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Allele - Wikipedia

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class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Indice</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">sposta nella barra laterale</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">nascondi</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Inizio</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Definizioni" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Definizioni"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Definizioni</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Definizioni-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Allele_dominante_e_recessivo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Allele_dominante_e_recessivo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Allele dominante e recessivo</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Allele_dominante_e_recessivo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alleli_né_dominanti_né_recessivi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alleli_né_dominanti_né_recessivi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Alleli né dominanti né recessivi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alleli_né_dominanti_né_recessivi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nomenclatura_utilizzata_per_descrivere_l&#039;effetto_di_un_allele" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nomenclatura_utilizzata_per_descrivere_l&#039;effetto_di_un_allele"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Nomenclatura utilizzata per descrivere l'effetto di un allele</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nomenclatura_utilizzata_per_descrivere_l&#039;effetto_di_un_allele-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-La_dominanza_allelica_nelle_malattie_genetiche" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#La_dominanza_allelica_nelle_malattie_genetiche"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>La dominanza allelica nelle malattie genetiche</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-La_dominanza_allelica_nelle_malattie_genetiche-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Note" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Note"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Note</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Note-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliografia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliografia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Bibliografia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliografia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Voci_correlate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Voci_correlate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Voci correlate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Voci_correlate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Altri_progetti" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Altri_progetti"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Altri progetti</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Altri_progetti-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Collegamenti_esterni" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Collegamenti_esterni"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Collegamenti esterni</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Collegamenti_esterni-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Indice" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Indice" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Mostra/Nascondi l&#039;indice" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Mostra/Nascondi l&#039;indice</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Allele</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Vai a una voce in un&#039;altra lingua. Disponibile in 74 lingue" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-74" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">74 lingue</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alleel" title="Alleel - afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Alleel" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%84_(%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AB%D8%A9)" title="أليل (وراثة) - arabo" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أليل (وراثة)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allel" title="Allel - azerbaigiano" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Allel" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbaigiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%96" title="Алелі - bielorusso" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Алелі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="bielorusso" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BB" title="Алел - bulgaro" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Алел" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgaro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A8%E0%BD%BA%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A3%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%A3%E0%BC%8D" title="ཨེ་ལིལ། - tibetano" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཨེ་ལིལ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="tibetano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alel" title="Alel - bosniaco" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Alel" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosniaco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al%C2%B7lel" title="Al·lel - catalano" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Al·lel" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%95%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%84" title="ئەلیل - curdo centrale" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئەلیل" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="curdo centrale" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alela" title="Alela - ceco" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Alela" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="ceco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Аллельсем - ciuvascio" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Аллельсем" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="ciuvascio" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allel" title="Allel - danese" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Allel" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="danese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allel" title="Allel - tedesco" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Allel" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="tedesco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%B7%CE%BB%CF%8C%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%81%CF%86%CE%B1" title="Αλληλόμορφα - greco" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αλληλόμορφα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="greco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allele" title="Allele - inglese" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Allele" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="inglese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alelo" title="Alelo - esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Alelo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alelo" title="Alelo - spagnolo" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Alelo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="spagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alleel" title="Alleel - estone" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Alleel" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estone" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alelo" title="Alelo - basco" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Alelo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="basco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84" title="الل - persiano" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="الل" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alleeli" title="Alleeli - finlandese" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Alleeli" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finlandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/All%C3%A8le" title="Allèle - francese" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Allèle" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aill%C3%A9il" title="Ailléil - irlandese" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Ailléil" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irlandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alelo" title="Alelo - galiziano" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Alelo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galiziano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allail" title="Allail - mannese" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Allail" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="mannese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%9C" title="אלל - ebraico" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אלל" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="ebraico" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%80" title="युग्म विकल्पी - hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="युग्म विकल्पी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleli" title="Aleli - croato" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Aleli" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="croato" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al%C3%A8l" title="Alèl - creolo haitiano" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Alèl" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="creolo haitiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/All%C3%A9l" title="Allél - ungherese" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Allél" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="ungherese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%AC%D5%A5%D5%AC%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%A3%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Ալելային գեներ - armeno" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ալելային գեներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armeno" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allele" title="Allele - interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Allele" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alel" title="Alel - indonesiano" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Alel" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genasams%C3%A6ta" title="Genasamsæta - islandese" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Genasamsæta" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AF%BE%E7%AB%8B%E9%81%BA%E4%BC%9D%E5%AD%90" title="対立遺伝子 - giapponese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="対立遺伝子" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="giapponese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alel" title="Alel - giavanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Alel" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="giavanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Аллель - kazako" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Аллель" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazako" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8C%80%EB%A6%BD_%EC%9C%A0%EC%A0%84%EC%9E%90" title="대립 유전자 - coreano" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="대립 유전자" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coreano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allel" title="Allel - curdo" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Allel" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="curdo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Аллель - kirghiso" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Аллель" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kirghiso" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleliniai_genai" title="Aleliniai genai - lituano" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Aleliniai genai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al%C4%93les" title="Alēles - lettone" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Alēles" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="lettone" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BB" title="Алел - macedone" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Алел" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="macedone" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%80%E0%B5%BD" title="അല്ലീൽ - malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="അല്ലീൽ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BB" title="Аллел - mongolo" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Аллел" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="mongolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alel" title="Alel - malese" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Alel" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allel" title="Allel - basso tedesco" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Allel" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="basso tedesco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allel" title="Allel - olandese" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Allel" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="olandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allel" title="Allel - norvegese nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Allel" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norvegese nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allel" title="Allel - norvegese bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Allel" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norvegese bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biffiisa" title="Biffiisa - oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Biffiisa" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allel" title="Allel - polacco" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Allel" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polacco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alelo" title="Alelo - portoghese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Alelo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portoghese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alel%C4%83" title="Alelă - rumeno" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Alelă" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumeno" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="voce consigliata"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Аллели - russo" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Аллели" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="russo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alleli" title="Alleli - siciliano" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Alleli" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="siciliano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alel" title="Alel - serbo-croato" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Alel" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbo-croato" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allele" title="Allele - Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Allele" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alela" title="Alela - slovacco" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Alela" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovacco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alel" title="Alel - sloveno" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Alel" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="sloveno" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BB" title="Алел - serbo" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Алел" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allel" title="Allel - svedese" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Allel" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="svedese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81" title="மாற்றுரு - tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மாற்றுரு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A5" title="อัลลีล - thailandese" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="อัลลีล" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thailandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allele" title="Allele - tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Allele" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alel" title="Alel - turco" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Alel" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%96" title="Алелі - ucraino" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Алелі" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ucraino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allellar" title="Allellar - uzbeco" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Allellar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="uzbeco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alen" title="Alen - vietnamita" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Alen" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamita" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allele" title="Allele - waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Allele" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%AD%89%E4%BD%8D%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0" title="等位基因 - wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="等位基因" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%AD%89%E4%BD%8D%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0" title="等位基因 - cinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="等位基因" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="cinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allele" title="Allele - min nan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Allele" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="min nan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B0%8D%E7%AB%8B%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0" title="對立基因 - cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="對立基因" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q80726#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Modifica collegamenti interlinguistici" class="wbc-editpage">Modifica collegamenti</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespace"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Allele" title="Vedi la voce [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Voce</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Discussione:Allele" rel="discussion" title="Vedi le discussioni relative a questa pagina [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Discussione</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Cambia versione linguistica" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">italiano</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav 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class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allele&amp;veaction=edit" title="Modifica questa pagina [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Modifica</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allele&amp;action=edit" title="Modifica il wikitesto di questa pagina [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Modifica wikitesto</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allele&amp;action=history"><span>Cronologia</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Generale </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Speciale:PuntanoQui/Allele" title="Elenco di tutte le pagine che sono collegate a questa [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Puntano qui</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Speciale:ModificheCorrelate/Allele" rel="nofollow" title="Elenco delle ultime modifiche alle pagine collegate a questa [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Modifiche correlate</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allele&amp;oldid=139280175" title="Collegamento permanente a questa versione di questa pagina"><span>Link permanente</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allele&amp;action=info" title="Ulteriori informazioni su questa pagina"><span>Informazioni pagina</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speciale:Cita&amp;page=Allele&amp;id=139280175&amp;wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Informazioni su come citare questa pagina"><span>Cita questa voce</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speciale:UrlShortener&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Fit.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FAllele"><span>Ottieni URL breve</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speciale:QrCode&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Fit.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FAllele"><span>Scarica codice QR</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Stampa/esporta </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speciale:Libro&amp;bookcmd=book_creator&amp;referer=Allele"><span>Crea un libro</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speciale:DownloadAsPdf&amp;page=Allele&amp;action=show-download-screen"><span>Scarica come PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a 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class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Strumenti pagine"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Aspetto"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Aspetto</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">sposta nella barra laterale</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">nascondi</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Da Wikipedia, l&#039;enciclopedia libera.</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="it" dir="ltr"><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alleli.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Alleli.svg/220px-Alleli.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="259" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Alleli.svg/330px-Alleli.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Alleli.svg/440px-Alleli.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="530" /></a><figcaption>Alleli uguali</figcaption></figure> <p>Un <b>allele</b> (dal Greco ἄλλος <i>állos</i>, "altro") è una delle diverse forme in cui può presentarsi un <a href="/wiki/Gene" title="Gene">gene</a>. L'insieme di tutti gli alleli per un particolare carattere costituisce la totalità delle informazioni genetiche che definiscono un gene. </p><p>Un allele è una variazione della sequenza di <a href="/wiki/Nucleotide" title="Nucleotide">nucleotidi</a> che codifica la sintesi di un <a href="/wiki/Prodotto_genico" title="Prodotto genico">prodotto genico</a> nello stesso punto (<i>locus genico</i>) su una lunga molecola di <a href="/wiki/DNA" title="DNA">DNA</a>. Due alleli possono differire per una sola coppia di basi oppure per diverse migliaia. </p><p>La maggior parte degli alleli osservati determinano un cambiamento minimo o nullo nella funzione del prodotto genico per il quale codificano. Tuttavia, a volte, alleli diversi possono risultare in tratti fenotipici osservabili diversi, come ad esempio una diversa pigmentazione. </p><p>Un notevole esempio di ciò è la scoperta da parte di <a href="/wiki/Gregor_Mendel" title="Gregor Mendel">Gregor Mendel</a> che i colori dei fiori, bianchi o viola, nelle piante di pisello dipendono dall'espressione di un unico gene che presenta due alleli: uno determina il colore bianco l'altro quello viola. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definizioni">Definizioni</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allele&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=1" title="Modifica la sezione Definizioni" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allele&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1" title="Edit section&#39;s source code: Definizioni"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In tutte le <a href="/wiki/Cellula_somatica" title="Cellula somatica">cellule somatiche</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diploidia" title="Diploidia">diploidi</a>, che rappresentano la maggior parte delle cellule eucariotiche, vi sono delle coppie di alleli distribuiti allo stesso modo sui <a href="/wiki/Cromosomi_omologhi" title="Cromosomi omologhi">cromosomi omologhi</a>, copie di ciascun cromosoma che derivano da ciascun genitore<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>. Il <a href="/wiki/Genotipo" title="Genotipo">genotipo</a> di un individuo relativamente a un gene è il corredo di alleli che egli si trova a possedere. Pertanto, in un organismo <a href="/wiki/Diploide" class="mw-redirect" title="Diploide">diploide</a>, in cui sono presenti due copie di ogni <a href="/wiki/Cromosoma" title="Cromosoma">cromosoma</a> (i cosiddetti <a href="/wiki/Cromosomi_omologhi" title="Cromosomi omologhi">cromosomi omologhi</a>), il <a href="/wiki/Genotipo" title="Genotipo">genotipo</a> è costituito da due alleli. Fenotipi identici possono originarsi anche da genotipi differenti; il termine <a href="/wiki/Omozigosi" title="Omozigosi">omozigote</a> si riferisce a un gene in cui l'informazione riportata dall'allele materno è identica a quella paterna<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>. Diversamente, negli eterozigoti, il contributo dell'allele materno e paterno è diverso<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>. In tal caso la determinazione fenotipica è correlata ai concetti di <a href="/wiki/Dominanza_(genetica)" title="Dominanza (genetica)">dominanza</a> e <a href="/wiki/Recessivit%C3%A0" title="Recessività">recessività</a> genetica. </p><p>Inoltre, per dati geni si possono riscontrare diverse varianti alleliche, tanto che per molti geni noti è stata messa in discussione la terminologia "allele mutante" perché le varietà alleliche non necessariamente portano a uno svantaggio selettivo. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Allele_dominante_e_recessivo">Allele dominante e recessivo</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allele&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=2" title="Modifica la sezione Allele dominante e recessivo" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allele&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2" title="Edit section&#39;s source code: Allele dominante e recessivo"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Il primo a individuare e studiare gli alleli fu <a href="/wiki/Gregor_Mendel" title="Gregor Mendel">Gregor Mendel</a>, un frate agostiniano ceco che li definì per la prima volta come <i>fattori</i>. Il suo studio si basava sulla trasmissione di sette caratteri ereditari nelle piante di pisello odoroso (<a href="/wiki/Pisum_sativum" class="mw-redirect" title="Pisum sativum">Pisum sativum</a>) che analizzò separatamente grazie a incroci mirati di linee pure. Nei suoi esperimenti osservò che tutti i caratteri rispondevano allo stesso modo: nella prima generazione filiale, derivante dall'incrocio di piante omozigote per alleli diversi di uno stesso locus, tutti gli organismi avevano lo stesso <a href="/wiki/Fenotipo" title="Fenotipo">fenotipo</a>; mentre nella seconda generazione filiale entrambi i caratteri riapparivano in proporzioni diverse, 3:1 (<a href="/wiki/Legge_della_dominanza" class="mw-redirect" title="Legge della dominanza">legge della dominanza</a>). Definì quindi <i>dominante</i> l'allele che determinava il fenotipo della prima generazione filiale, e <i>recessivo</i> quello che ricompariva in seconda generazione filiale. Questo accade perché l'allele dominante determina il fenotipo degli individui eterozigoti e omozigoti per quel carattere, mentre l'allele recessivo determina il fenotipo solo se l'organismo ha in quel locus due alleli recessivi. Infatti nel rapporto fenotipico 3:1, i 3/4 dei fenotipi dominanti sono dati da due genotipi eterozigoti e un omozigote dominante, mentre l'unico fenotipo recessivo risulta dall'omozigote recessivo. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Alleli_né_dominanti_né_recessivi"><span id="Alleli_n.C3.A9_dominanti_n.C3.A9_recessivi"></span>Alleli né dominanti né recessivi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allele&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=3" title="Modifica la sezione Alleli né dominanti né recessivi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allele&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3" title="Edit section&#39;s source code: Alleli né dominanti né recessivi"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>La dominanza di un membro della coppia di geni sull'altro non è un comportamento universale. Può capitare che la risultante fenotipica associata a un fenotipo eterozigote sia un intermedio tra due fenotipi omozigoti<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>. Per esempio, l'incrocio tra una linea pura di fiori di "bocca di leone" di colore rosso e una linea pura bianca produce una generazione di colore intermedio rosa<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>. In questo caso è possibile distinguere gli eterozigoti dagli omozigoti in base al loro fenotipo. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nomenclatura_utilizzata_per_descrivere_l'effetto_di_un_allele"><span id="Nomenclatura_utilizzata_per_descrivere_l.27effetto_di_un_allele"></span>Nomenclatura utilizzata per descrivere l'effetto di un allele</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allele&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=4" title="Modifica la sezione Nomenclatura utilizzata per descrivere l&#39;effetto di un allele" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allele&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4" title="Edit section&#39;s source code: Nomenclatura utilizzata per descrivere l&#39;effetto di un allele"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Nullo o amorfo: è una variante del gene che manca della sua funzione normale, o perché non si esprime, o perché la proteina espressa è inattiva</li> <li>Ipomorfo: un allele che produce una quantità ridotta di prodotto, o un prodotto con un'attività ridotta</li> <li>Ipermorfo: un allele che produce una quantità maggiore di prodotto, o un prodotto con un'attività aumentata</li> <li>Neomorfo: un allele con un prodotto o con un'attività nuovi</li> <li>Antimorfo: un allele la cui attività o il cui prodotto sono antagonisti dell'attività del prodotto normale.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="La_dominanza_allelica_nelle_malattie_genetiche">La dominanza allelica nelle malattie genetiche</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allele&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=5" title="Modifica la sezione La dominanza allelica nelle malattie genetiche" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allele&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5" title="Edit section&#39;s source code: La dominanza allelica nelle malattie genetiche"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Un certo numero di disordini genetici sono causati quando un individuo eredita due alleli recessivi appartenenti allo stesso gene. Le malattie genetiche recessive includono <a href="/wiki/Albinismo" title="Albinismo">albinismo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fibrosi_cistica" title="Fibrosi cistica">fibrosi cistica</a>, <a href="/wiki/Galattosemia" title="Galattosemia">galattosemia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fenilchetonuria" title="Fenilchetonuria">fenilchetonuria</a> (<a href="/wiki/Fenilchetonuria" title="Fenilchetonuria">PKU</a>) e la <a href="/wiki/Malattia_di_Tay-Sachs" title="Malattia di Tay-Sachs">malattia di Tay-Sachs</a>. Altre patologie sono provocate da una condizione di <a href="/wiki/Emizigote" title="Emizigote">emizigosi</a>, nella quale alcuni geni sono presenti in singola copia anziché duplice, che colpisce geni localizzati nel cromosoma X. Dunque, sono più comuni nel sesso maschile, avendo quest'ultimo una sola copia del cromosoma coinvolto. Persino la <a href="/wiki/Malattia_di_Huntington" title="Malattia di Huntington">malattia di Huntington</a> è riconducibile a difetti allelici. Infatti, deriva dalla presenza di un solo allele dominante. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Note">Note</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allele&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=6" title="Modifica la sezione Note" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allele&amp;action=edit&amp;section=6" title="Edit section&#39;s source code: Note"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:0-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b>^</b> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-0">a</a></i></sup> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-1">b</a></i></sup> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-2">c</a></i></sup> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-3">d</a></i></sup> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-4">e</a></i></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation libro" style="font-style:normal"> Watson, <span style="font-style:italic;">Biologia molecolare del gene</span>.</cite></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliografia">Bibliografia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allele&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=7" title="Modifica la sezione Bibliografia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allele&amp;action=edit&amp;section=7" title="Edit section&#39;s source code: Bibliografia"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>James D. Watson, Biologia molecolare del gene, settima edizione.</li> <li>Giors Oneto, Gli alleli, questi sconosciuti, Spiridoninter Aubagne 2001</li> <li>Griffiths AJF, Miller JH, Suzuki DT, et al., An Introduction to Genetic Analysis, 7th edition. New York: W. H. Freeman; 2000.</li> <li>P. J. Russel, iGenetica (2ª edizione). Edises, 2007.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Voci_correlate">Voci correlate</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allele&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=8" title="Modifica la sezione Voci correlate" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allele&amp;action=edit&amp;section=8" title="Edit section&#39;s source code: Voci correlate"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cromosoma" title="Cromosoma">Cromosoma</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Altri_progetti">Altri progetti</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allele&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=9" title="Modifica la sezione Altri progetti" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allele&amp;action=edit&amp;section=9" title="Edit section&#39;s source code: Altri progetti"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div id="interProject" class="toccolours" style="display: none; clear: both; margin-top: 2em"><p id="sisterProjects" style="background-color: #efefef; color: black; font-weight: bold; margin: 0"><span>Altri progetti</span></p><ul title="Collegamenti verso gli altri progetti Wikimedia"> <li class="" title=""><a href="https://it.wiktionary.org/wiki/allele" class="extiw" title="wikt:allele">Wikizionario</a></li> <li class="" title=""><span class="plainlinks" title="commons:Category:Allele"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Allele?uselang=it">Wikimedia Commons</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://it.wiktionary.org/wiki/" title="Collabora a Wikizionario"><img alt="Collabora a Wikizionario" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Wiktionary_small.svg/18px-Wiktionary_small.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Wiktionary_small.svg/27px-Wiktionary_small.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Wiktionary_small.svg/36px-Wiktionary_small.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="350" /></a></span> <a href="https://it.wiktionary.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="wikt:">Wikizionario</a> contiene il lemma di dizionario «<b><a href="https://it.wiktionary.org/wiki/allele" class="extiw" title="wikt:allele">allele</a></b>»</li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/?uselang=it" title="Collabora a Wikimedia Commons"><img alt="Collabora a Wikimedia Commons" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/27px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/36px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> <span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/?uselang=it">Wikimedia Commons</a></span> contiene immagini o altri file sull'<b><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Allele?uselang=it">allele</a></span></b></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Collegamenti_esterni">Collegamenti esterni</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allele&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=10" title="Modifica la sezione Collegamenti esterni" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allele&amp;action=edit&amp;section=10" title="Edit section&#39;s source code: Collegamenti esterni"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFTreccani.it" class="citation web" style="font-style:normal"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/allele"><span style="font-style:italic;">allele</span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;">Treccani.it – Enciclopedie on line</span>, <a href="/wiki/Istituto_dell%27Enciclopedia_Italiana" title="Istituto dell&#39;Enciclopedia Italiana">Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana</a>.</cite> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80726#P3365" title="Modifica su Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica su Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFSapere.it" class="citation web" style="font-style:normal"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sapere.it/enciclopedia/allèle.html"><span style="font-style:italic;">allèle</span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;">sapere.it</span>, <a href="/wiki/De_Agostini" title="De Agostini">De Agostini</a>.</cite> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80726#P6706" title="Modifica su Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica su Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFBritannica.com" class="citation web" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/science/allele"><span style="font-style:italic;">allele</span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;"><a href="/wiki/Enciclopedia_Britannica" title="Enciclopedia Britannica">Enciclopedia Britannica</a></span>, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.</cite> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80726#P1417" title="Modifica su Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica su Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></li> <li><cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://goldbook.iupac.org/A00237.html"><span style="font-style:italic;">IUPAC Gold Book, "allele"</span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;">goldbook.iupac.org</span>.</cite></li></ul> <style 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width="60" height="104" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/ChromosomeArt.jpg/90px-ChromosomeArt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/ChromosomeArt.jpg/120px-ChromosomeArt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="135" data-file-height="235" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="1" class="navbox_group">Concetti chiave</th><td colspan="1" class="navbox_list navbox_even"><a href="/wiki/Gene" title="Gene">Gene</a><b>&#160;·</b> <a href="/wiki/Codice_genetico" title="Codice genetico">Codice genetico</a><b>&#160;·</b> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Allele</a><b>&#160;·</b> <a href="/wiki/Locus_genico" title="Locus genico">Locus</a><b>&#160;·</b> <a href="/wiki/Ereditariet%C3%A0_genetica" title="Ereditarietà genetica">Ereditarietà genetica</a><b>&#160;·</b> <a href="/wiki/Diversit%C3%A0_genetica" title="Diversità genetica">Diversità genetica</a><b>&#160;·</b> <a href="/wiki/Mutazione_genetica" title="Mutazione genetica">Mutazione genetica</a><b>&#160;·</b> <a href="/wiki/Variabilit%C3%A0_genetica" class="mw-redirect" title="Variabilità genetica">Variabilità genetica</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="1" class="navbox_group">Campi della genetica</th><td colspan="1" class="navbox_list navbox_odd"><a href="/wiki/Genetica_formale" title="Genetica formale">Genetica formale</a><b>&#160;·</b> <a href="/wiki/Genetica_molecolare" title="Genetica molecolare">Genetica molecolare</a><b>&#160;·</b> <a href="/wiki/Genetica_delle_popolazioni" title="Genetica delle popolazioni">Genetica delle popolazioni</a><b>&#160;·</b> <a href="/wiki/Genomica" title="Genomica">Genomica</a><b>&#160;·</b> <a href="/wiki/Genetica_umana" title="Genetica umana">Genetica umana</a><b>&#160;·</b> <a href="/wiki/Epigenetica" title="Epigenetica">Epigenetica</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="1" class="navbox_group">Genetisti</th><td colspan="1" class="navbox_list navbox_even"><a href="/wiki/Gregor_Mendel" title="Gregor Mendel">Gregor Mendel</a><b>&#160;·</b> <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hunt_Morgan" title="Thomas Hunt Morgan">Thomas Hunt Morgan</a><b>&#160;·</b> <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Fisher" title="Ronald Fisher">Ronald Fisher</a><b>&#160;·</b> <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Griffith" title="Frederick Griffith">Frederick Griffith</a><b>&#160;·</b> <a href="/wiki/Erwin_Chargaff" title="Erwin Chargaff">Erwin Chargaff</a><b>&#160;·</b> <a href="/wiki/Barbara_McClintock" title="Barbara McClintock">Barbara McClintock</a><b>&#160;·</b> <a href="/wiki/James_Dewey_Watson" title="James Dewey Watson">James Watson</a><b>&#160;·</b> <a href="/wiki/Francis_Crick" title="Francis Crick">Francis Crick</a><b>&#160;·</b> <a href="/wiki/Rosalind_Franklin" title="Rosalind Franklin">Rosalind Franklin</a><b>&#160;·</b> <a href="/wiki/Alec_Jeffreys" title="Alec Jeffreys">Alec Jeffreys</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r140554510">.mw-parser-output .CdA{border:1px solid 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href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007293922705171">987007293922705171</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="noprint" style="width:100%; padding: 3px 0; display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; row-gap: 4px; column-gap: 8px; box-sizing: border-box;"><div style="flex-grow: 1"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r140555418">.mw-parser-output .itwiki-template-occhiello{width:100%;line-height:25px;border:1px solid #CCF;background-color:#F0EEFF;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .itwiki-template-occhiello-progetto{background-color:#FAFAFA}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .itwiki-template-occhiello{background-color:#202122;border-color:#54595D}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .itwiki-template-occhiello-progetto{background-color:#282929}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output 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