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Available in 75 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-75" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">75 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A9_%D8%A5%D9%84%D8%B5%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="لغة إلصاقية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="لغة إلصاقية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llingua_aglutinante" title="Llingua aglutinante – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Llingua aglutinante" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B3%D0%B3%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%B1_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%86%D3%80" title="Агглутинативияб мацӀ – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Агглутинативияб мацӀ" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aqql%C3%BCtinativ_dill%C9%99r" title="Aqqlütinativ dillər – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Aqqlütinativ dillər" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B5%D8%A7%D9%82%DB%8C_%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%84%D8%B1" title="التصاقی دیللر – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="التصاقی دیللر" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B3%D0%B3%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B4%D3%99%D1%80" title="Агглютинатив телдәр – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Агглютинатив телдәр" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B3%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%86%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%9E%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B" title="Аглюцінатыўныя мовы – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Аглюцінатыўныя мовы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B3%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8B%D0%B9%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B" title="Аглютынацыйныя мовы – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Аглютынацыйныя мовы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B3%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Аглутинативен език – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Аглутинативен език" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yezh_daspegel" title="Yezh daspegel – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Yezh daspegel" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llengua_aglutinant" title="Llengua aglutinant – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Llengua aglutinant" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B3%D0%B3%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BB%C4%83_%D1%87%C4%95%D0%BB%D1%85%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Агглютинативлă чĕлхесем – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Агглютинативлă чĕлхесем" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aglutina%C4%8Dn%C3%AD_jazyk" title="Aglutinační jazyk – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Aglutinační jazyk" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iaith_ddodiadol" title="Iaith ddodiadol – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Iaith ddodiadol" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agglutinerende_sprog" title="Agglutinerende sprog – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Agglutinerende sprog" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agglutinierende_Sprache" title="Agglutinierende Sprache – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Agglutinierende Sprache" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aglutinatiivne_keel" title="Aglutinatiivne keel – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Aglutinatiivne keel" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CF%85%CE%B3%CE%BA%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%B7%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%B3%CE%BB%CF%8E%CF%83%CF%83%CE%B1" title="Συγκολλητική γλώσσα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Συγκολλητική γλώσσα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengua_aglutinante" title="Lengua aglutinante – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Lengua aglutinante" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aglutina_lingvo" title="Aglutina lingvo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Aglutina lingvo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hizkuntza_eranskari" title="Hizkuntza eranskari – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Hizkuntza eranskari" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%BE%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%8C" title="زبان پیوندی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زبان پیوندی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langue_agglutinante" title="Langue agglutinante – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Langue agglutinante" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_aglutinante" title="Lingua aglutinante – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Lingua aglutinante" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B5%90%EC%B0%A9%EC%96%B4" title="교착어 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="교착어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D6%81%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%AC%D5%A5%D5%A6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Կցական լեզուներ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կցական լեզուներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aglutinativni_jezici" title="Aglutinativni jezici – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Aglutinativni jezici" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_aglutinatif" title="Bahasa aglutinatif – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bahasa aglutinatif" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vi%C3%B0skeytam%C3%A1l" title="Viðskeytamál – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Viðskeytamál" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_agglutinante" title="Lingua agglutinante – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lingua agglutinante" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9C%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%9E%D7%93%D7%91%D7%A7" title="לשון מדבק – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="לשון מדבק" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%92%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="აგლუტინაციური ენები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="აგლუტინაციური ენები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B0%D0%BB%D2%93%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B_%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Жалғамалы тілдер – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Жалғамалы тілдер" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lugha_ambishi_bainishi" title="Lugha ambishi bainishi – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Lugha ambishi bainishi" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B3%D0%B3%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Агглютинативдик тилдер – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Агглютинативдик тилдер" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aglutin%C4%93jo%C5%A1a_valoda" title="Aglutinējoša valoda – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Aglutinējoša valoda" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agliutinacin%C4%97_kalba" title="Agliutinacinė kalba – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Agliutinacinė kalba" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengua_agglutinanta" title="Lengua agglutinanta – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Lengua agglutinanta" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agglutin%C3%A1l%C3%B3_nyelv" title="Agglutináló nyelv – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Agglutináló nyelv" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B3%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Аглутинативен јазик – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Аглутинативен јазик" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B7%E0%B5%BB_(%E0%B4%AD%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B7%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%82)" title="അഗ്ലൂട്ടിനേഷൻ (ഭാഷാശാസ്ത്രം) – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="അഗ്ലൂട്ടിനേഷൻ (ഭാഷാശാസ്ത്രം)" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%8C_%D8%B2%D9%88%D9%88%D9%86" title="پیوندی زوون – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="پیوندی زوون" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_lekatan" title="Bahasa lekatan – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bahasa lekatan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agglutinatie_(taalkunde)" title="Agglutinatie (taalkunde) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Agglutinatie (taalkunde)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%86%A0%E7%9D%80%E8%AA%9E" title="膠着語 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="膠着語" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agglutinerende_spr%C3%A5k" title="Agglutinerende språk – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Agglutinerende språk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agglutinerande_spr%C3%A5k" title="Agglutinerande språk – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Agglutinerande språk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenga_aglutinanta" title="Lenga aglutinanta – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Lenga aglutinanta" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agglyutinativ_tillar" title="Agglyutinativ tillar – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Agglyutinativ tillar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%99zyki_aglutynacyjne" title="Języki aglutynacyjne – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Języki aglutynacyjne" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_aglutinante" title="Língua aglutinante – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Língua aglutinante" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agglyutinativlik_tiller" title="Agglyutinativlik tiller – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Agglyutinativlik tiller" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limb%C4%83_aglutinant%C4%83" title="Limbă aglutinantă – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Limbă aglutinantă" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%27askachakuq_rimay" title="K'askachakuq rimay – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="K'askachakuq rimay" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B3%D0%B3%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Агглютинативные языки – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Агглютинативные языки" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gjuha_aglutinative" title="Gjuha aglutinative – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Gjuha aglutinative" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agglutinazzioni" title="Agglutinazzioni – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Agglutinazzioni" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agglutinative_language" title="Agglutinative language – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Agglutinative language" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aglutinacijski_jezik" title="Aglutinacijski jezik – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Aglutinacijski jezik" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B3%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Аглутинативни језик – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Аглутинативни језик" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aglutinativni_jezici" title="Aglutinativni jezici – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Aglutinativni jezici" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agglutinatiivinen_kieli" title="Agglutinatiivinen kieli – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Agglutinatiivinen kieli" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agglutinerande_spr%C3%A5k" title="Agglutinerande språk – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Agglutinerande språk" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%92%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%88_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%BF" title="ஒட்டுநிலை மொழி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஒட்டுநிலை மொழி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B3%D0%B3%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BB%D3%99%D1%80" title="Агглютинатив телләр – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Агглютинатив телләр" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B3%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AD" title="ภาษารูปคำติดต่อ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ภาษารูปคำติดต่อ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eklemeli_dil" title="Eklemeli dil – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Eklemeli dil" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B3%D0%B3%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B3_%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Агглютинативтиг дылдар – Tuvinian" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Агглютинативтиг дылдар" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="Tuvinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тыва дыл</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B3%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BD%D1%96_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8" title="Аглютинативні мови – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Аглютинативні мови" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vahgyuek" title="Vahgyuek – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Vahgyuek" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ng%C3%B4n_ng%E1%BB%AF_ch%E1%BA%AFp_d%C3%ADnh" title="Ngôn ngữ chắp dính – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Ngôn ngữ chắp dính" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etroclant_lingaedje" title="Etroclant lingaedje – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Etroclant lingaedje" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%BB%8F%E7%9D%80%E8%AF%AD" title="黏着语 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="黏着语" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link 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Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Agglutinative+language%22">"Agglutinative language"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Agglutinative+language%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Agglutinative+language%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Agglutinative+language%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Agglutinative+language%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Agglutinative+language%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Type of synthetic language</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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.sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="width:auto"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_typology" title="Linguistic typology">Linguistic typology</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Morphological_typology" title="Morphological typology">Morphological</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align: left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Analytic_language" title="Analytic language">Analytic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isolating_language" title="Isolating language">Isolating</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synthetic_language" title="Synthetic language">Synthetic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fusional_language" title="Fusional language">Fusional</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Agglutinative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polysynthetic_language" title="Polysynthetic language">Polysynthetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oligosynthetic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Oligosynthetic language">Oligosynthetic</a></li></ul></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Morphology_(linguistics)#Paradigms_and_morphosyntax" title="Morphology (linguistics)">Morphosyntactic</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align: left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Morphosyntactic_alignment" title="Morphosyntactic alignment">Alignment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nominative%E2%80%93accusative_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Nominative–accusative language">Nominative–accusative</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marked_nominative_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Marked nominative language">Marked nominative</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ergative%E2%80%93absolutive_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ergative–absolutive language">Ergative–absolutive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Split_ergativity" title="Split ergativity">Split ergative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symmetrical_voice" title="Symmetrical voice">Symmetrical voice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Active%E2%80%93stative_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Active–stative language">Active–stative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripartite_alignment" title="Tripartite alignment">Tripartite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nominative%E2%80%93absolutive_alignment" title="Nominative–absolutive alignment">Nominative–absolutive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct%E2%80%93inverse_alignment" title="Direct–inverse alignment">Direct-inverse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ditransitive_verb#Ditransitive.2Fmonotransitive_alignment" title="Ditransitive verb">Ditransitive/Monotransitive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Secundative_language" title="Secundative language">Secundative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indirective_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Indirective language">Indirective</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zero-marking_language" title="Zero-marking language">Zero-marking </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dependent-marking_language" title="Dependent-marking language">Dependent-marking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double-marking_language" title="Double-marking language">Double-marking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Head-marking_language" title="Head-marking language">Head-marking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Null-subject_language" title="Null-subject language">Null-subject</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syntactic_pivot" title="Syntactic pivot">Syntactic pivot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theta_role" title="Theta role">Theta role</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Word_order" title="Word order">Word order</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align: left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Verb%E2%80%93object_word_order" title="Verb–object word order">VO languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Subject%E2%80%93verb%E2%80%93object_word_order" title="Subject–verb–object word order">Subject–verb–object</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verb%E2%80%93subject%E2%80%93object_word_order" title="Verb–subject–object word order">Verb–subject–object</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verb%E2%80%93object%E2%80%93subject_word_order" title="Verb–object–subject word order">Verb–object–subject</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Object%E2%80%93verb_word_order" title="Object–verb word order">OV languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Subject%E2%80%93object%E2%80%93verb_word_order" title="Subject–object–verb word order">Subject–object–verb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Object%E2%80%93subject%E2%80%93verb_word_order" title="Object–subject–verb word order">Object–subject–verb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Object%E2%80%93verb%E2%80%93subject_word_order" title="Object–verb–subject word order">Object–verb–subject</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verb-initial_word_order" title="Verb-initial word order">V1 word order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V2_word_order" title="V2 word order">V2 word order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Object%E2%80%93subject_word_order" title="Object–subject word order">OS word order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_word_order" class="mw-redirect" title="Free word order">Free word order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time%E2%80%93manner%E2%80%93place" title="Time–manner–place">Time–manner–place</a></li> <li>Place–manner–time</li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Lexicon" title="Lexicon">Lexicon</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align: left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Color_term" title="Color term">Color terms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numeral_(linguistics)" title="Numeral (linguistics)">Numerals</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Linguistic_typology_topics" title="Template:Linguistic typology topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Linguistic_typology_topics" title="Template talk:Linguistic typology topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Linguistic_typology_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Linguistic typology topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>An <b>agglutinative language</b> is a type of <a href="/wiki/Synthetic_language" title="Synthetic language">synthetic language</a> with <a href="/wiki/Morphology_(linguistics)" title="Morphology (linguistics)">morphology</a> that primarily uses <a href="/wiki/Agglutination" title="Agglutination">agglutination</a>. In an agglutinative language, words contain multiple <a href="/wiki/Morpheme" title="Morpheme">morphemes</a> concatenated together, but in such a manner that individual <a href="/wiki/Word_stem" title="Word stem">word stems</a> and <a href="/wiki/Affix" title="Affix">affixes</a> can be isolated and identified as to indicate a particular inflection or derivation, although this is not a rule: for example, <a href="/wiki/Finnish_language" title="Finnish language">Finnish</a> is a typical agglutinative language, but morphemes are subject to (sometimes unpredictable) consonant alternations called <a href="/wiki/Consonant_gradation" title="Consonant gradation">consonant gradation</a>. </p><p>Despite the occasional outliers, agglutinative languages tend to have more easily deducible word meanings compared to <a href="/wiki/Fusional_language" title="Fusional language">fusional languages</a>, which allow unpredictable modifications in either or both the <a href="/wiki/Phonetics" title="Phonetics">phonetics</a> or <a href="/wiki/Spelling" title="Spelling">spelling</a> of one or more morphemes within a word, usually resulting from a shortening of the word or to make pronunciation easier. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agglutinative_language&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Overview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Agglutinative languages have generally one <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_category" title="Grammatical category">grammatical category</a> per affix while fusional languages combine multiple into one. The term was introduced by <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_von_Humboldt" title="Wilhelm von Humboldt">Wilhelm von Humboldt</a> to classify languages from a <a href="/wiki/Morphology_(linguistics)" title="Morphology (linguistics)">morphological</a> point of view.<sup id="cite_ref-Stocking1992_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stocking1992-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is derived from the <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> verb <i>agglutinare</i>, which means "to glue together".<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, the English word <i><a href="/wiki/Antidisestablishmentarianism" title="Antidisestablishmentarianism">antidisestablishmentarianism</a></i> can be broken up into <i>anti-</i> "against", <i>dis-</i> "to deprive of", <i>establish</i> (here referring to the formation of the Church of England), <i>-ment</i> "the act of", <i>-arian</i> "a person who", and <i>-ism</i> "the ideology of". On the other hand, in a word such as <i>runs</i>, the singular suffix <i>-s</i> indicates the verb is both in third person and present tense, and cannot be further broken down into a "third person" morpheme and a "present tense" morpheme; this behavior is reminiscent of fusional languages. </p><p>The term <i>agglutinative</i> is sometimes incorrectly used as a synonym for <a href="/wiki/Synthetic_language" title="Synthetic language">synthetic</a>, but that term also includes fusional languages. The agglutinative and fusional languages are two ends of a continuum, with various languages falling more toward one end or the other. For example, <a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a> is generally agglutinative, but displays fusion in some nouns, such as <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">otōto</i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%BC%9F" class="extiw" title="wikt:弟">弟</a></span></span>, "younger brother")</span>, from <i>oto</i> + <i>hito</i> (originally <i>woto</i> + <i>pito</i>, "young, younger" + "person"), and Japanese verbs, adjectives, the copula, and their affixes undergo sound transformations. For example, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">kaku</i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%9B%B8%E3%81%8F" class="extiw" title="wikt:書く">書く</a></span></span>, "to write; [someone] writes")</span> affixed with <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">masu</i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E3%81%BE%E3%81%99" class="extiw" title="wikt:ます">ます</a></span></span>, politeness suffix)</span> and <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">ta</i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E3%81%9F" class="extiw" title="wikt:た">た</a></span></span>, past tense marker)</span> becomes <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">kakimashita</i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">書きました</span></span>, "[someone] wrote", with the <i>-mas-</i> portion used to express a politely distanced social context to the intended audience)</span>. A synthetic language may use morphological agglutination combined with partial usage of fusional features, for example in its case system (e.g., <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>). </p><p>Persian has some features of agglutination, making use of prefixes and suffixes attached to the stems of verbs and nouns, thus making it a synthetic language rather than an analytic one. Persian is an SOV language, thus having a head-final phrase structure.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Persian utilizes a noun root + plural suffix + case suffix + post-position suffix syntax similar to Turkish. For example the phrase "<i>mashinhashunra niga mikardam</i>" meaning 'I was looking at their cars' lit. '(cars their at) (look) (i was doing)'. Breaking down the first word: <i>mashin</i> (car) + <i>ha</i> (plural suffix) + <i>shun</i> (possessive suffix) + <i>ra</i> (post-positional suffix) becomes <i>Mashinhashunra.</i> We can see its agglutinative nature and the fact that Persian is able to affix a given number of dependent morphemes to a root morpheme, mashin (car). <a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a>, too, is generally agglutinative, forming words in a similar manner: <i>araba</i> (car) + <i>lar</i> (plural) + <i>ın</i> (possessive suffix, performing the same function as "of" in English) + <i>a</i> (dative suffix, for the recipient of an action, like "to" in English) forms <i>arabalarına</i> (lit. "to their cars"). However, these suffixes depend upon <a href="/wiki/Vowel_harmony" title="Vowel harmony">vowel harmony</a>: doing the same to <i>ev</i> ("house") forms <i>evlerine</i> (to their houses). However, there are other features of the Turkish language that could be considered fusional, such as the suffixes for the simple present tense. This is the only tense where, rather than having a suffix did negation which can be included before the temporal suffix, there are two different suffixes – one for affirmative and one for negative. Giving examples using <i>sevmek</i> ("to love" or "to like"): </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>English </th> <th>Turkish </th> <th colspan="4">Formation </th></tr> <tr> <td>I liked </td> <td><i>sevdim</i> </td> <td><i>sev-</i><br />"like" </td> <td><i>-di</i><br />(past tense) </td> <td><i>-m</i><br />(first person singular) </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>I did not like </td> <td><i>sevmedim</i> </td> <td><i>sev-</i><br />"like" </td> <td><i>-me</i><br />"not" </td> <td><i>-di</i><br />(past tense) </td> <td><i>-m</i><br />(first person singular) </td></tr> <tr> <td>I like </td> <td><i>severim</i> </td> <td><i>sev-</i><br />"like" </td> <td><i>-er</i><br />(present tense) </td> <td><i>-im</i><br />(first person singular) </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>I do not like </td> <td><i>sevmem</i> </td> <td><i>sev-</i><br />"like" </td> <td><i>-me</i><br />(negative present tense) </td> <td><i>-m</i><br />(first person singular) </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Agglutinative languages tend to have a high rate of affixes or morphemes per word, and to be very regular, in particular with very few <a href="/wiki/Irregular_verbs" class="mw-redirect" title="Irregular verbs">irregular verbs</a> – for example, Japanese has <a href="/wiki/Japanese_irregular_verbs" title="Japanese irregular verbs">only two considered fully irregular</a>, and only about a dozen others with only minor irregularity; <a href="/wiki/Luganda" title="Luganda">Luganda</a> has only one (or two, depending on how "irregular" is defined); while in the <a href="/wiki/Quechua_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Quechua languages">Quechua languages</a>, all ordinary verbs are regular. Again, exceptions exist, such as in <a href="/wiki/Georgian_language" title="Georgian language">Georgian</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Trends">Trends</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agglutinative_language&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Trends"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many unrelated languages spoken by <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Near_East" title="Ancient Near East">Ancient Near East</a> peoples were agglutinative, though none from larger families have been identified: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elamite_language" title="Elamite language">Elamite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hattic_language" title="Hattic language">Hattic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kassite_language" title="Kassite language">Kassite</a><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumerian_language" title="Sumerian language">Sumerian</a><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Some well known <a href="/wiki/Constructed_language" title="Constructed language">constructed languages</a> are agglutinative, such as <a href="/wiki/Black_Speech" title="Black Speech">Black Speech</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Fauskanger_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fauskanger-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Esperanto" title="Esperanto">Esperanto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Klingon_language" title="Klingon language">Klingon</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Quenya" title="Quenya">Quenya</a>. </p><p>Agglutination is a typological feature and does not imply a linguistic relation, but there are some families of agglutinative languages. For example, the <a href="/wiki/Proto-Uralic_language" title="Proto-Uralic language">Proto-Uralic language</a>, the ancestor of the <a href="/wiki/Uralic_languages" title="Uralic languages">Uralic languages</a>, was agglutinative, and most descendant languages inherit this feature. But since agglutination can arise in languages that previously had a non-agglutinative typology, and it can be lost in languages that previously were agglutinative, agglutination as a typological trait cannot be used as evidence of a genetic relationship to other agglutinative languages. The uncertain theory about <a href="/wiki/Ural-Altaic" class="mw-redirect" title="Ural-Altaic">Ural-Altaic</a> proffers that there is a genetic relationship with this proto-language as seen in <a href="/wiki/Finnish_language" title="Finnish language">Finnish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mongolian_language" title="Mongolian language">Mongolian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and occasionally as well as <a href="/wiki/Manchu_language" title="Manchu language">Manchurian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a> and <a href="/wiki/Korean_language" title="Korean language">Korean</a>. </p><p>Many languages have developed agglutination. This developmental phenomenon is known as <a href="/wiki/Drift_(linguistics)" title="Drift (linguistics)">language drift</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_language" title="Indonesian language">Indonesian</a>. There seems to exist a preferred evolutionary direction from agglutinative synthetic languages to <a href="/wiki/Fusional_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Fusional languages">fusional synthetic languages</a>, and then to <a href="/wiki/Analytic_language" title="Analytic language">non-synthetic languages</a>, which in their turn evolve into <a href="/wiki/Isolating_language" title="Isolating language">isolating languages</a> and from there again into agglutinative synthetic languages. However, this is just a trend, and in itself a combination of the trend observable in <a href="/wiki/Grammaticalisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Grammaticalisation">grammaticalization theory</a> and that of general linguistic attrition, especially word-final <a href="/wiki/Apocope" title="Apocope">apocope</a> and <a href="/wiki/Elision" title="Elision">elision</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agglutinative_language&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agglutinative_language&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Stocking1992-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Stocking1992_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFStocking1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_W._Stocking,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="George W. Stocking, Jr.">Stocking, George W.</a> (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6IM1s8rytLQC&pg=PA84"><i>The Ethnographer's Magic and Other Essays in the History of Anthropology</i></a>. University of Wisconsin Press. p. 84. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-299-13414-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-299-13414-8"><bdi>0-299-13414-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ethnographer%27s+Magic+and+Other+Essays+in+the+History+of+Anthropology&rft.pages=84&rft.pub=University+of+Wisconsin+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0-299-13414-8&rft.aulast=Stocking&rft.aufirst=George+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6IM1s8rytLQC%26pg%3DPA84&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAgglutinative+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarper" class="citation web cs1">Harper, Douglas. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.etymonline.com/?term=agglutination">"agglutination"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Online_Etymology_Dictionary" title="Online Etymology Dictionary">Online Etymology Dictionary</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Online+Etymology+Dictionary&rft.atitle=agglutination&rft.aulast=Harper&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2F%3Fterm%3Dagglutination&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAgglutinative+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoucheRenfroLance2019" class="citation journal cs1">Mouche, Ryan; Renfro, Ashley; Lance, Marshall (May 15, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cedar.wwu.edu/scholwk/2019/2019_poster_presentations/57/">"Persian Syntax"</a>. <i>Scholars Week</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scholars+Week&rft.atitle=Persian+Syntax&rft.date=2019-05-15&rft.aulast=Mouche&rft.aufirst=Ryan&rft.au=Renfro%2C+Ashley&rft.au=Lance%2C+Marshall&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcedar.wwu.edu%2Fscholwk%2F2019%2F2019_poster_presentations%2F57%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAgglutinative+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShawJameson2002" class="citation book cs1">Shaw, Ian; Jameson, Robert (2002-05-06). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zmvNogJO2ZgC&q=kassite+agglutinative&pg=PA329"><i>A Dictionary of Archaeology</i></a>. John Wiley & Sons. p. 329. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780631235835" title="Special:BookSources/9780631235835"><bdi>9780631235835</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Dictionary+of+Archaeology&rft.pages=329&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2002-05-06&rft.isbn=9780631235835&rft.aulast=Shaw&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft.au=Jameson%2C+Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzmvNogJO2ZgC%26q%3Dkassite%2Bagglutinative%26pg%3DPA329&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAgglutinative+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBritannica" class="citation web cs1">Britannica. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Sumerian-language/Characteristics">"Sumerian is clearly an agglutinative language"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201026214624/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Sumerian-language/Characteristics">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-10-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sumerian+is+clearly+an+agglutinative+language&rft.au=Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FSumerian-language%2FCharacteristics&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAgglutinative+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fauskanger-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fauskanger_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFauskanger" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Helge_Fauskanger" title="Helge Fauskanger">Fauskanger, Helge K.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://folk.uib.no/hnohf/orkish.htm">"Orkish and the Black Speech"</a>. <i>Ardalambion</i>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Bergen" title="University of Bergen">University of Bergen</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 September</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ardalambion&rft.atitle=Orkish+and+the+Black+Speech&rft.aulast=Fauskanger&rft.aufirst=Helge+K.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffolk.uib.no%2Fhnohf%2Forkish.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAgglutinative+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://feb-web.ru/feb/izvest/1940/03/403-079.htm">Nicholas Poppe, The Uralo-Altaic Theory in the Light of the Soviet Linguistics</a> Accessed 2010-04-07</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agglutinative_language&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>Bodmer, Frederick. Ed. by Lancelot Hogben. <i>The Loom of Language.</i> New York, W.W. Norton and Co., 1944, renewed 1972, pages 53, 190ff. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-393-30034-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-393-30034-X">0-393-30034-X</a>.</li></ul> </div><p><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://glossary.sil.org/term/agglutinative-language">https://glossary.sil.org/term/agglutinative-language</a></p><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q171263#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4700215-3">Germany</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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