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<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"><html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" /><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width; initial-scale=1.0;"/><title>Topical Bible: Firmament</title><link rel="canonical" href="https://biblehub.com/topical/f/firmament.htm" /><link rel="stylesheet" href="/newtopical.css" type="text/css" media="Screen" /><link rel="stylesheet" href="/print.css" type="text/css" media="Print" /><script type="application/javascript" src="https://scripts.webcontentassessor.com/scripts/8a2459b64f9cac8122fc7f2eac4409c8555fac9383016db59c4c26e3d5b8b157"></script><script src='https://qd.admetricspro.com/js/biblehub/biblehub-layout-loader-revcatch.js'></script><script id='HyDgbd_1s' src='https://prebidads.revcatch.com/ads.js' type='text/javascript' async></script><script>(function(w,d,b,s,i){var cts=d.createElement(s);cts.async=true;cts.id='catchscript'; cts.dataset.appid=i;cts.src='https://app.protectsubrev.com/catch_rp.js?cb='+Math.random(); document.head.appendChild(cts); }) (window,document,'head','script','rc-anksrH');</script></head> <script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-LR4HSKRP2H"></script> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag('js', new Date()); gtag('config', 'G-LR4HSKRP2H'); </script><body><div id="fx"><table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" id="fx2"><tr><td><iframe width="100%" height="30" scrolling="no" src="/topical/vmenus/matthew/24-29.htm" align="left" frameborder="0"></iframe></td></tr></table></div><div id="blnk"></div><div align="center"><table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" class="maintable"><tr><td><div id="fx5"><table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" id="fx6"><tr><td><iframe width="100%" height="245" scrolling="no" src="//biblehu.com/bmcde/f/firmament.htm" frameborder="0"></iframe></td></tr></table></div></td></tr></table></div><div align="center"><table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" class="maintable3"><tr><td><table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" align="center" id="announce"><tr><td><div id="l1"><div id="breadcrumbs"><a href="/">Bible</a> > <a href="/topical/">Topical</a> > Firmament</div><div id="anc"><iframe src="/anc.htm" width="100%" height="27" scrolling="no" frameborder="0"></iframe></div><div id="anc2"><table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"><tr><td><iframe src="/anc2.htm" width="100%" height="27" scrolling="no" frameborder="0"></iframe></td></tr></table></div></div></td></tr></table><div id="movebox2"><table border="0" align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr><td><div id="topheading"><a href="/topical/f/firm_foundation.htm" title="Firm Foundation">◄</a> Firmament <a href="/topical/naves/f/firmament--the_expanse_above_the_earth.htm" title="Firmament: The Expanse Above the Earth">►</a></div></td></tr></table></div><div align="center" class="maintable2"><table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"><tr><td><div id="topverse">Jump to: <a href="#smi" title="Smith's Bible Dictionary">Smith's</a> • <a href="#amt" title="American Tract Society Bible Dictionary">ATS</a> • <a href="#isb" title="International Standard Bible Encyclopedia">ISBE</a> • <a href="#eas" title="Easton's Bible Dictionary">Easton's</a> • <a href="#web" title="Webster's Dictionary">Webster's</a> • <a href="#cnc" title="Multiversion Concordance">Concordance</a> • <a href="#thes" title="Bible Thesaurus">Thesaurus</a> • <a href="#heb" title="Strong's Hebrew Concordance">Hebrew</a> • <a href="#lib" title="Library">Library</a> • <a href="#sub" title="Subtopics">Subtopics</a> • <a href="#rel" title="Related Terms">Terms</a></div><div id="leftbox"><div class="padleft"><a name="te" id="te"></a><div class="vheading2">Topical Encyclopedia</div>The term "firmament" is derived from the Latin "firmamentum," which translates the Hebrew word "raqia" (רָקִיעַ) found in the Old Testament. The concept of the firmament is introduced in the creation narrative of Genesis and is a significant element in biblical cosmology. Biblical References: 1. <a href="/genesis/1-6.htm">Genesis 1:6-8</a> : "And God said, 'Let there be an expanse between the waters, to separate the waters from the waters.' So God made the expanse and separated the waters beneath it from the waters above. And it was so. God called the expanse 'sky.' And there was evening, and there was morning—the second day." In this passage, the firmament is described as an "expanse" created by God to divide the waters above from the waters below. It is named "sky" and is part of the ordered structure of the universe as established by God during the creation week. 2. <a href="/psalms/19.htm">Psalm 19:1</a> : "The heavens declare the glory of God; the skies proclaim the work of His hands." Here, the firmament is synonymous with the heavens, serving as a testament to God's creative power and glory. The psalmist emphasizes the firmament's role in revealing divine craftsmanship. 3. <a href="/ezekiel/1-22.htm">Ezekiel 1:22</a> : "Spread out above the heads of the living creatures was the likeness of an awesome expanse, gleaming like crystal." In Ezekiel's vision, the firmament is depicted as a majestic and awe-inspiring expanse, illustrating its grandeur and the divine presence associated with it. Theological Significance: The firmament is a key element in understanding the biblical worldview of the cosmos. It represents the ordered separation of the heavens and the earth, reflecting God's sovereignty and intentional design. The firmament is not merely a physical structure but also a symbol of divine authority and the boundary between the earthly and the heavenly realms. Interpretations and Views: Throughout history, interpretations of the firmament have varied. In ancient Near Eastern cosmology, the firmament was often viewed as a solid dome or vault. However, within the biblical context, it is primarily understood as an expanse or space that God created to organize the universe. In conservative Christian theology, the firmament is seen as a literal part of the creation account, affirming the historical and factual nature of the Genesis narrative. It underscores the belief in a purposeful and intelligent design by a sovereign Creator. Role in Creation: The firmament's creation on the second day highlights its foundational role in the structure of the world. By separating the waters, it establishes the environment necessary for life and sets the stage for the subsequent acts of creation. The firmament's existence is a testament to God's meticulous planning and the harmonious order of His creation. Conclusion: The firmament, as described in the Bible, is a profound element of the created order, reflecting God's glory, power, and wisdom. It serves as a constant reminder of the divine craftsmanship that underpins the universe and the purposeful design inherent in all of creation.<a name="eas" id="eas"></a><div class="vheading2">Easton's Bible Dictionary</div>From the Vulgate firmamentum, which is used as the translation of the Hebrew raki'a. This word means simply "expansion." It denotes the space or expanse like an arch appearing immediately above us. They who rendered raki'a by firmamentum regarded it as a solid body. The language of Scripture is not scientific but popular, and hence we read of the sun rising and setting, and also here the use of this particular word. It is plain that it was used to denote solidity as well as expansion. It formed a division between the waters above and the waters below (<a href="/genesis/1-7.htm">Genesis 1:7</a>). The raki'a supported the upper reservoir (<a href="/psalms/148-4.htm">Psalm 148:4</a>). It was the support also of the heavenly bodies (<a href="/genesis/1-14.htm">Genesis 1:14</a>), and is spoken of as having "windows" and "doors" (<a href="/genesis/7-11.htm">Genesis 7:11</a>; <a href="/isaiah/24-18.htm">Isaiah 24:18</a>; <a href="/malachi/3-10.htm">Malachi 3:10</a>) through which the rain and snow might descend. <a name="web" id="web"></a><div class="vheading2">Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary</div>1. (v. & a.) Fixed foundation; established basis.2. (v. & a.) The region of the air; the sky or heavens.3. (v. & a.) The orb of the fixed stars; the most remote of the celestial spheres.<a name="isb" id="isb"></a><div class="vheading2">International Standard Bible Encyclopedia</div>FIRMAMENTfur'-ma-ment. See <a href="../a/astronomy.htm">ASTRONOMY</a>. III, 3.<a name="heb" id="heb"></a><div class="vheading2">Strong's Hebrew</div><a href="/hebrew/7549.htm">7549. raqia -- an extended surface, expanse</a> ... firmament. From raqa'; properly, an expanse, ie The firmament or (apparently) visible arch of the sky -- firmament. see HEBREW raqa'. 7548, 7549. raqia. 7550 ... /hebrew/7549.htm - 6k <a href="/hebrew/7834.htm">7834. shachaq -- dust, cloud</a> ... From shachaq; a powder (as beaten small): by analogy, a thin vapor; by extension, the firmament -- cloud, small dust, heaven, sky. see HEBREW shachaq. ... /hebrew/7834.htm - 6k<a name="lib" id="lib"></a><div class="vheading2">Library</div><a href="/library/aquinas/summa_theologica/whether_the_firmament_was_made.htm">Whether the Firmament was Made on the Second Day?</a> ... ON THE WORK OF THE SECOND DAY (FOUR ARTICLES) Whether the firmament was made on the second day? Objection 1: It would seem that ... /.../aquinas/summa theologica/whether the firmament was made.htm<a href="/library/aquinas/summa_theologica/whether_the_firmament_divides_waters.htm">Whether the Firmament Divides Waters from Waters?</a> ... ON THE WORK OF THE SECOND DAY (FOUR ARTICLES) Whether the firmament divides waters from waters? Objection 1: It would seem that ... /.../aquinas/summa theologica/whether the firmament divides waters.htm<a href="/library/basil/basil_letters_and_select_works/homily_iii_on_the_firmament.htm">On the Firmament.</a> ... Homily III. On the Firmament. ... It lays down the reason necessitating the structure of the firmament: it is, it is said, to separate the waters from the waters. ... /.../basil/basil letters and select works/homily iii on the firmament.htm<a href="/library/aquinas/summa_theologica/whether_there_are_waters_above.htm">Whether There are Waters Above the Firmament?</a> ... ON THE WORK OF THE SECOND DAY (FOUR ARTICLES) Whether there are waters above the firmament? ... Therefore there are not waters above the firmament. ... /.../aquinas/summa theologica/whether there are waters above.htm<a href="/library/augustine/the_confessions_and_letters_of_st/chapter_xv_allegorical_explanation_of_the.htm">Allegorical Explanation of the Firmament and Upper Works, Ver. 6</a> ... Book XIII. Chapter XV."Allegorical Explanation of the Firmament and Upper Works, Ver. 6. 16. Or who but Thou, our God, made for ... /.../the confessions and letters of st/chapter xv allegorical explanation of the.htm<a href="/library/palgrave/the_treasury_of_sacred_song/clxxvi_the_spacious_firmament_on.htm">The Spacious Firmament on High,</a> ... The Treasury of Sacred Song. Book First CLXXVI The spacious firmament on high,. With all the blue ethereal sky, And spangled Heavens, a shining frame,. ... /.../palgrave/the treasury of sacred song/clxxvi the spacious firmament on.htm<a href="/library/augustine/the_confessions_of_saint_augustine/chapter_xv_or_who_except.htm">Or Who, Except Thou, Our God, Made for us that Firmament of ...</a> ... Book XIII Chapter XV Or who, except Thou, our God, made for us that firmament of authority over us? Or who, except Thou, our God ... /.../augustine/the confessions of saint augustine/chapter xv or who except.htm<a href="/library/augustine/the_confessions_and_letters_of_st/chapter_xix_all_men_should_become.htm">All Men Should Become Lights in the Firmament of Heaven.</a> ... Book XIII. Chapter XIX."All Men Should Become Lights in the Firmament of Heaven. 24. But first, "Wash you, make you clean;" [1315 ... /.../the confessions and letters of st/chapter xix all men should become.htm<a href="/library/augustine/the_confessions_and_letters_of_st/chapter_xiii_of_the_intellectual_heaven.htm">Of the Intellectual Heaven and Formless Earth, Out of Which, on ...</a> ... Book XII. Chapter XIII."Of the Intellectual Heaven and Formless Earth, Out of Which, on Another Day, the Firmament Was Formed. 16. ... /.../the confessions and letters of st/chapter xiii of the intellectual heaven.htm<a href="/library/various/the_hymnal_of_the_protestant_episcopal_church_in_the_usa/sundays_after_trinity_praise_and_4.htm">the Spacious Firmament on High</a> ... II. THE CHRISTIAN YEAR Sundays after Trinity: Praise and Adoration 252. The spacious firmament on high. LMD ... Joseph Addison, 1712. The spacious firmament on high, ... /.../sundays after trinity praise and 4.htm<a name="thes" id="thes"></a><div class="vheading2">Thesaurus</div><a href="/topical/f/firmament.htm">Firmament (17 Occurrences)</a> ... Int. Standard Bible Encyclopedia. FIRMAMENT. fur'-ma-ment. See ASTRONOMY. III, 3. Multi-Version Concordance Firmament (17 Occurrences). ... /f/firmament.htm - 13k<a href="/topical/h/heaven.htm">Heaven (653 Occurrences)</a> ... (a) The firmament, as "fowls of the heaven" (Genesis 2:19; 7:3, 23; Psalm 8:8, etc.), "the eagles of heaven" (Lamentations 4:19), etc. ... /h/heaven.htm - 72k<a href="/topical/f/forces.htm">Forces (123 Occurrences)</a> ... 29 "But immediately after those times of distress the sun will be darkened, the moon will not shed her light, the stars will fall from the firmament, and the ... /f/forces.htm - 39k<a href="/topical/d/disordered.htm">Disordered (4 Occurrences)</a> ... 29 "But immediately after those times of distress the sun will be darkened, the moon will not shed her light, the stars will fall from the firmament, and the ... /d/disordered.htm - 8k<a href="/topical/d/disturbed.htm">Disturbed (30 Occurrences)</a> ... 29 "But immediately after those times of distress the sun will be darkened, the moon will not shed her light, the stars will fall from the firmament, and the ... /d/disturbed.htm - 15k<a href="/topical/a/air.htm">Air (74 Occurrences)</a> ... the air." The Hebrew word is usually rendered "heaven" or "heavens." According to ancient Hebrew cosmogony the sky was a solid dome (firmament) stretching over ... /a/air.htm - 34k<a href="/topical/c/cosmological.htm">Cosmological</a> ... "The world is a solid expanse of earth, surrounded by and resting on a world-ocean, and surmounted by a rigid vault called the `firmament,' above which the ... /c/cosmological.htm - 33k<a href="/topical/w/world.htm">World (2829 Occurrences)</a> ... "The world is a solid expanse of earth, surrounded by and resting on a world-ocean, and surmounted by a rigid vault called the `firmament,' above which the ... /w/world.htm - 40k<a href="/topical/l/libraries.htm">Libraries</a> ... To the ancient Babylonians the whole firmament was a library of "celestial tablets." The mythological ideas often have important bearing on Biblical doctrines ... /l/libraries.htm - 38k<a href="/topical/l/lift.htm">Lift (283 Occurrences)</a> ... Noah Webster's Dictionary 1. (n.) The sky; the atmosphere; the firmament. 2. (vt) To move in a direction opposite to that of gravitation ... /l/lift.htm - 41k<a name="res" id="res"></a><div class="vheading2">Resources</div><a href="https://www.gotquestions.org/firmament-Bible.html">What was the firmament in the Bible? | GotQuestions.org</a> <a href="https://www.gotquestions.org/canopy-theory.html">What is the canopy theory? | GotQuestions.org</a> <a href="https://www.gotquestions.org/rained-before-flood.html">Had it ever rained before the Flood in Noah's day? | GotQuestions.org</a> <a href="https://clyx.com/term/firmament.htm">Firmament: Dictionary and Thesaurus | Clyx.com</a> <a href="/concordance/">Bible Concordance</a> • <a href="/dictionary/">Bible Dictionary</a> • <a href="/encyclopedia/">Bible Encyclopedia</a> • <a href="/topical/">Topical Bible</a> • <a href="/thesaurus/">Bible Thesuarus</a></div></div><div id="centbox"><div class="padcent"><a name="cnc" id="cnc"></a><div class="vheading2">Concordance</div>Firmament (17 Occurrences)<a href="/matthew/24-29.htm">Matthew 24:29</a> "But immediately after those times of distress the sun will be darkened, the moon will not shed her light, the stars will fall from the firmament, and the forces which control the heavens will be disordered and disturbed. (WEY)<a href="/mark/13-25.htm">Mark 13:25</a> the stars will be seen falling from the firmament, and the forces which are in the heavens will be disordered and disturbed. (WEY)<a href="/genesis/1-6.htm">Genesis 1:6</a> And God said, Let there be a firmament in the midst of the waters, and let it divide the waters from the waters. (KJV JPS ASV WBS RSV)<a href="/genesis/1-7.htm">Genesis 1:7</a> And God made the firmament, and divided the waters which were under the firmament from the waters which were above the firmament: and it was so. (KJV JPS ASV WBS RSV)<a href="/genesis/1-8.htm">Genesis 1:8</a> And God called the firmament Heaven. And the evening and the morning were the second day. (KJV JPS ASV WBS RSV)<a href="/genesis/1-14.htm">Genesis 1:14</a> And God said, Let there be lights in the firmament of the heaven to divide the day from the night; and let them be for signs, and for seasons, and for days, and years: (KJV JPS ASV WBS RSV)<a href="/genesis/1-15.htm">Genesis 1:15</a> And let them be for lights in the firmament of the heaven to give light upon the earth: and it was so. (KJV JPS ASV WBS RSV)<a href="/genesis/1-17.htm">Genesis 1:17</a> And God set them in the firmament of the heaven to give light upon the earth, (KJV JPS ASV WBS RSV)<a href="/genesis/1-20.htm">Genesis 1:20</a> And God said, Let the waters bring forth abundantly the moving creature that hath life, and fowl that may fly above the earth in the open firmament of heaven. (KJV JPS ASV WBS RSV)<a href="/psalms/19-1.htm">Psalms 19:1</a> The heavens declare the glory of God; and the firmament sheweth his handywork. (KJV ASV WBS RSV)<a href="/psalms/150-1.htm">Psalms 150:1</a> Praise ye the LORD. Praise God in his sanctuary: praise him in the firmament of his power. (KJV JPS ASV DBY WBS RSV)<a href="/ezekiel/1-22.htm">Ezekiel 1:22</a> And the likeness of the firmament upon the heads of the living creature was as the colour of the terrible crystal, stretched forth over their heads above. (KJV JPS ASV WBS RSV)<a href="/ezekiel/1-23.htm">Ezekiel 1:23</a> And under the firmament were their wings straight, the one toward the other: every one had two, which covered on this side, and every one had two, which covered on that side, their bodies. (KJV JPS ASV WBS RSV)<a href="/ezekiel/1-25.htm">Ezekiel 1:25</a> And there was a voice from the firmament that was over their heads, when they stood, and had let down their wings. (KJV JPS ASV WBS RSV)<a href="/ezekiel/1-26.htm">Ezekiel 1:26</a> And above the firmament that was over their heads was the likeness of a throne, as the appearance of a sapphire stone: and upon the likeness of the throne was the likeness as the appearance of a man above upon it. (KJV JPS ASV WBS RSV)<a href="/ezekiel/10-1.htm">Ezekiel 10:1</a> Then I looked, and, behold, in the firmament that was above the head of the cherubims there appeared over them as it were a sapphire stone, as the appearance of the likeness of a throne. (KJV JPS ASV WBS RSV)<a href="/daniel/12-3.htm">Daniel 12:3</a> And they that be wise shall shine as the brightness of the firmament; and they that turn many to righteousness as the stars for ever and ever. (KJV JPS ASV WBS RSV)<a name="sub" id="sub"></a><div class="vheading2">Subtopics</div><a href="/topical/f/firmament.htm">Firmament</a><a href="/topical/naves/f/firmament--the_expanse_above_the_earth.htm">Firmament: The Expanse Above the Earth</a><a name="rel" id="rel"></a><div class="vheading2">Related Terms</div><a href="/topical/h/heaven.htm">Heaven (653 Occurrences)</a><a href="/topical/f/forces.htm">Forces (123 Occurrences)</a><a href="/topical/d/disordered.htm">Disordered (4 Occurrences)</a><a href="/topical/d/disturbed.htm">Disturbed (30 Occurrences)</a><a href="/topical/a/air.htm">Air (74 Occurrences)</a><a href="/topical/c/cosmological.htm">Cosmological</a><a href="/topical/w/world.htm">World (2829 Occurrences)</a><a href="/topical/l/libraries.htm">Libraries</a><a href="/topical/l/lift.htm">Lift (283 Occurrences)</a><a href="/topical/w/with.htm">With (66342 Occurrences)</a><a href="/topical/f/firmer.htm">Firmer (1 Occurrence)</a><a href="/topical/d/distress.htm">Distress (169 Occurrences)</a><a href="/topical/p/pole.htm">Pole (21 Occurrences)</a><a href="/topical/c/cherubims.htm">Cherubims (19 Occurrences)</a><a href="/topical/c/control.htm">Control (88 Occurrences)</a><a href="/topical/c/conformable.htm">Conformable (2 Occurrences)</a><a href="/topical/a/astronomy.htm">Astronomy</a><a href="/topical/a/apocrypha.htm">Apocrypha</a><a href="/topical/s/showeth.htm">Showeth (20 Occurrences)</a><a href="/topical/s/shed.htm">Shed (73 Occurrences)</a><a href="/topical/s/sky.htm">Sky (278 Occurrences)</a><a href="/topical/s/sheweth.htm">Sheweth (34 Occurrences)</a><a href="/topical/t/teaching.htm">Teaching (372 Occurrences)</a><a href="/topical/m/moving.htm">Moving (117 Occurrences)</a><a href="/topical/t/teacher.htm">Teacher (103 Occurrences)</a><a href="/topical/t/teach.htm">Teach (172 Occurrences)</a><a href="/topical/f/fowl.htm">Fowl (73 Occurrences)</a><a href="/topical/c/cherubim.htm">Cherubim (63 Occurrences)</a><a href="/topical/j/jah.htm">Jah (44 Occurrences)</a><a href="/topical/h/handywork.htm">Handywork (1 Occurrence)</a><a href="/topical/c/colour.htm">Colour (22 Occurrences)</a><a href="/topical/a/adoration.htm">Adoration</a><a href="/topical/l/light.htm">Light (2869 Occurrences)</a><a href="/topical/a/abundantly.htm">Abundantly (73 Occurrences)</a><a href="/topical/p/purity.htm">Purity (16 Occurrences)</a><a href="/topical/f/firm.htm">Firm (111 Occurrences)</a><a href="/topical/s/set.htm">Set (6715 Occurrences)</a><a href="/topical/m/midst.htm">Midst (657 Occurrences)</a><a href="/topical/c/creatures.htm">Creatures (83 Occurrences)</a><a href="/topical/t/terrible.htm">Terrible (90 Occurrences)</a><a href="/topical/g/glory.htm">Glory (590 Occurrences)</a><a href="/topical/c/color.htm">Color (18 Occurrences)</a><a href="/topical/a/assyria.htm">Assyria (124 Occurrences)</a><a href="/topical/h/hallelujah.htm">Hallelujah (26 Occurrences)</a><a href="/topical/j/jesus.htm">Jesus (10891 Occurrences)</a><a href="/topical/o/old.htm">Old (3966 Occurrences)</a><a href="/topical/t/testament.htm">Testament (13 Occurrences)</a><a href="/topical/a/adam.htm">Adam (29 Occurrences)</a><a href="/topical/e/ethics.htm">Ethics</a></div></div></td></tr></table></div><div id="left"><a href="/topical/f/firm_foundation.htm" onmouseover='lft.src="/leftgif.png"' onmouseout='lft.src="/left.png"' title="Firm Foundation"><img src="/left.png" name="lft" border="0" alt="Firm Foundation" /></a></div><div id="right"><a href="/topical/naves/f/firmament--the_expanse_above_the_earth.htm" onmouseover='rght.src="/rightgif.png"' onmouseout='rght.src="/right.png"' title="Firmament: The Expanse Above the Earth"><img src="/right.png" name="rght" border="0" alt="Firmament: The Expanse Above the Earth" /></a></div><div id="botleft"><a href="#" onmouseover='botleft.src="/botleftgif.png"' onmouseout='botleft.src="/botleft.png"' title="Top of Page"><img src="/botleft.png" name="botleft" border="0" alt="Top of Page" /></a></div><div id="botright"><a href="#" onmouseover='botright.src="/botrightgif.png"' onmouseout='botright.src="/botright.png"' title="Top of Page"><img src="/botright.png" name="botright" border="0" alt="Top of Page" /></a></div> <div id="mdd"><div align="center"><div class="bot2"><table align="center" width="100%"><tr><td><div align="center"><script id="3d27ed63fc4348d5b062c4527ae09445"> (new Image()).src = 'https://capi.connatix.com/tr/si?token=51ce25d5-1a8c-424a-8695-4bd48c750f35&cid=3a9f82d0-4344-4f8d-ac0c-e1a0eb43a405'; 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