" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Identifying pancreas on <a href="/wiki/Abdominal_ultrasonography" title="Abdominal ultrasonography">abdominal ultrasonography</a> when it is partly obscured by bowel gas.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gray1102.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Pancreas of a human embryo at end of sixth week"><img alt="Pancreas of a human embryo at end of sixth week" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Gray1102.png/120px-Gray1102.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="92" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Gray1102.png/180px-Gray1102.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Gray1102.png/240px-Gray1102.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="305" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Pancreas of a human embryo at end of sixth week</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sobo_1906_393.png" class="mw-file-description" title="The pancreas and its surrounding structures"><img alt="The pancreas and its surrounding structures" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Sobo_1906_393.png/120px-Sobo_1906_393.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="104" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Sobo_1906_393.png/180px-Sobo_1906_393.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Sobo_1906_393.png/240px-Sobo_1906_393.png 2x" data-file-width="2052" data-file-height="1776" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The pancreas and its surrounding structures</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Slide2duo.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Duodenum and pancreas. Deep dissection."><img alt="Duodenum and pancreas. Deep dissection." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Slide2duo.jpg/120px-Slide2duo.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Slide2duo.jpg/180px-Slide2duo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Slide2duo.jpg/240px-Slide2duo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="720" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Duodenum and pancreas. Deep dissection.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pancreas&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article uses <a href="/wiki/Anatomical_terminology" title="Anatomical terminology">anatomical terminology</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFNosek" class="citation book cs1">Nosek, Thomas M. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160324124828/http://humanphysiology.tuars.com/program/section6/6ch2/s6ch2_30.htm">"Section 6/6ch2/s6ch2_30"</a>. <i>Essentials of Human Physiology</i>. 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New York. pp. 433–437. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781260122404" title="Special:BookSources/9781260122404"><bdi>9781260122404</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1076268769">1076268769</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Regulation+of+Insulin+Secretion%3B+Glucagon&rft.btitle=Ganong%27s+review+of+medical+physiology&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=433-437&rft.edition=26th&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1076268769&rft.isbn=9781260122404&rft.au=Barrett%2C+Kim+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APancreas" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GuytonHall2016-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GuytonHall2016_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHall2016" class="citation book cs1">Hall, John E (2016). <i>Guyton and Hall textbook of medical physiology</i> (13th ed.). 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Bloomsbury. p. 451. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0747560463" title="Special:BookSources/0747560463"><bdi>0747560463</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Leiths+Techniques+Bible&rft.pages=451&rft.edition=1&rft.pub=Bloomsbury&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0747560463&rft.aulast=Spaull&rft.aufirst=Susan&rft.au=Bruce-Gardyne%2C+Lucinda&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APancreas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pancreas&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGanong's_Physiology2019" class="citation book cs1">Barrett, Kim E. (2019). <i>Ganong's review of medical physiology</i>. Barman, Susan M.,, Brooks, Heddwen L., Yuan, Jason X.-J. (26th ed.). New York. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781260122404" title="Special:BookSources/9781260122404"><bdi>9781260122404</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1076268769">1076268769</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ganong%27s+review+of+medical+physiology&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=26th&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1076268769&rft.isbn=9781260122404&rft.au=Barrett%2C+Kim+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APancreas" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeger's2018" class="citation book cs1">Beger HG, ed. (2018). <i>The pancreas : an integrated textbook of basic science, medicine, and surgery</i> (third ed.). Hoboken, NJ. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-119-18841-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-119-18841-4"><bdi>978-1-119-18841-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1065547789">1065547789</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+pancreas+%3A+an+integrated+textbook+of+basic+science%2C+medicine%2C+and+surgery&rft.place=Hoboken%2C+NJ&rft.edition=third&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1065547789&rft.isbn=978-1-119-18841-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APancreas" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarrison's2015" class="citation book cs1">Kasper D, Fauci A, Hauser S, Longo D, Jameson J, Loscalzo J (2015). <i>Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine</i> (19 ed.). McGraw-Hill Professional. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780071802154" title="Special:BookSources/9780071802154"><bdi>9780071802154</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Harrison%27s+Principles+of+Internal+Medicine&rft.edition=19&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill+Professional&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9780071802154&rft.aulast=Kasper&rft.aufirst=Dennis&rft.au=Fauci%2C+Anthony&rft.au=Hauser%2C+Stephen&rft.au=Longo%2C+Dan&rft.au=Jameson%2C+J.&rft.au=Loscalzo%2C+Joseph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APancreas" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavidson's2018" class="citation book cs1">Ralston SH, Penman ID, Strachan MW, Hobson RP, eds. (2018). <i>Davidson's principles and practice of medicine</i> (23rd ed.). Elsevier. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7020-7028-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7020-7028-0"><bdi>978-0-7020-7028-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Davidson%27s+principles+and+practice+of+medicine&rft.edition=23rd&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0-7020-7028-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APancreas" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGray's2008" class="citation book cs1">Standring, Susan; Borley, Neil R.; et al., eds. (2008). <i>Gray's anatomy : the anatomical basis of clinical practice</i> (40th ed.). London: Churchill Livingstone. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8089-2371-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8089-2371-8"><bdi>978-0-8089-2371-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gray%27s+anatomy+%3A+the+anatomical+basis+of+clinical+practice&rft.place=London&rft.edition=40th&rft.pub=Churchill+Livingstone&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-8089-2371-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APancreas" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGray's2016" class="citation book cs1">Standring, Susan, ed. (2016). <i>Gray's anatomy : the anatomical basis of clinical practice</i> (41st ed.). Philadelphia. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780702052309" title="Special:BookSources/9780702052309"><bdi>9780702052309</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/920806541">920806541</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gray%27s+anatomy+%3A+the+anatomical+basis+of+clinical+practice&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.edition=41st&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F920806541&rft.isbn=9780702052309&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APancreas" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWheater's_Histology2013" class="citation book cs1">Young, Barbara; O'Dowd, Geraldine; Woodford, Phillip (2013). <i>Wheater's functional histology: a text and colour atlas</i> (6th ed.). Philadelphia: Elsevier. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780702047473" title="Special:BookSources/9780702047473"><bdi>9780702047473</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wheater%27s+functional+histology%3A+a+text+and+colour+atlas.&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.edition=6th&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9780702047473&rft.aulast=Young&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rft.au=O%27Dowd%2C+Geraldine&rft.au=Woodford%2C+Phillip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APancreas" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pancreas&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Pancreas" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Pancreas">Pancreas</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.proteinatlas.org/humanproteome/pancreas">Pancreas at the Human Protein Atlas</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GWV9vHVmeL0&t=94s">Pancreatic Diseases – English – The Gastro Specialist</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Anatomy of the <a href="/wiki/Human_digestive_system#Components" title="Human digestive system">liver, pancreas and biliary tree</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Liver" title="Liver">Liver</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bare_area_of_the_liver" title="Bare area of the liver">Bare area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantlie_line" title="Cantlie line">Cantlie line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ligamentum_venosum" title="Ligamentum venosum">Ligamentum venosum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porta_hepatis" title="Porta hepatis">Porta hepatis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Round_ligament_of_liver" title="Round ligament of liver">Round ligament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lobes_of_liver" title="Lobes of liver">Lobes of liver</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caudate_lobe_of_liver" class="mw-redirect" title="Caudate lobe of liver">Caudate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quadrate_lobe_of_liver" class="mw-redirect" title="Quadrate lobe of liver">Quadrate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fibrous_capsule_of_Glisson" class="mw-redirect" title="Fibrous capsule of Glisson">Fibrous capsule of Glisson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perisinusoidal_space" title="Perisinusoidal space">Perisinusoidal space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liver_sinusoid" title="Liver sinusoid">Liver sinusoid</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Periportal_space" class="mw-redirect" title="Periportal space">Periportal space</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal_triad" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal triad">Portal triad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lobules_of_liver" title="Lobules of liver">Lobules of liver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liver_segment" title="Liver segment">Liver segment</a></li> <li>Microanatomy <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hepatocyte" title="Hepatocyte">Hepatocyte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hepatic_stellate_cell" title="Hepatic stellate cell">Hepatic stellate cell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kupffer_cell" title="Kupffer cell">Kupffer cell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liver_sinusoidal_endothelial_cell" title="Liver sinusoidal endothelial cell">Liver sinusoidal endothelial cell</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Biliary_tract" title="Biliary tract">Biliary tract</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bile_duct" title="Bile duct">Bile ducts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intrahepatic_bile_ducts" title="Intrahepatic bile ducts">Intrahepatic bile ducts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bile_canaliculus" title="Bile canaliculus">Bile canaliculus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canals_of_Hering" title="Canals of Hering">Canals of Hering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interlobular_bile_ducts" title="Interlobular bile ducts">Interlobular</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left_hepatic_duct" class="mw-redirect" title="Left hepatic duct">Left hepatic duct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_hepatic_duct" class="mw-redirect" title="Right hepatic duct">Right hepatic duct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_hepatic_duct" title="Common hepatic duct">Common hepatic duct</a></li> <li>Cells <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cholangiocyte" title="Cholangiocyte">Cholangiocyte</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gallbladder" title="Gallbladder">Gallbladder</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cystic_duct" title="Cystic duct">Cystic duct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_bile_duct" title="Common bile duct">Common bile duct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ampulla_of_Vater" title="Ampulla of Vater">Ampulla of Vater</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sphincter_of_Oddi" title="Sphincter of Oddi">Sphincter of Oddi</a></li></ul></li> <li>Cells <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cholecystocyte" title="Cholecystocyte">Cholecystocyte</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pancreas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Gross <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tail_of_pancreas" class="mw-redirect" title="Tail of pancreas">Tail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body_of_pancreas" class="mw-redirect" title="Body of pancreas">Body</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neck_of_pancreas" class="mw-redirect" title="Neck of pancreas">Neck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Head_of_pancreas" class="mw-redirect" title="Head of pancreas">Head</a> (<a href="/wiki/Uncinate_process_of_pancreas" title="Uncinate process of pancreas">Uncinate process</a>)</li></ul></li> <li>Ducts <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pancreatic_duct" title="Pancreatic duct">main</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Accessory_pancreatic_duct" class="mw-redirect" title="Accessory pancreatic duct">accessory</a></li></ul></li> <li>Microanatomy <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pancreatic_islets" title="Pancreatic islets">Pancreatic islets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centroacinar_cell" title="Centroacinar cell">Centroacinar cell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pancreatic_stellate_cell" title="Pancreatic stellate cell">Stellate cell</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9618#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9618#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9618#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4004722-2">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85097370">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Pancréas"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11941706x">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Pancréas"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11941706x">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00571648">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="pankreas"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph115663&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Páncreas"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX525186">Spain</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007560648605171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="http://tools.wmflabs.org/wikidata-externalid-url/?p=1323&url_prefix=https:%2F%2Fwww.unifr.ch%2Fifaa%2FPublic%2FEntryPage%2FTA98%20Tree%2FEntity%20TA98%20EN%2F&url_suffix=%20Entity%20TA98%20EN.htm&id=A05.9.01.001">Terminologia Anatomica</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output 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