Revolution: The First 2000 Years of Computing

<!DOCTYPE html>    <html lang="en" style="margin: 0 !important; position: relative!important;" class="no-js">  <head> <meta charset="utf-8"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0" /> <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge"><script type="text/javascript">(window.NREUM||(NREUM={})).init={ajax:{deny_list:["bam.nr-data.net"]}};(window.NREUM||(NREUM={})).loader_config={licenseKey:"3711322ece",applicationID:"406198101"};;/*! For license information please see nr-loader-rum-1.274.0.min.js.LICENSE.txt */ (()=>{var e,t,r={8122:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{a:()=>i});var n=r(944);function i(e,t){try{if(!e||"object"!=typeof e)return(0,n.R)(3);if(!t||"object"!=typeof t)return(0,n.R)(4);const r=Object.create(Object.getPrototypeOf(t),Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptors(t)),o=0===Object.keys(r).length?e:r;for(let a in o)if(void 0!==e[a])try{if(null===e[a]){r[a]=null;continue}Array.isArray(e[a])&&Array.isArray(t[a])?r[a]=Array.from(new Set([...e[a],...t[a]])):"object"==typeof e[a]&&"object"==typeof t[a]?r[a]=i(e[a],t[a]):r[a]=e[a]}catch(e){(0,n.R)(1,e)}return r}catch(e){(0,n.R)(2,e)}}},2555:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{Vp:()=>c,fn:()=>s,x1:()=>u});var n=r(384),i=r(8122);const o={beacon:n.NT.beacon,errorBeacon:n.NT.errorBeacon,licenseKey:void 0,applicationID:void 0,sa:void 0,queueTime:void 0,applicationTime:void 0,ttGuid:void 0,user:void 0,account:void 0,product:void 0,extra:void 0,jsAttributes:{},userAttributes:void 0,atts:void 0,transactionName:void 0,tNamePlain:void 0},a={};function s(e){try{const t=c(e);return!!t.licenseKey&&!!t.errorBeacon&&!!t.applicationID}catch(e){return!1}}function c(e){if(!e)throw new Error("All info objects require an agent identifier!");if(!a[e])throw new Error("Info for ".concat(e," was never set"));return a[e]}function u(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error("All info objects require an agent identifier!");a[e]=(0,i.a)(t,o);const r=(0,n.nY)(e);r&&(r.info=a[e])}},9417:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{D0:()=>g,gD:()=>h,xN:()=>p});var n=r(993);const i=e=>{if(!e||"string"!=typeof e)return!1;try{document.createDocumentFragment().querySelector(e)}catch{return!1}return!0};var o=r(2614),a=r(944),s=r(384),c=r(8122);const u="[data-nr-mask]",d=()=>{const e={mask_selector:"*",block_selector:"[data-nr-block]",mask_input_options:{color:!1,date:!1,"datetime-local":!1,email:!1,month:!1,number:!1,range:!1,search:!1,tel:!1,text:!1,time:!1,url:!1,week:!1,textarea:!1,select:!1,password:!0}};return{ajax:{deny_list:void 0,block_internal:!0,enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10,autoStart:!0},distributed_tracing:{enabled:void 0,exclude_newrelic_header:void 0,cors_use_newrelic_header:void 0,cors_use_tracecontext_headers:void 0,allowed_origins:void 0},feature_flags:[],generic_events:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:30,autoStart:!0},harvest:{tooManyRequestsDelay:60},jserrors:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10,autoStart:!0},logging:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10,autoStart:!0,level:n.p_.INFO},metrics:{enabled:!0,autoStart:!0},obfuscate:void 0,page_action:{enabled:!0},page_view_event:{enabled:!0,autoStart:!0},page_view_timing:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:30,autoStart:!0},performance:{capture_marks:!1,capture_measures:!1},privacy:{cookies_enabled:!0},proxy:{assets:void 0,beacon:void 0},session:{expiresMs:o.wk,inactiveMs:o.BB},session_replay:{autoStart:!0,enabled:!1,harvestTimeSeconds:60,preload:!1,sampling_rate:10,error_sampling_rate:100,collect_fonts:!1,inline_images:!1,fix_stylesheets:!0,mask_all_inputs:!0,get mask_text_selector(){return e.mask_selector},set mask_text_selector(t){i(t)?e.mask_selector="".concat(t,",").concat(u):""===t||null===t?e.mask_selector=u:(0,a.R)(5,t)},get block_class(){return"nr-block"},get ignore_class(){return"nr-ignore"},get mask_text_class(){return"nr-mask"},get block_selector(){return e.block_selector},set block_selector(t){i(t)?e.block_selector+=",".concat(t):""!==t&&(0,a.R)(6,t)},get mask_input_options(){return e.mask_input_options},set mask_input_options(t){t&&"object"==typeof t?e.mask_input_options={...t,password:!0}:(0,a.R)(7,t)}},session_trace:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10,autoStart:!0},soft_navigations:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10,autoStart:!0},spa:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10,autoStart:!0},ssl:void 0,user_actions:{enabled:!0}}},l={},f="All configuration objects require an agent identifier!";function g(e){if(!e)throw new Error(f);if(!l[e])throw new Error("Configuration for ".concat(e," was never set"));return l[e]}function p(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error(f);l[e]=(0,c.a)(t,d());const r=(0,s.nY)(e);r&&(r.init=l[e])}function h(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error(f);var r=g(e);if(r){for(var n=t.split("."),i=0;i<n.length-1;i++)if("object"!=typeof(r=r[n[i]]))return;r=r[n[n.length-1]]}return r}},3371:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{V:()=>f,f:()=>l});var n=r(8122),i=r(384),o=r(6154),a=r(9324);let s=0;const c={buildEnv:a.F3,distMethod:a.Xs,version:a.xv,originTime:o.WN},u={customTransaction:void 0,disabled:!1,isolatedBacklog:!1,loaderType:void 0,maxBytes:3e4,onerror:void 0,ptid:void 0,releaseIds:{},appMetadata:{},session:void 0,denyList:void 0,timeKeeper:void 0,obfuscator:void 0},d={};function l(e){if(!e)throw new Error("All runtime objects require an agent identifier!");if(!d[e])throw new Error("Runtime for ".concat(e," was never set"));return d[e]}function f(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error("All runtime objects require an agent identifier!");d[e]={...(0,n.a)(t,u),...c},Object.hasOwnProperty.call(d[e],"harvestCount")||Object.defineProperty(d[e],"harvestCount",{get:()=>++s});const r=(0,i.nY)(e);r&&(r.runtime=d[e])}},9324:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{F3:()=>i,Xs:()=>o,xv:()=>n});const n="1.274.0",i="PROD",o="CDN"},6154:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{OF:()=>c,RI:()=>i,WN:()=>d,bv:()=>o,gm:()=>a,mw:()=>s,sb:()=>u});var n=r(1863);const i="undefined"!=typeof window&&!!window.document,o="undefined"!=typeof WorkerGlobalScope&&("undefined"!=typeof self&&self instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&self.navigator instanceof WorkerNavigator||"undefined"!=typeof globalThis&&globalThis instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&globalThis.navigator instanceof WorkerNavigator),a=i?window:"undefined"!=typeof WorkerGlobalScope&&("undefined"!=typeof self&&self instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&self||"undefined"!=typeof globalThis&&globalThis instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&globalThis),s=Boolean("hidden"===a?.document?.visibilityState),c=/iPad|iPhone|iPod/.test(a.navigator?.userAgent),u=c&&"undefined"==typeof SharedWorker,d=((()=>{const e=a.navigator?.userAgent?.match(/Firefox[/\s](\d+\.\d+)/);Array.isArray(e)&&e.length>=2&&e[1]})(),Date.now()-(0,n.t)())},1687:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{Ak:()=>c,Ze:()=>l,x3:()=>u});var n=r(7836),i=r(3606),o=r(860),a=r(2646);const s={};function c(e,t){const r={staged:!1,priority:o.P3[t]||0};d(e),s[e].get(t)||s[e].set(t,r)}function u(e,t){e&&s[e]&&(s[e].get(t)&&s[e].delete(t),g(e,t,!1),s[e].size&&f(e))}function d(e){if(!e)throw new Error("agentIdentifier required");s[e]||(s[e]=new Map)}function l(e="",t="feature",r=!1){if(d(e),!e||!s[e].get(t)||r)return g(e,t);s[e].get(t).staged=!0,f(e)}function f(e){const t=Array.from(s[e]);t.every((([e,t])=>t.staged))&&(t.sort(((e,t)=>e[1].priority-t[1].priority)),t.forEach((([t])=>{s[e].delete(t),g(e,t)})))}function g(e,t,r=!0){const o=e?n.ee.get(e):n.ee,s=i.i.handlers;if(!o.aborted&&o.backlog&&s){if(r){const e=o.backlog[t],r=s[t];if(r){for(let t=0;e&&t<e.length;++t)p(e[t],r);Object.entries(r).forEach((([e,t])=>{Object.values(t||{}).forEach((t=>{t[0]?.on&&t[0]?.context()instanceof a.y&&t[0].on(e,t[1])}))}))}}o.isolatedBacklog||delete s[t],o.backlog[t]=null,o.emit("drain-"+t,[])}}function p(e,t){var r=e[1];Object.values(t[r]||{}).forEach((t=>{var r=e[0];if(t[0]===r){var n=t[1],i=e[3],o=e[2];n.apply(i,o)}}))}},7836:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{P:()=>c,ee:()=>u});var n=r(384),i=r(8990),o=r(3371),a=r(2646),s=r(5607);const c="nr@context:".concat(s.W),u=function e(t,r){var n={},s={},d={},l=!1;try{l=16===r.length&&(0,o.f)(r).isolatedBacklog}catch(e){}var f={on:p,addEventListener:p,removeEventListener:function(e,t){var r=n[e];if(!r)return;for(var i=0;i<r.length;i++)r[i]===t&&r.splice(i,1)},emit:function(e,r,n,i,o){!1!==o&&(o=!0);if(u.aborted&&!i)return;t&&o&&t.emit(e,r,n);for(var a=g(n),c=h(e),d=c.length,l=0;l<d;l++)c[l].apply(a,r);var p=m()[s[e]];p&&p.push([f,e,r,a]);return a},get:v,listeners:h,context:g,buffer:function(e,t){const r=m();if(t=t||"feature",f.aborted)return;Object.entries(e||{}).forEach((([e,n])=>{s[n]=t,t in r||(r[t]=[])}))},abort:function(){f._aborted=!0,Object.keys(f.backlog).forEach((e=>{delete f.backlog[e]}))},isBuffering:function(e){return!!m()[s[e]]},debugId:r,backlog:l?{}:t&&"object"==typeof t.backlog?t.backlog:{},isolatedBacklog:l};return Object.defineProperty(f,"aborted",{get:()=>{let e=f._aborted||!1;return e||(t&&(e=t.aborted),e)}}),f;function g(e){return e&&e instanceof a.y?e:e?(0,i.I)(e,c,(()=>new a.y(c))):new a.y(c)}function p(e,t){n[e]=h(e).concat(t)}function h(e){return n[e]||[]}function v(t){return d[t]=d[t]||e(f,t)}function m(){return f.backlog}}(void 0,"globalEE"),d=(0,n.Zm)();d.ee||(d.ee=u)},2646:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{y:()=>n});class n{constructor(e){this.contextId=e}}},9908:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{d:()=>n,p:()=>i});var n=r(7836).ee.get("handle");function i(e,t,r,i,o){o?(o.buffer([e],i),o.emit(e,t,r)):(n.buffer([e],i),n.emit(e,t,r))}},3606:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{i:()=>o});var n=r(9908);o.on=a;var i=o.handlers={};function o(e,t,r,o){a(o||n.d,i,e,t,r)}function a(e,t,r,i,o){o||(o="feature"),e||(e=n.d);var a=t[o]=t[o]||{};(a[r]=a[r]||[]).push([e,i])}},3878:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";function n(e,t){return{capture:e,passive:!1,signal:t}}function i(e,t,r=!1,i){window.addEventListener(e,t,n(r,i))}function o(e,t,r=!1,i){document.addEventListener(e,t,n(r,i))}r.d(t,{DD:()=>o,jT:()=>n,sp:()=>i})},5607:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{W:()=>n});const n=(0,r(9566).bz)()},9566:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{LA:()=>s,bz:()=>a});var n=r(6154);const i="xxxxxxxx-xxxx-4xxx-yxxx-xxxxxxxxxxxx";function o(e,t){return e?15&e[t]:16*Math.random()|0}function a(){const e=n.gm?.crypto||n.gm?.msCrypto;let t,r=0;return e&&e.getRandomValues&&(t=e.getRandomValues(new Uint8Array(30))),i.split("").map((e=>"x"===e?o(t,r++).toString(16):"y"===e?(3&o()|8).toString(16):e)).join("")}function s(e){const t=n.gm?.crypto||n.gm?.msCrypto;let r,i=0;t&&t.getRandomValues&&(r=t.getRandomValues(new Uint8Array(e)));const a=[];for(var s=0;s<e;s++)a.push(o(r,i++).toString(16));return a.join("")}},2614:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{BB:()=>a,H3:()=>n,g:()=>u,iL:()=>c,tS:()=>s,uh:()=>i,wk:()=>o});const n="NRBA",i="SESSION",o=144e5,a=18e5,s={STARTED:"session-started",PAUSE:"session-pause",RESET:"session-reset",RESUME:"session-resume",UPDATE:"session-update"},c={SAME_TAB:"same-tab",CROSS_TAB:"cross-tab"},u={OFF:0,FULL:1,ERROR:2}},1863:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";function n(){return Math.floor(performance.now())}r.d(t,{t:()=>n})},944:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";function n(e,t){"function"==typeof console.debug&&console.debug("New Relic Warning: https://github.com/newrelic/newrelic-browser-agent/blob/main/docs/warning-codes.md#".concat(e),t)}r.d(t,{R:()=>n})},5284:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{t:()=>c,B:()=>s});var n=r(7836),i=r(6154);const o="newrelic";const a=new Set,s={};function c(e,t){const r=n.ee.get(t);s[t]??={},e&&"object"==typeof e&&(a.has(t)||(r.emit("rumresp",[e]),s[t]=e,a.add(t),function(e={}){try{i.gm.dispatchEvent(new CustomEvent(o,{detail:e}))}catch(e){}}({loaded:!0})))}},8990:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{I:()=>i});var n=Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty;function i(e,t,r){if(n.call(e,t))return e[t];var i=r();if(Object.defineProperty&&Object.keys)try{return Object.defineProperty(e,t,{value:i,writable:!0,enumerable:!1}),i}catch(e){}return e[t]=i,i}},6389:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";function n(e,t=500,r={}){const n=r?.leading||!1;let i;return(...r)=>{n&&void 0===i&&(e.apply(this,r),i=setTimeout((()=>{i=clearTimeout(i)}),t)),n||(clearTimeout(i),i=setTimeout((()=>{e.apply(this,r)}),t))}}function i(e){let t=!1;return(...r)=>{t||(t=!0,e.apply(this,r))}}r.d(t,{J:()=>i,s:()=>n})},5289:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{GG:()=>o,sB:()=>a});var n=r(3878);function i(){return"undefined"==typeof document||"complete"===document.readyState}function o(e,t){if(i())return e();(0,n.sp)("load",e,t)}function a(e){if(i())return e();(0,n.DD)("DOMContentLoaded",e)}},384:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{NT:()=>o,US:()=>d,Zm:()=>a,bQ:()=>c,dV:()=>s,nY:()=>u,pV:()=>l});var n=r(6154),i=r(1863);const o={beacon:"bam.nr-data.net",errorBeacon:"bam.nr-data.net"};function a(){return n.gm.NREUM||(n.gm.NREUM={}),void 0===n.gm.newrelic&&(n.gm.newrelic=n.gm.NREUM),n.gm.NREUM}function s(){let e=a();return e.o||(e.o={ST:n.gm.setTimeout,SI:n.gm.setImmediate,CT:n.gm.clearTimeout,XHR:n.gm.XMLHttpRequest,REQ:n.gm.Request,EV:n.gm.Event,PR:n.gm.Promise,MO:n.gm.MutationObserver,FETCH:n.gm.fetch,WS:n.gm.WebSocket}),e}function c(e,t){let r=a();r.initializedAgents??={},t.initializedAt={ms:(0,i.t)(),date:new Date},r.initializedAgents[e]=t}function u(e){let t=a();return t.initializedAgents?.[e]}function d(e,t){a()[e]=t}function l(){return function(){let e=a();const t=e.info||{};e.info={beacon:o.beacon,errorBeacon:o.errorBeacon,...t}}(),function(){let e=a();const t=e.init||{};e.init={...t}}(),s(),function(){let e=a();const t=e.loader_config||{};e.loader_config={...t}}(),a()}},2843:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{u:()=>i});var n=r(3878);function i(e,t=!1,r,i){(0,n.DD)("visibilitychange",(function(){if(t)return void("hidden"===document.visibilityState&&e());e(document.visibilityState)}),r,i)}},3434:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{YM:()=>c});var n=r(7836),i=r(5607);const o="nr@original:".concat(i.W);var a=Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty,s=!1;function c(e,t){return e||(e=n.ee),r.inPlace=function(e,t,n,i,o){n||(n="");const a="-"===n.charAt(0);for(let s=0;s<t.length;s++){const c=t[s],u=e[c];d(u)||(e[c]=r(u,a?c+n:n,i,c,o))}},r.flag=o,r;function r(t,r,n,s,c){return d(t)?t:(r||(r=""),nrWrapper[o]=t,function(e,t,r){if(Object.defineProperty&&Object.keys)try{return Object.keys(e).forEach((function(r){Object.defineProperty(t,r,{get:function(){return e[r]},set:function(t){return e[r]=t,t}})})),t}catch(e){u([e],r)}for(var n in e)a.call(e,n)&&(t[n]=e[n])}(t,nrWrapper,e),nrWrapper);function nrWrapper(){var o,a,d,l;try{a=this,o=[...arguments],d="function"==typeof n?n(o,a):n||{}}catch(t){u([t,"",[o,a,s],d],e)}i(r+"start",[o,a,s],d,c);try{return l=t.apply(a,o)}catch(e){throw i(r+"err",[o,a,e],d,c),e}finally{i(r+"end",[o,a,l],d,c)}}}function i(r,n,i,o){if(!s||t){var a=s;s=!0;try{e.emit(r,n,i,t,o)}catch(t){u([t,r,n,i],e)}s=a}}}function u(e,t){t||(t=n.ee);try{t.emit("internal-error",e)}catch(e){}}function d(e){return!(e&&"function"==typeof e&&e.apply&&!e[o])}},993:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{ET:()=>o,p_:()=>i});var n=r(860);const i={ERROR:"ERROR",WARN:"WARN",INFO:"INFO",DEBUG:"DEBUG",TRACE:"TRACE"},o="log";n.K7.logging},3969:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{TZ:()=>n,XG:()=>s,rs:()=>i,xV:()=>a,z_:()=>o});const n=r(860).K7.metrics,i="sm",o="cm",a="storeSupportabilityMetrics",s="storeEventMetrics"},6630:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{T:()=>n});const n=r(860).K7.pageViewEvent},782:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{T:()=>n});const n=r(860).K7.pageViewTiming},6344:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{G4:()=>i});var n=r(2614);r(860).K7.sessionReplay;const i={RECORD:"recordReplay",PAUSE:"pauseReplay",REPLAY_RUNNING:"replayRunning",ERROR_DURING_REPLAY:"errorDuringReplay"};n.g.ERROR,n.g.FULL,n.g.OFF},4234:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{W:()=>o});var n=r(7836),i=r(1687);class o{constructor(e,t){this.agentIdentifier=e,this.ee=n.ee.get(e),this.featureName=t,this.blocked=!1}deregisterDrain(){(0,i.x3)(this.agentIdentifier,this.featureName)}}},7603:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{j:()=>P});var n=r(860),i=r(2555),o=r(3371),a=r(9908),s=r(7836),c=r(1687),u=r(5289),d=r(6154),l=r(944),f=r(3969),g=r(384),p=r(6344);const h=["setErrorHandler","finished","addToTrace","addRelease","addPageAction","setCurrentRouteName","setPageViewName","setCustomAttribute","interaction","noticeError","setUserId","setApplicationVersion","start",p.G4.RECORD,p.G4.PAUSE,"log","wrapLogger"],v=["setErrorHandler","finished","addToTrace","addRelease"];var m=r(1863),b=r(2614),y=r(993);var w=r(2646),A=r(3434);function R(e,t,r,n){if("object"!=typeof t||!t||"string"!=typeof r||!r||"function"!=typeof t[r])return(0,l.R)(29);const i=function(e){return(e||s.ee).get("logger")}(e),o=(0,A.YM)(i),a=new w.y(s.P);return a.level=n.level,a.customAttributes=n.customAttributes,o.inPlace(t,[r],"wrap-logger-",a),i}function E(){const e=(0,g.pV)();h.forEach((t=>{e[t]=(...r)=>function(t,...r){let n=[];return Object.values(e.initializedAgents).forEach((e=>{e&&e.api?e.exposed&&e.api[t]&&n.push(e.api[t](...r)):(0,l.R)(38,t)})),n.length>1?n:n[0]}(t,...r)}))}const x={};function _(e,t,g=!1){t||(0,c.Ak)(e,"api");const h={};var w=s.ee.get(e),A=w.get("tracer");x[e]=b.g.OFF,w.on(p.G4.REPLAY_RUNNING,(t=>{x[e]=t}));var E="api-",_=E+"ixn-";function N(t,r,n,o){const a=(0,i.Vp)(e);return null===r?delete a.jsAttributes[t]:(0,i.x1)(e,{...a,jsAttributes:{...a.jsAttributes,[t]:r}}),j(E,n,!0,o||null===r?"session":void 0)(t,r)}function T(){}h.log=function(e,{customAttributes:t={},level:r=y.p_.INFO}={}){(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/log/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,w),function(e,t,r={},i=y.p_.INFO){(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/logging/".concat(i.toLowerCase(),"/called")],void 0,n.K7.metrics,e),(0,a.p)(y.ET,[(0,m.t)(),t,r,i],void 0,n.K7.logging,e)}(w,e,t,r)},h.wrapLogger=(e,t,{customAttributes:r={},level:i=y.p_.INFO}={})=>{(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/wrapLogger/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,w),R(w,e,t,{customAttributes:r,level:i})},v.forEach((e=>{h[e]=j(E,e,!0,"api")})),h.addPageAction=j(E,"addPageAction",!0,n.K7.genericEvents),h.setPageViewName=function(t,r){if("string"==typeof t)return"/"!==t.charAt(0)&&(t="/"+t),(0,o.f)(e).customTransaction=(r||"http://custom.transaction")+t,j(E,"setPageViewName",!0)()},h.setCustomAttribute=function(e,t,r=!1){if("string"==typeof e){if(["string","number","boolean"].includes(typeof t)||null===t)return N(e,t,"setCustomAttribute",r);(0,l.R)(40,typeof t)}else(0,l.R)(39,typeof e)},h.setUserId=function(e){if("string"==typeof e||null===e)return N("enduser.id",e,"setUserId",!0);(0,l.R)(41,typeof e)},h.setApplicationVersion=function(e){if("string"==typeof e||null===e)return N("application.version",e,"setApplicationVersion",!1);(0,l.R)(42,typeof e)},h.start=()=>{try{(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/start/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,w),w.emit("manual-start-all")}catch(e){(0,l.R)(23,e)}},h[p.G4.RECORD]=function(){(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/recordReplay/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,w),(0,a.p)(p.G4.RECORD,[],void 0,n.K7.sessionReplay,w)},h[p.G4.PAUSE]=function(){(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/pauseReplay/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,w),(0,a.p)(p.G4.PAUSE,[],void 0,n.K7.sessionReplay,w)},h.interaction=function(e){return(new T).get("object"==typeof e?e:{})};const S=T.prototype={createTracer:function(e,t){var r={},i=this,o="function"==typeof t;return(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/createTracer/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,w),g||(0,a.p)(_+"tracer",[(0,m.t)(),e,r],i,n.K7.spa,w),function(){if(A.emit((o?"":"no-")+"fn-start",[(0,m.t)(),i,o],r),o)try{return t.apply(this,arguments)}catch(e){const t="string"==typeof e?new Error(e):e;throw A.emit("fn-err",[arguments,this,t],r),t}finally{A.emit("fn-end",[(0,m.t)()],r)}}}};function j(e,t,r,i){return function(){return(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/"+t+"/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,w),i&&(0,a.p)(e+t,[(0,m.t)(),...arguments],r?null:this,i,w),r?void 0:this}}function k(){r.e(296).then(r.bind(r,8778)).then((({setAPI:t})=>{t(e),(0,c.Ze)(e,"api")})).catch((e=>{(0,l.R)(27,e),w.abort()}))}return["actionText","setName","setAttribute","save","ignore","onEnd","getContext","end","get"].forEach((e=>{S[e]=j(_,e,void 0,g?n.K7.softNav:n.K7.spa)})),h.setCurrentRouteName=g?j(_,"routeName",void 0,n.K7.softNav):j(E,"routeName",!0,n.K7.spa),h.noticeError=function(t,r){"string"==typeof t&&(t=new Error(t)),(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/noticeError/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,w),(0,a.p)("err",[t,(0,m.t)(),!1,r,!!x[e]],void 0,n.K7.jserrors,w)},d.RI?(0,u.GG)((()=>k()),!0):k(),h}var N=r(9417),T=r(8122);const S={accountID:void 0,trustKey:void 0,agentID:void 0,licenseKey:void 0,applicationID:void 0,xpid:void 0},j={};var k=r(5284);const I=e=>{const t=e.startsWith("http");e+="/",r.p=t?e:"https://"+e};let O=!1;function P(e,t={},r,n){let{init:a,info:c,loader_config:u,runtime:l={},exposed:f=!0}=t;l.loaderType=r;const p=(0,g.pV)();c||(a=p.init,c=p.info,u=p.loader_config),(0,N.xN)(e.agentIdentifier,a||{}),function(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error("All loader-config objects require an agent identifier!");j[e]=(0,T.a)(t,S);const r=(0,g.nY)(e);r&&(r.loader_config=j[e])}(e.agentIdentifier,u||{}),c.jsAttributes??={},d.bv&&(c.jsAttributes.isWorker=!0),(0,i.x1)(e.agentIdentifier,c);const h=(0,N.D0)(e.agentIdentifier),v=[c.beacon,c.errorBeacon];O||(h.proxy.assets&&(I(h.proxy.assets),v.push(h.proxy.assets)),h.proxy.beacon&&v.push(h.proxy.beacon),E(),(0,g.US)("activatedFeatures",k.B),e.runSoftNavOverSpa&&=!0===h.soft_navigations.enabled&&h.feature_flags.includes("soft_nav")),l.denyList=[...h.ajax.deny_list||[],...h.ajax.block_internal?v:[]],l.ptid=e.agentIdentifier,(0,o.V)(e.agentIdentifier,l),e.ee=s.ee.get(e.agentIdentifier),void 0===e.api&&(e.api=_(e.agentIdentifier,n,e.runSoftNavOverSpa)),void 0===e.exposed&&(e.exposed=f),O=!0}},8374:(e,t,r)=>{r.nc=(()=>{try{return document?.currentScript?.nonce}catch(e){}return""})()},860:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{$J:()=>o,K7:()=>n,P3:()=>i});const n={ajax:"ajax",genericEvents:"generic_events",jserrors:"jserrors",logging:"logging",metrics:"metrics",pageAction:"page_action",pageViewEvent:"page_view_event",pageViewTiming:"page_view_timing",sessionReplay:"session_replay",sessionTrace:"session_trace",softNav:"soft_navigations",spa:"spa"},i={[n.pageViewEvent]:1,[n.pageViewTiming]:2,[n.metrics]:3,[n.jserrors]:4,[n.spa]:5,[n.ajax]:6,[n.sessionTrace]:7,[n.softNav]:8,[n.sessionReplay]:9,[n.logging]:10,[n.genericEvents]:11},o={[n.pageViewTiming]:"events",[n.ajax]:"events",[n.spa]:"events",[n.softNav]:"events",[n.metrics]:"jserrors",[n.jserrors]:"jserrors",[n.sessionTrace]:"browser/blobs",[n.sessionReplay]:"browser/blobs",[n.logging]:"browser/logs",[n.genericEvents]:"ins"}}},n={};function i(e){var t=n[e];if(void 0!==t)return t.exports;var o=n[e]={exports:{}};return r[e](o,o.exports,i),o.exports}i.m=r,i.d=(e,t)=>{for(var r in t)i.o(t,r)&&!i.o(e,r)&&Object.defineProperty(e,r,{enumerable:!0,get:t[r]})},i.f={},i.e=e=>Promise.all(Object.keys(i.f).reduce(((t,r)=>(i.f[r](e,t),t)),[])),i.u=e=>"nr-rum-1.274.0.min.js",i.o=(e,t)=>Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(e,t),e={},t="NRBA-1.274.0.PROD:",i.l=(r,n,o,a)=>{if(e[r])e[r].push(n);else{var s,c;if(void 0!==o)for(var u=document.getElementsByTagName("script"),d=0;d<u.length;d++){var l=u[d];if(l.getAttribute("src")==r||l.getAttribute("data-webpack")==t+o){s=l;break}}if(!s){c=!0;var f={296:"sha512-gkYkZDAwQ9PwaDXs2YM+rNIdRej1Ac1mupWobRJ8eahQcXz6/sunGZCKklrzi5kWxhOGRZr2tn0rEKuLTXzfAA=="};(s=document.createElement("script")).charset="utf-8",s.timeout=120,i.nc&&s.setAttribute("nonce",i.nc),s.setAttribute("data-webpack",t+o),s.src=r,0!==s.src.indexOf(window.location.origin+"/")&&(s.crossOrigin="anonymous"),f[a]&&(s.integrity=f[a])}e[r]=[n];var g=(t,n)=>{s.onerror=s.onload=null,clearTimeout(p);var i=e[r];if(delete e[r],s.parentNode&&s.parentNode.removeChild(s),i&&i.forEach((e=>e(n))),t)return t(n)},p=setTimeout(g.bind(null,void 0,{type:"timeout",target:s}),12e4);s.onerror=g.bind(null,s.onerror),s.onload=g.bind(null,s.onload),c&&document.head.appendChild(s)}},i.r=e=>{"undefined"!=typeof Symbol&&Symbol.toStringTag&&Object.defineProperty(e,Symbol.toStringTag,{value:"Module"}),Object.defineProperty(e,"__esModule",{value:!0})},i.p="https://js-agent.newrelic.com/",(()=>{var e={840:0,374:0};i.f.j=(t,r)=>{var n=i.o(e,t)?e[t]:void 0;if(0!==n)if(n)r.push(n[2]);else{var o=new Promise(((r,i)=>n=e[t]=[r,i]));r.push(n[2]=o);var a=i.p+i.u(t),s=new Error;i.l(a,(r=>{if(i.o(e,t)&&(0!==(n=e[t])&&(e[t]=void 0),n)){var o=r&&("load"===r.type?"missing":r.type),a=r&&r.target&&r.target.src;s.message="Loading chunk "+t+" failed.\n("+o+": "+a+")",s.name="ChunkLoadError",s.type=o,s.request=a,n[1](s)}}),"chunk-"+t,t)}};var t=(t,r)=>{var n,o,[a,s,c]=r,u=0;if(a.some((t=>0!==e[t]))){for(n in s)i.o(s,n)&&(i.m[n]=s[n]);if(c)c(i)}for(t&&t(r);u<a.length;u++)o=a[u],i.o(e,o)&&e[o]&&e[o][0](),e[o]=0},r=self["webpackChunk:NRBA-1.274.0.PROD"]=self["webpackChunk:NRBA-1.274.0.PROD"]||[];r.forEach(t.bind(null,0)),r.push=t.bind(null,r.push.bind(r))})(),(()=>{"use strict";i(8374);var e=i(944),t=i(6344),r=i(9566);class n{agentIdentifier;constructor(e=(0,r.LA)(16)){this.agentIdentifier=e}#e(t,...r){if("function"==typeof this.api?.[t])return this.api[t](...r);(0,e.R)(35,t)}addPageAction(e,t){return this.#e("addPageAction",e,t)}setPageViewName(e,t){return this.#e("setPageViewName",e,t)}setCustomAttribute(e,t,r){return this.#e("setCustomAttribute",e,t,r)}noticeError(e,t){return this.#e("noticeError",e,t)}setUserId(e){return this.#e("setUserId",e)}setApplicationVersion(e){return this.#e("setApplicationVersion",e)}setErrorHandler(e){return this.#e("setErrorHandler",e)}addRelease(e,t){return this.#e("addRelease",e,t)}log(e,t){return this.#e("log",e,t)}}class o extends n{#e(t,...r){if("function"==typeof this.api?.[t])return this.api[t](...r);(0,e.R)(35,t)}start(){return this.#e("start")}finished(e){return this.#e("finished",e)}recordReplay(){return this.#e(t.G4.RECORD)}pauseReplay(){return this.#e(t.G4.PAUSE)}addToTrace(e){return this.#e("addToTrace",e)}setCurrentRouteName(e){return this.#e("setCurrentRouteName",e)}interaction(){return this.#e("interaction")}wrapLogger(e,t,r){return this.#e("wrapLogger",e,t,r)}}var a=i(860),s=i(9417);const c=Object.values(a.K7);function u(e){const t={};return c.forEach((r=>{t[r]=function(e,t){return!0===(0,s.gD)(t,"".concat(e,".enabled"))}(r,e)})),t}var d=i(7603);var l=i(1687),f=i(4234),g=i(5289),p=i(6154),h=i(384);const v=e=>p.RI&&!0===(0,s.gD)(e,"privacy.cookies_enabled");function m(e){return!!(0,h.dV)().o.MO&&v(e)&&!0===(0,s.gD)(e,"session_trace.enabled")}var b=i(6389);class y extends f.W{constructor(e,t,r=!0){super(e.agentIdentifier,t),this.auto=r,this.abortHandler=void 0,this.featAggregate=void 0,this.onAggregateImported=void 0,!1===e.init[this.featureName].autoStart&&(this.auto=!1),this.auto?(0,l.Ak)(e.agentIdentifier,t):this.ee.on("manual-start-all",(0,b.J)((()=>{(0,l.Ak)(e.agentIdentifier,this.featureName),this.auto=!0,this.importAggregator(e)})))}importAggregator(t,r={}){if(this.featAggregate||!this.auto)return;let n;this.onAggregateImported=new Promise((e=>{n=e}));const o=async()=>{let o;try{if(v(this.agentIdentifier)){const{setupAgentSession:e}=await i.e(296).then(i.bind(i,3861));o=e(t)}}catch(t){(0,e.R)(20,t),this.ee.emit("internal-error",[t]),this.featureName===a.K7.sessionReplay&&this.abortHandler?.()}try{if(t.sharedAggregator)await t.sharedAggregator;else{t.sharedAggregator=i.e(296).then(i.bind(i,9337));const{EventAggregator:e}=await t.sharedAggregator;t.sharedAggregator=new e}if(!this.#t(this.featureName,o))return(0,l.Ze)(this.agentIdentifier,this.featureName),void n(!1);const{lazyFeatureLoader:e}=await i.e(296).then(i.bind(i,6103)),{Aggregate:a}=await e(this.featureName,"aggregate");this.featAggregate=new a(t,r),n(!0)}catch(t){(0,e.R)(34,t),this.abortHandler?.(),(0,l.Ze)(this.agentIdentifier,this.featureName,!0),n(!1),this.ee&&this.ee.abort()}};p.RI?(0,g.GG)((()=>o()),!0):o()}#t(e,t){switch(e){case a.K7.sessionReplay:return m(this.agentIdentifier)&&!!t;case a.K7.sessionTrace:return!!t;default:return!0}}}var w=i(6630);class A extends y{static featureName=w.T;constructor(e,t=!0){super(e,w.T,t),this.importAggregator(e)}}var R=i(9908),E=i(2843),x=i(3878),_=i(782),N=i(1863);class T extends y{static featureName=_.T;constructor(e,t=!0){super(e,_.T,t),p.RI&&((0,E.u)((()=>(0,R.p)("docHidden",[(0,N.t)()],void 0,_.T,this.ee)),!0),(0,x.sp)("pagehide",(()=>(0,R.p)("winPagehide",[(0,N.t)()],void 0,_.T,this.ee))),this.importAggregator(e))}}var S=i(3969);class j extends y{static featureName=S.TZ;constructor(e,t=!0){super(e,S.TZ,t),this.importAggregator(e)}}new class extends o{constructor(t,r){super(r),p.gm?(this.features={},(0,h.bQ)(this.agentIdentifier,this),this.desiredFeatures=new Set(t.features||[]),this.desiredFeatures.add(A),this.runSoftNavOverSpa=[...this.desiredFeatures].some((e=>e.featureName===a.K7.softNav)),(0,d.j)(this,t,t.loaderType||"agent"),this.run()):(0,e.R)(21)}get config(){return{info:this.info,init:this.init,loader_config:this.loader_config,runtime:this.runtime}}run(){try{const t=u(this.agentIdentifier),r=[...this.desiredFeatures];r.sort(((e,t)=>a.P3[e.featureName]-a.P3[t.featureName])),r.forEach((r=>{if(!t[r.featureName]&&r.featureName!==a.K7.pageViewEvent)return;if(this.runSoftNavOverSpa&&r.featureName===a.K7.spa)return;if(!this.runSoftNavOverSpa&&r.featureName===a.K7.softNav)return;const n=function(e){switch(e){case a.K7.ajax:return[a.K7.jserrors];case a.K7.sessionTrace:return[a.K7.ajax,a.K7.pageViewEvent];case a.K7.sessionReplay:return[a.K7.sessionTrace];case a.K7.pageViewTiming:return[a.K7.pageViewEvent];default:return[]}}(r.featureName).filter((e=>!(e in this.features)));n.length>0&&(0,e.R)(36,{targetFeature:r.featureName,missingDependencies:n}),this.features[r.featureName]=new r(this)}))}catch(t){(0,e.R)(22,t);for(const e in this.features)this.features[e].abortHandler?.();const r=(0,h.Zm)();delete r.initializedAgents[this.agentIdentifier]?.api,delete r.initializedAgents[this.agentIdentifier]?.features,delete this.sharedAggregator;return r.ee.get(this.agentIdentifier).abort(),!1}}}({features:[A,T,j],loaderType:"lite"})})()})();</script> <link rel="icon" type="image/x-icon" href="/wp-content/themes/bsdstarter/favicon.ico"> <link rel="shortcut icon" href="/wp-content/themes/bsdstarter/favicon.ico"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/wp-content/themes/bsdstarter/assets/css/mediaelementplayer.min.css" type="text/css" media="all"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/wp-content/themes/bsdstarter/style.css?v=2024-24-11" type="text/css" media="all"> <meta name='robots' content='index, follow, max-image-preview:large, max-snippet:-1, max-video-preview:-1' />  <title>Revolution: The First 2000 Years of Computing - CHM</title> <link rel="canonical" href="https://computerhistory.org/exhibits/revolution/" /> <meta property="og:locale" content="en_US" /> <meta property="og:type" content="article" /> <meta property="og:title" content="Revolution: The First 2000 Years of Computing" /> <meta property="og:description" content="The story of computing is epic." /> <meta property="og:url" content="https://computerhistory.org/exhibits/revolution/" /> <meta property="og:site_name" content="CHM" /> <meta property="article:publisher" content="https://www.facebook.com/computerhistory/" /> <meta property="article:modified_time" content="2024-10-07T21:17:41+00:00" /> <meta property="og:image" content="https://computerhistory.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/Revolution-Exhibit-1.jpg" /> <meta property="og:image:width" content="5318" /> <meta property="og:image:height" content="3676" /> <meta property="og:image:type" content="image/jpeg" /> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image" /> <meta name="twitter:site" content="@ComputerHistory" /> <meta name="twitter:label1" content="Est. reading time" /> <meta name="twitter:data1" content="1 minute" /> <script type="application/ld+json" class="yoast-schema-graph">{"@context":"https://schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https://computerhistory.org/exhibits/revolution/","url":"https://computerhistory.org/exhibits/revolution/","name":"Revolution: The First 2000 Years of Computing - CHM","isPartOf":{"@id":"https://computerhistory.org/#website"},"primaryImageOfPage":{"@id":"https://computerhistory.org/exhibits/revolution/#primaryimage"},"image":{"@id":"https://computerhistory.org/exhibits/revolution/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https://computerhistory.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/Revolution-Exhibit-1.jpg","datePublished":"2019-06-03T09:49:03+00:00","dateModified":"2024-10-07T21:17:41+00:00","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https://computerhistory.org/exhibits/revolution/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https://computerhistory.org/exhibits/revolution/"]}]},{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https://computerhistory.org/exhibits/revolution/#primaryimage","url":"https://computerhistory.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/Revolution-Exhibit-1.jpg","contentUrl":"https://computerhistory.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/Revolution-Exhibit-1.jpg","width":5318,"height":3676,"caption":"Revolution Exhibit"},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https://computerhistory.org/exhibits/revolution/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Home","item":"https://live-comp-history-museum.pantheonsite.io/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"Exhibits","item":"https://computerhistory.org/exhibits/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":3,"name":"Revolution: The First 2000 Years of Computing"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https://computerhistory.org/#website","url":"https://computerhistory.org/","name":"CHM","description":"Computer History Museum","publisher":{"@id":"https://computerhistory.org/#organization"},"potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https://computerhistory.org/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":"required name=search_term_string"}],"inLanguage":"en-US"},{"@type":"Organization","@id":"https://computerhistory.org/#organization","name":"Computer History Museum","url":"https://computerhistory.org/","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https://computerhistory.org/#/schema/logo/image/","url":"https://computerhistory.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/chm_logo_400x400.jpg","contentUrl":"https://computerhistory.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/chm_logo_400x400.jpg","width":800,"height":800,"caption":"Computer History Museum"},"image":{"@id":"https://computerhistory.org/#/schema/logo/image/"},"sameAs":["https://www.facebook.com/computerhistory/","https://x.com/ComputerHistory","https://www.instagram.com/computerhistory/","https://www.youtube.com/user/ComputerHistory","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_History_Museum"]}]}</script>  <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//static.addtoany.com' /> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//www.google.com' /> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//addevent.com' /> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//cdnjs.cloudflare.com' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='popup-maker-site-css' href='//computerhistory.org/wp-content/uploads/pum/pum-site-styles.css?generated=1732227841&ver=1.18.5' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='wp-block-library-css' href='https://computerhistory.org/wp-includes/css/dist/block-library/style.min.css?ver=6.4.3' type='text/css' media='all' /> <style id='classic-theme-styles-inline-css' type='text/css'> /*! This file is auto-generated */ .wp-block-button__link{color:#fff;background-color:#32373c;border-radius:9999px;box-shadow:none;text-decoration:none;padding:calc(.667em + 2px) calc(1.333em + 2px);font-size:1.125em}.wp-block-file__button{background:#32373c;color:#fff;text-decoration:none} </style> <style id='global-styles-inline-css' type='text/css'> body{--wp--preset--color--black: #000000;--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray: #abb8c3;--wp--preset--color--white: #ffffff;--wp--preset--color--pale-pink: #f78da7;--wp--preset--color--vivid-red: #cf2e2e;--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange: #ff6900;--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber: #fcb900;--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan: #7bdcb5;--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan: #00d084;--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue: #8ed1fc;--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue: #0693e3;--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple: #9b51e0;--wp--preset--gradient--vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(6,147,227,1) 0%,rgb(155,81,224) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(122,220,180) 0%,rgb(0,208,130) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(252,185,0,1) 0%,rgba(255,105,0,1) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(255,105,0,1) 0%,rgb(207,46,46) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(238,238,238) 0%,rgb(169,184,195) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--cool-to-warm-spectrum: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(74,234,220) 0%,rgb(151,120,209) 20%,rgb(207,42,186) 40%,rgb(238,44,130) 60%,rgb(251,105,98) 80%,rgb(254,248,76) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--blush-light-purple: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,206,236) 0%,rgb(152,150,240) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--blush-bordeaux: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(254,205,165) 0%,rgb(254,45,45) 50%,rgb(107,0,62) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-dusk: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,203,112) 0%,rgb(199,81,192) 50%,rgb(65,88,208) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--pale-ocean: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,245,203) 0%,rgb(182,227,212) 50%,rgb(51,167,181) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--electric-grass: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(202,248,128) 0%,rgb(113,206,126) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--midnight: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(2,3,129) 0%,rgb(40,116,252) 100%);--wp--preset--font-size--small: 13px;--wp--preset--font-size--medium: 20px;--wp--preset--font-size--large: 36px;--wp--preset--font-size--x-large: 42px;--wp--preset--spacing--20: 0.44rem;--wp--preset--spacing--30: 0.67rem;--wp--preset--spacing--40: 1rem;--wp--preset--spacing--50: 1.5rem;--wp--preset--spacing--60: 2.25rem;--wp--preset--spacing--70: 3.38rem;--wp--preset--spacing--80: 5.06rem;--wp--preset--shadow--natural: 6px 6px 9px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);--wp--preset--shadow--deep: 12px 12px 50px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.4);--wp--preset--shadow--sharp: 6px 6px 0px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);--wp--preset--shadow--outlined: 6px 6px 0px -3px rgba(255, 255, 255, 1), 6px 6px rgba(0, 0, 0, 1);--wp--preset--shadow--crisp: 6px 6px 0px rgba(0, 0, 0, 1);}:where(.is-layout-flex){gap: 0.5em;}:where(.is-layout-grid){gap: 0.5em;}body .is-layout-flow > .alignleft{float: left;margin-inline-start: 0;margin-inline-end: 2em;}body .is-layout-flow > .alignright{float: right;margin-inline-start: 2em;margin-inline-end: 0;}body .is-layout-flow > .aligncenter{margin-left: auto !important;margin-right: auto !important;}body .is-layout-constrained > .alignleft{float: left;margin-inline-start: 0;margin-inline-end: 2em;}body .is-layout-constrained > .alignright{float: right;margin-inline-start: 2em;margin-inline-end: 0;}body .is-layout-constrained > .aligncenter{margin-left: auto !important;margin-right: auto !important;}body .is-layout-constrained > :where(:not(.alignleft):not(.alignright):not(.alignfull)){max-width: var(--wp--style--global--content-size);margin-left: auto !important;margin-right: auto !important;}body .is-layout-constrained > .alignwide{max-width: var(--wp--style--global--wide-size);}body .is-layout-flex{display: flex;}body .is-layout-flex{flex-wrap: wrap;align-items: center;}body .is-layout-flex > *{margin: 0;}body .is-layout-grid{display: grid;}body .is-layout-grid > *{margin: 0;}:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-flex){gap: 2em;}:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-grid){gap: 2em;}:where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-flex){gap: 1.25em;}:where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-grid){gap: 1.25em;}.has-black-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-black-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-black-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red) !important;}.has-very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-cool-to-warm-spectrum-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--cool-to-warm-spectrum) !important;}.has-blush-light-purple-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--blush-light-purple) !important;}.has-blush-bordeaux-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--blush-bordeaux) !important;}.has-luminous-dusk-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-dusk) !important;}.has-pale-ocean-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--pale-ocean) !important;}.has-electric-grass-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--electric-grass) !important;}.has-midnight-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--midnight) !important;}.has-small-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--small) !important;}.has-medium-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--medium) !important;}.has-large-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--large) !important;}.has-x-large-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--x-large) !important;} .wp-block-navigation a:where(:not(.wp-element-button)){color: inherit;} :where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-flex){gap: 1.25em;}:where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-grid){gap: 1.25em;} :where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-flex){gap: 2em;}:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-grid){gap: 2em;} .wp-block-pullquote{font-size: 1.5em;line-height: 1.6;} </style> <link rel='stylesheet' id='contact-form-7-css' href='https://computerhistory.org/wp-content/plugins/contact-form-7/includes/css/styles.css?ver=5.9.3' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='addtoany-css' href='https://computerhistory.org/wp-content/plugins/add-to-any/addtoany.min.css?ver=1.16' type='text/css' media='all' /> <style id='addtoany-inline-css' type='text/css'> .a2a_floating_style { position: relative !important; top: 0 !important; margin-left: 0 !important; } </style> <link rel='stylesheet' id='popup-css' href='https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/magnific-popup.js/1.1.0/magnific-popup.css?ver=1' type='text/css' media='all' /> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://computerhistory.org/wp-content/themes/bsdstarter/src/js/vendor/jquery.js?ver=3.4.1" id="jquery-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" id="addtoany-core-js-before"> /* <![CDATA[ */ window.a2a_config=window.a2a_config||{};a2a_config.callbacks=[];a2a_config.overlays=[];a2a_config.templates={}; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" async src="https://static.addtoany.com/menu/page.js" id="addtoany-core-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" async src="https://computerhistory.org/wp-content/plugins/add-to-any/addtoany.min.js?ver=1.1" id="addtoany-jquery-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://addevent.com/libs/atc/1.6.1/atc.min.js?ver=1" id="atc-js"></script> <link rel="https://api.w.org/" href="https://computerhistory.org/wp-json/" /><link rel='shortlink' href='https://computerhistory.org/?p=323' /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/json+oembed" href="https://computerhistory.org/wp-json/oembed/1.0/embed?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcomputerhistory.org%2Fexhibits%2Frevolution%2F" /> <link rel="alternate" type="text/xml+oembed" href="https://computerhistory.org/wp-json/oembed/1.0/embed?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcomputerhistory.org%2Fexhibits%2Frevolution%2F&format=xml" /> <style type="text/css">.recentcomments a{display:inline !important;padding:0 !important;margin:0 !important;}</style> <style type="text/css" id="wp-custom-css"> @media only screen and (max-width: 445px) { header .nav-section-bottom { height: 440px!important; } } @media only screen and (max-width: 992px) { header .nav-section-bottom { height: 400px; overflow-y: scroll; position: relative; padding-bottom: 5rem; } header .nav-section-bottom .nav-section-bottom-menu .bottom-menu>li .submenu { width: 100%; } } .links-list ul { margin-bottom: 0!important; margin-left: 0!important; } .links-list ul li { margin-bottom: 14px!important; padding-left: 0!important; } .links-list ul>li:before { content: none!important; } .two-column-grid__right .events-list { margin-bottom: 0!important; margin-left: 0!important; } .two-column-grid__right .events-list li { margin-bottom: 14px!important; padding-left: 0!important; } .two-column-grid__right .events-list>li:before { content: none!important; } .single-column-grid .events-list { margin-bottom: 0!important; margin-left: 0!important; } .single-column-grid .events-list li { margin-bottom: 14px!important; padding-left: 0!important; } .single-column-grid .events-list>li:before { content: none!important; } .three-column-grid__center .events-list { margin-bottom: 0!important; margin-left: 0!important; } .three-column-grid__center .events-list li { margin-bottom: 14px!important; padding-left: 0!important; } .three-column-grid__center .events-list>li:before { content: none!important; } .pagination ul { margin-bottom: auto!important; margin-left: auto!important; } .pagination ul li { margin-bottom: 14px!important; padding-left: 0!important; } .pagination ul>li:before { content: none!important; } </style> <script type="text/javascript"> var MTUserId = '1c75c36c-a46a-4891-8bfa-e317e4c2df90'; var MTFontIds = new Array(); MTFontIds.push("1475724"); // DIN 1451 W01 EngSchrift (function () { var mtTracking = document.createElement('script'); mtTracking.type = 'text/javascript'; mtTracking.async = 'true'; mtTracking.src = '/wp-content/themes/bsdstarter/src/fonts/mtiFontTrackingCode.js'; (document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0] || document.getElementsByTagName('body')[0]).appendChild(mtTracking); })(); </script> <script src="/wp-content/themes/bsdstarter/src/js/vendor/mediaelement-and-player.min.js'"></script>  <script>(function (w, d, s, l, i) { w[l] = w[l] || []; w[l].push({ 'gtm.start': new Date().getTime(), event: 'gtm.js' }); var f = d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0], j = d.createElement(s), dl = l != 'dataLayer' ? '&l=' + l : ''; j.async = true; j.src = 'https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id=' + i + dl; f.parentNode.insertBefore(j, f); })(window, document, 'script', 'dataLayer', 'GTM-MLN7JPS');</script> </head> <body class="exhibits-template-default single single-exhibits postid-323" data-template="base.twig">  <noscript><iframe src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-MLN7JPS" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe></noscript>  <header> <div class="nav-wrapper"> <div class="container"> <div class="nav-section-top"> <div class="logo"> <a class="logo" href="https://computerhistory.org" title="Computer History Museum home link"> <img class="full-logo" src="https://computerhistory.org/wp-content/themes/bsdstarter/assets/img/chm-logo-text.svg" alt="Computer History Museum Logo"> <img class="teaser-logo" src="https://computerhistory.org/wp-content/themes/bsdstarter/assets/img/chm-logo-short.svg" alt="Computer History Museum Logo"> </a> </div> <div class="right-content"> <div class="responsive-buttons"> <a href="https://donate.computerhistory.org/computer-history-museum/" class="btn-nav btn-red chm-donate-popup">Donate</a> <a href="https://connect.computerhistory.org" class="btn-nav btn-green ">Tickets</a> </div> <button class="mobile-menu-toggle"> <span>Menu</span> </button> </div> </div> <div class="nav-section-bottom"> <div class="nav-section-bottom-menu"> <ul class="menu vertical large-horizontal bottom-menu" data-responsive-menu="drilldown large-dropdown"> <li> <a href="/explore/">Explore</a> <ul class="nested menu submenu vertical"> <li><a href="https://computerhistory.org/explore/">Overview</a></li> <li><a href="/collections/">Collections</a></li> <li><a href="https://computerhistory.org/timelines/">Timelines</a></li> <li><a href="https://computerhistory.org/blogs/">Blogs</a></li> <li><a href="/stories/">Stories</a></li> <li><a href="/playlists/">Playlists</a></li> <li><a href="https://computerhistory.org/activities-resources/">Activities & Resources</a></li> </ul>  </li> <li> <a href="/visit/">Visit</a> <ul class="nested menu submenu vertical"> <li><a href="/visit/">Overview</a></li> <li><a href="https://computerhistory.org/plan-your-visit/">Plan Your Visit</a></li> <li><a href="https://computerhistory.org/exhibits/">Exhibits</a></li> <li><a href="https://computerhistory.org/tours/">Tours</a></li> <li><a href="https://computerhistory.org/visit/group-visits/">Group Visits</a></li> <li><a href="/events/">Events</a></li> <li><a href="https://computerhistory.org/venue/">Venue</a></li> </ul>  </li> <li> <a href="/about/">About</a> <ul class="nested menu submenu vertical"> <li><a href="/about/">Overview</a></li> <li><a href="https://computerhistory.org/this-is-chm/">This Is CHM</a></li> <li><a href="https://computerhistory.org/fellow-awards/">Awards</a></li> <li><a href="https://computerhistory.org/programs/">Programs</a></li> <li><a href="/press-releases">News</a></li> <li><a href="https://computerhistory.org/leadership/">Leadership</a></li> </ul>  </li> <li> <a href="/join/">Join & Give</a> <ul class="nested menu submenu vertical"> <li><a href="/join/">Overview</a></li> <li><a href="https://computerhistory.org/membership/">Membership</a></li> <li><a href="https://computerhistory.org/ways-to-give/">Ways to Give</a></li> <li><a href="https://computerhistory.org/donor-recognition/">Donor Recognition</a></li> <li><a href="https://computerhistory.org/institutional-supporters/">Institutional Supporters</a></li> <li><a href="https://computerhistory.org/volunteers/">Volunteers</a></li> </ul>  </li> <li class="search-icon desktop"> <svg version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" enable-background="new 0 0 512 512"> <g> <path d="M495,466.2L377.2,348.4c29.2-35.6,46.8-81.2,46.8-130.9C424,103.5,331.5,11,217.5,11C103.4,11,11,103.5,11,217.5 S103.4,424,217.5,424c49.7,0,95.2-17.5,130.8-46.7L466.1,495c8,8,20.9,8,28.9,0C503,487.1,503,474.1,495,466.2z M217.5,382.9 C126.2,382.9,52,308.7,52,217.5S126.2,52,217.5,52C308.7,52,383,126.3,383,217.5S308.7,382.9,217.5,382.9z" /> </g> </svg> </li> <li class="search-icon responsive"> <a href="#">Search <svg version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" enable-background="new 0 0 512 512"> <g> <path d="M495,466.2L377.2,348.4c29.2-35.6,46.8-81.2,46.8-130.9C424,103.5,331.5,11,217.5,11C103.4,11,11,103.5,11,217.5 S103.4,424,217.5,424c49.7,0,95.2-17.5,130.8-46.7L466.1,495c8,8,20.9,8,28.9,0C503,487.1,503,474.1,495,466.2z M217.5,382.9 C126.2,382.9,52,308.7,52,217.5S126.2,52,217.5,52C308.7,52,383,126.3,383,217.5S308.7,382.9,217.5,382.9z" /> </g> </svg></a> </li> <li class="btn-nav-clear nav-display-desktop"> <a href="https://donate.computerhistory.org/computer-history-museum/" class="btn-nav btn-red chm-donate-popup">Donate</a> </li> <li class="btn-nav-clear nav-display-desktop"> <a href="https://connect.computerhistory.org" class="btn-nav btn-green ">Tickets</a> </li> </ul>  </div> <div class="nav-section-top-menu"> <ul class="menu vertical large-horizontal top-menu" data-responsive-menu="drilldown large-dropdown"> <li> <a href="https://computerhistory.org/hours-admission/">Hours & Admission</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://computerhistory.org/subscribe/">Subscribe</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://computerhistory.org/chm-events/">Upcoming CHM Events</a> </li> </ul>  </div> </div> </div> <div class="search-wrapper"> <div class="container"> <form role="search" method="get" id="searchform" class="searchform" action="https://computerhistory.org/"> <div> <label class="screen-reader-text" for="s">Search for:</label> <input type="text" value="" name="s" id="s" /> <input type="submit" id="searchsubmit" value="Go" /> </div> </form> <a href="https://www.computerhistory.org/collections/search/" class="search-text">Or search the collection catalog <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" width="10" height="7" viewBox="0 0 10 7"> <defs> <path id="ehgga" d="M464.07 207.98h8.498v1.042h-8.498z" /> <path id="ehggb" d="M470.208 211.99l-.768-.73 2.906-2.76-2.906-2.76.768-.73 3.673 3.49z" /> </defs> <g> <g transform="translate(-464 -205)"> <g> <use fill="#175e61" xlink:href="#ehgga" /> </g> <g> <use fill="#175e61" xlink:href="#ehggb" /> </g> </g> </g> </svg> </a> </div> </div> </div> </header>  <section class="hero hero--with-image"> <div class="container"> <div class="hero__wrapper"> <div class="hero__img-holder"> <div class="hero__img" style="background-image: url('https://computerhistory.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/Webp.net-compress-image-2-980x552-c-default.jpg');"></div> </div> <div class="hero__content"> <div class="content"> <div id="breadcrumbs"><span><span><a href="https://live-comp-history-museum.pantheonsite.io/">Home</a></span> <span class="breadcrumb-divider"></span> <span><a href="https://computerhistory.org/exhibits/">Exhibits</a></span></span></div> <h1>Revolution: The First 2000 Years of Computing</h1> </div> <div class="hero__pattern"> <img src="https://computerhistory.org/wp-content/themes/bsdstarter/assets/img/basic-page-core-memory.svg" alt=""> </div> </div> </div> </div> </section> <section class="text-block"> <div class="container"> <div class="row"> <div class="three-column-grid grid__press"> <div class="three-column-grid__left"> <div class="social-share share-widget-icons"> <h2>Share</h2> <div class="addtoany_shortcode"><div class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_ addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="https://computerhistory.org/exhibits/revolution/" data-a2a-title="Revolution: The First 2000 Years of Computing"><a class="a2a_button_facebook" href="https://www.addtoany.com/add_to/facebook?linkurl=https%3A%2F%2Fcomputerhistory.org%2Fexhibits%2Frevolution%2F&linkname=Revolution%3A%20The%20First%202000%20Years%20of%20Computing" title="Facebook" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank"><img src="/wp-content/themes/bsdstarter/assets/img/share_icons/facebook.png" width="32" alt="Facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter" href="https://www.addtoany.com/add_to/twitter?linkurl=https%3A%2F%2Fcomputerhistory.org%2Fexhibits%2Frevolution%2F&linkname=Revolution%3A%20The%20First%202000%20Years%20of%20Computing" title="Twitter" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank"><img src="/wp-content/themes/bsdstarter/assets/img/share_icons/twitter.png" width="32" alt="Twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_copy_link" href="https://www.addtoany.com/add_to/copy_link?linkurl=https%3A%2F%2Fcomputerhistory.org%2Fexhibits%2Frevolution%2F&linkname=Revolution%3A%20The%20First%202000%20Years%20of%20Computing" title="Copy Link" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank"><img src="/wp-content/themes/bsdstarter/assets/img/share_icons/link.png" width="32" alt="Copy Link"></a></div></div> </div> </div> <div class="three-column-grid__center wysiwyg "> <p>The story of computing is epic. It’s driven by the human passion for tinkering, inventing, and solving difficult problems, where accidents and luck can be as important as brilliant engineering.</p> <p><em>Revolution: The First 2000 Years of Computing</em> is an engaging 25,000-square-foot exhibition that chronicles the history of computing, from the abacus to the smartphone. <em>Revolution</em> has 19 galleries, 1,100 objects, and an array of original multimedia experiences, featuring first-hand accounts from pioneers and innovators. Explore the revolution that has changed our world.</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </section>  <section class="more-stories"> <div class="container"> <h2 class="more-stories__title">Plan a Visit & Learn More</h2> <div class="row"> <div class="more-stories__column" style="background: url('https://computerhistory.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/revolution-physical-477x268-c-default.jpg') center center no-repeat;"> <a href="https://computerhistory.org/visit/"> <div class="more-stories__text"> <span class="more-stories__text-title">Plan a Visit</span> </div> </a> </div> <div class="more-stories__column" style="background: url('https://computerhistory.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/revolution-online-477x268-c-default.jpg') center center no-repeat;"> <a href="https://www.computerhistory.org/revolution/"> <div class="more-stories__text"> <span class="more-stories__text-title">Online Exhibit</span> </div> </a> </div> </div> </div> </section>  <div class="container"> <section class="image-besides-text left"> <div class="chm-image"> <h2>Revolution Virtual Tour</h2> <div class="image-bt__image" style="background: url('https://computerhistory.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/revolution-gallery-image-01-540x406-c-default.jpg') center center no-repeat;"></div> <p></p> </div> <div class="image-bt__content-wrapper"> <div class="image-bt__content"> <p>Take a virtual tour of Revolution with GuidiGo. This tour features 31 of the most important artifacts and stories from the exhibition’s more than 1,000 unique artifacts. Join us to experience the amazing stories of the people, machines, programs, and companies of the Digital Age.</p> <p>The tour features Museum staff and volunteers and is narrated by NPR correspondent Laura Sydell. Content created by Earprint Productions</p> <p><a href="https://www.guidigo.com/Web/CHM-Revolution-Tour/DHTH2i2fYjA/StreetView/1/Calculators-Abacus">Take the Virtual Tour</a></p> </div> </div> </section> </div> <section class="slider-section "> <div class="js-carousel slider"> <div> <div class="slider__container"> <div class="slider-popup" data-effect="mfp-zoom-in" href="https://computerhistory.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/chm_markteing_photos_XROoO-760x0-c-default.jpg"> <div class="slider__img slider_img--4-3 "> <img src="https://computerhistory.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/chm_markteing_photos_XROoO-760x0-c-default.jpg" alt=""> <div class="zoom-icon"></div> </div> </div> <div class="slider__content"> <h5>Revolution </h5> <h4>Calculators Gallery</h4> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">For centuries, calculators were the only machines to help us compute. Discover the calculating devices that predate the computer, including the abacus, slide rules, and some of the earliest mechanical calculators. </span></p> </div> </div> </div> <div> <div class="slider__container"> <div class="slider-popup" data-effect="mfp-zoom-in" href="https://computerhistory.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/Webp.net-compress-image-3-760x0-c-default.jpg"> <div class="slider__img slider_img--4-3 "> <img src="https://computerhistory.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/Webp.net-compress-image-3-760x0-c-default.jpg" alt=""> <div class="zoom-icon"></div> </div> </div> <div class="slider__content"> <h5>Revolution </h5> <h4>Apple-1, 1976</h4> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">See the Apple-1, the computer that launched Apple Computer, autographed by cofounder Steve Wozniak. </span></p> </div> </div> </div> <div> <div class="slider__container"> <div class="slider-popup" data-effect="mfp-zoom-in" href="https://computerhistory.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/Webp.net-compress-image-4-1-760x0-c-default.jpg"> <div class="slider__img slider_img--4-3 "> <img src="https://computerhistory.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/Webp.net-compress-image-4-1-760x0-c-default.jpg" alt=""> <div class="zoom-icon"></div> </div> </div> <div class="slider__content"> <h5>Revolution</h5> <h4>Personal Computers Gallery</h4> <p>Explore early PC favorites, including the TRS-80, Commodore PET, and Apple II personal computers.</p> </div> </div> </div> <div> <div class="slider__container"> <div class="slider-popup" data-effect="mfp-zoom-in" href="https://computerhistory.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/Webp.net-compress-image-5-760x0-c-default.jpg"> <div class="slider__img slider_img--4-3 "> <img src="https://computerhistory.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/Webp.net-compress-image-5-760x0-c-default.jpg" alt=""> <div class="zoom-icon"></div> </div> </div> <div class="slider__content"> <h5>Revolution</h5> <h4>Hollerith Electric Tabulating System, 1890 </h4> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">This device helped the US government complete the 1890 census in record time and, in the process, launched the use of punched cards in business. IBM used the Hollerith system as the basis of its business machines. </span></p> </div> </div> </div> <div> <div class="slider__container"> <div class="slider-popup" data-effect="mfp-zoom-in" href="https://computerhistory.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/Webp.net-compress-image-6-760x0-c-default.jpg"> <div class="slider__img slider_img--4-3 "> <img src="https://computerhistory.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/Webp.net-compress-image-6-760x0-c-default.jpg" alt=""> <div class="zoom-icon"></div> </div> </div> <div class="slider__content"> <h5>Revolution</h5> <h4>Digital Logic Gallery</h4> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Get an up close look at some of the smallest devices in the exhibit, including early transistors and wafers that help put the name “silicon” in Silicon Valley. </span></p> </div> </div> </div> <div> <div class="slider__container"> <div class="slider-popup" data-effect="mfp-zoom-in" href="https://computerhistory.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/Webp.net-compress-image-7-760x0-c-default.jpg"> <div class="slider__img slider_img--4-3 "> <img src="https://computerhistory.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/Webp.net-compress-image-7-760x0-c-default.jpg" alt=""> <div class="zoom-icon"></div> </div> </div> <div class="slider__content"> <h5>Revolution</h5> <h4>SRI Shakey the Robot, 1969</h4> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Shakey was the first robot that could reason about its actions without human control. Special software let it create a “map” of its environment, which let it move about freely, even avoiding obstacles placed in its path. </span></p> </div> </div> </div> <div> <div class="slider__container"> <div class="slider-popup" data-effect="mfp-zoom-in" href="https://computerhistory.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/the_rest___chm_softw_UW5gl-1-760x0-c-default.jpg"> <div class="slider__img slider_img--4-3 "> <img src="https://computerhistory.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/the_rest___chm_softw_UW5gl-1-760x0-c-default.jpg" alt=""> <div class="zoom-icon"></div> </div> </div> <div class="slider__content"> <h5>Revolution </h5> <h4>Real-Time Computing Gallery</h4> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">With the help of computers, Astronauts Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin realized one of humanity’s oldest dreams: to walk on the Moon. On July 20, 1969, they spent two and a half hours outside their Lunar Module “Eagle.” Learn more about how computers launched us out of this world!</span></p> </div> </div> </div> <div> <div class="slider__container"> <div class="slider-popup" data-effect="mfp-zoom-in" href="https://computerhistory.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/Webp.net-compress-image-8-760x0-c-default.jpg"> <div class="slider__img slider_img--4-3 "> <img src="https://computerhistory.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/Webp.net-compress-image-8-760x0-c-default.jpg" alt=""> <div class="zoom-icon"></div> </div> </div> <div class="slider__content"> <h5>Revolution</h5> <h4>Atari Pong Prototype, 1972</h4> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Remember Pong, the must-have gift of 1975? See Atari’s original Pong prototype and play a live Pong game with a friend! </span></p> </div> </div> </div> <div> <div class="slider__container"> <div class="slider-popup" data-effect="mfp-zoom-in" href="https://computerhistory.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/Webp.net-compress-image-9-760x0-c-default.jpg"> <div class="slider__img slider_img--4-3 "> <img src="https://computerhistory.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/Webp.net-compress-image-9-760x0-c-default.jpg" alt=""> <div class="zoom-icon"></div> </div> </div> <div class="slider__content"> <h5>Revolution</h5> <h4>Computer Games Gallery</h4> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">To find the earliest computer games, find the earliest computers, like this </span><span style="font-weight: 400;">Atari 2600 prototype. Be sure you come to play in our Computer Games gallery.</span></p> </div> </div> </div> <div> <div class="slider__container"> <div class="slider-popup" data-effect="mfp-zoom-in" href="https://computerhistory.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/Webp.net-compress-image-10-760x0-c-default.jpg"> <div class="slider__img slider_img--4-3 "> <img src="https://computerhistory.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/Webp.net-compress-image-10-760x0-c-default.jpg" alt=""> <div class="zoom-icon"></div> </div> </div> <div class="slider__content"> <h5>Revolution </h5> <h4>Google Server Engine, 1999</h4> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">One of Google’s first server racks, made by Google engineers out of commonly available PCs and networking equipment, helped launch the internet giant. </span></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </section> <section class="text-block"> <div class="container"> <div class="row"> <div class="three-column-grid grid__press"> <div class="three-column-grid__center wysiwyg three-cg-without-image"> <h2>Related Information</h2> <ul> <li><a href="https://computerhistory.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/chm_visitor_map_only_pdf-3.pdf">Revolution Map</a></li> <li><a href="https://computerhistory.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/2024_Revolution-Greatest-Hits.pdf">Revolution: Greatest Hits</a></li> <li><a href="https://computerhistory.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/2022-Where-is-Silicon-Valley-Handout.pdf">Silicon Valley Highlights</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLQsxaNhYv8dbK3yMHXk35jtZFdu7o46gu">Revolution on YouTube</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </section>  <div class="container container--small"> <section class="related-articles"> <div class="related-articles__title-section"> <h2 class="related-articles__title">More Exhibits</h2> <a href="https://computerhistory.org/exhibits" class="related-articles__link">View All</a> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="related-articles__column"> <a href="https://computerhistory.org/exhibits/chatbots-decoded/"> <div class="related-articles__img-wrapper"> <div class="related-articles__img" style="background: url('https://computerhistory.org/wp-content/themes/bsdstarter/src/img/default_images/img-310x175.png') center center no-repeat"> </div> </div> <div class="related-articles__content"> <h4>Chatbots Decoded</h4> </div> </a> </div> <div class="related-articles__column"> <a href="https://computerhistory.org/exhibits/past-exhibits/"> <div class="related-articles__img-wrapper"> <div class="related-articles__img" style="background: url('https://computerhistory.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/babbage-main-1-477x268-c-default.jpg') center center no-repeat"> </div> </div> <div class="related-articles__content"> <h4>Past Exhibits</h4> </div> </a> </div> <div class="related-articles__column"> <a href="https://computerhistory.org/exhibits/1984-commercial-computer-graphics-goes-global/"> <div class="related-articles__img-wrapper"> <div class="related-articles__img" style="background: url('https://computerhistory.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/Screenshot-2024-02-06-at-3.14.34-PM-477x268-c-default.png') center center no-repeat"> </div> </div> <div class="related-articles__content"> <h4>1984: Commercial Computer Graphics Goes Global</h4> </div> </a> </div> </div> <a href="https://computerhistory.org/exhibits" class="related-articles__link mobile">View All</a> </section> </div> <div class="social-share__wrapper"> <div class="container social-share mobile"> <h2>Share</h2> <div class="addtoany_shortcode"><div class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_ addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="https://computerhistory.org/exhibits/revolution/" data-a2a-title="Revolution: The First 2000 Years of Computing"><a class="a2a_button_facebook" href="https://www.addtoany.com/add_to/facebook?linkurl=https%3A%2F%2Fcomputerhistory.org%2Fexhibits%2Frevolution%2F&linkname=Revolution%3A%20The%20First%202000%20Years%20of%20Computing" title="Facebook" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank"><img src="/wp-content/themes/bsdstarter/assets/img/share_icons/facebook.png" width="32" alt="Facebook"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter" href="https://www.addtoany.com/add_to/twitter?linkurl=https%3A%2F%2Fcomputerhistory.org%2Fexhibits%2Frevolution%2F&linkname=Revolution%3A%20The%20First%202000%20Years%20of%20Computing" title="Twitter" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank"><img src="/wp-content/themes/bsdstarter/assets/img/share_icons/twitter.png" width="32" alt="Twitter"></a><a class="a2a_button_copy_link" href="https://www.addtoany.com/add_to/copy_link?linkurl=https%3A%2F%2Fcomputerhistory.org%2Fexhibits%2Frevolution%2F&linkname=Revolution%3A%20The%20First%202000%20Years%20of%20Computing" title="Copy Link" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank"><img src="/wp-content/themes/bsdstarter/assets/img/share_icons/link.png" width="32" alt="Copy Link"></a></div></div> </div> </div> <footer class="footer"> <div class="footer__top"> <div class="container"> <div class="footer-content-3"> <a class="logo" href="https://computerhistory.org" title="Computer History Museum home link"><img src="https://computerhistory.org/wp-content/themes/bsdstarter/assets/img/chm-logo-short.svg" alt="Computer History Museum Logo"></a> <div class="footer-term-conditions desktop"> <ul class="menu"> <li class="no-link"> <a href="#">CHM is a registered 501(c)3 organization. Your donation is tax-deductible to the extent permitted by law.</a> </li> <li class="no-link"> <a href="#">Tax ID 77-0507525.</a> </li> <li class=""> <a href="https://computerhistory.org/terms/">Terms of Use</a> </li> <li class=""> <a href="https://computerhistory.org/privacy/">Privacy</a> </li> <li class="no-link"> <a href="#">© 2024 Computer History Museum</a> </li> </ul>  </div> </div> <div class="footer-content-4"> <div class="menu_one"> <ul class="menu" data-responsive-menu="drilldown large-dropdown"> <li> <a href="/press-releases/">Press</a> </li> <li> <a href="/jobs/">Careers</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://computerhistory.org/venue/">Venue</a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="menu_two"> <ul class="menu" data-responsive-menu="drilldown large-dropdown"> <li> <a href="/events/">Events</a> </li> <li> <a href="/stories/">Stories</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://computerhistory.org/donate-now/">Donate</a> </li> </ul>  </div> </div> <div class="footer-content-5"> <h2 class="widgettitle">Hours and Directions</h2> <div class="textwidget"><p><a href="/make-plan/">Hours & Directions</a></p> <p>1401 N. Shoreline Blvd.</p> <p>Mountain View, CA 94043</p> <p><a href="tel:+16508101010">(650) 810-1010</a></p> <p> </p> <p><a href="/contact-us/">More Contact Info</a></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </footer> <div id="pum-30192" class="pum pum-overlay pum-theme-20380 pum-theme-lightbox popmake-overlay pum-click-to-close click_open" data-popmake="{"id":30192,"slug":"donate-button-trigger","theme_id":20380,"cookies":[],"triggers":[{"type":"click_open","settings":{"cookie_name":"","extra_selectors":".chm-donate-popup"}}],"mobile_disabled":null,"tablet_disabled":null,"meta":{"display":{"stackable":false,"overlay_disabled":false,"scrollable_content":false,"disable_reposition":false,"size":"normal","responsive_min_width":"px","responsive_min_width_unit":false,"responsive_max_width":"100%","responsive_max_width_unit":false,"custom_width":"640px","custom_width_unit":false,"custom_height":"380px","custom_height_unit":false,"custom_height_auto":false,"location":"center","position_from_trigger":false,"position_top":"100","position_left":"0","position_bottom":"0","position_right":"0","position_fixed":false,"animation_type":"fade","animation_speed":"350","animation_origin":"center top","overlay_zindex":false,"zindex":"1999999999"},"close":{"text":"","button_delay":"0","overlay_click":"1","esc_press":"1","f4_press":"1"},"click_open":[]}}" role="dialog" aria-modal="false" > <div id="popmake-30192" class="pum-container popmake theme-20380 pum-responsive pum-responsive-normal responsive size-normal"> <div class="pum-content popmake-content" tabindex="0"> <p><iframe id="wegiveembed" style="margin: 0px 0px 0px 0px; height: 675px; width: 100%;" title="Online Donations Form" src="https://donate.computerhistory.org/computer-history-museum/checkout/donor-portal-checkout-p" frameborder="0" scrolling="no" allowpaymentrequest="true" allow="payment"></iframe></p> </div> <button type="button" class="pum-close popmake-close" aria-label="Close"> × </button> </div> </div> <div id="pum-30970" class="pum pum-overlay pum-theme-30972 pum-theme-chm popmake-overlay pum-overlay-disabled auto_open click_open" data-popmake="{"id":30970,"slug":"chatbot-announcement","theme_id":30972,"cookies":[{"event":"on_popup_close","settings":{"name":"pum-30970","key":"","session":false,"path":"1","time":"1 month"}}],"triggers":[{"type":"auto_open","settings":{"cookie_name":["pum-30970"],"delay":"0"}},{"type":"click_open","settings":{"extra_selectors":"","cookie_name":null}}],"mobile_disabled":null,"tablet_disabled":null,"meta":{"display":{"stackable":"1","overlay_disabled":"1","scrollable_content":false,"disable_reposition":false,"size":"custom","responsive_min_width":"0px","responsive_min_width_unit":false,"responsive_max_width":"100px","responsive_max_width_unit":false,"custom_width":"100%","custom_width_unit":false,"custom_height":"68px","custom_height_unit":false,"custom_height_auto":"1","location":"center top","position_from_trigger":false,"position_top":"0","position_left":"10","position_bottom":"20","position_right":"10","position_fixed":"1","animation_type":"fadeAndSlide","animation_speed":"300","animation_origin":"top","overlay_zindex":false,"zindex":"999999999999"},"close":{"text":"X","button_delay":"0","overlay_click":false,"esc_press":false,"f4_press":false},"click_open":[]}}" role="dialog" aria-modal="false" > <div id="popmake-30970" class="pum-container popmake theme-30972 size-custom pum-position-fixed"> <div class="pum-content popmake-content" tabindex="0"> <div> <style> .ccfire { font-family: "DIN_1451 LT W01 Engschrift", Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif !important; } .ccfire br { display: none; } </style> <p class="ccfire" style="text-align: center; color: #ffffff;"><a class="ccfire" style="font-size: 26px; text-transform: uppercase; color: #ffffff;" href="https://connect.computerhistory.org/events/6346af73-b2ee-3572-d519-2f2d2f18a311"><br /> Now Showing! Chatbots Decoded: Exploring AI. <u>Buy Tickets Now</u><br /> </a></p> </div> </div> <button type="button" class="pum-close popmake-close" aria-label="Close"> X </button> </div> </div> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://computerhistory.org/wp-includes/js/jquery/ui/core.min.js?ver=1.13.2" id="jquery-ui-core-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" id="popup-maker-site-js-extra"> /* <![CDATA[ */ var pum_vars = {"version":"1.18.5","pm_dir_url":"https:\/\/computerhistory.org\/wp-content\/plugins\/popup-maker\/","ajaxurl":"https:\/\/computerhistory.org\/wp-admin\/admin-ajax.php","restapi":"https:\/\/computerhistory.org\/wp-json\/pum\/v1","rest_nonce":null,"default_theme":"20379","debug_mode":"","disable_tracking":"","home_url":"\/","message_position":"top","core_sub_forms_enabled":"1","popups":[],"cookie_domain":"","analytics_route":"analytics","analytics_api":"https:\/\/computerhistory.org\/wp-json\/pum\/v1"}; var pum_sub_vars = {"ajaxurl":"https:\/\/computerhistory.org\/wp-admin\/admin-ajax.php","message_position":"top"}; var pum_popups = {"pum-30192":{"triggers":[{"type":"click_open","settings":{"cookie_name":"","extra_selectors":".chm-donate-popup"}}],"cookies":[],"disable_on_mobile":false,"disable_on_tablet":false,"atc_promotion":null,"explain":null,"type_section":null,"theme_id":"20380","size":"normal","responsive_min_width":"px","responsive_max_width":"100%","custom_width":"640px","custom_height_auto":false,"custom_height":"380px","scrollable_content":false,"animation_type":"fade","animation_speed":"350","animation_origin":"center top","open_sound":"none","custom_sound":"","location":"center","position_top":"100","position_bottom":"0","position_left":"0","position_right":"0","position_from_trigger":false,"position_fixed":false,"overlay_disabled":false,"stackable":false,"disable_reposition":false,"zindex":"1999999999","close_button_delay":"0","fi_promotion":null,"close_on_form_submission":false,"close_on_form_submission_delay":"0","close_on_overlay_click":true,"close_on_esc_press":true,"close_on_f4_press":true,"disable_form_reopen":false,"disable_accessibility":false,"theme_slug":"lightbox","id":30192,"slug":"donate-button-trigger"},"pum-30970":{"triggers":[{"type":"auto_open","settings":{"cookie_name":["pum-30970"],"delay":"0"}}],"cookies":[{"event":"on_popup_close","settings":{"name":"pum-30970","key":"","session":false,"path":"1","time":"1 month"}}],"disable_on_mobile":false,"disable_on_tablet":false,"atc_promotion":null,"explain":null,"type_section":null,"theme_id":"30972","size":"custom","responsive_min_width":"0px","responsive_max_width":"100px","custom_width":"100%","custom_height_auto":true,"custom_height":"68px","scrollable_content":false,"animation_type":"fadeAndSlide","animation_speed":"300","animation_origin":"top","open_sound":"none","custom_sound":"","location":"center top","position_top":"0","position_bottom":"20","position_left":"10","position_right":"10","position_from_trigger":false,"position_fixed":true,"overlay_disabled":true,"stackable":true,"disable_reposition":false,"zindex":"999999999999","close_button_delay":"0","fi_promotion":null,"close_on_form_submission":false,"close_on_form_submission_delay":"0","close_on_overlay_click":false,"close_on_esc_press":false,"close_on_f4_press":false,"disable_form_reopen":false,"disable_accessibility":false,"theme_slug":"chm","id":30970,"slug":"chatbot-announcement"}}; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="//computerhistory.org/wp-content/uploads/pum/pum-site-scripts.js?defer&generated=1732227841&ver=1.18.5" id="popup-maker-site-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://computerhistory.org/wp-content/plugins/contact-form-7/includes/swv/js/index.js?ver=5.9.3" id="swv-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" id="contact-form-7-js-extra"> /* <![CDATA[ */ var wpcf7 = {"api":{"root":"https:\/\/computerhistory.org\/wp-json\/","namespace":"contact-form-7\/v1"}}; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://computerhistory.org/wp-content/plugins/contact-form-7/includes/js/index.js?ver=5.9.3" id="contact-form-7-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" id="gforms_recaptcha_recaptcha-js-extra"> /* <![CDATA[ */ var gforms_recaptcha_recaptcha_strings = {"site_key":"6LemLLkUAAAAAAjc9RBh1WIYYyUREQ1QvL_YGx7w","ajaxurl":"https:\/\/computerhistory.org\/wp-admin\/admin-ajax.php","nonce":"b977e84d9f"}; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.google.com/recaptcha/api.js?render=6LemLLkUAAAAAAjc9RBh1WIYYyUREQ1QvL_YGx7w&ver=1.4.1" id="gforms_recaptcha_recaptcha-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.google.com/recaptcha/api.js?render=6LemLLkUAAAAAAjc9RBh1WIYYyUREQ1QvL_YGx7w&ver=3.0" id="google-recaptcha-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://computerhistory.org/wp-includes/js/dist/vendor/wp-polyfill-inert.min.js?ver=3.1.2" id="wp-polyfill-inert-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://computerhistory.org/wp-includes/js/dist/vendor/regenerator-runtime.min.js?ver=0.14.0" id="regenerator-runtime-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://computerhistory.org/wp-includes/js/dist/vendor/wp-polyfill.min.js?ver=3.15.0" id="wp-polyfill-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" id="wpcf7-recaptcha-js-extra"> /* <![CDATA[ */ var wpcf7_recaptcha = {"sitekey":"6LemLLkUAAAAAAjc9RBh1WIYYyUREQ1QvL_YGx7w","actions":{"homepage":"homepage","contactform":"contactform"}}; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://computerhistory.org/wp-content/plugins/contact-form-7/modules/recaptcha/index.js?ver=5.9.3" id="wpcf7-recaptcha-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://computerhistory.org/wp-content/themes/bsdstarter/assets/js/source.dev.js?ver=0.0.3" id="site-js-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> jQuery(document).ready(function ($) { // Function to update margin-top based on popup height function updateMargins() { var popupHeight = $('#popmake-30970').outerHeight(); if (popupHeight > 0) { // Ensure popupHeight is valid $('body').css('margin-top', popupHeight + 'px'); $('header').css('margin-top', popupHeight + 'px'); } } // Adjust margin-top when popup opens $(document).on('pumAfterOpen', '#pum-30970', function () { updateMargins(); // Add a resize listener for the duration the popup is open $(window).on('resize.popup', function () { updateMargins(); }); }); // Reset margin-top when popup closes $(document).on('pumAfterClose', '#pum-30970', function () { $('body').css('margin-top', '0'); $('header').css('margin-top', '0'); // Remove the resize listener when the popup closes $(window).off('resize.popup'); }); }); </script> <script type="text/javascript">window.NREUM||(NREUM={});NREUM.info={"beacon":"bam.nr-data.net","licenseKey":"3711322ece","applicationID":"406198101","transactionName":"MlYDZhdTWxJZAERcVwscIFERW1oPFxBZW18QXwBA","queueTime":0,"applicationTime":754,"atts":"HhEAEF9JSBw=","errorBeacon":"bam.nr-data.net","agent":""}</script></body> </html>

CINXE.COM

Revolution: The First 2000 Years of Computing - CHM