Research areas | Liverpool John Moores University

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js-navigation-megamenu-level-2-mobile" data-subpanelid="4cf100a8-9ddb-449e-8a08-f8744497821b" aria-expanded="false"> <h3 class="js-simulate-click-event" tabindex="0"> <span>Order a prospectus</span><i class="fas fa-chevron-down"></i> </h3> <div aria-live="assertive" aria-atomic="true"> <ul class="navigation-megamenu-level-3-mobile" data-subpanelid="4cf100a8-9ddb-449e-8a08-f8744497821b"> <li> <a class="mega-menu-link" href="/study/order-a-prospectus" target="_self">Order your Undergraduate prospectus or Postgraduate brochure</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="navigation-megamenu-level-1-mobile js-navigation-megamenu-level-1-mobile" data-droppanelid="48ce2bb7-0c3b-439f-b995-d0d1efff674c" aria-expanded="false"> <h2 class="js-simulate-click-event" tabindex="0"> <span>Discover</span><i class="fas fa-chevron-down"></i> </h2> <div aria-live="assertive" aria-atomic="true"> <div class="navigation-section-column-wrapper"> <div class="navigation-megamenu-level-2-mobile js-navigation-megamenu-level-2-mobile" data-subpanelid="9a9da9c2-e774-47c5-8d71-d30e56785c84" aria-expanded="false"> <h3 class="js-simulate-click-event" tabindex="0"> <span>Your student experience</span><i class="fas fa-chevron-down"></i> </h3> <div aria-live="assertive" aria-atomic="true"> <ul class="navigation-megamenu-level-3-mobile" data-subpanelid="9a9da9c2-e774-47c5-8d71-d30e56785c84"> <li> <a class="mega-menu-link" href="/discover/your-student-experience" target="_self">Your student experience</a> </li> <li> <a class="mega-menu-link" href="/discover/your-student-experience/accommodation" target="_self">Accommodation</a> </li> <li> <a class="mega-menu-link" href="/students/go-abroad" target="_self">Go abroad</a> </li> <li> <a class="mega-menu-link" href="/discover/your-student-experience/sports-clubs-and-societies" target="_self">Sports, societies and communities</a> </li> <li> <a class="mega-menu-link" href="/discover/your-student-experience/your-campus" target="_self">Your campus</a> </li> <li> <a class="mega-menu-link" href="/discover/your-student-experience/volunteering" target="_self">Volunteering</a> </li> <li> <a class="mega-menu-link" href="/studentfutures" target="_self">Student Futures</a> </li> <li> <a class="mega-menu-link" href="/discover/your-student-experience/alumni" target="_self">Alumni</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="navigation-megamenu-level-2-mobile js-navigation-megamenu-level-2-mobile" data-subpanelid="62ae12bb-7b1e-43c4-8a53-cf33d6c1ffe7" aria-expanded="false"> <h3 class="js-simulate-click-event" tabindex="0"> <span>Liverpool</span><i class="fas fa-chevron-down"></i> </h3> <div aria-live="assertive" aria-atomic="true"> <ul class="navigation-megamenu-level-3-mobile" data-subpanelid="62ae12bb-7b1e-43c4-8a53-cf33d6c1ffe7"> <li> <a class="mega-menu-link" href="/discover/liverpool" target="_self">Living in Liverpool</a> </li> <li> <a class="mega-menu-link" href="/discover/liverpool/culture" target="_self">Culture</a> </li> <li> <a class="mega-menu-link" href="/discover/liverpool/sport-and-leisure" target="_self">Sport and leisure</a> </li> <li> <a class="mega-menu-link" href="/discover/liverpool/history" target="_self">History of Liverpool</a> </li> <li> <a class="mega-menu-link" href="/discover/liverpool/events" target="_self">Events and festivals</a> </li> <li> <a class="mega-menu-link" href="/discover/liverpool/our-city" target="_self">Our city</a> </li> <li> <a class="mega-menu-link" href="/discover/liverpool/beyond-liverpool" target="_self">Beyond Liverpool</a> </li> <li> <a class="mega-menu-link" href="/contact-us/find-us" target="_self">How to find us</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="navigation-megamenu-level-2-mobile js-navigation-megamenu-level-2-mobile" data-subpanelid="a4ad4643-1c6f-46f2-a1c6-d4486141645b" aria-expanded="false"> <h3 class="js-simulate-click-event" tabindex="0"> <span>Student support</span><i class="fas fa-chevron-down"></i> </h3> <div aria-live="assertive" aria-atomic="true"> <ul class="navigation-megamenu-level-3-mobile" data-subpanelid="a4ad4643-1c6f-46f2-a1c6-d4486141645b"> <li> <a class="mega-menu-link" href="/discover/student-support" target="_self">Support and help for you</a> </li> <li> <a class="mega-menu-link" href="/discover/student-support/cost-of-living-support" target="_self">Cost of living support for students</a> </li> <li> <a class="mega-menu-link" href="/discover/student-support/care-leavers" target="_self">Care-experienced students</a> </li> <li> <a class="mega-menu-link" href="/discover/student-support/estranged-students" target="_self">Estranged students</a> </li> <li> <a class="mega-menu-link" href="/discover/student-support/young-adult-carers" target="_self">Young adult carers</a> </li> <li> <a class="mega-menu-link" href="/discover/student-support/transgender-and-non-binary-students" target="_self">Transgender and non-binary students</a> </li> <li> <a class="mega-menu-link" href="/discover/student-support/safeguarding-at-ljmu" target="_self">Safeguarding at LJMU</a> </li> <li> <a class="mega-menu-link" href="/discover/student-support/gtrsb-students" target="_self">Students from Gypsy, Traveller, Roma, Showman and Boater (GTRSB) communities</a> </li> <li> <a class="mega-menu-link" href="/discover/student-support/parents" target="_self">Supporting a student at University</a> </li> <li> <a class="mega-menu-link" href="/discover/student-support/students-with-a-disability" target="_self">Students with a disability</a> </li> <li> <a class="mega-menu-link" href="/discover/student-support/student-support-schemes" target="_self">Student support schemes</a> </li> <li> <a class="mega-menu-link" href="/discover/student-support/international-student-support" target="_self">International student support</a> </li> <li> <a class="mega-menu-link" href="/discover/student-support/your-safety-at-ljmu" target="_self">Your safety at LJMU</a> </li> <li> <a class="mega-menu-link" href="/discover/student-support/health-and-wellbeing" target="_self">Health and wellbeing</a> </li> <li> <a class="mega-menu-link" href="/discover/student-support/settling-in-and-staying-connected" target="_self">Settling in and staying connected</a> </li> <li> <a class="mega-menu-link" href="/library" target="_self">Library</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="navigation-megamenu-level-2-mobile js-navigation-megamenu-level-2-mobile" data-subpanelid="e0cd6a05-c680-40dd-bf0f-2531c70b33c4" aria-expanded="false"> <h3 class="js-simulate-click-event" tabindex="0"> <span>Fees and funding</span><i class="fas fa-chevron-down"></i> </h3> <div aria-live="assertive" aria-atomic="true"> <ul class="navigation-megamenu-level-3-mobile" data-subpanelid="e0cd6a05-c680-40dd-bf0f-2531c70b33c4"> <li> <a class="mega-menu-link" href="/discover/fees-and-funding" target="_self">Your guide to fees and funding</a> </li> <li> <a class="mega-menu-link" href="/discover/fees-and-funding/undergraduate-finance" target="_self">Undergraduate fees, funding and money advice</a> </li> <li> <a class="mega-menu-link" href="/discover/fees-and-funding/postgraduate-finance" target="_self">Postgraduate fees and funding</a> </li> <li> <a class="mega-menu-link" href="/discover/fees-and-funding/useful-funding-info" target="_self">Useful information</a> </li> <li> <a class="mega-menu-link" href="/discover/fees-and-funding/bursaries-and-scholarships" target="_self">Bursaries and scholarships</a> </li> <li> <a class="mega-menu-link" href="/discover/fees-and-funding/money-advice" target="_self">Money advice</a> </li> <li> <a class="mega-menu-link" href="/discover/fees-and-funding/contact-us" target="_self">Contact the Money Advice team</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="navigation-megamenu-level-1-mobile js-navigation-megamenu-level-1-mobile" data-droppanelid="5d13046b-0327-4c6f-b66b-94b17a72377b" aria-expanded="false"> <h2 class="js-simulate-click-event" tabindex="0"> <span>Research</span><i class="fas fa-chevron-down"></i> </h2> <div aria-live="assertive" aria-atomic="true"> <div class="navigation-section-column-wrapper"> <ul class="navigation-megamenu-level-3-mobile"> <li> <a class="mega-menu-link" href="/research/centres-and-institutes" target="_self">Research areas</a> </li> <li> <a class="mega-menu-link" href="/research/current-research-opportunities-find-a-phd" target="_self">Search for a PhD Scholarship</a> </li> <li> <a class="mega-menu-link" href="/research/research-participation" target="_self">Research participation</a> </li> <li> <a class="mega-menu-link" href="/research/facilities-and-support" target="_self">Facilities and support</a> </li> <li> <a class="mega-menu-link" href="/research/research-collaboration-partnership" target="_self">Research collaboration and partnership</a> </li> <li> <a class="mega-menu-link" href="/research/doctoral-academy" target="_self">Doctoral Academy</a> </li> <li> <a class="mega-menu-link" href="/research/impact-hub" target="_self">Research spotlight</a> </li> <li> <a class="mega-menu-link" href="/research/professorial-lectures" target="_self">Professorial lecture series</a> </li> <li> <a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://researchonline.ljmu.ac.uk" target="_self">Staff research outputs</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </li> <li class="navigation-megamenu-level-1-mobile js-navigation-megamenu-level-1-mobile" data-droppanelid="cfa32542-4341-4163-a8de-d0f9f61c39a2" aria-expanded="false"> <h2 class="js-simulate-click-event" tabindex="0"> <span>International</span><i class="fas fa-chevron-down"></i> </h2> <div aria-live="assertive" aria-atomic="true"> <div class="navigation-section-column-wrapper"> <div class="navigation-megamenu-level-2-mobile js-navigation-megamenu-level-2-mobile" data-subpanelid="2cfd1465-548a-4d60-afa6-18a1363f306d" aria-expanded="false"> <h3 class="js-simulate-click-event" tabindex="0"> <span>Thinking of applying</span><i class="fas fa-chevron-down"></i> </h3> <div aria-live="assertive" aria-atomic="true"> <ul class="navigation-megamenu-level-3-mobile" data-subpanelid="2cfd1465-548a-4d60-afa6-18a1363f306d"> <li> <a class="mega-menu-link" href="/international/thinking-of-applying" target="_self">Thinking of applying</a> </li> <li> <a class="mega-menu-link" href="/international/thinking-of-applying/reasons-to-choose-ljmu" target="_self">Reasons to choose LJMU</a> </li> <li> <a class="mega-menu-link" href="/international/thinking-of-applying/international-prospectus" target="_self">International guides</a> </li> <li> <a class="mega-menu-link" href="/study/courses/international-entry-requirements" target="_self">Entry requirements</a> </li> <li> <a class="mega-menu-link" href="/international/thinking-of-applying/pre-sessional-english-language-programme" target="_self">Pre-sessional English Language programme</a> </li> <li> <a class="mega-menu-link" href="/international/thinking-of-applying/international-application-dates" target="_self">International application dates</a> </li> <li> <a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://www.ljmu.ac.uk/study/courses/international-entry-requirements/find-your-country-or-region" target="_self">Find your country or region</a> </li> <li> <a class="mega-menu-link" href="/international/thinking-of-applying/pathways-to-ljmu" target="_self">Pathways to LJMU</a> </li> <li> <a class="mega-menu-link" href="/international/thinking-of-applying/tuition-fees" target="_self">Tuition fees</a> </li> <li> <a class="mega-menu-link" href="/international/thinking-of-applying/international-scholarships" target="_self">International scholarships</a> </li> <li> <a class="mega-menu-link" href="/international/thinking-of-applying/global-events" target="_self">Global events</a> </li> <li> <a class="mega-menu-link" href="/international/thinking-of-applying/exchange-study-abroad-students" target="_self">Exchange and study abroad students</a> </li> <li> <a class="mega-menu-link" href="/international/thinking-of-applying/meet-the-team" target="_self">Contact the International Relations team</a> </li> <li> <a class="mega-menu-link" href="/International/Thinking-of-applying-cn" target="_self">欢迎申请加入利物浦约翰摩尔大学（LJMU）</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="navigation-megamenu-level-2-mobile js-navigation-megamenu-level-2-mobile" data-subpanelid="8cadbae3-3e82-4f68-9cfd-d6006cd9bef8" aria-expanded="false"> <h3 class="js-simulate-click-event" tabindex="0"> <span>Making your application</span><i class="fas fa-chevron-down"></i> </h3> <div aria-live="assertive" aria-atomic="true"> <ul class="navigation-megamenu-level-3-mobile" data-subpanelid="8cadbae3-3e82-4f68-9cfd-d6006cd9bef8"> <li> <a class="mega-menu-link" href="/international/making-your-application" target="_self">Making your application</a> </li> <li> <a class="mega-menu-link" href="/international/making-your-application/undergraduate" target="_self">Making your undergraduate application</a> </li> <li> <a class="mega-menu-link" href="/international/making-your-application/postgraduate" target="_self">Making your postgraduate application</a> </li> <li> <a class="mega-menu-link" href="/international/making-your-application/what-happens-next" target="_self">What happens next?</a> </li> <li> <a class="mega-menu-link" href="/international/thinking-of-applying/tuition-fees" target="_self">Tuition fees</a> </li> <li> <a class="mega-menu-link" href="/international/thinking-of-applying/global-events" target="_self">Global events</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="navigation-megamenu-level-2-mobile js-navigation-megamenu-level-2-mobile" data-subpanelid="47a73c50-4f49-447f-83fd-19ce298926f4" aria-expanded="false"> <h3 class="js-simulate-click-event" tabindex="0"> <span>Holding an offer of study</span><i class="fas fa-chevron-down"></i> </h3> <div aria-live="assertive" aria-atomic="true"> <ul class="navigation-megamenu-level-3-mobile" data-subpanelid="47a73c50-4f49-447f-83fd-19ce298926f4"> <li> <a class="mega-menu-link" href="/international/holding-offer-of-study" target="_self">Holding an offer of study</a> </li> <li> <a class="mega-menu-link" href="/international/holding-offer-of-study/how-to-accept-your-offer" target="_self">How to accept your offer</a> </li> <li> <a class="mega-menu-link" href="/international/thinking-of-applying/international-application-dates" target="_self">International application dates</a> </li> <li> <a class="mega-menu-link" href="/international/holding-offer-of-study/tuition-fee-deposit" target="_self">Tuition fee deposit</a> </li> <li> <a class="mega-menu-link" href="/international/holding-offer-of-study/tuition-fee-payment-instalments" target="_self">Tuition fee payment instalments</a> </li> <li> <a class="mega-menu-link" href="/discover/student-support/international-student-support/study-visas" target="_self">Visa and immigration</a> </li> <li> <a class="mega-menu-link" href="/international/holding-offer-of-study/pre-departure-advice" target="_self">Pre-departure advice</a> </li> <li> <a class="mega-menu-link" href="/international/holding-offer-of-study/when-you-arrive" target="_self">When you arrive</a> </li> <li> <a class="mega-menu-link" href="/international/holding-offer-of-study/international-welcome" target="_self">International Welcome</a> </li> <li> <a class="mega-menu-link" href="/discover/student-support/international-student-support" target="_self">International student support</a> </li> <li> <a class="mega-menu-link" href="/international/holding-offer-of-study/information-for-new-and-returning-students" target="_self">Information for new and returning students</a> </li> <li> <a class="mega-menu-link" href="/Discover/Student-support/International-student-support/Study-visas/Pre-CAS-interviews" target="_self">Pre CAS interviews</a> </li> <li> <a class="mega-menu-link" href="/international/holding-offer-of-study/atas-guidance" target="_self">ATAS guidance</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="navigation-megamenu-level-2-mobile js-navigation-megamenu-level-2-mobile" data-subpanelid="5b7518da-06aa-46f1-9147-c5244a88470f" aria-expanded="false"> <h3 class="js-simulate-click-event" tabindex="0"> <span>International partnerships</span><i class="fas fa-chevron-down"></i> </h3> <div aria-live="assertive" aria-atomic="true"> <ul class="navigation-megamenu-level-3-mobile" data-subpanelid="5b7518da-06aa-46f1-9147-c5244a88470f"> <li> <a class="mega-menu-link" href="/international/partnerships" target="_self">International partnerships</a> </li> <li> <a class="mega-menu-link" href="/international/partnerships/about-us" target="_self">Meet the team</a> </li> <li> <a class="mega-menu-link" href="/international/partnerships/study-online-with-unicaf" target="_self">Study online with Unicaf</a> </li> <li> <a class="mega-menu-link" href="/international/partnerships/study-online-with-upgrad" target="_self">Study online with upGrad</a> </li> <li> <a class="mega-menu-link" href="/international/partner-news" target="_self">Partner news</a> </li> <li> <a class="mega-menu-link" href="/international/partnerships/frequently-asked-questions" target="_self">Frequently asked questions</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="navigation-megamenu-level-1-mobile js-navigation-megamenu-level-1-mobile" data-droppanelid="b4261949-5039-415c-b83f-944fa1df5157" aria-expanded="false"> <h2 class="js-simulate-click-event" tabindex="0"> <span>Business</span><i class="fas fa-chevron-down"></i> </h2> <div aria-live="assertive" aria-atomic="true"> <div class="navigation-section-column-wrapper"> <ul class="navigation-megamenu-level-3-mobile"> <li> <a class="mega-menu-link" href="/study/degree-apprenticeships/employers" target="_self">Degree Apprenticeships for employers</a> </li> <li> <a class="mega-menu-link" href="/studentfutures/employers" target="_self">Connecting employers with students</a> </li> <li> <a class="mega-menu-link" href="/business/case-studies" target="_self">Collaborative projects</a> </li> <li> <a class="mega-menu-link" href="/about-us/ljmu-achievements-and-impact" target="_self">LJMU achievements and impact</a> </li> <li> <a class="mega-menu-link" href="/business/advertise-your-job-opportunities" target="_self">Advertise your job opportunities</a> </li> <li> <a class="mega-menu-link" href="/business/research-and-expertise" target="_self">Research and expertise</a> </li> <li> <a class="mega-menu-link" href="/business/maritime-knowledge-hub" target="_self">Maritime Knowledge Hub</a> </li> <li> <a class="mega-menu-link" href="/business/work-with-us" target="_self">Work with us</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </li> <li class="navigation-megamenu-level-1-mobile js-navigation-megamenu-level-1-mobile" data-droppanelid="6f8dce57-890b-40a1-946c-7c7f193ce6b5" aria-expanded="false"> <h2 class="js-simulate-click-event" tabindex="0"> <span>About us</span><i class="fas fa-chevron-down"></i> </h2> <div aria-live="assertive" aria-atomic="true"> <div class="navigation-section-column-wrapper"> <ul class="navigation-megamenu-level-3-mobile"> <li> <a class="mega-menu-link" href="/contact-us/key-contacts" target="_self">Contact the university</a> </li> <li> <a class="mega-menu-link" href="/contact-us/find-us" target="_self">How to find us</a> </li> <li> <a class="mega-menu-link" href="/about-us/staff-profiles" target="_self">Staff profiles</a> </li> <li> <a class="mega-menu-link" href="/about-us/our-vision-and-values" target="_self">Our vision and values</a> </li> <li> <a class="mega-menu-link" href="/about-us/ljmu-achievements-and-impact" target="_self">LJMU achievements and impact</a> </li> <li> <a class="mega-menu-link" href="/about-us/ljmu-climate-action" target="_self">LJMU Climate Action</a> </li> <li> <a class="mega-menu-link" href="/about-us/edi" target="_self">Diversity and Inclusion</a> </li> <li> <a class="mega-menu-link" href="/about-us/structure" target="_self">University structure</a> </li> <li> <a class="mega-menu-link" href="/about-us/faculties" target="_self">Faculties</a> </li> <li> <a class="mega-menu-link" href="/about-us/events" target="_self">University events</a> </li> <li> <a class="mega-menu-link" href="/about-us/virtual-tour" target="_self">Virtual tours</a> </li> <li> <a class="mega-menu-link" href="/about-us/public-information" target="_self">Public information</a> </li> </ul> <ul class="navigation-megamenu-level-3-mobile"> <li> <a class="mega-menu-link" href="/about-us/roscoe-lecture-series" target="_self">Roscoe Lecture series</a> </li> <li> <a class="mega-menu-link" href="/about-us/supporting-the-armed-forces" target="_self">Supporting the Armed Forces</a> </li> <li> <a class="mega-menu-link" href="/microsites/blacklivesmatter" target="_self">Black Lives Matter</a> </li> <li> <a class="mega-menu-link" 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aria-label="breadcrumbs"> <div class="container"> <ol> <li><a href="/"><i class="fas fa-home"></i><span class="visually-hidden">Home</span></a></li> <li><a href="/research" target="_self" >Research</a></li> <li aria-current="location" >Research areas</li> </ol>  </div>  </nav> <div class="m-page-banner" data-id="page-banner-container"> <div class="m-banner-image-container"> <picture>  <source media="(max-width: 60em)" srcset="/-/media/ljmu/sitecore-banners/research/reseach_290.jpg?w=450&amp;h=200&amp;crop=1&hash=4D17DCBF634DBD3CF990D0570CA82932" id="" /> <source media="(max-width: 64em)" srcset="/-/media/ljmu/sitecore-banners/research/reseach_290.jpg" />  <img src="/-/media/ljmu/sitecore-banners/research/reseach_290.jpg?la=en&h=290&w=1320&hash=7827DCC04E5B2E0C33153356D2B7283D" alt="" /> </picture> </div> </div> <div class="l-container l-container--lighter-grey"> <div class="l-wrapper"> <div class="l-col-3 thm-sidebar"> <aside class="m-subnav thm-white "> <div class="l-row"> <div 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and Institutes</h2> <div class="m-section-links-toggle-button"> <div class="m-section-links-container-mobile"> <div style="max-height: inherit" class="section-link m-section-link-mobile-one-col"> <a href="/research/centres-and-institutes/institute-of-art-and-technology" > <div class="m-section-link-mobile-image-container" data-mh="sectionLinksMobile"> <img src="/-/media/ljmu/phase-two-research/arts-professional-and-social-sciences/art-and-design/button_large_facesofmerseyside.jpg?la=en&h=200&w=386&hash=69B7215B17651B93AD49835C3340A603" class="m-section-link-mobile-image" alt="" /> </div> <div class="m-section-link-mobile-content-2020"> <span> Art and Technology </span> </div> </a> </div> <div style="max-height: inherit" class="section-link m-section-link-mobile-one-col"> <a href="/research/centres-and-institutes/astrophysics-research-institute" > <div class="m-section-link-mobile-image-container" data-mh="sectionLinksMobile"> <img src="/-/media/ljmu/research/centres-and-institutes-links/astrophysics.png?la=en&h=200&w=260&hash=FC79469A09B0324B4472ADE64791B64A" class="m-section-link-mobile-image" alt="" /> </div> <div class="m-section-link-mobile-content-2020"> <span> Astrophysics </span> </div> </a> </div> <div style="max-height: inherit" class="section-link m-section-link-mobile-one-col"> <a href="/research/centres-and-institutes/research-centre-for-brain-and-behaviour" > <div class="m-section-link-mobile-image-container" data-mh="sectionLinksMobile"> <img src="/-/media/ljmu/research/centres-and-institutes-links/brainandbehaviourlink.jpg?la=en&h=200&w=260&hash=101773FBE37C1F396120A6929CA60E2C" class="m-section-link-mobile-image" alt="" /> </div> <div class="m-section-link-mobile-content-2020"> <span> Brain and Behaviour </span> </div> </a> </div> <div style="max-height: inherit" class="section-link m-section-link-mobile-one-col"> <a href="/research/centres-and-institutes/the-liverpool-institute-for-research-in-education" > <div class="m-section-link-mobile-image-container" data-mh="sectionLinksMobile"> <img src="/-/media/ljmu/research/centres-and-institutes-links/educationresearchlink.jpg?la=en&h=200&w=260&hash=E90190A635DB80E236637B14CE5A1470" class="m-section-link-mobile-image" alt="" /> </div> <div class="m-section-link-mobile-content-2020"> <span> Educational Research </span> </div> </a> </div> <div style="max-height: inherit" class="section-link m-section-link-mobile-one-col"> <a href="/research/centres-and-institutes/research-centre-in-evolutionary-anthropology-and-palaeoecology" > <div class="m-section-link-mobile-image-container" data-mh="sectionLinksMobile"> <img src="/-/media/ljmu/research/centres-and-institutes-links/nsplink.jpg?la=en&h=200&w=260&hash=C6912632188FA72766C8E6D6E1578FC9" class="m-section-link-mobile-image" alt="" /> </div> <div class="m-section-link-mobile-content-2020"> <span> Evolutionary Anthropology and Palaeoecology </span> </div> </a> </div> <div style="max-height: inherit" class="section-link m-section-link-mobile-one-col"> <a href="/research/centres-and-institutes/forensic-research-institute" > <div class="m-section-link-mobile-image-container" data-mh="sectionLinksMobile"> <img src="/-/media/ljmu/research/forri/forri-260x200.jpg?la=en&h=200&w=260&hash=D313EB9A37CA50D7DDD8CC90FB1FCB54" class="m-section-link-mobile-image" alt="" /> </div> <div class="m-section-link-mobile-content-2020"> <span> Forensic Research Institute </span> </div> </a> </div> <div style="max-height: inherit" class="section-link m-section-link-mobile-one-col"> <a href="/research/centres-and-institutes/institute-of-health-research" > <div class="m-section-link-mobile-image-container" data-mh="sectionLinksMobile"> <img src="/-/media/ljmu/research/centres-and-institutes-links/healthresearch.jpg?la=en&h=200&w=260&hash=1AE596508AA18C11B96B4CEA21EF3037" class="m-section-link-mobile-image" alt="" /> </div> <div class="m-section-link-mobile-content-2020"> <span> Health Research </span> </div> </a> </div> <div style="max-height: inherit" class="section-link m-section-link-mobile-one-col"> <a href="/research/centres-and-institutes/the-liverpool-research-institute-for-climate-and-sustainability" > <div class="m-section-link-mobile-image-container" data-mh="sectionLinksMobile"> <img src="/-/media/ljmu/research/lirics/lirics-260x200.jpg?la=en&h=200&w=260&hash=8E882C23FB2670D4336803B9A31CBF34" class="m-section-link-mobile-image" alt="" /> </div> <div class="m-section-link-mobile-content-2020"> <span> The Liverpool Research Institute for Climate and Sustainability </span> </div> </a> </div> <div style="max-height: inherit" class="section-link m-section-link-mobile-one-col"> <a href="/research/centres-and-institutes/research-institute-for-literature-and-cultural-history" > <div class="m-section-link-mobile-image-container" data-mh="sectionLinksMobile"> <img src="/-/media/ljmu/research/centres-and-institutes-links/literatureandculturalhistory.jpg?la=en&h=200&w=260&hash=747676ECD971A874E4C6A6E09031F5A8" class="m-section-link-mobile-image" alt="" /> </div> <div class="m-section-link-mobile-content-2020"> <span> Literature and Cultural History </span> </div> </a> </div> <div style="max-height: inherit" class="section-link m-section-link-mobile-one-col"> <a href="/research/centres-and-institutes/public-health-institute" > <div class="m-section-link-mobile-image-container" data-mh="sectionLinksMobile"> <img src="/-/media/ljmu/faculty_ehc/centre_for_public_health/research/386x200/cph_crowd_386x200.jpg?la=en&h=200&w=386&hash=EFD61453710497E3284103589ACCBFFA" class="m-section-link-mobile-image" alt="" /> </div> <div class="m-section-link-mobile-content-2020"> <span> Public Health </span> </div> </a> </div> <div style="max-height: inherit" class="section-link m-section-link-mobile-one-col"> <a href="/research/centres-and-institutes/research-institute-for-sport-and-exercise-sciences" > <div class="m-section-link-mobile-image-container" data-mh="sectionLinksMobile"> <img src="/-/media/ljmu/research/centres-and-institutes-links/sportsciencelink.jpg?la=en&h=200&w=260&hash=DC8A65E27968861CD6F7045355A47697" class="m-section-link-mobile-image" alt="" /> </div> <div class="m-section-link-mobile-content-2020"> <span> Sport and Exercise Science </span> </div> </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="m-section-links-container flex-container"> <div class=" l-col-4 m-explore-block section-link VideoIcon-Center"> <a href="/research/centres-and-institutes/institute-of-art-and-technology" aria-label="Art and Technology" ><img src="/-/media/ljmu/phase-two-research/arts-professional-and-social-sciences/art-and-design/button_large_facesofmerseyside.jpg?la=en&h=200&w=386&hash=69B7215B17651B93AD49835C3340A603" crop="1" alt="" /> <span class="visually-hidden">Art and Technology</span> <div class="m-explore-content lightblue centered-header alt-triangle"> <h2> <span> Art and Technology </span> </h2> </div> </a> </div> <div class=" l-col-4 m-explore-block section-link VideoIcon-Center"> <a href="/research/centres-and-institutes/astrophysics-research-institute" aria-label="Astrophysics" ><img src="/-/media/ljmu/research/centres-and-institutes-links/astrophysics.png?la=en&h=200&w=260&hash=FC79469A09B0324B4472ADE64791B64A" crop="1" alt="" /> <span class="visually-hidden">Astrophysics</span> <div class="m-explore-content lightblue centered-header alt-triangle"> <h2> <span> Astrophysics </span> </h2> </div> </a> </div> <div class="l-col-end l-col-4 m-explore-block section-link VideoIcon-Center"> <a href="/research/centres-and-institutes/research-centre-for-brain-and-behaviour" aria-label="Brain and Behaviour" ><img src="/-/media/ljmu/research/centres-and-institutes-links/brainandbehaviourlink.jpg?la=en&h=200&w=260&hash=101773FBE37C1F396120A6929CA60E2C" crop="1" alt="" /> <span class="visually-hidden">Brain and Behaviour</span> <div class="m-explore-content lightblue centered-header alt-triangle"> <h2> <span> Brain and Behaviour </span> </h2> </div> </a> </div> <div class=" l-col-4 m-explore-block section-link VideoIcon-Center"> <a href="/research/centres-and-institutes/the-liverpool-institute-for-research-in-education" aria-label="Educational Research" ><img src="/-/media/ljmu/research/centres-and-institutes-links/educationresearchlink.jpg?la=en&h=200&w=260&hash=E90190A635DB80E236637B14CE5A1470" crop="1" alt="" /> <span class="visually-hidden">Educational Research</span> <div class="m-explore-content lightblue centered-header alt-triangle"> <h2> <span> Educational Research </span> </h2> </div> </a> </div> <div class=" l-col-4 m-explore-block section-link VideoIcon-Center"> <a href="/research/centres-and-institutes/research-centre-in-evolutionary-anthropology-and-palaeoecology" aria-label="Evolutionary Anthropology and Palaeoecology" ><img src="/-/media/ljmu/research/centres-and-institutes-links/nsplink.jpg?la=en&h=200&w=260&hash=C6912632188FA72766C8E6D6E1578FC9" crop="1" alt="" /> <span class="visually-hidden">Evolutionary Anthropology and Palaeoecology</span> <div class="m-explore-content lightblue centered-header alt-triangle"> <h2> <span> Evolutionary Anthropology and Palaeoecology </span> </h2> </div> </a> </div> <div class="l-col-end l-col-4 m-explore-block section-link VideoIcon-Center"> <a href="/research/centres-and-institutes/forensic-research-institute" aria-label="Forensic Research Institute" ><img src="/-/media/ljmu/research/forri/forri-260x200.jpg?la=en&h=200&w=260&hash=D313EB9A37CA50D7DDD8CC90FB1FCB54" crop="1" alt="" /> <span class="visually-hidden">Forensic Research Institute</span> <div class="m-explore-content lightblue centered-header alt-triangle"> <h2> <span> Forensic Research Institute </span> </h2> </div> </a> </div> <div class=" l-col-4 m-explore-block section-link VideoIcon-Center"> <a href="/research/centres-and-institutes/institute-of-health-research" aria-label="Health Research" ><img src="/-/media/ljmu/research/centres-and-institutes-links/healthresearch.jpg?la=en&h=200&w=260&hash=1AE596508AA18C11B96B4CEA21EF3037" crop="1" alt="" /> <span class="visually-hidden">Health Research</span> <div class="m-explore-content lightblue centered-header alt-triangle"> <h2> <span> Health Research </span> </h2> </div> </a> </div> <div class=" l-col-4 m-explore-block section-link VideoIcon-Center"> <a href="/research/centres-and-institutes/the-liverpool-research-institute-for-climate-and-sustainability" aria-label="The Liverpool Research Institute for Climate and Sustainability" ><img src="/-/media/ljmu/research/lirics/lirics-260x200.jpg?la=en&h=200&w=260&hash=8E882C23FB2670D4336803B9A31CBF34" crop="1" alt="" /> <span class="visually-hidden">The Liverpool Research Institute for Climate and Sustainability</span> <div class="m-explore-content lightblue centered-header alt-triangle"> <h2> <span> The Liverpool Research Institute for Climate and Sustainability </span> </h2> </div> </a> </div> <div class="l-col-end l-col-4 m-explore-block section-link VideoIcon-Center"> <a href="/research/centres-and-institutes/research-institute-for-literature-and-cultural-history" aria-label="Literature and Cultural History" ><img src="/-/media/ljmu/research/centres-and-institutes-links/literatureandculturalhistory.jpg?la=en&h=200&w=260&hash=747676ECD971A874E4C6A6E09031F5A8" crop="1" alt="" /> <span class="visually-hidden">Literature and Cultural History</span> <div class="m-explore-content lightblue centered-header alt-triangle"> <h2> <span> Literature and Cultural History </span> </h2> </div> </a> </div> <div class=" l-col-4 m-explore-block section-link VideoIcon-Center"> <a href="/research/centres-and-institutes/public-health-institute" aria-label="Public Health" ><img src="/-/media/ljmu/faculty_ehc/centre_for_public_health/research/386x200/cph_crowd_386x200.jpg?la=en&h=200&w=386&hash=EFD61453710497E3284103589ACCBFFA" crop="1" alt="" /> <span class="visually-hidden">Public Health</span> <div class="m-explore-content lightblue centered-header alt-triangle"> <h2> <span> Public Health </span> </h2> </div> </a> </div> <div class=" l-col-4 m-explore-block section-link VideoIcon-Center"> <a href="/research/centres-and-institutes/research-institute-for-sport-and-exercise-sciences" aria-label="Sport and Exercise Science" ><img src="/-/media/ljmu/research/centres-and-institutes-links/sportsciencelink.jpg?la=en&h=200&w=260&hash=DC8A65E27968861CD6F7045355A47697" crop="1" alt="" /> <span class="visually-hidden">Sport and Exercise Science</span> <div class="m-explore-content lightblue centered-header alt-triangle"> <h2> <span> Sport and Exercise Science </span> </h2> </div> </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="m-wysiwyg thm-panel-grey "> <div>   <p><a name="research-areas"></a> <h2>Explore our research areas</h2></p> </div> </div> <section aria-labelledby="accordion-title-f7b2c4f2-78df-4b15-ae0e-6d6872a3d28a" class="accordion-container l-module no-float"> <h4 id="accordion-title-f7b2c4f2-78df-4b15-ae0e-6d6872a3d28a" class="visually-hidden">Faq Items</h4> <div> <div class="faqShowHideAllWrapper"> <a class="faqShowHideAll" href="javascript:void(0);" data-action="showAll">Show all sections</a> </div> <div id="FAQ-f7b2c4f2-78df-4b15-ae0e-6d6872a3d28a" class="m-accordion m-wysiwyg js-FAQ" data-id="m-accordion" data-hidden="true" data-active="false" data-scroll-to-element=""> <h2 class="Topic" data-pagenumber="1">Art, culture and history<span class="icon-arrow-down-darkerblue"></span></h2> <div class="TopicContents" data-pagenumber="1" style="display: none;"><ul> <li><a href="/research/centres-and-institutes/institute-of-art-and-technology/expertise/exhibition-research-lab">Exhibition Research Lab<br> </a></li> <li><a href="/research/centres-and-institutes/research-institute-for-literature-and-cultural-history">Research Institute for Literature and Cultural History</a></li> <li><a href="/research/centres-and-institutes/ljmu-writers-workshop">LJMU Writers' Workshop</a></li> <li><a href="/research/centres-and-institutes/communication-cultural-and-media-studies">Communication, Cultural and Media Studies Research Group</a></li> <li><a href="/about-us/faculties/faculty-of-arts-professional-and-social-studies/institute-of-cultural-capital">Institute Cultural Capital</a></li> </ul></div> <h2 class="Topic" data-pagenumber="1">Astrophysics<span class="icon-arrow-down-darkerblue"></span></h2> <div class="TopicContents" data-pagenumber="1" style="display: none;"><ul> <li><a href="/research/centres-and-institutes/astrophysics-research-institute">Astrophysics Research Institute</a></li> </ul></div> <h2 class="Topic" data-pagenumber="1">Built environment, sustainability and urban affairs<span class="icon-arrow-down-darkerblue"></span></h2> <div class="TopicContents" data-pagenumber="1" style="display: none;"><ul> <li><a href="/research/centres-and-institutes/built-environment-and-sustainable-technologies-research-institute">Built Environment and Sustainable Technologies Research Institute (BEST)</a></li> <li><a href="/research/centres-and-institutes/european-institute-for-urban-affairs">European Institute for Urban Affairs</a></li> </ul></div> <h2 class="Topic" data-pagenumber="1">Business and law<span class="icon-arrow-down-darkerblue"></span></h2> <div class="TopicContents" data-pagenumber="1" style="display: none;"><ul> <li><a href="/research/centres-and-institutes/accounting-and-finance-for-society-research-group">Accounting and Finance for Society Research Group</a></li> <li><a href="/research/centres-and-institutes/centre-for-the-study-of-law-in-theory-and-practice">Centre for the Study of Law in Theory and Practice</a></li> <li><a href="/research/centres-and-institutes/digital-marketing-and-retailing">Digital Marketing and Retailing Research Group</a></li> <li><a href="/research/centres-and-institutes/international-business-management-and-strategy-research-group">International Business Management and Strategy (IBMS) Research Group</a></li> <li><a href="/research/centres-and-institutes/leadership-education-and-development">Leadership, Education and Development Research Group</a></li> <li><a href="/research/centres-and-institutes/projects-operations-and-workplace-management-research-group">Projects, Operations and Workplace Management Research Group</a></li> <li><a href="/research/centres-and-institutes/research-unit-for-financial-inclusion">Research Unit for Financial Inclusion</a></li> <li><a href="/research/centres-and-institutes/small-business-and-entrepreneurship">Small Business and Entrepreneurship Research Group</a></li> </ul></div> <h2 class="Topic" data-pagenumber="1">Computing<span class="icon-arrow-down-darkerblue"></span></h2> <div class="TopicContents" data-pagenumber="1" style="display: none;"><ul> <li><a href="/research/centres-and-institutes/machine-learning-research-group">Machine Learning Research Group</a></li> <li><a href="/research/centres-and-institutes/protect">Research Centre for Critical Infrastructure Computer Technology and Protection (PROTECT)</a></li> </ul></div> <h2 class="Topic" data-pagenumber="1">Craniofacial analysis<span class="icon-arrow-down-darkerblue"></span></h2> <div class="TopicContents" data-pagenumber="1" style="display: none;"><ul> <li><a href="/research/centres-and-institutes/forensic-research-institute/related-research-groups/face-lab">Face Lab</a></li> </ul></div> <h2 class="Topic" data-pagenumber="1">Education<span class="icon-arrow-down-darkerblue"></span></h2> <div class="TopicContents" data-pagenumber="1" style="display: none;"><ul> <li><a href="/research/centres-and-institutes/the-liverpool-institute-for-research-in-education">Centre for Educational Research</a></li> </ul></div> <h2 class="Topic" data-pagenumber="1">Engineering and technology<span class="icon-arrow-down-darkerblue"></span></h2> <div class="TopicContents" data-pagenumber="1" style="display: none;"><ul> <li><a href="/research/centres-and-institutes/built-environment-and-sustainable-technologies-research-institute">Built Environment and Sustainable Technologies Research Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/research/centres-and-institutes/astrophysics-research-institute">Astrophysics Research Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/research/centres-and-institutes/loom">Liverpool Logistics Offshore and Marine Research Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/research/centres-and-institutes/protect">Research Centre for Critical Infrastructure Computer Technology and Protection (PROTECT)</a></li> <li><a href="/research/centres-and-institutes/electrical-and-electronic-engineering-research-centre">Electrical and Electronic Engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/research/centres-and-institutes/geri">General Engineering Research Institute (GERI)</a></li> <li><a href="/research/centres-and-institutes/memarc">Mechanical Engineering and Materials Research Centre (MEMARC)</a></li> <li><a href="/research/centres-and-institutes/data-science">Data Science Research Centre</a> </li> </ul></div> <h2 class="Topic" data-pagenumber="1">Health-related research<span class="icon-arrow-down-darkerblue"></span></h2> <div class="TopicContents" data-pagenumber="1" style="display: none;"><ul> <li><a href="/research/centres-and-institutes/centre-for-collaborative-innovation-in-dementia">Centre for Collaborative Innovation in Dementia</a></li> <li><a href="/research/centres-and-institutes/public-health-institute">Public Health Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/research/centres-and-institutes/chemoinformatics-research-group">Chemoinformatics Research Group</a></li> <li><a href="/research/centres-and-institutes/institute-of-health-research">Institute for Health Research</a> </li> <li><a href="/research/centres-and-institutes/nutrition-and-health-research-group">Nutrition and Health Research Group</a></li> <li><a href="/research/centres-and-institutes/nursing-research">Nursing research</a></li> <li><a href="/research/centres-and-institutes/social-work-research">Social Work research</a></li> </ul></div> <h2 class="Topic" data-pagenumber="1">Justice studies<span class="icon-arrow-down-darkerblue"></span></h2> <div class="TopicContents" data-pagenumber="1" style="display: none;"><p> </p> <ul> <li><a href="/research/centres-and-institutes/the-centre-for-the-study-of-crime-criminalisation-and-social-exclusion">Centre for the Study of Crime, Criminalisation and Social Exclusion</a></li> <li><a href="/research/centres-and-institutes/criminal-justice-research">Criminal Justice research</a></li> <li><a href="/research/centres-and-institutes/forensic-research-institute">Forensic Research Institute (FORRI)</a></li> <li><a href="/research/centres-and-institutes/lcaps-research">Research within Liverpool Centre for Advanced Policing</a></li> </ul></div> <h2 class="Topic" data-pagenumber="1">Maritime<span class="icon-arrow-down-darkerblue"></span></h2> <div class="TopicContents" data-pagenumber="1" style="display: none;"><ul> <li><a href="/research/centres-and-institutes/centre-for-port-and-maritime-history">Centre for Port and Maritime History</a></li> <li><a href="/research/centres-and-institutes/loom">Liverpool Logistics, Offshore and Marine Research Institute</a></li> </ul></div> <h2 class="Topic" data-pagenumber="1">Psychology<span class="icon-arrow-down-darkerblue"></span></h2> <div class="TopicContents" data-pagenumber="1" style="display: none;"><ul> <li><a href="/research/centres-and-institutes/forensic-research-institute">Forensic Research Institute (FORRI)</a></li> <li><a href="/research/centres-and-institutes/research-centre-for-brain-and-behaviour">Research Centre in Brain and Behaviour</a></li> </ul></div> <h2 class="Topic" data-pagenumber="1">Science<span class="icon-arrow-down-darkerblue"></span></h2> <div class="TopicContents" data-pagenumber="1" style="display: none;"><ul> <li><a href="/research/centres-and-institutes/behavioural-ecology-and-physiology-research-group">Behavioural Ecology and Physiology Research Group</a></li> <li> <a href="/research/centres-and-institutes/ljmu-biodiversity-and-conservation-group">Biodiversity and Conservation Research Group </a></li> <li><a href="/research/centres-and-institutes/biomedical-science-research-group">Biomedical Science Research Group</a></li> <li><a href="/research/centres-and-institutes/centre-for-natural-products-discovery">Centre for Natural Products Discovery (CNPD)</a></li> <li><a href="/research/centres-and-institutes/chemoinformatics-research-group">Chemoinformatics Research Group</a></li> <li><a href="/research/centres-and-institutes/clinical-pharmacy-and-therapeutics-research-group">Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics Research Group</a></li> <li><a href="/research/centres-and-institutes/drone-research-group">Drone Research Group</a> </li>  <li><a href="/research/centres-and-institutes/faculty-of-science-pedagogic-research-group">Faculty of Science Pedagogic Research Group</a></li> <li><a href="/research/centres-and-institutes/nanomedicine-formulation-and-delivery-research-group">Formulation and Drug Delivery Research Group</a></li> <li><a href="/research/centres-and-institutes/forensic-research-institute">Forensic Research Institute (FORRI)</a></li> <li><a href="/research/centres-and-institutes/forensic-science-research-group">Forensic Science Research Group</a></li> <li><a href="/research/centres-and-institutes/geography-and-environmental-science-research-group">Geography and Environmental Science Research Group</a></li> <li><a href="/research/centres-and-institutes/primatology-research-group">Primatology Research Group</a></li> <li><a href="/research/centres-and-institutes/research-centre-in-evolutionary-anthropology-and-palaeoecology">Research Centre in Evolutionary Anthropology and Palaeoecology</a></li> </ul></div> <h2 class="Topic" data-pagenumber="1">Sport science<span class="icon-arrow-down-darkerblue"></span></h2> <div class="TopicContents" data-pagenumber="1" style="display: none;"><ul> <li><a href="/research/centres-and-institutes/research-institute-for-sport-and-exercise-sciences">Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences</a></li> </ul></div> <h2 class="Topic" data-pagenumber="1">Tourism, leisure, dance and drama<span class="icon-arrow-down-darkerblue"></span></h2> <div class="TopicContents" data-pagenumber="1" style="display: none;"><ul> <li><a href="/research/centres-and-institutes/dance-research">Dance Research</a></li> <li><a href="/research/centres-and-institutes/drama-and-performance-research-group">Drama and Performance Research Group</a> </li> <li><a href="/research/centres-and-institutes/outdoor-education-research-group">Outdoor Education Research Group</a></li> <li><a href="/research/centres-and-institutes/sport-research-group">Sport-related Research Group</a></li> <li><a href="/research/centres-and-institutes/tourism-travel-culture-and-heritage">Tourism, Travel, Culture and Heritage Research Group</a></li> </ul></div> </div> </div> </section> </div> </div> </div> </main> <div class="containerAS main-homepage"> </div> <footer class="m-footer"> <div class="m-social-wrap"> <div class="m-footer-social"> <h2>Connect with us</h2> <ul> <li> <a href="https://www.instagram.com/ljmu/"> <span class="icon-instagram"></span> <span class="visually-hidden">Instagram</span> </a> </li> <li> <a 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