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<img class="rounded shadow" loading="lazy" alt="Robert Neel Proctor - crédits : Robert N. Proctor" width="125" height="125" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/c/4/csm_ph180340_c56b0a950d.webp"/> </a> </div> <div class="snippet-content mt-3"> <p> Le terme « agnotologie » a été introduit par l’historien des sciences Robert N. Proctor (université de Stanford) pour désigner l’étude de l’ignorance et, au-delà de ce sens général, la « production culturelle de l’ignorance ». Si son usage académique semble assez circonscrit à la ...</p> </div> </li> <li class="list-group-item"> <h3 class="fs-5 m-0 mt-1"> <a href="/encyclopedie/apolitisme/"> <span class="rg">APOLITISME</span> </a> </h3> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet mb-1 text-muted"> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">Écrit par <span rel="author">Étienne SCHWEISGUTH</span> </li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">1 352 mots</li> </ul> <div class="snippet-content mt-3"> <p> L'apolitisme n'est qu'exceptionnellement une doctrine en bonne et due forme. Il peut consister en un refus volontaire et motivé de se placer sur le terrain politique. Il peut être une posture que l'on adopte pour promouvoir en fait une option politique particulière. Au début du ...</p> </div> </li> <li class="list-group-item"> <h3 class="fs-5 m-0 mt-1"> <a href="/encyclopedie/autonomie/"> <span class="rg">AUTONOMIE</span> </a> </h3> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet mb-1 text-muted"> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">Écrit par <span rel="author">François BOURRICAUD</span> </li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">4 125 mots</li> </ul> <div class="snippet-content mt-3"> <p>La notion d'autonomie ne peut être adéquatement saisie que si ses différents sens sont précisés à la fois dans leurs contextes historiques, dans leurs valeurs synonymiques et antithétiques, enfin dans les domaines et les activités auxquels ils s'appliquent.</p><p>Au sens littéral, <em>autonomie...</em></p> </div> </li> <li class="list-group-item"> <h3 class="fs-5 m-0 mt-1"> <a href="/encyclopedie/autonomie-sociologie/"> <span class="rg">AUTONOMIE </span><span class="rm">(sociologie)</span> </a> </h3> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet mb-1 text-muted"> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">Écrit par <span rel="author">Romain PUDAL</span> </li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">822 mots</li> </ul> <div class="snippet-content mt-3"> <p> Étymologiquement, la notion d’autonomie renvoie au fait de se donner à soi-même sa propre loi, ses propres règles. Elle est centrale dans la <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Nul ne se demande « pourquoi des mathématiciens ? », dès lors que les mathématiques sont reconnues comme science. Mais « pourquoi des philosophes ? » ne revient pas à la question beaucoup plus classique « pourquoi la philosophie ? » à laquelle il est habituellement répondu par quelques variations sur un thème aristotélicien : argumenter contre une philosophie est encore phi..." title="Article : PHILOSOPHIE" href="/encyclopedie/philosophie/">philosophie</a><a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Étymologiquement, « morale » vient du latin ( philosophia ) moralis , traduction par Cicéron , du grec ta èthica ; les deux termes désignent ce qui a trait aux mœurs, au caractère, aux attitudes humaines en général et, en particulier, aux règles de conduite et à leur justification . On réserve parfois, mais sans qu'il y ait accord sur ce point, le terme latin à l'analyse des ..." title="Article : MORALE" href="/encyclopedie/morale/">morale</a> – kantienne notamment – et sert de critère pour départager ce qui est moral de ce qui ne l’est pas. Plus fondamentalement encore, on...</p> </div> </li> <li class="list-group-item"> <h3 class="fs-5 m-0 mt-1"> <a href="/encyclopedie/ce-que-declarer-les-droits-veut-dire-histoires/"> <span class="rg">CE QUE DÉCLARER LES DROITS VEUT DIRE : HISTOIRES </span><span class="rm">(C. Fauré)</span> </a> </h3> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet mb-1 text-muted"> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">Écrit par <span rel="author">Bernard VALADE</span> </li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">1 406 mots</li> </ul> <div class="snippet-content mt-3"> <p>La célébration du deuxième centenaire de la Révolution française a suscité la publication de très nombreux ouvrages, notamment sur la signification et la portée de la Déclaration des <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Il n'est aujourd'hui aucune organisation politique qui ne se prévale de son souci de réaliser les droits de l'homme. Longtemps limitée par les cadres nationaux, cette préoccupation s'est affirmée sur le plan international lorsque, le 10 décembre 1948, l'Assemblée générale des Nations unies a voté, sous le titre de Déclaration universelle des droits de l'homme , la charte proclaman..." title="Article : DROITS DE L'HOMME" href="/encyclopedie/droits-de-l-homme/">droits de l'homme</a> et du citoyen adoptée par l'Assemblée nationale le 26 août 1789. En consacrant, en 1988,...</p> </div> </li> <li class="list-group-item"> <h3 class="fs-5 m-0 mt-1"> <a href="/encyclopedie/clientelisme/"> <span class="rg">CLIENTÉLISME</span> </a> </h3> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet mb-1 text-muted"> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">Écrit par <span rel="author">Jean-Louis BRIQUET</span> </li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">1 857 mots</li> </ul> <div class="snippet-content mt-3"> <p> Le clientélisme est un rapport entre des individus de statuts économiques et sociaux inégaux (le « patron » et ses « clients »), reposant sur des échanges réciproques de biens et de services et s'établissant sur la base d'un lien personnel habituellement perçu dans les termes de l'obligation ...</p> </div> </li> <li class="list-group-item"> <h3 class="fs-5 m-0 mt-1"> <a href="/encyclopedie/communautarisme/"> <span class="rg">COMMUNAUTARISME</span> </a> </h3> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet mb-1 text-muted"> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">Écrit par <span rel="author">Justine LACROIX</span> </li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">1 093 mots</li> </ul> <div class="snippet-content mt-3"> <p>Le renouveau de l'intérêt pour la <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="L'articulation des différents niveaux d'appartenance « communautaire » et leur degré d'intégration dans la communauté nationale constituent un problème récurrent pour les États modernes. La notion de « communauté » renvoie en effet à une question fondamentale : celle des principes d'organisation garantissant la cohésion sociale et des règles de cohabitation entre les divers..." title="Article : COMMUNAUTÉ" href="/encyclopedie/communaute/">communauté</a> est un des traits majeurs de la pensée politique depuis les années 1980. Discrédité après la Seconde Guerre mondiale pour avoir été invoqué, dans la première moitié du <span class="pc">xx</span><sup>e</sup> siècle, par des mouvements antidémocratiques, le concept avait à...</p> </div> </li> <li class="list-group-item"> <h3 class="fs-5 m-0 mt-1"> <a href="/encyclopedie/competence-sociologie/"> <span class="rg">COMPÉTENCE, </span><em class="it">sociologie</em> </a> </h3> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet mb-1 text-muted"> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">Écrit par <span rel="author">Yves DÉLOYE</span> </li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">1 126 mots</li> </ul> <div class="snippet-content mt-3"> <p> La question de la compétence des citoyens ordinaires est, depuis la fin de la Seconde <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Les groupes humains, quelle que soit leur taille, se reconnaissent comme tels et affirment leur unité en se distinguant d'autres groupes. Il y a entre eux à la fois des affinités et des oppositions qui affectent leurs relations, dans la mesure où celles-ci ont une réalité, c'est-à-dire lorsque la proximité dans l'espace ou les moyens de communication les amènent à se poser les uns par ra..." title="Article : GUERRE" href="/encyclopedie/guerre/">Guerre</a> mondiale, une question à la fois classique et controversée en sociologie politique. À l’évidence, les recherches sur la compétence politique en <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="La démocratie est une forme d'organisation politique traditionnellement définie, selon la formule d'Abraham Lincoln, comme le « gouvernement du peuple, par le peuple et pour le peuple ». Comme dans tout système politique, « le peuple », c'est-à-dire la population des citoyens regroupée dans le cadre d'un territoire, y est gouverné. La spécificité d'un système démocratique est ..." title="Article : DÉMOCRATIE" href="/encyclopedie/democratie/">démocratie</a> ou encore sur « la sophistication idéologique...</p> </div> </li> <li class="list-group-item"> <h3 class="fs-5 m-0 mt-1"> <a href="/encyclopedie/consensus/"> <span class="rg">CONSENSUS</span> </a> </h3> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet mb-1 text-muted"> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">Écrit par <span rel="author">André AKOUN</span> </li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">2 724 mots</li> </ul> <div class="snippet-content mt-3"> <p> « Comment se forme un concours unanime parmi des individus séparés ? » Envisagée de cette façon, la notion de consensus implique l'analyse des mécanismes et des procédures qui font naître la décision collective.</p><p>Mais, derrière cette scène apparente – scène politique où s'instruit...</p> </div> </li> <li class="list-group-item"> <h3 class="fs-5 m-0 mt-1"> <a href="/encyclopedie/criminalite/"> <span class="rg">CRIMINALITÉ</span> </a> </h3> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet mb-1 text-muted"> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">Écrit par <span rel="author">Frédéric OCQUETEAU</span> </li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">3 373 mots</li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">1 média </li> </ul> <div class="d-none d-md-inline-block float-start me-3"> <a class="protected" title="Article : CRIMINALIT&Eacute;" href="/encyclopedie/criminalite/"> <img class="rounded shadow" loading="lazy" alt="Crime au bois de Vincennes - crédits : AKG-images" width="125" height="125" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/8/2/csm_ph040075_506d301129.webp"/> </a> </div> <div class="snippet-content mt-3"> <p>Contrairement aux apparences, le crime est une notion beaucoup plus complexe qu'on ne le croit généralement. Depuis que les questions de sécurité sont devenues un problème politique majeur se pose la question de la mesure et du classement des actes dits criminels. 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