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<span>Geography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Geology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ecology_and_climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ecology_and_climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Ecology and climate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ecology_and_climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Indigenous_people" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indigenous_people"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Indigenous people</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indigenous_people-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-European_exploration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#European_exploration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>European exploration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-European_exploration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Settlement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Settlement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Settlement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Settlement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Economy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Economy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Industry_and_development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Industry_and_development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Industry and development</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Industry_and_development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tourism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tourism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Tourism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tourism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hazards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hazards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Hazards</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hazards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Rocky Mountains</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 144 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-144" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">144 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotsgebergte" title="Rotsgebergte – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Rotsgebergte" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocky_Mountains" title="Rocky Mountains – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Rocky Mountains" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%AE%E1%8A%AA_%E1%89%B0%E1%88%AB%E1%88%AE%E1%89%BD" title="ሮኪ ተራሮች – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ሮኪ ተራሮች" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%83%D9%8A" title="جبال روكي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جبال روكي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montanyas_Rocosas" title="Montanyas Rocosas – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Montanyas Rocosas" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BF_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE" title="ৰকি পৰ্বতমালা – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="ৰকি পৰ্বতমালা" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montes_Rocosos" title="Montes Rocosos – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Montes Rocosos" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A4" title="रॉकी पर्वत – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="रॉकी पर्वत" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अवधी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yvytyguasuku%C3%A9ra_Henyh%E1%BA%BDva_It%C3%A1gui" title="Yvytyguasukuéra Henyhẽva Itágui – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Yvytyguasukuéra Henyhẽva Itágui" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8C%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB_%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B3%D3%80%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BB" title="Кьурахарал мугӀрул – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Кьурахарал мугӀрул" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qayal%C4%B1_da%C4%9Flar" title="Qayalı dağlar – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Qayalı dağlar" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%DA%A9%DB%8C_%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%BA%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="راکی داغلاری – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="راکی داغلاری" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BF_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE" title="রকি পর্বতমালা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="রকি পর্বতমালা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocky_Soa%E2%81%BF-me%CC%8Dh" title="Rocky Soaⁿ-me̍h – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Rocky Soaⁿ-me̍h" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%A0%D0%B0%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%8B_%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%83%D2%99%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Ҡаялы тауҙар – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Ҡаялы тауҙар" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Скалістыя горы – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Скалістыя горы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Скалістыя горы – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Скалістыя горы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%A4" title="रॉकी परबत – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="रॉकी परबत" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabukidan_kan_Rocky" title="Kabukidan kan Rocky – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Kabukidan kan Rocky" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Скалисти планини – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Скалисти планини" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocky_Mountains" title="Rocky Mountains – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Rocky Mountains" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stjenovite_planine" title="Stjenovite planine – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Stjenovite planine" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menezio%C3%B9_Roc%27hellek" title="Menezioù Roc'hellek – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Menezioù Roc'hellek" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%82%D0%B0_%D1%83%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Хабсагайта уула – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Хабсагайта уула" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muntanyes_Rocoses" title="Muntanyes Rocoses – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Muntanyes Rocoses" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocky_Mountains_(kabukiran_sa_Tinipong_Bansa)" title="Rocky Mountains (kabukiran sa Tinipong Bansa) – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Rocky Mountains (kabukiran sa Tinipong Bansa)" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skalnat%C3%A9_hory" title="Skalnaté hory – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Skalnaté hory" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muntagni_Rucciosi" title="Muntagni Rucciosi – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Muntagni Rucciosi" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rockies" title="Rockies – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Rockies" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocky_Mountains" title="Rocky Mountains – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Rocky Mountains" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocky_Mountains" title="Rocky Mountains – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Rocky Mountains" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ts%C3%A9deeshzha_Dzi%C5%82" title="Tsédeeshzha Dził – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Tsédeeshzha Dził" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Diné bizaad</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaljum%C3%A4estik" title="Kaljumäestik – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kaljumäestik" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%87%CF%8E%CE%B4%CE%B7_%CE%8C%CF%81%CE%B7" title="Βραχώδη Όρη – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Βραχώδη Όρη" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monta%C3%B1as_Rocosas" title="Montañas Rocosas – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Montañas Rocosas" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roka_Montaro" title="Roka Montaro – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Roka Montaro" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mendi_Harritsuak" title="Mendi Harritsuak – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Mendi Harritsuak" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%B1%D8%A7%DA%A9%DB%8C" title="کوه‌های راکی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کوه‌های راکی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocky_Mountains" title="Rocky Mountains – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Rocky Mountains" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klettafj%C3%B8ll" title="Klettafjøll – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Klettafjøll" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montagnes_Rocheuses" title="Montagnes Rocheuses – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Montagnes Rocheuses" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocky_Mountains" title="Rocky Mountains – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Rocky Mountains" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Na_Sl%C3%A9ibhte_Creagacha" title="Na Sléibhte Creagacha – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Na Sléibhte Creagacha" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Na_Beanntan_Creagach" title="Na Beanntan Creagach – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Na Beanntan Creagach" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monta%C3%B1as_Rochosas" title="Montañas Rochosas – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Montañas Rochosas" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocky_S%C3%A2n-mak" title="Rocky Sân-mak – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Rocky Sân-mak" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A1%9C%ED%82%A4%EC%82%B0%EB%A7%A5" title="로키산맥 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="로키산맥" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BA%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%BC%D5%B8%D5%BF_%D5%AC%D5%A5%D5%BC%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Ժայռոտ լեռներ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ժայռոտ լեռներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE" title="रॉकी पर्वत शृंखला – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="रॉकी पर्वत शृंखला" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stjenjak" title="Stjenjak – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Stjenjak" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rokoza_Monti" title="Rokoza Monti – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Rokoza Monti" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nabato_a_Banbantay" title="Nabato a Banbantay – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Nabato a Banbantay" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pegunungan_Rocky" title="Pegunungan Rocky – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pegunungan Rocky" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montanias_Roccose" title="Montanias Roccose – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Montanias Roccose" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8A%C3%A6%D0%B4%D0%B7%C3%A6%D1%85%D0%B4%D0%B6%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D1%85%C3%A6%D1%85%D1%82%C3%A6" title="Къæдзæхджын хæхтæ – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Къæдзæхджын хæхтæ" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klettafj%C3%B6ll" title="Klettafjöll – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Klettafjöll" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montagne_Rocciose" title="Montagne Rocciose – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Montagne Rocciose" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%99_%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A7%D7%99" title="הרי הרוקי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הרי הרוקי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagunungan_Rocky" title="Pagunungan Rocky – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Pagunungan Rocky" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8A%D0%B0%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%8B_%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Къаялы таула – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Къаялы таула" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Къарачай-малкъар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%9A%E1%83%93%E1%83%9D%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%97%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="კლდოვანი მთები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="კლდოვანი მთები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D2%A3%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%80_%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Сеңгір таулары – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Сеңгір таулары" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menydhyow_Karnek" title="Menydhyow Karnek – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Menydhyow Karnek" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocky_Mountains" title="Rocky Mountains – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Rocky Mountains" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montangn_Roch%C3%A9z" title="Montangn Rochéz – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Montangn Rochéz" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87iyay%C3%AAn_Zinar%C3%AE" title="Çiyayên Zinarî – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Çiyayên Zinarî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%83_%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Аскалуу тоолор – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Аскалуу тоолор" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocky_Mountains" title="Rocky Mountains – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Rocky Mountains" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montes_Saxosi" title="Montes Saxosi – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Montes Saxosi" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klin%C5%A1u_kalni" title="Klinšu kalni – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Klinšu kalni" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocky_Mountains" title="Rocky Mountains – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Rocky Mountains" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Рагар авай сувар – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Рагар авай сувар" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uoliniai_kalnai" title="Uoliniai kalnai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Uoliniai kalnai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocosas" title="Rocosas – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Rocosas" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muntagn_Rucius" title="Muntagn Rucius – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Muntagn Rucius" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szikl%C3%A1s-hegys%C3%A9g" title="Sziklás-hegység – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Sziklás-hegység" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Карпести Планини – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Карпести Планини" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BF_%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%BE" title="റോക്കി മലനിരകൾ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="റോക്കി മലനിരകൾ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97" title="रॉकी पर्वतरांग – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="रॉकी पर्वतरांग" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98_%E1%83%92%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98" title="კირდეამი გვალეფი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="კირდეამი გვალეფი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%83%D9%89" title="جبال روكى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جبال روكى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banjaran_Rocky" title="Banjaran Rocky – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Banjaran Rocky" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%82_%D1%83%D1%83%D0%BB" title="Хадат уул – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Хадат уул" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9B%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B7%E1%80%80%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8_%E1%80%90%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%90%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8" title="ရော့ကီး တောင်တန်း – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ရော့ကီး တောင်တန်း" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocky_Mountains" title="Rocky Mountains – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Rocky Mountains" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A4" title="रक्की पर्वत – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="रक्की पर्वत" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AD%E3%83%83%E3%82%AD%E3%83%BC%E5%B1%B1%E8%84%88" title="ロッキー山脈 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ロッキー山脈" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%8C%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%88" title="Тархийн лаьмнаш – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Тархийн лаьмнаш" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocky_Mountains" title="Rocky Mountains – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Rocky Mountains" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocky_Mountains" title="Rocky Mountains – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Rocky Mountains" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocky_Mountains" title="Rocky Mountains – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Rocky Mountains" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montangnes_Rotcheuses" title="Montangnes Rotcheuses – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Montangnes Rotcheuses" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montanhas_Rocosas" title="Montanhas Rocosas – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Montanhas Rocosas" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D2%A5%D0%B3%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Саҥга курык – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Саҥга курык" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qoyali_tog%CA%BBlar" title="Qoyali togʻlar – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Qoyali togʻlar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%8C%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%AA%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%BE%E0%A9%9C" title="ਰੌਕੀ ਪਹਾੜ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਰੌਕੀ ਪਹਾੜ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%DA%A9%DB%8C_%D9%BE%DB%81%D8%A7%DA%91" title="روکی پہاڑ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="روکی پہاڑ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montagne_Rocose" title="Montagne Rocose – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Montagne Rocose" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocky_Mountains" title="Rocky Mountains – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Rocky Mountains" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B3ry_Skaliste" title="Góry Skaliste – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Góry Skaliste" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montanhas_Rochosas" title="Montanhas Rochosas – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Montanhas Rochosas" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qayal%C4%B1_da%C4%9Flar" title="Qayalı dağlar – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Qayalı dağlar" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mun%C8%9Bii_St%C3%A2nco%C8%99i" title="Munții Stâncoși – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Munții Stâncoși" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8B_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Скалисты горы – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Скалисты горы" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Скалистые горы – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Скалистые горы" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montes_Rocosos" title="Montes Rocosos – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Montes Rocosos" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocky_Moontains" title="Rocky Moontains – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Rocky Moontains" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malet_Shk%C3%ABmbore" title="Malet Shkëmbore – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Malet Shkëmbore" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muntagni_Rucciusi" title="Muntagni Rucciusi – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Muntagni Rucciusi" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocky_Mountains" title="Rocky Mountains – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Rocky Mountains" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%DA%AA%D9%8A%D8%B2" title="راڪيز – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="راڪيز" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skalnat%C3%A9_vrchy" title="Skalnaté vrchy – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Skalnaté vrchy" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skalno_gorovje" title="Skalno gorovje – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Skalno gorovje" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%86%D8%AC%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%95%DA%86%DB%8C%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%DA%95%DB%86%DA%A9%DB%8C" title="زنجیرەچیاکانی ڕۆکی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="زنجیرەچیاکانی ڕۆکی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Стеновите планине – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Стеновите планине" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stjenovite_planine" title="Stjenovite planine – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Stjenovite planine" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalliovuoret" title="Kalliovuoret – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kalliovuoret" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klippiga_bergen" title="Klippiga bergen – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Klippiga bergen" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulubunduking_Rocky" title="Bulubunduking Rocky – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Bulubunduking Rocky" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D" title="ராக்கி மலைத்தொடர் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ராக்கி மலைத்தொடர்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idurar_n_%E1%B9%9Auky" title="Idurar n Ṛuky – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Idurar n Ṛuky" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-tara mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-tara.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mundagne_Rocciose" title="Mundagne Rocciose – Tarantino" lang="nap-x-tara" hreflang="nap-x-tara" data-title="Mundagne Rocciose" data-language-autonym="Tarandíne" data-language-local-name="Tarantino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tarandíne</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8B%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%8B_%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Кыялы таулар – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Кыялы таулар" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%80_%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%81" title="రాకీ పర్వతాలు – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="రాకీ పర్వతాలు" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B5" title="เทือกเขาร็อกกี – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เทือกเขาร็อกกี" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D3%AF%D2%B3%D2%B3%D0%BE%D0%B8_%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3" title="Кӯҳҳои Серхарсанг – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Кӯҳҳои Серхарсанг" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chy mw-list-item"><a href="https://chy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ho%27hon%C3%A1%C3%A1%27e_Ts%C3%A9%27amoo%27%C3%AAse" title="Ho'honáá'e Tsé'amoo'êse – Cheyenne" lang="chy" hreflang="chy" data-title="Ho'honáá'e Tsé'amoo'êse" data-language-autonym="Tsetsêhestâhese" data-language-local-name="Cheyenne" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tsetsêhestâhese</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocky_Da%C4%9Flar%C4%B1" title="Rocky Dağları – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Rocky Dağları" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ga%C3%BDalyk_daglar" title="Gaýalyk daglar – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Gaýalyk daglar" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%81%D1%82%D1%96_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Скелясті гори – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Скелясті гори" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%84%DB%81_%DA%A9%D9%88%DB%81_%D8%B1%D8%A7%DA%A9%DB%8C" title="سلسلہ کوہ راکی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="سلسلہ کوہ راکی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D9%89%D9%8A%D9%89%D9%84%D9%89%D9%82_%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%BA%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="قىيىلىق تاغلار – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="قىيىلىق تاغلار" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montagne_Rocioze" title="Montagne Rocioze – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Montagne Rocioze" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kall%27oikahad_m%C3%A4ged" title="Kall'oikahad mäged – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Kall'oikahad mäged" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A3y_n%C3%BAi_Rocky" title="Dãy núi Rocky – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Dãy núi Rocky" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%90%BD%E7%A3%AF%E5%B1%B1" title="落磯山 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="落磯山" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabubkiran_Rocky" title="Kabubkiran Rocky – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Kabubkiran Rocky" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B4%9B%E5%9F%BA%E5%B1%B1%E8%84%89" title="洛基山脉 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="洛基山脉" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%A7%D7%99_%D7%91%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%92" title="ראקי בערג – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="ראקי בערג" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B4%9B%E7%A3%AF%E5%B1%B1%E8%84%88" title="洛磯山脈 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="洛磯山脈" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a 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href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Rocky_Mountains&params=43.741_N_110.802_W_type:mountain_scale:24140100"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">43°44′28″N</span> <span class="longitude">110°48′07″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">43.741°N 110.802°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">43.741; -110.802</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Major mountain range in western North America</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Rocky Mountain" and "Rockies" redirect here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Rocky_Mountain_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Rocky Mountain (disambiguation)">Rocky Mountain (disambiguation)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rockies_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Rockies (disambiguation)">Rockies (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard" style="width:24.5em; line-height:1.5em;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org" style="background-color: #E7DCC3;color:#000;">Rocky Mountains</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader nickname">The Rockies (<a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">en</a>), <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Les montagnes Rocheuses</i></span> (<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">fr</a>), <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">Montañas Rocosas</i></span>, <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">Rocallosas</i></span> (<a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">es</a>)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="padding: 0.3em 0.2em 0.2em 0.2em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Moraine_Lake_17092005.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Moraine_Lake_17092005.jpg/272px-Moraine_Lake_17092005.jpg" decoding="async" width="272" height="204" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Moraine_Lake_17092005.jpg/408px-Moraine_Lake_17092005.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Moraine_Lake_17092005.jpg/544px-Moraine_Lake_17092005.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="padding: 0.2em 0em;">Moraine Lake and the Valley of the Ten Peaks, Banff National Park, Alberta, Canada</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #E7DCC3;color:#000;">Highest point</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Peak</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mount_Elbert" title="Mount Elbert">Mount Elbert</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Summit" title="Summit">Elevation</a></th><td class="infobox-data">14,440 feet (4401.2 m)<sup id="cite_ref-NGS_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NGS-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Rocky_Mountains&params=39_07_03.9_N_106_26_43.2_W_region:US-CO_type:mountain&title=Mount+Elbert"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">39°07′03.9″N</span> <span class="longitude">106°26′43.2″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="vcard"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">39.117750°N 106.445333°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">39.117750; -106.445333</span></span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="fn org">Mount Elbert</span>)</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #E7DCC3;color:#000;">Dimensions</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Length</th><td class="infobox-data">3,000 mi (4,800 km)(<a href="/wiki/Great-circle_distance" title="Great-circle distance">straight-line distance</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Area</th><td class="infobox-data">300,000 sq mi (780,000 km<sup>2</sup>)<sup id="cite_ref-britkids_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britkids-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #E7DCC3;color:#000;">Geography</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div style="padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.2em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:RockyMountains-Range.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/RockyMountains-Range.svg/280px-RockyMountains-Range.svg.png" decoding="async" width="280" height="279" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/RockyMountains-Range.svg/420px-RockyMountains-Range.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/RockyMountains-Range.svg/560px-RockyMountains-Range.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1712" data-file-height="1708" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Countries</th><td class="infobox-data label"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Canada</li><li>United States</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Provinces/States</th><td class="infobox-data label"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">British Columbia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Alberta" title="Alberta">Alberta</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Washington_(state)" title="Washington (state)">Washington</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Idaho" title="Idaho">Idaho</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Montana" title="Montana">Montana</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Wyoming" title="Wyoming">Wyoming</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Utah" title="Utah">Utah</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Colorado" title="Colorado">Colorado</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/New_Mexico" title="New Mexico">New Mexico</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Range coordinates</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Rocky_Mountains&params=43.741_N_110.802_W_type:mountain_scale:24140100"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">43°44′28″N</span> <span class="longitude">110°48′07″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">43.741°N 110.802°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">43.741; -110.802</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Mountain_range" title="Mountain range"><span class="nowrap">Parent range</span></a></th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/North_American_Cordillera" title="North American Cordillera">North American Cordillera</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #E7DCC3;color:#000;">Geology</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Geological_time_scale" class="mw-redirect" title="Geological time scale">Rock ages</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Precambrian</li><li>Cretaceous</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_rock_types" title="List of rock types">Rock types</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Igneous_rock" title="Igneous rock">Igneous</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Sedimentary_rock" title="Sedimentary rock">sedimentary</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Metamorphic_rock" title="Metamorphic rock">metamorphic</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Rocky Mountains</b>, also known as the <b>Rockies</b>, are a major <a href="/wiki/Mountain_range" title="Mountain range">mountain range</a> and the largest mountain system in <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a>. The Rocky Mountains stretch 3,000 miles (4,800 kilometers)<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in <a href="/wiki/Great-circle_distance" title="Great-circle distance">straight-line distance</a> from the northernmost part of <a href="/wiki/Western_Canada" title="Western Canada">Western Canada</a>, to <a href="/wiki/New_Mexico" title="New Mexico">New Mexico</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Southwestern_United_States" title="Southwestern United States">Southwestern United States</a>. Depending on differing definitions between <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> and the U.S., its northern terminus is located either in northern <a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">British Columbia</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Terminal_Range" title="Terminal Range">Terminal Range</a> south of the <a href="/wiki/Liard_River" title="Liard River">Liard River</a> and east of <a href="/wiki/Rocky_Mountain_Trench" title="Rocky Mountain Trench">the Trench</a>, or in the northeastern <a href="/wiki/Foothill" class="mw-redirect" title="Foothill">foothills</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Brooks_Range" title="Brooks Range">Brooks Range</a>/<a href="/wiki/British_Mountains" class="mw-redirect" title="British Mountains">British Mountains</a> that face the <a href="/wiki/Beaufort_Sea" title="Beaufort Sea">Beaufort Sea</a> coasts between the <a href="/wiki/Canning_River_(Alaska)" title="Canning River (Alaska)">Canning River</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Firth_River" title="Firth River">Firth River</a> across the <a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a>-<a href="/wiki/Yukon" title="Yukon">Yukon</a> border.<sup id="cite_ref-Geology_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Geology-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its southernmost point is near the <a href="/wiki/Albuquerque_metropolitan_area" title="Albuquerque metropolitan area">Albuquerque area</a> adjacent to the <a href="/wiki/Rio_Grande_rift" title="Rio Grande rift">Rio Grande rift</a> and north of the <a href="/wiki/Sandia%E2%80%93Manzano_Mountains" title="Sandia–Manzano Mountains">Sandia–Manzano Mountain Range</a>. Being the easternmost portion of the <a href="/wiki/North_American_Cordillera" title="North American Cordillera">North American Cordillera</a>, the Rockies are distinct from the tectonically younger <a href="/wiki/Cascade_Range" title="Cascade Range">Cascade Range</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Nevada_(U.S.)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sierra Nevada (U.S.)">Sierra Nevada</a>, which both lie farther to its west. </p><p>The Rockies formed 55 million to 80 million years ago during the <a href="/wiki/Laramide_orogeny" title="Laramide orogeny">Laramide orogeny</a>, in which a number of plates began sliding underneath the <a href="/wiki/North_American_plate" title="North American plate">North American plate</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="I think this is no longer accepted as proven/accurate as of 2024, but either way, it needs a current citation (November 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The angle of <a href="/wiki/Subduction" title="Subduction">subduction</a> was shallow, resulting in a broad belt of mountains running down western North America.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="As above, not sure this is accurate anymore and either way, it needs a citation (November 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Since then, further tectonic activity and erosion by glaciers have sculpted the Rockies into dramatic peaks and valleys. At the end of the <a href="/wiki/Quaternary_glaciation" title="Quaternary glaciation">last ice age</a>, humans began inhabiting the mountain range. After explorations of the range by Europeans, such as <a href="/wiki/Sir_Alexander_Mackenzie" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Alexander Mackenzie">Sir Alexander Mackenzie</a>, and Anglo-Americans, such as the <a href="/wiki/Lewis_and_Clark_Expedition" title="Lewis and Clark Expedition">Lewis and Clark Expedition</a>, natural resources such as minerals and fur drove the initial economic exploitation of the mountains, although the range itself has never experienced a dense population. </p><p>Most of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_mountain_peaks_of_the_Rocky_Mountains" title="List of mountain peaks of the Rocky Mountains">highest summits of the Rocky Mountains</a> are in <a href="/wiki/Colorado" title="Colorado">Colorado</a>, with that state <a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_and_territories_by_elevation" title="List of U.S. states and territories by elevation">having an average elevation</a> in excess of 2,000 metres (6,600 ft). Public parks and forest lands protect much of the mountain range, and they are popular tourist destinations, especially for <a href="/wiki/Hiking" title="Hiking">hiking</a>, <a href="/wiki/Camping" title="Camping">camping</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mountaineering" title="Mountaineering">mountaineering</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fishing" title="Fishing">fishing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hunting" title="Hunting">hunting</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mountain_biking" title="Mountain biking">mountain biking</a>, <a href="/wiki/Snowmobiling" class="mw-redirect" title="Snowmobiling">snowmobiling</a>, <a href="/wiki/Skiing" title="Skiing">skiing</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Snowboarding" title="Snowboarding">snowboarding</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rocky_Mountains&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Southern_Terminus_of_the_Rocky_Mountains_from_the_Sandia_Mountains_of_North_Central_NM.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/2d/Southern_Terminus_of_the_Rocky_Mountains_from_the_Sandia_Mountains_of_North_Central_NM.jpg/220px-Southern_Terminus_of_the_Rocky_Mountains_from_the_Sandia_Mountains_of_North_Central_NM.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/2d/Southern_Terminus_of_the_Rocky_Mountains_from_the_Sandia_Mountains_of_North_Central_NM.jpg/330px-Southern_Terminus_of_the_Rocky_Mountains_from_the_Sandia_Mountains_of_North_Central_NM.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/2d/Southern_Terminus_of_the_Rocky_Mountains_from_the_Sandia_Mountains_of_North_Central_NM.jpg/440px-Southern_Terminus_of_the_Rocky_Mountains_from_the_Sandia_Mountains_of_North_Central_NM.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4624" data-file-height="2601" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Santa_Fe_Mountains" class="mw-redirect" title="Santa Fe Mountains">Santa Fe Mountains</a> at the southern end of the Rockies as seen from the <a href="/wiki/Sandia_Crest" title="Sandia Crest">Sandia Crest</a> in <a href="/wiki/New_Mexico" title="New Mexico">New Mexico</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Willow_Flats_area_and_Teton_Range_in_Grand_Teton_National_Park.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Willow_Flats_area_and_Teton_Range_in_Grand_Teton_National_Park.jpg/220px-Willow_Flats_area_and_Teton_Range_in_Grand_Teton_National_Park.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Willow_Flats_area_and_Teton_Range_in_Grand_Teton_National_Park.jpg/330px-Willow_Flats_area_and_Teton_Range_in_Grand_Teton_National_Park.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Willow_Flats_area_and_Teton_Range_in_Grand_Teton_National_Park.jpg/440px-Willow_Flats_area_and_Teton_Range_in_Grand_Teton_National_Park.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1811" data-file-height="1189" /></a><figcaption>The summits of the <a href="/wiki/Teton_Range" title="Teton Range">Teton Range</a> in <a href="/wiki/Wyoming" title="Wyoming">Wyoming</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The name of the mountains is a <a href="/wiki/Calque" title="Calque">calque</a> of an <a href="/wiki/Algonquian_languages" title="Algonquian languages">Algonquian</a> name, specifically <a href="/wiki/Plains_Cree_language" title="Plains Cree language">Plains Cree</a> <span title="Cree-language text"><span lang="cr">ᐊᓯᓃᐘᒋᐩ</span></span> <span title="Cree-language text"><i lang="cr-Latn">asinîwaciy</i></span> (originally transcribed <span title="Cree-language text"><i lang="cr-Latn">as-sin-wati</i></span>), literally "rocky mountain / alp". The first mention of their present name by a European was in the journal of <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Legardeur_de_Saint-Pierre" title="Jacques Legardeur de Saint-Pierre">Jacques Legardeur de Saint-Pierre</a> in 1752, where they were called "<span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">montagnes de Roche</i></span>".<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another name given to the place by the Cree is <span title="Cree-language text"><span lang="cr">ᐊᓭᓂᐓᒉ</span></span> <span title="Cree-language text"><i lang="cr-Latn">Aseniwuche</i></span>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rocky_Mountains&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_the_Rocky_Mountains" title="List of rivers of the Rocky Mountains">List of rivers of the Rocky Mountains</a></div> <p>The Rocky Mountains are the easternmost portion of the expansive <a href="/wiki/North_American_Cordillera" title="North American Cordillera">North American Cordillera</a>. They are often defined as stretching from the <a href="/wiki/Liard_River" title="Liard River">Liard River</a> in <a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">British Columbia</a><sup id="cite_ref-gadd1_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gadd1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 13">: 13 </span></sup> south to the headwaters of the <a href="/wiki/Pecos_River" title="Pecos River">Pecos River</a>, a tributary of the <a href="/wiki/Rio_Grande" title="Rio Grande">Rio Grande</a>, in New Mexico. The Rockies vary in width from 110 to 480 kilometres (70 to 300 miles). The Rocky Mountains contain the highest peaks in central North America. The range's highest peak is <a href="/wiki/Mount_Elbert" title="Mount Elbert">Mount Elbert</a> in Colorado at 4,401 metres (14,440 feet) above sea level. <a href="/wiki/Mount_Robson" title="Mount Robson">Mount Robson</a> in British Columbia, at 3,954 m (12,972 ft), is the highest peak in the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Rockies" title="Canadian Rockies">Canadian Rockies</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mount_Robson_Twilight.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Mount_Robson_Twilight.jpg/170px-Mount_Robson_Twilight.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Mount_Robson_Twilight.jpg/255px-Mount_Robson_Twilight.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Mount_Robson_Twilight.jpg/340px-Mount_Robson_Twilight.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1067" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mount_Robson" title="Mount Robson">Mount Robson</a> in British Columbia</figcaption></figure> <p>The eastern edge of the Rockies rises dramatically above the <a href="/wiki/Interior_Plains" title="Interior Plains">Interior Plains</a> of central North America, including the <a href="/wiki/Sangre_de_Cristo_Mountains" title="Sangre de Cristo Mountains">Sangre de Cristo Mountains</a> of <a href="/wiki/New_Mexico" title="New Mexico">New Mexico</a> and <a href="/wiki/Colorado" title="Colorado">Colorado</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Front_Range" title="Front Range">Front Range</a> of Colorado, the <a href="/wiki/Wind_River_Range" title="Wind River Range">Wind River Range</a> and <a href="/wiki/Big_Horn_Mountains" class="mw-redirect" title="Big Horn Mountains">Big Horn Mountains</a> of <a href="/wiki/Wyoming" title="Wyoming">Wyoming</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Absaroka_Range" title="Absaroka Range">Absaroka</a>-<a href="/wiki/Beartooth_Mountains" title="Beartooth Mountains">Beartooth</a> ranges and <a href="/wiki/Rocky_Mountain_Front" title="Rocky Mountain Front">Rocky Mountain Front</a> of <a href="/wiki/Montana" title="Montana">Montana</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Clark_Range_(Rocky_Mountains)" title="Clark Range (Rocky Mountains)">Clark Range</a> of <a href="/wiki/Alberta" title="Alberta">Alberta</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Central ranges of the Rockies include the <a href="/wiki/La_Sal_Mountains" title="La Sal Mountains">La Sal Range</a> along the <a href="/wiki/Utah" title="Utah">Utah</a>-Colorado border, the <a href="/wiki/Abajo_Mountains" title="Abajo Mountains">Abajo Mountains</a> and <a href="/wiki/Henry_Mountains" title="Henry Mountains">Henry Mountains</a> of Southeastern Utah, the <a href="/wiki/Uinta_Mountains" title="Uinta Mountains">Uinta Range</a> of Utah and Wyoming, and the <a href="/wiki/Teton_Range" title="Teton Range">Teton Range</a> of Wyoming and Idaho. </p><p>The western edge of the Rockies includes ranges such as the <a href="/wiki/Wasatch_Range" title="Wasatch Range">Wasatch</a> near <a href="/wiki/Salt_Lake_City" title="Salt Lake City">Salt Lake City</a>, the <a href="/wiki/San_Juan_Mountains" title="San Juan Mountains">San Juan Mountains</a> of New Mexico and Colorado, the <a href="/wiki/Bitterroot_Range" title="Bitterroot Range">Bitterroots</a> along the Idaho-Montana border, and the <a href="/wiki/Sawtooth_Range_(Idaho)" title="Sawtooth Range (Idaho)">Sawtooths</a> in central Idaho. The <a href="/wiki/Great_Basin" title="Great Basin">Great Basin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Columbia_River_Plateau" class="mw-redirect" title="Columbia River Plateau">Columbia River Plateau</a> separate these subranges from distinct ranges further to the west. In Canada, the western edge of the Rockies is formed by the huge <a href="/wiki/Rocky_Mountain_Trench" title="Rocky Mountain Trench">Rocky Mountain Trench</a>, which runs the length of <a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">British Columbia</a> from its beginning as the <a href="/wiki/Kechika_River" title="Kechika River">Kechika Valley</a> on the south bank of the <a href="/wiki/Liard_River" title="Liard River">Liard River</a>, to the middle <a href="/wiki/Lake_Koocanusa" title="Lake Koocanusa">Lake Koocanusa</a> valley in northwestern Montana.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Canadian Rockies are defined by Canadian geographers as everything south of the <a href="/wiki/Liard_River" title="Liard River">Liard River</a> and east of the <a href="/wiki/Rocky_Mountain_Trench" title="Rocky Mountain Trench">Rocky Mountain Trench</a>, and do not extend into <a href="/wiki/Yukon" title="Yukon">Yukon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Territories" title="Northwest Territories">Northwest Territories</a> or central <a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">British Columbia</a>. They are divided into three main groups: the <a href="/wiki/Muskwa_Ranges" title="Muskwa Ranges">Muskwa Ranges</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hart_Ranges" title="Hart Ranges">Hart Ranges</a> (collectively called the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Rockies" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Rockies">Northern Rockies</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Continental_Ranges" title="Continental Ranges">Continental Ranges</a>. Other more northerly mountain ranges of the eastern <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Cordillera" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian Cordillera">Canadian Cordillera</a> continue beyond the Liard River valley, including the <a href="/wiki/Selwyn_Mountains" title="Selwyn Mountains">Selwyn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mackenzie_Mountains" title="Mackenzie Mountains">Mackenzie</a> and <a href="/wiki/Richardson_Mountains" title="Richardson Mountains">Richardson Mountains</a> in Yukon as well as the <a href="/wiki/British_Mountains" class="mw-redirect" title="British Mountains">British Mountains</a>/<a href="/wiki/Brooks_Range" title="Brooks Range">Brooks Range</a> in <a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a>, but those are not officially recognized as part of the Rockies by the <a href="/wiki/Geological_Survey_of_Canada" title="Geological Survey of Canada">Geological Survey of Canada</a>, although the <a href="/wiki/Geological_Society_of_America" title="Geological Society of America">Geological Society of America</a> definition does consider them parts of the Rocky Mountains system as the "Arctic Rockies".<sup id="cite_ref-Geology_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Geology-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Continental_Divide_of_the_Americas" title="Continental Divide of the Americas">Continental Divide of the Americas</a> is in the Rocky Mountains and designates the line at which waters flow either to the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlantic">Atlantic</a> or Pacific Oceans. <a href="/wiki/Triple_Divide_Peak_(Montana)" title="Triple Divide Peak (Montana)">Triple Divide Peak</a> (2,440 m or 8,020 ft) in <a href="/wiki/Glacier_National_Park_(U.S.)" title="Glacier National Park (U.S.)">Glacier National Park</a> is so named because water falling on the mountain reaches not only the Atlantic and Pacific but <a href="/wiki/Hudson_Bay" title="Hudson Bay">Hudson Bay</a> as well. Farther north in Alberta, the <a href="/wiki/Athabasca_River" title="Athabasca River">Athabasca</a> and other rivers feed the basin of the <a href="/wiki/Mackenzie_River" title="Mackenzie River">Mackenzie River</a>, which has its outlet on the <a href="/wiki/Beaufort_Sea" title="Beaufort Sea">Beaufort Sea</a> of the Arctic Ocean. </p><p>Human population is not very dense in the Rockies, with an average of four people per square kilometer and few cities with over 50,000 people. However, the human population grew rapidly in the Rocky Mountain states between 1950 and 1990. The forty-year statewide increases in population range from 35% in Montana to about 150% in Utah and Colorado. The populations of several mountain towns and communities have doubled in the forty years 1972–2012. <a href="/wiki/Jackson,_Wyoming" title="Jackson, Wyoming">Jackson, Wyoming</a>, increased 260%, from 1,244 to 4,472 residents, in those forty years.<sup id="cite_ref-USGS_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USGS-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:1008px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="overflow:auto"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mountains_from_westlands.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Front Range of the Rocky Mountains near Denver, Colorado"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Mountains_from_westlands.jpg/1000px-Mountains_from_westlands.jpg" decoding="async" width="1000" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Mountains_from_westlands.jpg/1500px-Mountains_from_westlands.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Mountains_from_westlands.jpg/2000px-Mountains_from_westlands.jpg 2x" data-file-width="13433" data-file-height="2649" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Mountains_from_westlands.jpg" title="File:Mountains from westlands.jpg"> </a></div>The Front Range of the Rocky Mountains near <a href="/wiki/Denver" title="Denver">Denver</a>, Colorado</div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geology">Geology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rocky_Mountains&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Geology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Geology_of_the_Rocky_Mountains" title="Geology of the Rocky Mountains">Geology of the Rocky Mountains</a></div> <p>The rocks in the Rocky Mountains were formed before the mountains were raised by tectonic forces. The oldest rock is Precambrian <a href="/wiki/Metamorphic_rock" title="Metamorphic rock">metamorphic rock</a> that forms the core of the North American continent. There is also <a href="/wiki/Precambrian" title="Precambrian">Precambrian</a> sedimentary <a href="/wiki/Argillite" title="Argillite">argillite</a>, dating back to 1.7 billion years ago. During the <a href="/wiki/Paleozoic" title="Paleozoic">Paleozoic</a>, western North America lay underneath a shallow sea, which deposited many kilometers of <a href="/wiki/Limestone" title="Limestone">limestone</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dolomite_(mineral)" title="Dolomite (mineral)">dolomite</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-gadd1_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gadd1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 76">: 76 </span></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jackson_Glacier_terminus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Jackson_Glacier_terminus.jpg/220px-Jackson_Glacier_terminus.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Jackson_Glacier_terminus.jpg/330px-Jackson_Glacier_terminus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Jackson_Glacier_terminus.jpg/440px-Jackson_Glacier_terminus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="608" /></a><figcaption>Glaciers, such as <a href="/wiki/Jackson_Glacier" title="Jackson Glacier">Jackson Glacier</a> in <a href="/wiki/Glacier_National_Park_(U.S.)" title="Glacier National Park (U.S.)">Glacier National Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Montana" title="Montana">Montana</a>, as shown here, have dramatically shaped the Rocky Mountains.</figcaption></figure> <p>In the southern Rockies, near present-day Colorado, these ancestral rocks were disturbed by mountain building approximately 300 <a href="/wiki/Year#SI_prefix_multipliers" title="Year">Ma</a>, during the <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvanian_(geology)" title="Pennsylvanian (geology)">Pennsylvanian</a>. This mountain-building produced the Ancestral Rocky Mountains. They consisted largely of Precambrian metamorphic rock forced upward through layers of the limestone laid down in the shallow sea.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The mountains eroded throughout the late Paleozoic and early <a href="/wiki/Mesozoic_Era" class="mw-redirect" title="Mesozoic Era">Mesozoic</a>, leaving extensive deposits of <a href="/wiki/Sedimentary_rock" title="Sedimentary rock">sedimentary rock</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Terranes" class="mw-redirect" title="Terranes">Terranes</a> began colliding with the western edge of North America in the <a href="/wiki/Mississippian_age" class="mw-redirect" title="Mississippian age">Mississippian</a> (approximately 350 million years ago), causing the <a href="/wiki/Antler_orogeny" title="Antler orogeny">Antler orogeny</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Blakely_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blakely-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For 270 million years, the focus of the effects of plate collisions were near the edge of the North American Plate boundary, far to the west of the Rocky Mountain region.<sup id="cite_ref-Blakely_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blakely-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was not until 80 Ma that these effects began reaching the Rockies.<sup id="cite_ref-English_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-English-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The current Rocky Mountains arose in the <a href="/wiki/Laramide_orogeny" title="Laramide orogeny">Laramide orogeny</a> from between 80 and 55 Ma.<sup id="cite_ref-English_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-English-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For the Canadian Rockies, the mountain building is analogous to pushing a rug on a hardwood floor:<sup id="cite_ref-gadd2_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gadd2-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 78">: 78 </span></sup> the rug bunches up and forms wrinkles (mountains). In Canada, the terranes and subduction are the foot pushing the rug, the ancestral rocks are the rug, and the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Shield" title="Canadian Shield">Canadian Shield</a> in the middle of the continent is the hardwood floor.<sup id="cite_ref-gadd2_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gadd2-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 78">: 78 </span></sup> </p><p>Further south, an unusual subduction may have caused the growth of the Rocky Mountains in the United States, where the <a href="/wiki/Farallon_Plate" class="mw-redirect" title="Farallon Plate">Farallon Plate</a> dove at a shallow angle below the <a href="/wiki/North_American_Plate" class="mw-redirect" title="North American Plate">North American Plate</a>. This low angle moved the focus of melting and mountain building much farther inland than the normal 300 to 500 kilometres (200 to 300 mi). Scientists hypothesize that the shallow angle of the subducting plate increased the friction and other interactions with the thick continental mass above it. Tremendous <a href="/wiki/Thrust_fault" title="Thrust fault">thrusts</a> piled sheets of crust on top of each other, building the broad, high Rocky Mountain range.<sup id="cite_ref-usgs_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-usgs-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Roxborough.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Roxborough.jpg/220px-Roxborough.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Roxborough.jpg/330px-Roxborough.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Roxborough.jpg/440px-Roxborough.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>Tilted slabs of sedimentary rock in <a href="/wiki/Roxborough_State_Park" title="Roxborough State Park">Roxborough State Park</a> near <a href="/wiki/Denver" title="Denver">Denver</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The current southern Rockies were forced upwards through the layers of Pennsylvanian and <a href="/wiki/Permian" title="Permian">Permian</a> sedimentary remnants of the Ancestral Rocky Mountains.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such sedimentary remnants were often tilted at steep angles along the flanks of the modern range; they are now visible in many places throughout the Rockies, and are shown along the <a href="/wiki/Dakota_Hogback" title="Dakota Hogback">Dakota Hogback</a>, an early Cretaceous sandstone formation running along the eastern flank of the modern Rockies. </p><p>Just after the Laramide orogeny, the Rockies were like <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Plateau" title="Tibetan Plateau">Tibet</a>: a high plateau, probably 6,000 metres (20,000 ft) above sea level. In the last sixty million years, <a href="/wiki/Erosion" title="Erosion">erosion</a> stripped away the high rocks, revealing the ancestral rocks beneath, and forming the current landscape of the Rockies.<sup id="cite_ref-gadd2_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gadd2-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 80–81">: 80–81 </span></sup> </p><p>Periods of glaciation occurred from the <a href="/wiki/Pleistocene" title="Pleistocene">Pleistocene</a> Epoch (1.8 million – 70,000 years ago) to the <a href="/wiki/Holocene" title="Holocene">Holocene</a> Epoch (fewer than 11,000 years ago). These ice ages left their mark on the Rockies, forming extensive <a href="/wiki/Glacier" title="Glacier">glacial</a> landforms, such as U-shaped valleys and <a href="/wiki/Cirque" title="Cirque">cirques</a>. Recent glacial episodes included the <a href="/wiki/Bull_Lake_Glaciation" class="mw-redirect" title="Bull Lake Glaciation">Bull Lake Glaciation</a>, which began about 150,000 years ago, and the <a href="/wiki/Pinedale_Glaciation" class="mw-redirect" title="Pinedale Glaciation">Pinedale Glaciation</a>, which perhaps remained at full glaciation until 15,000–20,000 years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-Pierce79_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pierce79-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>All of these geological processes exposed a complex set of rocks at the surface. For example, volcanic rock from the <a href="/wiki/Paleogene" title="Paleogene">Paleogene</a> and <a href="/wiki/Neogene" title="Neogene">Neogene</a> periods (66 million – 2.6 million years ago) occurs in the San Juan Mountains and in other areas. Millennia of severe erosion in the <a href="/wiki/Wyoming_Basin" class="mw-redirect" title="Wyoming Basin">Wyoming Basin</a> transformed intermountain basins into a relatively flat terrain. The <a href="/wiki/Tetons" class="mw-redirect" title="Tetons">Tetons</a> and other north-central ranges contain folded and faulted rocks of Paleozoic and <a href="/wiki/Mesozoic" title="Mesozoic">Mesozoic</a> age draped above cores of <a href="/wiki/Proterozoic" title="Proterozoic">Proterozoic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Archean" title="Archean">Archean</a> igneous and metamorphic rocks ranging in age from 1.2 billion (e.g., Tetons) to more than 3.3 billion years (<a href="/wiki/Beartooth_Mountains" title="Beartooth Mountains">Beartooth Mountains</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-USGS_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USGS-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ecology_and_climate">Ecology and climate</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rocky_Mountains&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Ecology and climate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ecology_of_the_Rocky_Mountains" title="Ecology of the Rocky Mountains">Ecology of the Rocky Mountains</a></div> <p>There are a wide range of environmental factors in the Rocky Mountains. The Rockies range in latitude between the Liard River in British Columbia (at 59° N) and the Rio Grande in New Mexico (at 35° N). Prairie occurs at or below 550 metres (1,800 ft), while the highest peak in the range is <a href="/wiki/Mount_Elbert" title="Mount Elbert">Mount Elbert</a> at 4,400 metres (14,440 ft). Precipitation ranges from 250 millimetres (10 in) per year in the southern valleys<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to 1,500 millimetres (60 in) per year locally in the northern peaks.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Average January temperatures can range from −7 °C (20 °F) in Prince George, British Columbia, to 6 °C (43 °F) in <a href="/wiki/Trinidad,_Colorado" title="Trinidad, Colorado">Trinidad, Colorado</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Sheridan_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sheridan-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Therefore, there is no single monolithic ecosystem for the entire Rocky Mountain Range. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coloradodunes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Coloradodunes.jpg/220px-Coloradodunes.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Coloradodunes.jpg/330px-Coloradodunes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Coloradodunes.jpg/440px-Coloradodunes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="519" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Great_Sand_Dunes_National_Park_and_Preserve" title="Great Sand Dunes National Park and Preserve">Great Sand Dunes</a> of Colorado</figcaption></figure> <p>Instead, ecologists divide the Rockies into a number of <a href="/wiki/Life_zones" class="mw-redirect" title="Life zones">biotic zones</a>. Each zone is defined by whether it can support trees and the presence of one or more <a href="/wiki/Indicator_species" class="mw-redirect" title="Indicator species">indicator species</a>. Two zones that do not support trees are the Plains and the <a href="/wiki/Alpine_tundra" title="Alpine tundra">Alpine tundra</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Great_Plains" title="Great Plains">Great Plains</a> lie to the east of the Rockies and is characterized by prairie grasses (below roughly 550 m or 1,800 ft). Alpine tundra occurs in regions above the tree-line for the Rocky Mountains, which varies from 3,700 m (12,000 ft) in New Mexico to 760 m (2,500 ft) at the northern end of the Rockies (near the Yukon).<sup id="cite_ref-Sheridan_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sheridan-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bighorn_lamb_Alberta.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Bighorn_lamb_Alberta.jpg/220px-Bighorn_lamb_Alberta.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Bighorn_lamb_Alberta.jpg/330px-Bighorn_lamb_Alberta.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Bighorn_lamb_Alberta.jpg/440px-Bighorn_lamb_Alberta.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3680" data-file-height="2430" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bighorn_sheep" title="Bighorn sheep">Bighorn sheep</a> (such as this lamb in <a href="/wiki/Alberta" title="Alberta">Alberta</a>) have declined dramatically since European-American settlement of the mountains</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/U.S._Geological_Survey" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Geological Survey">U.S. Geological Survey</a> defines ten forested zones in the Rockies. Zones in more southern, warmer, or drier areas are defined by the presence of <a href="/wiki/Pinyon_pine" title="Pinyon pine">pinyon pines</a>/<a href="/wiki/Juniper" title="Juniper">junipers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ponderosa_pine" class="mw-redirect" title="Ponderosa pine">ponderosa pines</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Oak" title="Oak">oaks</a> mixed with <a href="/wiki/Pine" title="Pine">pines</a>. In more northern, colder, or wetter areas, zones are defined by <a href="/wiki/Douglas_fir" title="Douglas fir">Douglas firs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cascade_range" class="mw-redirect" title="Cascade range">Cascadian</a> species (such as <a href="/wiki/Western_hemlock" class="mw-redirect" title="Western hemlock">western hemlock</a>), <a href="/wiki/Lodgepole_pine" class="mw-redirect" title="Lodgepole pine">lodgepole pines</a>/<a href="/wiki/Quaking_aspen" class="mw-redirect" title="Quaking aspen">quaking aspens</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Fir" title="Fir">firs</a> mixed with <a href="/wiki/Spruce" title="Spruce">spruce</a>. Near tree-line, zones can consist of white pines (such as <a href="/wiki/Pinus_albicaulis" title="Pinus albicaulis">whitebark pine</a> or <a href="/wiki/Bristlecone_pine" title="Bristlecone pine">bristlecone pine</a>); or a mixture of white pine, fir, and spruce that appear as shrub-like <a href="/wiki/Krummholz" title="Krummholz">krummholz</a>. Finally, rivers and canyons can create a unique forest zone in more arid parts of the mountain range.<sup id="cite_ref-USGS_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USGS-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Rocky Mountains are an important habitat for a great deal of well-known wildlife, such as <a href="/wiki/Wolf" title="Wolf">wolves</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rocky_Mountain_elk" title="Rocky Mountain elk">elk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Western_moose" title="Western moose">moose</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mule_deer" title="Mule deer">mule</a> and <a href="/wiki/White-tailed_deer" title="White-tailed deer">white-tailed deer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pronghorn" title="Pronghorn">pronghorn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mountain_goat" title="Mountain goat">mountain goats</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bighorn_sheep" title="Bighorn sheep">bighorn sheep</a>, <a href="/wiki/American_badger" title="American badger">badgers</a>, <a href="/wiki/American_black_bear" title="American black bear">black bears</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grizzly_bear" title="Grizzly bear">grizzly bears</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coyote" title="Coyote">coyotes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canada_lynx" title="Canada lynx">lynxes</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_American_cougar" title="North American cougar">cougars</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wolverine" title="Wolverine">wolverines</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-USGS_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USGS-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> North America's largest herds of elk are in the <a href="/wiki/Alberta%E2%80%93British_Columbia_foothills_forests" title="Alberta–British Columbia foothills forests">Alberta–British Columbia foothills forests</a>. </p><p>The status of most species in the Rocky Mountains is unknown, due to incomplete information. European-American settlement of the mountains has adversely impacted native species. Examples of some species that have declined include <a href="/wiki/Western_toad" title="Western toad">western toads</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greenback_cutthroat_trout" title="Greenback cutthroat trout">greenback cutthroat trout</a>, <a href="/wiki/White_sturgeon" title="White sturgeon">white sturgeon</a>, <a href="/wiki/White-tailed_ptarmigan" title="White-tailed ptarmigan">white-tailed ptarmigan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trumpeter_swan" title="Trumpeter swan">trumpeter swan</a>, and bighorn sheep. </p><p>In the U.S. portion of the mountain range, <a href="/wiki/Apex_predator" title="Apex predator">apex predators</a> such as grizzly bears and wolf packs had been <a href="/wiki/Local_extinction" title="Local extinction">extirpated</a> from their original ranges, but have partially recovered due to conservation measures and <a href="/wiki/Wolf_reintroduction_in_Yellowstone" class="mw-redirect" title="Wolf reintroduction in Yellowstone">reintroduction</a>. Other recovering species include the <a href="/wiki/Bald_eagle" title="Bald eagle">bald eagle</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Peregrine_falcon" title="Peregrine falcon">peregrine falcon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-USGS_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USGS-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rocky_Mountains&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indigenous_people">Indigenous people</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rocky_Mountains&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Indigenous people"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MesaVerdeNationalParkCliffPalace.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/MesaVerdeNationalParkCliffPalace.jpg/220px-MesaVerdeNationalParkCliffPalace.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/MesaVerdeNationalParkCliffPalace.jpg/330px-MesaVerdeNationalParkCliffPalace.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/MesaVerdeNationalParkCliffPalace.jpg/440px-MesaVerdeNationalParkCliffPalace.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mesa_Verde_National_Park" title="Mesa Verde National Park">Mesa Verde</a> ruins in Colorado</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cherokee_Pass2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Cherokee_Pass2.jpg/220px-Cherokee_Pass2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Cherokee_Pass2.jpg/330px-Cherokee_Pass2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Cherokee_Pass2.jpg/440px-Cherokee_Pass2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2640" data-file-height="1869" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_Trail" title="Cherokee Trail">Cherokee Trail</a> near <a href="/wiki/Fort_Collins,_Colorado" title="Fort Collins, Colorado">Fort Collins, Colorado</a>, from a sketch taken June 7, 1859</figcaption></figure> <p>Since the last great ice age, the Rocky Mountains were home first to <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">indigenous peoples</a> including the <a href="/wiki/Apache" title="Apache">Apache</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arapaho" title="Arapaho">Arapaho</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bannock_(tribe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bannock (tribe)">Bannock</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blackfoot" class="mw-redirect" title="Blackfoot">Blackfoot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cheyenne" title="Cheyenne">Cheyenne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coeur_d%27Alene_people" title="Coeur d'Alene people">Coeur d'Alene</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kalispel" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalispel">Kalispel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crow_Nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Crow Nation">Crow Nation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Confederated_Salish_and_Kootenai_Tribes_of_the_Flathead_Nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Confederated Salish and Kootenai Tribes of the Flathead Nation">Flathead</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shoshone" title="Shoshone">Shoshone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lakota_people" title="Lakota people">Sioux</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ute_Tribe" class="mw-redirect" title="Ute Tribe">Ute</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ktunaxa_Kinbasket_Tribal_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Ktunaxa Kinbasket Tribal Council">Kutenai</a> (Ktunaxa in Canada), <a href="/wiki/Sekani" title="Sekani">Sekani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dunne-za" class="mw-redirect" title="Dunne-za">Dunne-za</a>, and others. Paleo-Indians hunted the now-extinct <a href="/wiki/Mammoth" title="Mammoth">mammoth</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ancient_bison" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient bison">ancient bison</a> (an animal 20% larger than modern bison) in the foothills and valleys of the mountains. Like the modern tribes that followed them, Paleo-Indians probably migrated to the plains in fall and winter for bison and to the mountains in spring and summer for fish, deer, elk, roots, and berries. In Colorado, along with the crest of the Continental Divide, rock walls that Native Americans built for driving game date back 5,400–5,800 years. A growing body of scientific evidence indicates that indigenous people had significant effects on mammal populations by hunting and on vegetation patterns through deliberate burning.<sup id="cite_ref-USGS_9-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USGS-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="European_exploration">European exploration</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rocky_Mountains&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: European exploration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Recent human history of the Rocky Mountains is one of more rapid change. The Spanish explorer <a href="/wiki/Francisco_V%C3%A1zquez_de_Coronado" title="Francisco Vázquez de Coronado">Francisco Vázquez de Coronado</a>—with a group of soldiers and missionaries marched into the Rocky Mountain region from the south in 1540.<sup id="cite_ref-PBS2001_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PBS2001-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1610, the Spanish founded the city of <a href="/wiki/Santa_Fe,_New_Mexico" title="Santa Fe, New Mexico">Santa Fe</a>, the oldest continuous seat of government in the United States, at the foot of the Rockies in present-day New Mexico. The introduction of the horse, metal tools, rifles, new diseases, and different cultures profoundly changed the Native American cultures. Native American populations were extirpated from most of their historical ranges by disease, warfare, habitat loss (eradication of the bison), and continued assaults on their culture.<sup id="cite_ref-USGS_9-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USGS-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1739, French <a href="/wiki/Fur_trade" title="Fur trade">fur traders</a> Pierre and Paul Mallet, while journeying through the Great Plains, discovered a range of mountains at the headwaters of the <a href="/wiki/Platte_River" title="Platte River">Platte River</a>, which local <a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">American Indian</a> tribes called the "Rockies", becoming the first Europeans to report on this uncharted mountain range.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alexander_MacKenzie_by_Thomas_Lawrence_(c.1800).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Alexander_MacKenzie_by_Thomas_Lawrence_%28c.1800%29.jpg/170px-Alexander_MacKenzie_by_Thomas_Lawrence_%28c.1800%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="206" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Alexander_MacKenzie_by_Thomas_Lawrence_%28c.1800%29.jpg/255px-Alexander_MacKenzie_by_Thomas_Lawrence_%28c.1800%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Alexander_MacKenzie_by_Thomas_Lawrence_%28c.1800%29.jpg/340px-Alexander_MacKenzie_by_Thomas_Lawrence_%28c.1800%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="529" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption>Sir Alexander Mackenzie in 1800</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Mackenzie_(explorer)" title="Alexander Mackenzie (explorer)">Sir Alexander Mackenzie</a> (1764 – March 11, 1820) became the first European to cross the Rocky Mountains in 1793.<sup id="cite_ref-PrincetonNWPass_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PrincetonNWPass-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He found the upper reaches of the Fraser River and reached the Pacific coast of what is now Canada on July 20 of that year, completing the first recorded transcontinental crossing of North America north of Mexico.<sup id="cite_ref-CAHistPlace_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CAHistPlace-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He arrived at <a href="/wiki/Bella_Coola,_British_Columbia" title="Bella Coola, British Columbia">Bella Coola, British Columbia</a>, where he first reached saltwater at South Bentinck Arm, an inlet of the Pacific Ocean. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Lewis_and_Clark_Expedition" title="Lewis and Clark Expedition">Lewis and Clark Expedition</a> (1804–1806) was the first scientific reconnaissance of the Rocky Mountains.<sup id="cite_ref-NPSScientificEncounters_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NPSScientificEncounters-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Specimens were collected for contemporary botanists, zoologists, and geologists. The expedition was said to have paved the way to (and through) the Rocky Mountains for European-Americans from the East, although Lewis and Clark met at least 11 European-American mountain men during their travels.<sup id="cite_ref-USGS_9-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USGS-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Mountain_man" title="Mountain man">Mountain men</a>, primarily French, Spanish, and British, roamed the Rocky Mountains from 1720 to 1800 seeking mineral deposits and furs. The fur-trading <a href="/wiki/North_West_Company" title="North West Company">North West Company</a> established <a href="/wiki/Rocky_Mountain_House" title="Rocky Mountain House">Rocky Mountain House</a> as a trading post in what is now the <a href="/wiki/Rocky_Mountain_Foothills" title="Rocky Mountain Foothills">Rocky Mountain Foothills</a> of present-day <a href="/wiki/Alberta" title="Alberta">Alberta</a> in 1799, and their business rivals the <a href="/wiki/Hudson%27s_Bay_Company" title="Hudson's Bay Company">Hudson's Bay Company</a> established Acton House nearby.<sup id="cite_ref-PC2012_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PC2012-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These posts served as bases for most European activity in the Canadian Rockies in the early 19th century. Among the most notable are the expeditions of <a href="/wiki/David_Thompson_(explorer)" title="David Thompson (explorer)">David Thompson</a>, who followed the Columbia River to the Pacific Ocean.<sup id="cite_ref-nwda2006_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nwda2006-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On his 1811 expedition, he camped at the junction of the Columbia River and the Snake River and erected a pole and notice claiming the area for the United Kingdom and stating the intention of the North West Company to build a fort at the site.<sup id="cite_ref-Oldham2003_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oldham2003-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-American_Convention_of_1818" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-American Convention of 1818">Anglo-American Convention of 1818</a>, which established the <a href="/wiki/49th_parallel_north" title="49th parallel north">49th parallel north</a> as the international boundary west from <a href="/wiki/Lake_of_the_Woods" title="Lake of the Woods">Lake of the Woods</a> to the "Stony Mountains";<sup id="cite_ref-USDS2007_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USDS2007-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the UK and the US agreed to what has since been described as "joint occupancy" of lands further west to the Pacific Ocean. Resolution of the territorial and treaty issues, the <a href="/wiki/Oregon_dispute" class="mw-redirect" title="Oregon dispute">Oregon dispute</a>, was deferred until a later time. </p><p>In 1819, Spain ceded their rights north of the 42nd Parallel to the United States, though these rights did not include possession and also included obligations to Britain and Russia concerning their claims in the same region. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Settlement">Settlement</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rocky_Mountains&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Settlement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Silver_mines,_Aspen,_Colorado,_1898.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Silver_mines%2C_Aspen%2C_Colorado%2C_1898.jpg/220px-Silver_mines%2C_Aspen%2C_Colorado%2C_1898.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Silver_mines%2C_Aspen%2C_Colorado%2C_1898.jpg/330px-Silver_mines%2C_Aspen%2C_Colorado%2C_1898.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Silver_mines%2C_Aspen%2C_Colorado%2C_1898.jpg/440px-Silver_mines%2C_Aspen%2C_Colorado%2C_1898.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5615" data-file-height="2931" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Aspen,_Colorado" title="Aspen, Colorado">Aspen, Colorado</a> silver mining in 1898</figcaption></figure> <p>After 1802, <a href="/wiki/Fur_trader" class="mw-redirect" title="Fur trader">fur traders</a> and explorers ushered in the first widespread American presence in the Rockies south of the 49th parallel. The more famous of these include <a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Ashley" class="mw-redirect" title="William Henry Ashley">William Henry Ashley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jim_Bridger" title="Jim Bridger">Jim Bridger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kit_Carson" title="Kit Carson">Kit Carson</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Colter" title="John Colter">John Colter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Fitzpatrick_(trapper)" title="Thomas Fitzpatrick (trapper)">Thomas Fitzpatrick</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Henry_(fur_trader)" title="Andrew Henry (fur trader)">Andrew Henry</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jedediah_Smith" title="Jedediah Smith">Jedediah Smith</a>. On July 24, 1832, <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Bonneville" title="Benjamin Bonneville">Benjamin Bonneville</a> led the first <a href="/wiki/Wagon_train" title="Wagon train">wagon train</a> across the Rocky Mountains by using <a href="/wiki/South_Pass_(Wyoming)" title="South Pass (Wyoming)">South Pass</a> in the present State of Wyoming.<sup id="cite_ref-USGS_9-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USGS-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly, in the wake of Mackenzie's 1793 expedition, fur trading posts were established west of the Northern Rockies in a region of the northern Interior Plateau of British Columbia which came to be known as <a href="/wiki/New_Caledonia_(Canada)" title="New Caledonia (Canada)">New Caledonia</a>, beginning with <a href="/wiki/McLeod_Lake" title="McLeod Lake">Fort McLeod</a> (today's community of McLeod Lake) and <a href="/wiki/Fort_Fraser,_British_Columbia" title="Fort Fraser, British Columbia">Fort Fraser</a>, but ultimately focused on Stuart Lake Post (today's <a href="/wiki/Fort_St._James" title="Fort St. James">Fort St. James</a>). </p><p>Negotiations between the United Kingdom and the United States over the next few decades failed to settle upon a compromise boundary and the <a href="/wiki/Oregon_Dispute" class="mw-redirect" title="Oregon Dispute">Oregon Dispute</a> became important in geopolitical diplomacy between the British Empire and the new American Republic. In 1841, <a href="/wiki/James_Sinclair_(fur_trapper)" class="mw-redirect" title="James Sinclair (fur trapper)">James Sinclair</a>, Chief Factor of the Hudson's Bay Company, guided some 200 settlers from the <a href="/wiki/Red_River_Colony" title="Red River Colony">Red River Colony</a> west to bolster settlement around <a href="/wiki/Fort_Vancouver" title="Fort Vancouver">Fort Vancouver</a> in an attempt to retain the <a href="/wiki/Columbia_District" title="Columbia District">Columbia District</a> for Britain. The party crossed the Rockies into the <a href="/wiki/Columbia_Valley" title="Columbia Valley">Columbia Valley</a>, a region of the Rocky Mountain Trench near present-day <a href="/wiki/Radium_Hot_Springs_(British_Columbia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Radium Hot Springs (British Columbia)">Radium Hot Springs</a>, British Columbia, then traveled south. Despite such efforts, in 1846, Britain ceded all claim to Columbia District lands south of the 49th parallel to the United States; as resolution to the <a href="/wiki/Oregon_boundary_dispute" title="Oregon boundary dispute">Oregon boundary dispute</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Oregon_Treaty" title="Oregon Treaty">Oregon Treaty</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-CSPN_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CSPN-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Saltair-Pavilion-1900.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Saltair-Pavilion-1900.jpeg/220px-Saltair-Pavilion-1900.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Saltair-Pavilion-1900.jpeg/330px-Saltair-Pavilion-1900.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Saltair-Pavilion-1900.jpeg/440px-Saltair-Pavilion-1900.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="7172" data-file-height="5361" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Saltair_(Utah)" title="Saltair (Utah)">Saltair Pavilion</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Great_Salt_Lake" title="Great Salt Lake">Great Salt Lake</a> in 1900</figcaption></figure> <p>Thousands passed through the Rocky Mountains on the <a href="/wiki/Oregon_Trail" title="Oregon Trail">Oregon Trail</a> beginning in the 1840s.<sup id="cite_ref-BLMotic_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BLMotic-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Mormon" class="mw-redirect" title="Mormon">Mormons</a> began settling near the <a href="/wiki/Great_Salt_Lake" title="Great Salt Lake">Great Salt Lake</a> in 1847.<sup id="cite_ref-UNL_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNL-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 1859 to 1864, gold was discovered in Colorado, Idaho, Montana, and British Columbia, sparking several <a href="/wiki/Gold_rush" title="Gold rush">gold rushes</a> bringing thousands of prospectors and miners to explore every mountain and canyon and to create the Rocky Mountains' first major industry. The Idaho gold rush alone produced more gold than the California and Alaska gold rushes combined and was important in the financing of the <a href="/wiki/Union_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Union Army">Union Army</a> during the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Transcontinental_railroad" title="Transcontinental railroad">transcontinental railroad</a> was completed in 1869,<sup id="cite_ref-UC2012_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UC2012-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Yellowstone_National_Park" title="Yellowstone National Park">Yellowstone National Park</a> was established as the world's first national park in 1872.<sup id="cite_ref-NPS_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NPS-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meanwhile, a transcontinental railroad in Canada was originally promised in 1871. Though political complications pushed its completion to 1885, the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Pacific_Railway" title="Canadian Pacific Railway">Canadian Pacific Railway</a> eventually followed the <a href="/wiki/Kicking_Horse_Pass" title="Kicking Horse Pass">Kicking Horse</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rogers_Pass_(British_Columbia)" title="Rogers Pass (British Columbia)">Rogers</a> Passes to the Pacific Ocean.<sup id="cite_ref-StanfordCPR_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StanfordCPR-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Canadian railway officials also convinced <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Canada" title="Parliament of Canada">Parliament</a> to set aside vast areas of the Canadian Rockies as <a href="/wiki/Jasper_National_Park" title="Jasper National Park">Jasper</a>, <a href="/wiki/Banff_National_Park" title="Banff National Park">Banff</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yoho_National_Park" title="Yoho National Park">Yoho</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Waterton_Lakes_National_Park" title="Waterton Lakes National Park">Waterton Lakes National Parks</a>, laying the foundation for a tourism industry which thrives to this day. Glacier National Park (MT) was established with a similar relationship to tourism promotions by the <a href="/wiki/Great_Northern_Railway_(U.S.)" title="Great Northern Railway (U.S.)">Great Northern Railway</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-PennState2011_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PennState2011-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While settlers filled the valleys and mining towns, conservation and preservation ethics began to take hold. U.S. <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Harrison" title="Benjamin Harrison">President Benjamin Harrison</a> established several forest reserves in the Rocky Mountains in 1891–1892. In 1905, U.S. President <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a> extended the <a href="/wiki/Medicine_Bow_%E2%80%93_Routt_National_Forest" class="mw-redirect" title="Medicine Bow – Routt National Forest">Medicine Bow Forest Reserve</a> to include the area now managed as <a href="/wiki/Rocky_Mountain_National_Park" title="Rocky Mountain National Park">Rocky Mountain National Park</a>. Economic development began to center on mining, <a href="/wiki/Forestry" title="Forestry">forestry</a>, agriculture, and <a href="/wiki/Recreation" title="Recreation">recreation</a>, as well as on the service industries that support them. Tents and camps became ranches and farms, forts and train stations became towns, and some towns became cities.<sup id="cite_ref-USGS_9-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USGS-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rocky_Mountains&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Economy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Industry_and_development">Industry and development</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rocky_Mountains&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Industry and development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rig_wind_river.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Rig_wind_river.jpg/170px-Rig_wind_river.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Rig_wind_river.jpg/255px-Rig_wind_river.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Rig_wind_river.jpg/340px-Rig_wind_river.jpg 2x" data-file-width="741" data-file-height="835" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Drilling_rig" title="Drilling rig">Drilling rig</a> for natural gas near the <a href="/wiki/Wind_River_Range" title="Wind River Range">Wind River Range</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Economic resources of the Rocky Mountains are varied and abundant. Minerals found in the Rocky Mountains include significant deposits of copper, gold, lead, <a href="/wiki/Molybdenum" title="Molybdenum">molybdenum</a>, silver, <a href="/wiki/Tungsten" title="Tungsten">tungsten</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">zinc</a>. The Wyoming Basin and several smaller areas contain significant reserves of coal, natural gas, <a href="/wiki/Oil_shale" title="Oil shale">oil shale</a>, and petroleum. For example, the <a href="/wiki/Climax,_Colorado" title="Climax, Colorado">Climax</a> mine, near <a href="/wiki/Leadville,_Colorado" title="Leadville, Colorado">Leadville, Colorado</a>, was the largest producer of molybdenum in the world. Molybdenum is used in heat-resistant steel in such things as cars and planes. The Climax mine employed over 3,000 workers. The <a href="/wiki/Coeur_d%27Alene,_Idaho" title="Coeur d'Alene, Idaho">Coeur d'Alene</a> mine of northern Idaho produces silver, lead, and zinc. Canada's largest coal mines are near <a href="/wiki/Fernie,_British_Columbia" title="Fernie, British Columbia">Fernie, British Columbia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sparwood" title="Sparwood">Sparwood</a>, British Columbia; additional coal mines exist near <a href="/wiki/Hinton,_Alberta" title="Hinton, Alberta">Hinton, Alberta</a>, and in the Northern Rockies surrounding <a href="/wiki/Tumbler_Ridge,_British_Columbia" class="mw-redirect" title="Tumbler Ridge, British Columbia">Tumbler Ridge, British Columbia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-USGS_9-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USGS-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Abandoned mines with their wakes of mine tailings and toxic wastes dot the Rocky Mountain landscape. In one major example, eighty years of zinc mining profoundly polluted the river and bank near <a href="/wiki/Eagle_River_(Colorado)" title="Eagle River (Colorado)">Eagle River</a> in north-central Colorado. High concentrations of the metal carried by spring runoff harmed <a href="/wiki/Algae" title="Algae">algae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moss" title="Moss">moss</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Trout" title="Trout">trout</a> populations. An economic analysis of mining effects at this site revealed declining property values, degraded water quality, and the loss of recreational opportunities. The analysis also revealed that cleanup of the river could yield $2.3 million in additional revenue from recreation. In 1983, the former owner of the zinc mine was sued by the Colorado Attorney General for the $4.8 million cleanup costs; five years later, ecological recovery was considerable.<sup id="cite_ref-USGS_9-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USGS-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Brandt93_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brandt93-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Rocky Mountains contain several <a href="/wiki/Sedimentary_basin" title="Sedimentary basin">sedimentary basins</a> that are rich in <a href="/wiki/Coalbed_methane" title="Coalbed methane">coalbed methane</a>. Coalbed methane is natural gas that arises from coal, either through bacterial action or through exposure to high temperature. Coalbed methane supplies 7 percent of the natural gas used in the U.S. The largest coalbed methane sources in the Rocky Mountains are in the <a href="/wiki/San_Juan_Basin" title="San Juan Basin">San Juan Basin</a> in New Mexico and Colorado and the <a href="/wiki/Powder_River_Basin" title="Powder River Basin">Powder River Basin</a> in Wyoming. These two basins are estimated to contain 38 trillion cubic feet of gas. Coalbed methane can be recovered by dewatering the coal bed, and separating the gas from the water; or injecting water to fracture the coal to release the gas (so-called <a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_fracturing" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydraulic fracturing">hydraulic fracturing</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Agriculture and forestry are major industries. Agriculture includes dryland and irrigated farming and livestock grazing. Livestock are frequently moved between high-elevation summer <a href="/wiki/Pasture" title="Pasture">pastures</a> and low-elevation winter pastures, a practice known as <a href="/wiki/Transhumance" title="Transhumance">transhumance</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-USGS_9-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USGS-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tourism">Tourism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rocky_Mountains&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Tourism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Steam_Phase_eruption_of_Castle_geyser_with_double_rainbow.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Steam_Phase_eruption_of_Castle_geyser_with_double_rainbow.jpg/220px-Steam_Phase_eruption_of_Castle_geyser_with_double_rainbow.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Steam_Phase_eruption_of_Castle_geyser_with_double_rainbow.jpg/330px-Steam_Phase_eruption_of_Castle_geyser_with_double_rainbow.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Steam_Phase_eruption_of_Castle_geyser_with_double_rainbow.jpg/440px-Steam_Phase_eruption_of_Castle_geyser_with_double_rainbow.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1674" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Castle_Geyser" title="Castle Geyser">Castle Geyser</a> in <a href="/wiki/Yellowstone_National_Park" title="Yellowstone National Park">Yellowstone National Park</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%90%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/%D0%90%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B4.jpg/220px-%D0%90%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B4.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/%D0%90%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B4.jpg/330px-%D0%90%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/%D0%90%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B4.jpg/440px-%D0%90%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="704" data-file-height="528" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Alberta_Highway_93#Icefields_Parkway" title="Alberta Highway 93">Icefields Parkway</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_ski_areas_and_resorts_in_the_United_States#Rocky_Mountains" title="List of ski areas and resorts in the United States">List of U.S. Rocky Mountain ski resorts</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_ski_areas_and_resorts_in_Canada#Alberta" title="List of ski areas and resorts in Canada">List of Alberta ski resorts</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_ski_areas_and_resorts_in_Canada#British_Columbia" title="List of ski areas and resorts in Canada">List of B.C. ski resorts</a></div> <p>Every year the scenic areas of the Rocky Mountains draw millions of tourists.<sup id="cite_ref-USGS_9-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USGS-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The main language of the Rocky Mountains is English. But there are also linguistic pockets of Spanish and indigenous languages. </p><p>People from all over the world visit the sites to hike, camp, or engage in <a href="/wiki/Mountain_sport" title="Mountain sport">mountain sports</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-USGS_9-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USGS-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the summer season, examples of tourist attractions are: </p><p>In the United States: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yellowstone_National_Park" title="Yellowstone National Park">Yellowstone National Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glacier_National_Park_(U.S.)" title="Glacier National Park (U.S.)">Glacier National Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Teton_National_Park" title="Grand Teton National Park">Grand Teton National Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocky_Mountain_National_Park" title="Rocky Mountain National Park">Rocky Mountain National Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Sand_Dunes_National_Park_and_Preserve" title="Great Sand Dunes National Park and Preserve">Great Sand Dunes National Park and Preserve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sawtooth_National_Recreation_Area" title="Sawtooth National Recreation Area">Sawtooth National Recreation Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flathead_Lake" title="Flathead Lake">Flathead Lake</a></li></ul> <p>In Canada, the mountain range contains these <a href="/wiki/National_Parks_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="National Parks of Canada">national parks</a>: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banff_National_Park" title="Banff National Park">Banff National Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jasper_National_Park" title="Jasper National Park">Jasper National Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kootenay_National_Park" title="Kootenay National Park">Kootenay National Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waterton_Lakes_National_Park" title="Waterton Lakes National Park">Waterton Lakes National Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoho_National_Park" title="Yoho National Park">Yoho National Park</a></li></ul> <p>Glacier National Park in Montana and Waterton Lakes National Park in Alberta border each other and are collectively known as <a href="/wiki/Waterton-Glacier_International_Peace_Park" title="Waterton-Glacier International Peace Park">Waterton-Glacier International Peace Park</a>. </p><p>In the winter, skiing and snowboarding are the main attractions, with dozens of <a href="/wiki/List_of_ski_areas_and_resorts_in_the_United_States#Rocky_Mountains" title="List of ski areas and resorts in the United States">Rocky Mountain ski areas and resorts</a>. </p><p>The adjacent Columbia Mountains in British Columbia contain major resorts such as <a href="/wiki/Panorama_Mountain_Resort" title="Panorama Mountain Resort">Panorama</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kicking_Horse_Resort" title="Kicking Horse Resort">Kicking Horse</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Mount_Revelstoke_National_Park" title="Mount Revelstoke National Park">Mount Revelstoke National Park</a> and Glacier National Park. </p><p>There are numerous <a href="/wiki/List_of_provincial_parks_in_British_Columbia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of provincial parks in British Columbia">provincial parks</a> in the British Columbia Rockies, the largest and most notable being <a href="/wiki/Mount_Assiniboine_Provincial_Park" title="Mount Assiniboine Provincial Park">Mount Assiniboine Provincial Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mount_Robson_Provincial_Park" title="Mount Robson Provincial Park">Mount Robson Provincial Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northern_Rocky_Mountains_Provincial_Park" title="Northern Rocky Mountains Provincial Park">Northern Rocky Mountains Provincial Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kwadacha_Wilderness_Provincial_Park" title="Kwadacha Wilderness Provincial Park">Kwadacha Wilderness Provincial Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stone_Mountain_Provincial_Park" title="Stone Mountain Provincial Park">Stone Mountain Provincial Park</a> and <a href="/wiki/Muncho_Lake_Provincial_Park" title="Muncho Lake Provincial Park">Muncho Lake Provincial Park</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/John_Denver" title="John Denver">John Denver</a> wrote the song <a href="/wiki/Rocky_Mountain_High" title="Rocky Mountain High">Rocky Mountain High</a> in 1972. The song is one of the two official <a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_songs" title="List of U.S. state songs">state songs</a> of Colorado.<sup id="cite_ref-costatesong_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-costatesong-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hazards">Hazards</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rocky_Mountains&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Hazards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Hazards_of_outdoor_recreation" title="Hazards of outdoor recreation">Hazards of outdoor recreation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mountaineering#Hazards" title="Mountaineering">Mountaineering § Hazards</a></div> <p>Encountering <a href="/wiki/Bear_danger" title="Bear danger">bears</a> or <a href="/wiki/Cougar" title="Cougar">mountain lions</a> (cougars) is a concern in the Rocky Mountains.<sup id="cite_ref-RM-2023_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RM-2023-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-WR-20170424_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WR-20170424-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are other concerns as well, including <a href="/wiki/Insect" title="Insect">bugs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wildfire" title="Wildfire">wildfires</a>, <a href="/wiki/Classifications_of_snow" title="Classifications of snow">adverse snow conditions</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rocky_Mountain_National_Park#Elevation" title="Rocky Mountain National Park">nighttime cold temperatures</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-PD-20050727_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PD-20050727-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Importantly, there have been notable incidents in the Rocky Mountains, including <a href="/wiki/Accidental_death" title="Accidental death">accidental deaths</a>, due to <a href="/wiki/Mountaineering#Falls_from_rocks" title="Mountaineering">falls from steep cliffs</a> (a <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/misstep" class="extiw" title="wikt:misstep">misstep</a> could be fatal in this <a href="/wiki/Yosemite_Decimal_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Yosemite Decimal System">class 4/5 terrain</a>) and due to <a href="/wiki/Mountaineering#Falling_rocks" title="Mountaineering">falling rocks</a>, over the years, including 1993,<sup id="cite_ref-AAC-1993_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AAC-1993-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 2007 (involving an experienced <a href="/wiki/National_Outdoor_Leadership_School" title="National Outdoor Leadership School">NOLS leader</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-CLMB-20070814_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CLMB-20070814-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 2015<sup id="cite_ref-TRIB-20151209_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TRIB-20151209-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-WYO-20180814_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WYO-20180814-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other incidents include a seriously injured backpacker being airlifted near <a href="/wiki/Pinedale,_Wyoming" title="Pinedale, Wyoming">SquareTop Mountain</a><sup id="cite_ref-MP-2009_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MP-2009-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in 2005,<sup id="cite_ref-PD-20050722_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PD-20050722-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a fatal hiker incident (from an apparent <a href="/wiki/Accidental_death" title="Accidental death">accidental fall</a>) in 2006 that involved state <a href="/wiki/Search_and_rescue" title="Search and rescue">search and rescue</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-WD-20060901_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WD-20060901-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/U.S._Forest_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Forest Service">U.S. Forest Service</a> does not offer updated aggregated records on the official number of fatalities in the Rocky Mountains. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rocky_Mountains&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/25px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/37px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/50px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="305" data-file-height="343" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Canada" title="Portal:Canada">Canada portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span 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decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/The_Matterhorn_as_seen_from_Zermatt.png/42px-The_Matterhorn_as_seen_from_Zermatt.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/The_Matterhorn_as_seen_from_Zermatt.png/56px-The_Matterhorn_as_seen_from_Zermatt.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="994" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Mountains" title="Portal:Mountains">Mountains portal</a></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hajar_Mountains" title="Hajar Mountains">Arabian Rocky Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_River_Range#Hazards" title="Wind River Range">Hazards in the Wind River Range</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountain_peaks_of_the_Rocky_Mountains" title="List of mountain peaks of the Rocky Mountains">List of mountain peaks of the Rocky Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Rocky_Mountains" title="Little Rocky Mountains">Little Rocky Mountains</a>, mountain range in north-central Montana</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocky_Mountains_subalpine_zone" title="Rocky Mountains subalpine zone">Rocky Mountains subalpine zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Rocky_Mountains" title="Southern Rocky Mountains">Southern Rocky Mountains</a></li></ul> </div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rocky_Mountains&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-NGS-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NGS_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ngs.noaa.gov/cgi-bin/ds_mark.prl?PidBox=KL0637">"MOUNT ELBERT"</a>. <i>NGS Data Sheet</i>. <a href="/wiki/U.S._National_Geodetic_Survey" title="U.S. National Geodetic Survey">National Geodetic Survey</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration" title="National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration">National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Commerce" title="United States Department of Commerce">United States Department of Commerce</a>. 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 20,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NGS+Data+Sheet&rft.atitle=MOUNT+ELBERT&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ngs.noaa.gov%2Fcgi-bin%2Fds_mark.prl%3FPidBox%3DKL0637&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARocky+Mountains" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-britkids-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-britkids_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kids.britannica.com/students/article/Rocky-Mountains-or-Rockies/276760">"Rocky Mountains, or Rockies"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a> Kids.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rocky+Mountains%2C+or+Rockies&rft.pub=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica+Kids&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkids.britannica.com%2Fstudents%2Farticle%2FRocky-Mountains-or-Rockies%2F276760&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARocky+Mountains" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Rocky-Mountains">"Rocky Mountains | Location, Map, History, & Facts"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia Britannica</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 2,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Rocky+Mountains+%7C+Location%2C+Map%2C+History%2C+%26+Facts&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FRocky-Mountains&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARocky+Mountains" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Geology-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Geology_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Geology_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMadoleBradleyLoewenherzRitter1987" class="citation book cs1">Madole, Richard F.; Bradley, William C.; Loewenherz, Deborah S.; Ritter, Dale F.; Rutter, Nathaniel W.; Thorn, Colin E. (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/252930914">"Rocky Mountains"</a>. In Graf, William L. (ed.). <i>Geomorphic Systems of North America</i>. Decade of North American Geology. Vol. 2 (Centennial Special ed.). <a href="/wiki/Geological_Society_of_America" title="Geological Society of America">Geological Society of America</a> (published January 1, 1987). pp. <span class="nowrap">211–</span>257. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1130%2FDNAG-CENT-v2.211">10.1130/DNAG-CENT-v2.211</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780813754147" title="Special:BookSources/9780813754147"><bdi>9780813754147</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 22,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Rocky+Mountains&rft.btitle=Geomorphic+Systems+of+North+America&rft.series=Decade+of+North+American+Geology&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E211-%3C%2Fspan%3E257&rft.edition=Centennial+Special&rft.pub=Geological+Society+of+America&rft.date=1987&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1130%2FDNAG-CENT-v2.211&rft.isbn=9780813754147&rft.aulast=Madole&rft.aufirst=Richard+F.&rft.au=Bradley%2C+William+C.&rft.au=Loewenherz%2C+Deborah+S.&rft.au=Ritter%2C+Dale+F.&rft.au=Rutter%2C+Nathaniel+W.&rft.au=Thorn%2C+Colin+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F252930914&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARocky+Mountains" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAkriggAkrigg1997" class="citation book cs1">Akrigg, G.P.V.; Akrigg, Helen B. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AVQ5RZeAFCkC&pg=229"><i>British Columbia Place Names</i></a> (3rd ed.). Vancouver, BC: UBC Press. p. 229. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7748-0636-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7748-0636-7"><bdi>978-0-7748-0636-7</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 2,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=British+Columbia+Place+Names&rft.place=Vancouver%2C+BC&rft.pages=229&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=UBC+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-7748-0636-7&rft.aulast=Akrigg&rft.aufirst=G.P.V.&rft.au=Akrigg%2C+Helen+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAVQ5RZeAFCkC%26pg%3D229&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARocky+Mountains" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMardonMardon2010" class="citation book cs1">Mardon, Ernest G.; Mardon, Austin A. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jbIYAwAAQBAJ&pg=283"><i>Community Place Names of Alberta</i></a> (3rd ed.). Edmonton, AB: Golden Meteorite Press. p. 283. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-897472-17-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-897472-17-0"><bdi>978-1-897472-17-0</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 2,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Community+Place+Names+of+Alberta&rft.place=Edmonton%2C+AB&rft.pages=283&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Golden+Meteorite+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-897472-17-0&rft.aulast=Mardon&rft.aufirst=Ernest+G.&rft.au=Mardon%2C+Austin+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjbIYAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3D283&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARocky+Mountains" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gadd1-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gadd1_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gadd1_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGadd1995" class="citation book cs1">Gadd, Ben (1995). <i>Handbook of the Canadian Rockies</i>. Corax Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780969263111" title="Special:BookSources/9780969263111"><bdi>9780969263111</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+the+Canadian+Rockies&rft.pub=Corax+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=9780969263111&rft.aulast=Gadd&rft.aufirst=Ben&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARocky+Mountains" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCannings2007" class="citation book cs1">Cannings, Richard (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ig4OMokvt-0C&q=%22Rocky+Mountain+Trench%22+and+%22Columbia+Mountains%22&pg=PA5"><i>The Rockies: A Natural History</i></a>. 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(2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.uvic.ca/~stj/Assets/PDFs/04%20JE%20&%20STJ%20IGR%20Laramide.pdf">"The Laramide Orogeny: What Were the Driving Forces?"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>International Geology Review</i>. <b>46</b> (9): 833 838. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004IGRv...46..833E">2004IGRv...46..833E</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2747%2F0020-6814.46.9.833">10.2747/0020-6814.46.9.833</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:129901811">129901811</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110607041857/http://web.uvic.ca/~stj/Assets/PDFs/04%20JE%20%26%20STJ%20IGR%20Laramide.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on June 7, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Geology+Review&rft.atitle=The+Laramide+Orogeny%3A+What+Were+the+Driving+Forces%3F&rft.volume=46&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=833+838&rft.date=2004&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A129901811%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2747%2F0020-6814.46.9.833&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2004IGRv...46..833E&rft.aulast=English&rft.aufirst=Joseph+M.&rft.au=Johnston%2C+Stephen+T.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.uvic.ca%2F~stj%2FAssets%2FPDFs%2F04%2520JE%2520%26%2520STJ%2520IGR%2520Laramide.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARocky+Mountains" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gadd2-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gadd2_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gadd2_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gadd2_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGadd2008" class="citation book cs1">Gadd, Ben (2008). <i>Canadian Rockies Geology Road Tours</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 31,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=WyoFile+News&rft.atitle=Deadly+underestimation&rft.date=2018-08-24&rft.aulast=Dayton&rft.aufirst=Kelsey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wyofile.com%2Fdeadly-underestimation%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARocky+Mountains" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MP-2009-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MP-2009_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFunk2009" class="citation web cs1">Funk, Jason (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mountainproject.com/area/106521163/squaretop-mountain">"Squaretop Mountain Rock Climbing"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Mountain_Project" title="Mountain Project">Mountain Project</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210726095630/https://www.mountainproject.com/area/106521163/squaretop-mountain">Archived</a> from the original on July 26, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 31,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mountain+Project&rft.atitle=Squaretop+Mountain+Rock+Climbing&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Funk&rft.aufirst=Jason&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mountainproject.com%2Farea%2F106521163%2Fsquaretop-mountain&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARocky+Mountains" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PD-20050722-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PD-20050722_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStaff2005" class="citation news cs1">Staff (July 22, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pinedaleonline.com/news/2005/07/Injuredmanrescuedfro.htm">"Injured man rescued from Square Top Mtn - Tip-Top Search & Rescue helps 2 injured on the mountain"</a>. <i>PineDaleOnline News</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210726131552/http://www.pinedaleonline.com/news/2005/07/Injuredmanrescuedfro.htm">Archived</a> from the original on July 26, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 31,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PineDaleOnline+News&rft.atitle=Injured+man+rescued+from+Square+Top+Mtn+-+Tip-Top+Search+%26+Rescue+helps+2+injured+on+the+mountain&rft.date=2005-07-22&rft.au=Staff&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pinedaleonline.com%2Fnews%2F2005%2F07%2FInjuredmanrescuedfro.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARocky+Mountains" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WD-20060901-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WD-20060901_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStaff2006" class="citation news cs1">Staff (September 1, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200127232916/http://www.1.wildernessdoc.com/Report.aspx?IN=13">"Incident Reports - September, 2006 - Wind River Search"</a>. <i>WildernessDoc.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.1.wildernessdoc.com/Report.aspx?IN=13">the original</a> on January 27, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 31,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=WildernessDoc.com&rft.atitle=Incident+Reports+-+September%2C+2006+-+Wind+River+Search&rft.date=2006-09-01&rft.au=Staff&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.1.wildernessdoc.com%2FReport.aspx%3FIN%3D13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARocky+Mountains" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rocky_Mountains&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_the_Western_United_States" title="Bibliography of the Western United States">Bibliography of the Western United States</a></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaron2002" class="citation book cs1">Baron, Jill (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zxvFXkH0828C&q=Rocky%20Mountains&pg=PP1"><i>Rocky Mountain futures: an ecological perspective</i></a>. Island Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55963-953-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-55963-953-9"><bdi>1-55963-953-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rocky+Mountain+futures%3A+an+ecological+perspective&rft.pub=Island+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=1-55963-953-9&rft.aulast=Baron&rft.aufirst=Jill&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzxvFXkH0828C%26q%3DRocky%2520Mountains%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARocky+Mountains" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Hamp, Sidford F. (1899), <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/74105">The treasure of Mushroom Rock: A story of prospecting in the Rocky Mountains</a></i>, United States: G. P. Putnam's Sons.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNewby2004" class="citation book cs1">Newby, Rick (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xv5ivm13_0oC&q=Rocky%20Mountains&pg=PP1"><i>The Rocky Mountain region</i></a>. Greenwood Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-313-32817-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-313-32817-X"><bdi>0-313-32817-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rocky+Mountain+region&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-313-32817-X&rft.aulast=Newby&rft.aufirst=Rick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dxv5ivm13_0oC%26q%3DRocky%2520Mountains%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARocky+Mountains" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rocky_Mountains&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 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sistersitebox plainlinks"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <b>Rocky Mountains</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects">sister projects</span></a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Rocky_Mountains" class="extiw" title="c:Rocky Mountains">Media</a> from Commons</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/27px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/41px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/54px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Rocky_Mountains" class="extiw" title="voy:Rocky Mountains">Travel information</a> from Wikivoyage</span></li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cas.vanderbilt.edu/bioimages/ecoregions/50511frame.htm">Colorado Rockies Forests ecoregion images at bioimages.vanderbilt.edu</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cas.vanderbilt.edu/bioimages/ecoregions/50511.htm">slow modem version</a>)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cas.vanderbilt.edu/bioimages/ecoregions/50518frame.htm">North Central Rockies Forests ecoregion images at bioimages.vanderbilt.edu</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cas.vanderbilt.edu/bioimages/ecoregions/50518.htm">slow modem version</a>)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cas.vanderbilt.edu/bioimages/ecoregions/50528frame.htm">South Central Rockies Forests ecoregion images at bioimages.vanderbilt.edu</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cas.vanderbilt.edu/bioimages/ecoregions/50528.htm">slow modem version</a>)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digitallibrary.hsp.org/index.php/Detail/Object/Show/object_id/3963">Sunset on the Top of the Rocky Mountains, CO, Historical Society of Pennsylvania</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161107203001/http://digitallibrary.hsp.org/index.php/Detail/Object/Show/object_id/3963">Archived</a> November 7, 2016, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 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aria-labelledby="Regions_of_the_United_States589" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output 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title="Washington, D.C.">District of Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territories_of_the_United_States" title="Territories of the United States">Territory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Insular_area" title="Insular area">Insular area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Minor_Outlying_Islands" title="United States Minor Outlying Islands">Minor Outlying Island</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribal_sovereignty_in_the_United_States" title="Tribal sovereignty in the United States">Tribal domestic dependent nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._territorial_sovereignty#Maritime_territory_of_the_United_States" title="U.S. territorial sovereignty">Maritime territory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Time_in_the_United_States" title="Time in the United States">Time zones</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chamorro_Time_Zone" title="Chamorro Time Zone">Chamorro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samoa_Time_Zone" title="Samoa Time Zone">Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaii%E2%80%93Aleutian_Time_Zone" title="Hawaii–Aleutian Time Zone">Hawaii–Aleutian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alaska_Time_Zone" title="Alaska Time Zone">Alaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Time_Zone" title="Pacific Time Zone">Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_Time_Zone" title="Mountain Time Zone">Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Time_Zone" title="Central Time Zone">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Time_Zone" title="Eastern Time Zone">Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Time_Zone" title="Atlantic Time Zone">Atlantic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau" title="United States Census Bureau">Census</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_United_States" title="Western United States">West</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_states" class="mw-redirect" title="Pacific states">Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_states" title="Mountain states">Mountain</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midwestern_United_States" title="Midwestern United States">Midwest</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_North_Central_states" title="East North Central states">E N Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_North_Central_states" title="West North Central states">W N Central</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeastern_United_States" title="Northeastern United States">Northeast</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mid-Atlantic_(United_States)" title="Mid-Atlantic (United States)">Middle Atlantic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">South</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Atlantic_states" title="South Atlantic states">S Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_South_Central_states" title="East South Central states">E S Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_South_Central_states" title="West South Central states">W S Central</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/United_States_courts_of_appeals" title="United States courts of appeals">Courts of<br />appeals</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_First_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit">1st</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Second_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit">2nd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Third_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit">3rd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Fourth_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit">4th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Fifth_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit">5th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Sixth_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit">6th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Seventh_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit">7th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Eighth_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit">8th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Ninth_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit">9th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Tenth_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit">10th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Eleventh_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit">11th</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_United_States" title="Geography of the United States">Physical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Physiographic_regions_of_the_United_States" title="Physiographic regions of the United States">Physiographic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Coast_Ranges" title="Pacific Coast Ranges">Pacific Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intermontane_Plateaus" title="Intermontane Plateaus">Intermontane Plateaus</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Rocky Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurentian_Upland" title="Laurentian Upland">Laurentian Upland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interior_Plains" title="Interior Plains">Interior Plains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._Interior_Highlands" title="U.S. Interior Highlands">Interior Highlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appalachian_Highlands" title="Appalachian Highlands">Appalachian Highlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Plain" title="Atlantic Plain">Atlantic Plain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tidewater_(region)" title="Tidewater (region)">Tidewater</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_and_territories_by_coastline" title="List of U.S. states and territories by coastline">Coastal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arctic" title="Arctic">Arctic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="West Coast of the United States">West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_region" title="Great Lakes region">Great Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="Gulf Coast of the United States">Gulf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="East Coast of the United States">East</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Historical_regions_of_the_United_States" title="Historical regions of the United States">Historical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Territorial_evolution_of_the_United_States" title="Territorial evolution of the United States">Acquisitions</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">Thirteen Colonies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Territory" title="Northwest Territory">Northwest Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwest_Territory" title="Southwest Territory">Southwest Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Purchase" title="Louisiana Purchase">Louisiana Purchase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gadsden_Purchase" title="Gadsden Purchase">Gadsden Purchase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_1818" title="Treaty of 1818">Treaty of 1818</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adams%E2%80%93On%C3%ADs_Treaty" title="Adams–Onís Treaty">Adams–Onís Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_annexation" title="Texas annexation">Texas annexation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oregon_Treaty" title="Oregon Treaty">Oregon Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Cession" title="Mexican Cession">Mexican Cession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alaska_Purchase" title="Alaska Purchase">Alaska Purchase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newlands_Resolution" title="Newlands Resolution">Newlands Resolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1898)" title="Treaty of Paris (1898)">Acquisition of Puerto Rico and Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Cession_of_Tutuila" title="Treaty of Cession of Tutuila">Cession of Tutuila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Cession_of_Manu%27a" title="Treaty of Cession of Manu'a">Cession of Manu'a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_Enabling_Act" title="Oklahoma Enabling Act">Annexation of the Indian Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_the_Danish_West_Indies" title="Treaty of the Danish West Indies">Treaty of the Danish West Indies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Mariana_Islands#United_Nations_trusteeship" title="Northern Mariana Islands">Acquisition of the Northern Mariana Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">Civil War</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Union_(American_Civil_War)" title="Union (American Civil War)">Union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Border_states_(American_Civil_War)" title="Border states (American Civil War)">Border states</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederacy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_South" title="Old South">Old South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dixie" title="Dixie">Dixie</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_states_and_free_states" title="Slave states and free states">Slave states and free states</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Divided</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Northeast" title="Atlantic Northeast">Atlantic Northeast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Californias" title="The Californias">The Californias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbia_District" title="Columbia District">Columbia District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oregon_Country" title="Oregon Country">Oregon Country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Northwest" title="Pacific Northwest">Pacific Northwest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prairie_Pothole_Region" title="Prairie Pothole Region">Prairie Pothole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samoan_Islands" title="Samoan Islands">Samoan Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonoran_Desert" title="Sonoran Desert">Sonoran Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virgin_Islands" title="Virgin Islands">Virgin Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Appalachia" title="Appalachia">Appalachia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_United_States" title="Central United States">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_United_States" title="Eastern United States">Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Corners" title="Four Corners">Four Corners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Plains" title="Great Plains">Great Plains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Plains_(United_States)" title="High Plains (United States)">High Plains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intermountain_states" class="mw-redirect" title="Intermountain states">Intermountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_border_states_of_the_United_States" title="International border states of the United States">International border states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariana_Islands" title="Mariana Islands">Mariana Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_United_States" title="Northern United States">Northern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_United_States" title="Northwestern United States">Northwestern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cascadia_(bioregion)" title="Cascadia (bioregion)">Cascadia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_states_and_blue_states" title="Red states and blue states">Red states and blue states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeastern_United_States" title="Southeastern United States">Southeastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">Southern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deep_South" title="Deep South">Deep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mid-South_(region)" title="Mid-South (region)">Mid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_South" title="New South">New</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solid_South" title="Solid South">Solid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upland_South" title="Upland South">Upland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwestern_United_States" title="Southwestern United States">Southwestern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Midwest" title="Upper Midwest">Upper Midwest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_United_States" title="Western United States">Western</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_of_the_United_States" title="List of regions of the United States">List</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Regions_of_the_United_States" title="Category:Regions of the United States">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Regions_of_the_United_States" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Regions of the United States">Commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="United_States_articles608" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:United_States_topics" title="Template:United States topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:United_States_topics" title="Template talk:United States topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:United_States_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:United States topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="United_States_articles608" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> articles</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States" title="History of the United States">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By period</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1776%E2%80%931789)" title="History of the United States (1776–1789)">1776–1789</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1789%E2%80%931815)" title="History of the United States (1789–1815)">1789–1815</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1815%E2%80%931849)" title="History of the United States (1815–1849)">1815–1849</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1849%E2%80%931865)" title="History of the United States (1849–1865)">1849–1865</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1865%E2%80%931917)" title="History of the United States (1865–1917)">1865–1917</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1917%E2%80%931945)" title="History of the United States (1917–1945)">1917–1945</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1945%E2%80%931964)" title="History of the United States (1945–1964)">1945–1964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1964%E2%80%931980)" title="History of the United States (1964–1980)">1964–1980</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1980%E2%80%931991)" title="History of the United States (1980–1991)">1980–1991</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1991%E2%80%932008)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the United States (1991–2008)">1991–2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(2008%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the United States (2008–present)">2008–present</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By event</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_era" title="Pre-Columbian era">Pre-colonial era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_history_of_the_United_States" title="Colonial history of the United States">Colonial era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stamp_Act_Congress" title="Stamp Act Congress">Stamp Act Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">Thirteen Colonies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Congress" title="Continental Congress">Continental Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Association" title="Continental Association">Continental Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Colonies" title="United Colonies">United Colonies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_American_military_history" title="Colonial American military history">military history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Founding_Fathers_of_the_United_States" title="Founding Fathers of the United States">Founding Fathers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halifax_Resolves" title="Halifax Resolves">Halifax Resolves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Resolution" title="Lee Resolution">Lee Resolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" title="United States Declaration of Independence">Declaration of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1783)" title="Treaty of Paris (1783)">Treaty of Paris</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Articles_of_Confederation" title="Articles of Confederation">Articles of Confederation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Perpetual_Union" title="Perpetual Union">Perpetual Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederation_period" title="Confederation period">Confederation period</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_frontier" title="American frontier">American frontier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_States" title="Constitution of the United States">Constitution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_drafting_and_ratification_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Timeline of drafting and ratification of the United States Constitution">drafting and ratification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Bill_of_Rights" title="United States Bill of Rights">Bill of Rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_Era" title="Federalist Era">Federalist Era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_evolution_of_the_United_States" title="Territorial evolution of the United States">Territorial evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War" title="Mexican–American War">Mexican–American War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_era" title="Reconstruction era">Reconstruction era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Indian_Wars" title="American Indian Wars">Indian Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_genocide_in_the_United_States" title="Native American genocide in the United States">Native genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilded_Age" title="Gilded Age">Gilded Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Era" title="Progressive Era">Progressive Era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_States" title="Women's suffrage in the United States">Women's suffrage</a></li> <li>Civil rights movement <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement_(1865%E2%80%931896)" title="Civil rights movement (1865–1896)">1865–1896</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement_(1896%E2%80%931954)" title="Civil rights movement (1896–1954)">1896–1954</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">1954–1968</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War" title="Spanish–American War">Spanish–American War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_imperialism" class="mw-redirect" title="American imperialism">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_in_World_War_I" title="United States in World War I">World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roaring_Twenties" title="Roaring Twenties">Roaring Twenties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_States_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the United States during World War II">World War II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_home_front_during_World_War_II" title="United States home front during World War II">home front</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Century" title="American Century">American Century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Race" title="Space Race">Space Race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second-wave_feminism" title="Second-wave feminism">Feminist Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay_liberation" title="Gay liberation">LGBT Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1991%E2%80%932008)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the United States (1991–2008)">Post-Cold War (1991–2008)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11 attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_on_terror" title="War on terror">War on Terror</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%932021)" title="War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)">War in Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Recession_in_the_United_States" title="Great Recession in the United States">Great Recession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_States" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the United States">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By topic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_history_of_the_United_States" title="Outline of the history of the United States">Outline of U.S. history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographic_history_of_the_United_States" title="Demographic history of the United States">Demographic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_United_States_discoveries" title="Timeline of United States discoveries">Discoveries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_the_United_States" title="Economic history of the United States">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_United_States_inventions" title="Timeline of United States inventions">Inventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_States" title="Military history of the United States">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_the_United_States" title="Postage stamps and postal history of the United States">Postal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technological_and_industrial_history_of_the_United_States" title="Technological and industrial history of the United States">Technological and industrial</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_United_States" title="Geography of the United States">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/U.S._territorial_sovereignty" title="U.S. territorial sovereignty">Territory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Contiguous_United_States" title="Contiguous United States">Contiguous United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_(United_States)" title="County (United States)">counties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">federal district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_enclave" title="Federal enclave">federal enclaves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_reservation" title="Indian reservation">Indian reservations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territories_of_the_United_States" title="Territories of the United States">insular zones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Minor_Outlying_Islands" title="United States Minor Outlying Islands">minor outlying islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_populated_places_in_the_United_States" title="Lists of populated places in the United States">populated places</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">states</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_the_United_States" title="List of earthquakes in the United States">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extreme_points_of_the_United_States" title="List of extreme points of the United States">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_the_United_States" title="List of islands of the United States">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_of_the_United_States" title="List of mountains of the United States">Mountains</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountain_peaks_of_the_United_States" title="List of mountain peaks of the United States">peaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountain_ranges#United_States" title="List of mountain ranges">ranges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appalachian_Mountains" title="Appalachian Mountains">Appalachian</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Rocky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Nevada" title="Sierra Nevada">Sierra Nevada</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Park_Service" title="National Park Service">National Park Service</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_areas_in_the_United_States_National_Park_System" title="List of areas in the United States National Park System">National Parks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_of_the_United_States" title="List of regions of the United States">Regions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="East Coast of the United States">East Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="West Coast of the United States">West Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Plains" title="Great Plains">Great Plains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="Gulf Coast of the United States">Gulf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mid-Atlantic_(United_States)" title="Mid-Atlantic (United States)">Mid-Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midwestern_United_States" title="Midwestern United States">Midwestern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="West Coast of the United States">Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_United_States" title="Central United States">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_United_States" title="Eastern United States">Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_United_States" title="Northern United States">Northern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeastern_United_States" title="Northeastern United States">Northeastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_United_States" title="Northwestern United States">Northwestern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">Southern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeastern_United_States" title="Southeastern United States">Southeastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwestern_United_States" title="Southwestern United States">Southwestern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_United_States" title="Western United States">Western</a></li></ul></li> <li>Longest <a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_the_United_States" title="List of rivers of the United States">rivers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arkansas_River" title="Arkansas River">Arkansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorado_River" title="Colorado River">Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbia_River" title="Columbia River">Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River" title="Mississippi River">Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missouri_River" title="Missouri River">Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_River_of_the_South" title="Red River of the South">Red (South)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rio_Grande" title="Rio Grande">Rio Grande</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yukon_River" title="Yukon River">Yukon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_in_the_United_States" title="Time in the United States">Time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_the_United_States" title="Water supply and sanitation in the United States">Water supply and sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_the_United_States" title="List of World Heritage Sites in the United States">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_United_States" title="Politics of the United States">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Federal government of the United States">Federal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Executive</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Powers_of_the_president_of_the_United_States" title="Powers of the president of the United States">powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Office_of_the_President_of_the_United_States" title="Executive Office of the President of the United States">Executive Office</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_United_States" title="Cabinet of the United States">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_federal_executive_departments" title="United States federal executive departments">Executive departments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_agencies_of_the_United_States_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent agencies of the United States government">Independent agencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Intelligence_Community" title="United States Intelligence Community">Intelligence Community</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Director_of_National_Intelligence" title="Director of National Intelligence">Director of National Intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Security_Agency" title="National Security Agency">National Security Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Reconnaissance_Office" title="National Reconnaissance Office">National Reconnaissance Office</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_law_enforcement_in_the_United_States" title="Federal law enforcement in the United States">Law enforcement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Alcohol,_Tobacco,_Firearms_and_Explosives" title="Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives">ATF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._Customs_and_Border_Protection" title="U.S. Customs and Border Protection">CBP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Diplomatic_Security" title="Bureau of Diplomatic Security">Diplomatic Security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_Enforcement_Administration" title="Drug Enforcement Administration">DEA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Federal Bureau of Investigation">FBI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._Immigration_and_Customs_Enforcement" title="U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement">ICE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Marshals_Service" title="United States Marshals Service">Marshals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secret_Service" title="United States Secret Service">Secret Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_Security_Administration" title="Transportation Security Administration">TSA</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Inspector_General_(United_States)" title="Office of Inspector General (United States)">Inspector generals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_federal_civil_service" title="United States federal civil service">Civil service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Public policy of the United States">Public policy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">Legislative</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">House of Representatives</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_members_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" class="mw-redirect" title="List of current members of the United States House of Representatives">current members</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Speaker of the United States House of Representatives">Speaker</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">Senate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_United_States_senators" title="List of current United States senators">current members</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_pro_tempore_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="President pro tempore of the United States Senate">President pro tempore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States#President_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="Vice President of the United States">President</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol_Police" title="United States Capitol Police">Capitol Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Budget_Office" title="Congressional Budget Office">Congressional Budget Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_Accountability_Office" title="Government Accountability Office">Government Accountability Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Government_Publishing_Office" title="United States Government Publishing Office">Government Publishing Office</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Federal_judiciary_of_the_United_States" title="Federal judiciary of the United States">Judicial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_the_United_States" title="Chief Justice of the United States">Chief Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Associate_Justice_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States">Associate Justices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_justices_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="List of justices of the Supreme Court of the United States">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_courts_of_appeals" title="United States courts of appeals">Courts of appeals</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_United_States_circuit_judges" title="List of current United States circuit judges">list of judges</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_district_court" title="United States district court">District courts</a>/<a href="/wiki/United_States_territorial_court" title="United States territorial court">Territorial courts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_district_and_territorial_courts" title="List of United States district and territorial courts">list of courts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_United_States_district_judges" title="List of current United States district judges">list of judges</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_tribunals_in_the_United_States" title="Federal tribunals in the United States">Other tribunals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Attorney" title="United States Attorney">U.S. attorney</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Law_of_the_United_States" title="Law of the United States">Law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Bill_of_Rights" title="United States Bill of Rights">Bill of Rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_liberties_in_the_United_States" title="Civil liberties in the United States">civil liberties</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_of_Federal_Regulations" title="Code of Federal Regulations">Code of Federal Regulations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_States" title="Constitution of the United States">Constitution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federalism_in_the_United_States" title="Federalism in the United States">federalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_preemption" title="Federal preemption">preemption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Separation of powers under the United States Constitution">separation of powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">civil rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Code" title="United States Code">United States Code</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Uniformed_services_of_the_United_States" title="Uniformed services of the United States">Uniformed</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Armed_Forces" title="United States Armed Forces">Armed Forces</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps" title="United States Marine Corps">Marine Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force" title="United States Air Force">Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Space_Force" title="United States Space Force">Space Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Coast_Guard" title="United States Coast Guard">Coast Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Guard_(United_States)" title="National Guard (United States)">National Guard</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NOAA_Commissioned_Officer_Corps" title="NOAA Commissioned Officer Corps">NOAA Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Public_Health_Service_Commissioned_Corps" title="United States Public Health Service Commissioned Corps">Public Health Service Corps</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/State_governments_of_the_United_States" title="State governments of the United States">State</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_District_of_Columbia" title="Government of the District of Columbia">Federal District</a>,<br />and <a href="/wiki/Territories_of_the_United_States" title="Territories of the United States">Territorial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/State_constitutional_officer" title="State constitutional officer">Executive</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Governor_(United_States)" title="Governor (United States)">Governor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_United_States_governors" title="List of current United States governors">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_governor_(United_States)" title="Lieutenant governor (United States)">Lieutenant governor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_United_States_lieutenant_governors" title="List of current United States lieutenant governors">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_state_(U.S._state_government)" title="Secretary of state (U.S. state government)">Secretary of state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_attorney_general" title="State attorney general">Attorney general</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_treasurer" title="State treasurer">Treasurer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_auditor" title="State auditor">Auditor/Comptroller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_commissioner" title="Agriculture commissioner">Agriculture commissioner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurance_commissioner" title="Insurance commissioner">Insurance commissioner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_utilities_commission" title="Public utilities commission">Public utilities commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_police_(United_States)" title="State police (United States)">State police</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_state_and_local_law_enforcement_agencies" title="List of United States state and local law enforcement agencies">list</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/State_legislature_(United_States)" title="State legislature (United States)">Legislative</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_state_legislatures" title="List of United States state legislatures">List of legislatures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_legislators" title="List of U.S. state legislators">List of legislators</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/State_court_(United_States)" title="State court (United States)">Judicial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_supreme_court" title="State supreme court">Supreme courts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_state_chief_justices" title="List of state chief justices">Chief justices</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/District_attorney" title="District attorney">District attorney</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_district_attorneys_by_county" class="mw-redirect" title="List of district attorneys by county">list</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/State_law_(United_States)" title="State law (United States)">Law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_constitutions_in_the_United_States" title="State constitutions in the United States">State constitutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_statutory_codes" title="List of U.S. state statutory codes">Statutory codes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uniform_act" title="Uniform act">Uniform act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_U.S._state_and_territory_governments" title="Comparison of U.S. state and territory governments">Comparison of governments</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Tribe_(Native_American)" title="Tribe (Native American)">Tribal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tribal_sovereignty_in_the_United_States" title="Tribal sovereignty in the United States">Tribal sovereignty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_recognition_in_the_United_States" title="Native American recognition in the United States">Native American recognition in the United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federally_recognized_tribes_in_the_contiguous_United_States" title="List of federally recognized tribes in the contiguous United States">Federally recognized tribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Alaska_Native_tribal_entities" title="List of Alaska Native tribal entities">Federally recognized Alaska Native tribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State-recognized_tribes_in_the_United_States" title="State-recognized tribes in the United States">State-recognized tribes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_reservation" title="Indian reservation">Indian reservation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_reservations_in_the_United_States" title="List of Indian reservations in the United States">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_home_land" title="Hawaiian home land">Hawaiian home land</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_the_United_States" title="Local government in the United States">Local</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/County_(United_States)" title="County (United States)">County</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_counties_and_county_equivalents" title="List of United States counties and county equivalents">List of counties and county equivalents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_executive" title="County executive">County executive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheriffs_in_the_United_States" title="Sheriffs in the United States">Sheriff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_clerk" title="Municipal clerk">Clerk</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Cities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consolidated_city-county" title="Consolidated city-county">Consolidated city-county</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_city_(United_States)" title="Independent city (United States)">Independent city</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coterminous_municipality" title="Coterminous municipality">Coterminous municipality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_charter#United_States" title="Municipal charter">Charter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayor%E2%80%93council_government" title="Mayor–council government">Mayor–council government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council%E2%80%93manager_government" title="Council–manager government">Council–manager government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_commission_government" title="City commission government">City commission government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayoralty_in_the_United_States" title="Mayoralty in the United States">Mayor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_manager" title="City manager">City manager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_council#United_States" title="Municipal council">City council</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Minor_civil_division" title="Minor civil division">Minor divisions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_township" title="Civil township">Township</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Town_meeting" title="Town meeting">Town meeting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Special_district_(United_States)" title="Special district (United States)">Special district</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/School_district" title="School district">School district</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_school_districts_in_the_United_States" title="Lists of school districts in the United States">list</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_the_United_States" title="Corruption in the United States">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_the_United_States" title="Elections in the United States">Elections</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Electoral_College" title="United States Electoral College">Electoral College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_states_and_blue_states" title="Red states and blue states">Red states and blue states</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_United_States" title="Foreign relations of the United States">Foreign relations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Foreign policy of the United States">foreign policy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_presidency" title="Imperial presidency">Imperial presidency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_ideologies_in_the_United_States" title="Political ideologies in the United States">Ideologies</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Americanism" title="Anti-Americanism">Anti-Americanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_exceptionalism" title="American exceptionalism">exceptionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_nationalism" title="American nationalism">nationalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_parties_in_the_United_States" title="Political parties in the United States">Parties</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_party_(U.S._politics)" title="Third party (U.S. politics)">Third parties</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_political_scandals_in_the_United_States" title="List of federal political scandals in the United States">Scandals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_United_States" title="Economy of the United States">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_United_States_by_sector" title="Economy of the United States by sector">By sector</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_the_United_States" title="Agriculture in the United States">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_the_United_States" title="Banking in the United States">Banking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_in_the_United_States" title="Communications in the United States">Communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_the_United_States_by_state" title="List of companies of the United States by state">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_the_United_States" title="Energy in the United States">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurance_in_the_United_States" title="Insurance in the United States">Insurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manufacturing_in_the_United_States" title="Manufacturing in the United States">Manufacturing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_the_United_States" title="Mining in the United States">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_the_United_States" title="Science and technology in the United States">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_the_United_States" title="Tourism in the United States">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_trade_of_the_United_States" title="Foreign trade of the United States">Trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_the_United_States_by_state" title="List of companies of the United States by state">by state</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">Currency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exports_of_the_United_States" title="List of exports of the United States">Exports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_federal_budget" title="United States federal budget">Federal budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions_by_the_United_States" title="Greenhouse gas emissions by the United States">Greenhouse gas emissions by the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve" title="Federal Reserve">Federal Reserve System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_position_of_the_United_States" title="Financial position of the United States">Financial position</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_unions_in_the_United_States" title="Labor unions in the United States">Labor unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_debt_of_the_United_States" title="National debt of the United States">Public debt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_programs_in_the_United_States" title="Social programs in the United States">Social welfare programs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_the_United_States" title="Taxation in the United States">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unemployment_in_the_United_States" title="Unemployment in the United States">Unemployment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wall_Street" title="Wall Street">Wall Street</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Transport in the United States">Transport</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aviation_in_the_United_States" title="Aviation in the United States">Aviation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Driving_in_the_United_States" title="Driving in the United States">Driving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_transportation_in_the_United_States" title="Public transportation in the United States">Public transportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transportation_in_the_United_States" title="Rail transportation in the United States">Rail transportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Transportation policy of the United States">Transportation policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_safety_in_the_United_States" title="Transportation safety in the United States">Transportation safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trucking_industry_in_the_United_States" title="Trucking industry in the United States">Trucking industry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_the_United_States" title="Category:Society of the United States">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_United_States" title="Culture of the United States">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Americana_(culture)" title="Americana (culture)">Americana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_in_the_United_States" title="Architecture in the United States">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_United_States" title="Cinema of the United States">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_the_United_States" title="Crime in the United States">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_cuisine" title="American cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_in_the_United_States" title="Dance in the United States">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_United_States" title="Demographics of the United States">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_United_States" title="Economy of the United States">Economic issues</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affluence_in_the_United_States" title="Affluence in the United States">affluence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eviction_in_the_United_States" title="Eviction in the United States">eviction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeownership_in_the_United_States" title="Homeownership in the United States">homeownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Household_income_in_the_United_States" title="Household income in the United States">household income</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Income_inequality_in_the_United_States" title="Income inequality in the United States">income inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_middle_class" title="American middle class">middle class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_income_in_the_United_States" title="Personal income in the United States">personal income</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_the_United_States" title="Poverty in the United States">poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_of_living_in_the_United_States" title="Standard of living in the United States">standard of living</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affluence_in_the_United_States" title="Affluence in the United States">wealth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Working_class_in_the_United_States" title="Working class in the United States">working class</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_United_States" title="Education in the United States">Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Educational_attainment_in_the_United_States" title="Educational attainment in the United States">attainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literacy_in_the_United_States" title="Literacy in the United States">literacy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_in_the_United_States" title="Family in the United States">Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashion_in_the_United_States" title="Fashion in the United States">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_United_States" title="Flag of the United States">Flag</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_flags_of_the_United_States" title="List of flags of the United States">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folklore_of_the_United_States" title="Folklore of the United States">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_the_United_States" title="Public holidays in the United States">Holidays</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federal_holidays_in_the_United_States" title="Federal holidays in the United States">Federal holidays</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_the_United_States" title="Homelessness in the United States">Homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Housing_in_the_United_States" title="Housing in the United States">Housing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_the_United_States" title="Human rights in the United States">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_United_States" title="Languages of the United States">Languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">American English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous languages of the Americas">Indigenous languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Sign_Language" title="American Sign Language">ASL</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_literature" title="American literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_the_United_States" title="Mass media in the United States">Media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_American_journalism" title="History of American journalism">journalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_the_United_States" title="Internet in the United States">internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_American_newspapers" title="History of American newspapers">newspapers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_in_the_United_States" title="Radio in the United States">radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_the_United_States" title="Television in the United States">television</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_United_States" title="Music of the United States">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naming_in_the_United_States" title="Naming in the United States">Names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Star-Spangled_Banner" title="The Star-Spangled Banner">National anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_the_United_States" title="National symbols of the United States">National symbols</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Columbia_(personification)" title="Columbia (personification)">Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Rushmore" title="Mount Rushmore">Mount Rushmore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Liberty" title="Statue of Liberty">Statue of Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncle_Sam" title="Uncle Sam">Uncle Sam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Americans" title="Americans">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_philosophy" title="American philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_ideologies_in_the_United_States" title="Political ideologies in the United States">Political ideologies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States" title="Race and ethnicity in the United States">Race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_United_States" title="Religion in the United States">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_the_United_States" title="Sexuality in the United States">Sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_the_United_States" title="Social class in the United States">Social class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_the_United_States" title="Society of the United States">Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_in_the_United_States" title="Sports in the United States">Sports</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_sports_in_the_United_States" title="History of sports in the United States">history</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theater_in_the_United_States" title="Theater in the United States">Theater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_in_the_United_States" title="Transportation in the United States">Transportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_games_in_the_United_States" title="Video games in the United States">Video games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_art_of_the_United_States" title="Visual art of the United States">Visual art</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_the_United_States" title="Social class in the United States">Social class</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affluence_in_the_United_States" title="Affluence in the United States">Affluence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Dream" title="American Dream">American Dream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Educational_attainment_in_the_United_States" title="Educational attainment in the United States">Educational attainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_the_United_States" title="Homelessness in the United States">Homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeownership_in_the_United_States" title="Homeownership in the United States">Homeownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Household_income_in_the_United_States" title="Household income in the United States">Household income</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Income_inequality_in_the_United_States" title="Income inequality in the United States">Income inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_middle_class" title="American middle class">Middle class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_income_in_the_United_States" title="Personal income in the United States">Personal income</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_the_United_States" title="Poverty in the United States">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_of_living_in_the_United_States" title="Standard of living in the United States">Standard of living</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Health_in_the_United_States" title="Health in the United States">Health</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aging_of_the_United_States" title="Aging of the United States">Aging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_the_United_States" title="Healthcare in the United States">Healthcare</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_the_United_States" title="Abortion in the United States">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birth_control_in_the_United_States" title="Birth control in the United States">Birth control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prenatal_care_in_the_United_States" title="Prenatal care in the United States">Prenatal care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hospice_care_in_the_United_States" title="Hospice care in the United States">Hospice care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigrant_health_care_in_the_United_States" title="Immigrant health care in the United States">Immigrant health care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_rationing_in_the_United_States" title="Healthcare rationing in the United States">Rationing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_care_finance_in_the_United_States" title="Health care finance in the United States">Health care finance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Health_insurance_costs_in_the_United_States" title="Health insurance costs in the United States">Health insurance costs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_care_prices_in_the_United_States" title="Health care prices in the United States">Health care prices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prescription_drug_prices_in_the_United_States" title="Prescription drug prices in the United States">Prescription drug prices</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_in_the_United_States" title="Disability in the United States">Disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_insurance_in_the_United_States" title="Health insurance in the United States">Health insurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_safety_in_the_United_States" title="Food safety in the United States">Food safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physician_shortage_in_the_United_States" title="Physician shortage in the United States">Physician shortage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_and_health_in_the_United_States" title="Poverty and health in the United States">Poverty and health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_and_health_in_the_United_States" title="Race and health in the United States">Race and health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obesity_in_the_United_States" title="Obesity in the United States">Obesity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_deserts_in_the_United_States" title="Medical deserts in the United States">Medical deserts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_reproductive_health_in_the_United_States" title="Women's reproductive health in the United States">Women's reproductive health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_and_territories_by_life_expectancy" title="List of U.S. states and territories by life expectancy">Life expectancy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States" title="Capital punishment in the United States">Capital punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_the_United_States" title="Crime in the United States">Crime</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Incarceration_in_the_United_States" title="Incarceration in the United States">incarceration</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_United_States_government" title="Criticism of the United States government">Criticism of government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_in_the_United_States" title="Discrimination in the United States">Discrimination</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States" title="Affirmative action in the United States">affirmative action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_United_States" title="Antisemitism in the United States">antisemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersex_rights_in_the_United_States" title="Intersex rights in the United States">intersex rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamophobia_in_the_United_States" title="Islamophobia in the United States">Islamophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in the United States">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_United_States" title="Racism in the United States">racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_against_Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Racism against Native Americans in the United States">Native American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_against_African_Americans" title="Racism against African Americans">African American</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Energy policy of the United States">Energy policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_the_United_States" title="Environmental issues in the United States">Environmental issues</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_movement_in_the_United_States" 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