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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography_and_environment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography_and_environment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Geography and environment </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography_and_environment-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Geography and environment subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Geography_and_environment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Topography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Topography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Topography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Topography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Geology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Flora_and_fauna" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flora_and_fauna"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Flora and fauna </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flora_and_fauna-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Terrestrial_ecology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Terrestrial_ecology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Terrestrial ecology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Terrestrial_ecology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Protected_areas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Protected_areas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Protected areas </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Protected_areas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 Climate </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Environmental_issues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Environmental_issues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.7 Environmental issues </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Environmental_issues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 History </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle History subsection </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-First_human_settlement_–_Ancient_Hawaiʻi_(1000–1778)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_human_settlement_–_Ancient_Hawaiʻi_(1000–1778)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 First human settlement – Ancient Hawaiʻi (1000–1778) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_human_settlement_–_Ancient_Hawaiʻi_(1000–1778)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-European_arrival" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#European_arrival"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 European arrival </div> </a> <ul id="toc-European_arrival-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kingdom_of_Hawaiʻi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kingdom_of_Hawaiʻi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Kingdom of Hawaiʻi </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kingdom_of_Hawaiʻi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-House_of_Kamehameha" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#House_of_Kamehameha"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3.1 House of Kamehameha </div> </a> <ul id="toc-House_of_Kamehameha-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1887_Constitution_and_overthrow_preparations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1887_Constitution_and_overthrow_preparations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3.2 1887 Constitution and overthrow preparations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1887_Constitution_and_overthrow_preparations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Overthrow_of_1893_–_Republic_of_Hawaiʻi_(1894–1898)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Overthrow_of_1893_–_Republic_of_Hawaiʻi_(1894–1898)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Overthrow of 1893 – Republic of Hawaiʻi (1894–1898) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Overthrow_of_1893_–_Republic_of_Hawaiʻi_(1894–1898)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Annexation_–_Territory_of_Hawaiʻi_(1898–1959)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Annexation_–_Territory_of_Hawaiʻi_(1898–1959)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Annexation – Territory of Hawaiʻi (1898–1959) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Annexation_–_Territory_of_Hawaiʻi_(1898–1959)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_changes_of_1954_–_State_of_Hawaiʻi_(1959–present)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_changes_of_1954_–_State_of_Hawaiʻi_(1959–present)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6 Political changes of 1954 – State of Hawaiʻi (1959–present) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_changes_of_1954_–_State_of_Hawaiʻi_(1959–present)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy_of_annexation_on_Hawaiian_land" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy_of_annexation_on_Hawaiian_land"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.7 Legacy of annexation on Hawaiian land </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy_of_annexation_on_Hawaiian_land-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Demographics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Demographics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Population" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Population"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Population </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Population-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ancestry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancestry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Ancestry </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancestry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Languages </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hawaiian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hawaiian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.1 Hawaiian </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hawaiian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hawaiian_Pidgin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hawaiian_Pidgin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.2 Hawaiian Pidgin </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hawaiian_Pidgin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hawaiʻi_Sign_Language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hawaiʻi_Sign_Language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.3 Hawaiʻi Sign Language </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hawaiʻi_Sign_Language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Religion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Birth_data" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Birth_data"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 Birth data </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Birth_data-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-LGBTQ" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#LGBTQ"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.6 LGBTQ </div> </a> <ul id="toc-LGBTQ-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Economy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Economy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Taxation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Taxation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Taxation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Taxation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cost_of_living" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cost_of_living"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Cost of living </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cost_of_living-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Culture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Culture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cuisine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cuisine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Cuisine </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cuisine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Customs_and_etiquette" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Customs_and_etiquette"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Customs and etiquette </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Customs_and_etiquette-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hawaiian_mythology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hawaiian_mythology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Hawaiian mythology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hawaiian_mythology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Polynesian_mythology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Polynesian_mythology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 Polynesian mythology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Polynesian_mythology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-List_of_state_parks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_state_parks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.5 List of state parks </div> </a> <ul id="toc-List_of_state_parks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.6 Literature </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.7 Music </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.8 Sports </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tourism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tourism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Tourism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tourism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Health" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Health </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Health-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Education </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Education-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Education subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Public_schools" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Public_schools"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Public schools </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Public_schools-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Private_schools" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Private_schools"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 Private schools </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Private_schools-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Colleges_and_universities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Colleges_and_universities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.3 Colleges and universities </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Colleges_and_universities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transportation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transportation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Transportation </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Transportation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Transportation subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Transportation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Rail" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rail"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 Rail </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rail-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Governance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Governance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Governance </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Governance-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Governance subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Governance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Political_subdivisions_and_local_government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_subdivisions_and_local_government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.1 Political subdivisions and local government </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_subdivisions_and_local_government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-State_government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#State_government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.2 State government </div> </a> <ul id="toc-State_government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Federal_government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Federal_government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.3 Federal government </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Federal_government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.4 Politics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Law_enforcement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Law_enforcement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.5 Law enforcement </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Law_enforcement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hawaiian_sovereignty_movement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hawaiian_sovereignty_movement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Hawaiian sovereignty movement </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hawaiian_sovereignty_movement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_sister_relationships" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_sister_relationships"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 International sister relationships </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International_sister_relationships-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Informational_notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Informational_notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15.1 Informational notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Informational_notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15.2 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15.3 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Guides" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Guides"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15.4 Guides </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Guides-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Hawaii</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 212 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-212" aria-hidden="true" > 212 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Hawaii" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Acèh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Hawaii" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Hawaii" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%83%E1%8B%8B%E1%8B%AD%E1%8A%A2" title="ሃዋይኢ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ሃዋይኢ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Havaiji" title="Havaiji – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Havaiji" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Anarâškielâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Hawaii" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%8A" title="هاواي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="هاواي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Hawaii" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%A1%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A1%D5%B5" title="Հաուայ – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Հաուայ" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Havayi" title="Havayi – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Havayi" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Arpetan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B8%A4awai" title="Ḥawai – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Ḥawai" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hagu%C3%A1ii" title="Haguáii – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Haguáii" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaii_suyu" title="Hawaii suyu – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Hawaii suyu" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aymar aru</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Havay" title="Havay – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Havay" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="هاوایی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="هاوایی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Hawaii" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%93%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87" title="হাওয়াই – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="হাওয়াই" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawai%CA%BBi" title="Hawaiʻi – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Hawaiʻi" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Hawaii" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Banyumasan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B9_(%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82)" title="Гавай (штат) – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Гавай (штат)" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%96" title="Гаваі – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Гаваі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%96" title="Гаваі – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Гаваі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%88" title="हवाई – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="हवाई" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Hawaii" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii – Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Hawaii" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bislama</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B8" title="Хаваи – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Хаваи" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Hawaii" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A7%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%9D%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A1%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8D" title="ཧ་ཝ་ཡི། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཧ་ཝ་ཡི།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Havaji" title="Havaji – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Havaji" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Hawaii" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%BA%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B9" title="Һавай – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Һавай" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Hawaii" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B8" title="Гавайи – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Гавайи" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Hawaii" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Havaj" title="Havaj – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Havaj" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii – Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="Hawaii" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chavacano de Zamboanga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Hawaii" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Hawaii" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Hawaii" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dagbanli</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Hawaii" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%8A" title="هاواي – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="هاواي" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hav%C3%A1ija" title="Haváija – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Haváija" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Davvisámegiella</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Hawaii" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A9yah_A%C5%82k%C3%A9%C3%A9%CA%BC_Naaznilgo_Dah_Ndaa%CA%BCee%C5%82%C3%AD" title="Kéyah Ałkééʼ Naaznilgo Dah Ndaaʼeełí – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Kéyah Ałkééʼ Naaznilgo Dah Ndaaʼeełí" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Diné bizaad</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaii_osariik" title="Hawaii osariik – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Hawaii osariik" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A7%CE%B1%CE%B2%CE%AC%CE%B7" title="Χαβάη – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Χαβάη" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Hawaii" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Emiliàn e rumagnòl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haw%C3%A1i" title="Hawái – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Hawái" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Havajo" title="Havajo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Havajo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Hawaii" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="هاوایی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="هاوایی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Hawaii" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Hawaii" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawa%C3%AF" title="Hawaï – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Hawaï" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawa%C3%AF" title="Hawaï – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Hawaï" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hav%C3%A1%C3%AD" title="Haváí – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Haváí" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Hawaii" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii – Gagauz" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="Hawaii" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="Gagauz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagauz</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Hawaii" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawai" title="Hawai – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Hawai" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8C%B7%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8D%85%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%BE%F0%90%8C%B4%F0%90%8C%B9" title="𐌷𐌰𐍅𐌰𐌾𐌴𐌹 – Gothic" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐌷𐌰𐍅𐌰𐌾𐌴𐌹" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="Gothic" class="interlanguage-link-target">𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Hawaii" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%95%98%EC%99%80%EC%9D%B4%EC%A3%BC" title="하와이주 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="하와이주" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Hawaii" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawai%CA%BBi" title="Hawaiʻi – Hawaiian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Hawaiʻi" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaiian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hawaiʻi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB" title="Հավայի – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հավայի" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%88" title="हवाई – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="हवाई" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Hawaii" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Havaji" title="Havaji – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Havaji" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Havayi" title="Havayi – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Havayi" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Hawaii" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Igbo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawai%27i" title="Hawai'i – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Hawai'i" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%B1%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87" title="হাৱাই – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="হাৱাই" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target">বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Hawaii" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Hawaii" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Hawaii" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ik mw-list-item"><a href="https://ik.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii – Inupiaq" lang="ik" hreflang="ik" data-title="Hawaii" data-language-autonym="Iñupiatun" data-language-local-name="Inupiaq" class="interlanguage-link-target">Iñupiatun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B8" title="Гавайи – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Гавайи" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/IHawayi" title="IHawayi – Xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="IHawayi" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="Xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiXhosa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Hawaii" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiZulu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Hawaii" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Hawaii" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%95%D7%95%D7%90%D7%99" title="הוואי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הוואי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Hawaii" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawayii" title="Hawayii – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Hawayii" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B9%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%BF" title="ಹವಾಯಿ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಹವಾಯಿ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Hawaii" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%B0%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A8%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98" title="ჰავაის შტატი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჰავაის შტატი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B8" title="Гавайи – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Гавайи" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Hawaii" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Hawaii" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awayi" title="Awayi – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Awayi" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Away" title="Away – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Away" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Hawaii" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B8" title="Гавайи – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Гавайи" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B8" title="Гавайи – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Гавайи" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кырык мары</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Hawaii" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Hawaii" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladino</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%AE%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%A7%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%8D" title="ຮາວາຍ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ຮາວາຍ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Havaii_(civitas)" title="Havaii (civitas) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Havaii (civitas)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Havajas" title="Havajas – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Havajas" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Hawaii" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Havajai" title="Havajai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Havajai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Hawaii" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawa%C3%AF" title="Hawaï – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Hawaï" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Hawaii" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Hawaii" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Hawaii" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%88" title="हवाई – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="हवाई" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B8" title="Хаваи – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Хаваи" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Hawaii" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BF" title="ഹവായി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഹവായി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawai%27i" title="Hawai'i – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Hawai'i" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target">Māori</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%88" title="हवाई – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="हवाई" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%B0%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%98_(%E1%83%A8%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98)" title="ჰავაი (შტატი) – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ჰავაი (შტატი)" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%89" title="هاواى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="هاواى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="هاوایی – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="هاوایی" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Hawaii" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%8D%EA%AF%8B%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%A2%EA%AF%8F" title="ꯍꯋꯥꯢꯏ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯍꯋꯥꯢꯏ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Hawaii" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Hawaii" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B8%A4aua%C3%AD" title="Ḥauaí – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Ḥauaí" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B9" title="Хавай – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Хавай" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9F%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9D%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9A%E1%80%AE%E1%80%95%E1%80%BC%E1%80%8A%E1%80%BA%E1%80%94%E1%80%9A%E1%80%BA" title="ဟာဝိုင်ယီပြည်နယ် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဟာဝိုင်ယီပြည်နယ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawa%C3%AF" title="Hawaï – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Hawaï" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawa%C3%AF_(stoat)" title="Hawaï (stoat) – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Hawaï (stoat)" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%88" title="हवाई – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="हवाई" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%88" title="हवाई – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="हवाई" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8F%E3%83%AF%E3%82%A4%E5%B7%9E" title="ハワイ州 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ハワイ州" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%88" title="Гавайш – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Гавайш" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Hawaii" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawayii" title="Hawayii – Norfuk / Pitkern" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Hawayii" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Norfuk / Pitkern" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norfuk / Pitkern</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Hawaii" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Hawaii" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Hawaii" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B8" title="Гавайи – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Гавайи" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Олык марий</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gavayi" title="Gavayi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Gavayi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%88" title="ਹਵਾਈ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਹਵਾਈ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%88" title="हवाई – Pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="हवाई" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="Pali" class="interlanguage-link-target">पालि</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pag mw-list-item"><a href="https://pag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii – Pangasinan" lang="pag" hreflang="pag" data-title="Hawaii" data-language-autonym="Pangasinan" data-language-local-name="Pangasinan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pangasinan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ami mw-list-item"><a href="https://ami.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawai" title="Hawai – Amis" lang="ami" hreflang="ami" data-title="Hawai" data-language-autonym="Pangcah" data-language-local-name="Amis" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pangcah</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%81%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C" title="ہوائی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ہوائی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaii_(estado)" title="Hawaii (estado) – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Hawaii (estado)" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="هاوایی – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="هاوایی" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%A0%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9C%E1%9F%89%E1%9F%83" title="ហាវ៉ៃ – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ហាវ៉ៃ" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawa%C3%AF" title="Hawaï – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Hawaï" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Picard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Hawaii" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Hawaii" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaje" title="Hawaje – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Hawaje" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hava%C3%AD" title="Havaí – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Havaí" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Havayi" title="Havayi – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Havayi" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Hawaii" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawai" title="Hawai – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Hawai" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Rumantsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaii_suyu" title="Hawaii suyu – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Hawaii suyu" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B9_(%D0%A1%D0%A8%D0%90)" title="Гавай (США) – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Гавай (США)" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B8" title="Гавайи – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Гавайи" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%BA%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B8" title="Һауайи – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Һауайи" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawai%CA%BBi" title="Hawaiʻi – Samoan" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Hawaiʻi" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="Samoan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagana Samoa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%88" title="हवाई – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="हवाई" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A6%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A3%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%AD" title="ᱦᱟᱣᱟᱭ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱦᱟᱣᱟᱭ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Hawaii" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Hawaii" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Hawaii" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso mw-list-item"><a href="https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii – Northern Sotho" lang="nso" hreflang="nso" data-title="Hawaii" data-language-autonym="Sesotho sa Leboa" data-language-local-name="Northern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sesotho sa Leboa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Havai" title="Havai – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Havai" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Hawaii" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Hawaii" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A" title="هوائي – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="هوائي" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Havaj_(%C5%A1t%C3%A1t_USA)" title="Havaj (štát USA) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Havaj (štát USA)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Havaji" title="Havaji – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Havaji" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaje" title="Hawaje – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Hawaje" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaay" title="Hawaay – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Hawaay" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%BE%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="ھاوایی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ھاوایی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%98%D0%B8" title="Хаваји – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Хаваји" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Havaji" title="Havaji – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Havaji" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Hawaii" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Havaiji" title="Havaiji – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Havaiji" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Hawaii" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Hawaii" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B9%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%8D" title="ஹவாய் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஹவாய்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Hawaii" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B9_(%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82)" title="Гавай (штат) – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Гавай (штат)" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B9%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%BF" title="హవాయి – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="హవాయి" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%90%E0%B8%AE%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2" title="รัฐฮาวาย – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="รัฐฮาวาย" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%B2%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B9%D3%A3" title="Ҳавайӣ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Ҳавайӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-to mw-list-item"><a href="https://to.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hauai%CA%BBi" title="Hauaiʻi – Tongan" lang="to" hreflang="to" data-title="Hauaiʻi" data-language-autonym="Lea faka-Tonga" data-language-local-name="Tongan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lea faka-Tonga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chy mw-list-item"><a href="https://chy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii – Cheyenne" lang="chy" hreflang="chy" data-title="Hawaii" data-language-autonym="Tsetsêhestâhese" data-language-local-name="Cheyenne" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tsetsêhestâhese</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Hawaii" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gawa%C3%BD_adalary" title="Gawaý adalary – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Gawaý adalary" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%97" title="Гаваї – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Гаваї" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%81%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C" title="ہوائی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ہوائی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haway_Shitati" title="Haway Shitati – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="Haway Shitati" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Hawaii" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Hawaii" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Havayu%C3%A4ns" title="Havayuäns – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Havayuäns" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawayi" title="Hawayi – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Hawayi" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%8F%E5%A8%81%E5%A4%B7%E5%B7%9E" title="夏威夷州 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="夏威夷州" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawa%C3%AF" title="Hawaï – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Hawaï" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target">West-Vlams</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Hawaii" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%8F%E5%A8%81%E5%A4%B7%E5%B7%9E" title="夏威夷州 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="夏威夷州" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%90%D7%95%D7%95%D7%90%D7%99" title="האוואי – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="האוואי" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Hawaii" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%8F%E5%A8%81%E5%A4%B7%E5%B7%9E" title="夏威夷州 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="夏威夷州" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Hawaii" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Hawaii" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zeêuws</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Havaj%C4%93" title="Havajē – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Havajē" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%8F%E5%A8%81%E5%A4%B7%E5%B7%9E" title="夏威夷州 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="夏威夷州" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawai" title="Hawai – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Hawai" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Betawi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dtp mw-list-item"><a href="https://dtp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii – Central Dusun" lang="dtp" hreflang="dtp" data-title="Hawaii" data-language-autonym="Kadazandusun" data-language-local-name="Central Dusun" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kadazandusun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii – Iban" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Hawaii" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="Iban" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jaku Iban</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Hawaii" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kumoring</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Havaj" title="Havaj – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Havaj" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tolışi</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q782#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div 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.geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Hawaii&params=21.5_N_158.0_W_region:US-HI_type:adm1st&title=State+of+Hawai%CA%BBi">21°30′N 158°00′W / 21.5°N 158.0°W / 21.5; -158.0 (State of Hawaiʻi)</a></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-pp-default" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi" title="This article is semi-protected."><img alt="Page semi-protected" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">U.S. state</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the U.S. state. For the archipelago, see <a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_Islands" title="Hawaiian Islands">Hawaiian Islands</a>. For the largest island in the archipelago, see <a href="/wiki/Hawaii_(island)" title="Hawaii (island)">Hawaii (island)</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Hawaii_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Hawaii (disambiguation)">Hawaii (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Hawai_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Hawai (disambiguation)">Hawai</a> or <a href="/wiki/Kawaii" title="Kawaii">Kawaii</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">State in the United States</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Hawaii</div> <div class="nickname ib-settlement-native"><div style="padding-top:0.25em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style>Hawaiʻi (<a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_language" title="Hawaiian language">Hawaiian</a>)</div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category"><a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">State</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow ib-settlement-official"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">State of Hawaii <div style="padding-top:0.25em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">Mokuʻāina o Hawaiʻi (<a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_language" title="Hawaiian language">Hawaiian</a>)</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1028600610">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols{text-align:center;display:table;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-row{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cell{display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cellt{display:table-cell;vertical-align:top}</style> <div class="ib-settlement-cols"> <div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Hawaii.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Hawaii"><img alt="Flag of Hawaii" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Flag_of_Hawaii.svg/125px-Flag_of_Hawaii.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="63" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Flag_of_Hawaii.svg/188px-Flag_of_Hawaii.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Flag_of_Hawaii.svg/250px-Flag_of_Hawaii.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link"><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Hawaii" title="Flag of Hawaii">Flag</a></div></div><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_State_of_Hawaii.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Official seal of Hawaii"><img alt="Official seal of Hawaii" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Seal_of_the_State_of_Hawaii.svg/100px-Seal_of_the_State_of_Hawaii.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Seal_of_the_State_of_Hawaii.svg/150px-Seal_of_the_State_of_Hawaii.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Seal_of_the_State_of_Hawaii.svg/200px-Seal_of_the_State_of_Hawaii.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="650" data-file-height="650" /></a><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link"><a href="/wiki/Seal_of_Hawaii" title="Seal of Hawaii">Seal</a></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_and_territory_nicknames" title="List of U.S. state and territory nicknames">Nickname(s)</a>: <div class="ib-settlement-nickname nickname">The <a href="/wiki/Aloha" title="Aloha">Aloha</a> State (official), Paradise of the Pacific,<a href="#cite_note-The_Bookmark_Book-1">[1]</a> The Islands of Aloha, The 808 State<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_and_territory_mottos" title="List of U.S. state and territory mottos">Motto(s)</a>: <div class="ib-settlement-nickname nickname"><a href="/wiki/Ua_Mau_ke_Ea_o_ka_%CA%BB%C4%80ina_i_ka_Pono" title="Ua Mau ke Ea o ka ʻĀina i ka Pono">Ua Mau ke Ea o ka ʻĀina i ka Pono</a> ("The Life of the Land Is Perpetuated in Righteousness")<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_songs" title="List of U.S. state songs">Anthem:</a> <a href="/wiki/Hawai%CA%BBi_Pono%CA%BB%C4%AB" title="Hawaiʻi Ponoʻī">Hawaiʻi Ponoʻī</a> (Hawaiʻi's Own True Sons)<a href="#cite_note-State_Song-4">[4]</a><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="44" data-mwtitle="Hawaiʻi_ponoʻī.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0b/Hawai%CA%BBi_pono%CA%BB%C4%AB.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/0b/Hawai%CA%BBi_pono%CA%BB%C4%AB.ogg/Hawai%CA%BBi_pono%CA%BB%C4%AB.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AHawai%CA%BBi_pono%CA%BB%C4%AB.ogg&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AHawai%CA%BBi_pono%CA%BB%C4%AB.ogg&lang=haw&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="haw" label="Hawaiʻi ‪(haw)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AHawai%CA%BBi_pono%CA%BB%C4%AB.ogg&lang=pt&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="pt" label="português ‪(pt)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio><figcaption></figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Hawaii_in_United_States_(US50)_(%2Bgrid)_(zoom)_(W3).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Map of the United States with Hawaii highlighted"><img alt="Map of the United States with Hawaii highlighted" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Hawaii_in_United_States_%28US50%29_%28%2Bgrid%29_%28zoom%29_%28W3%29.svg/300px-Hawaii_in_United_States_%28US50%29_%28%2Bgrid%29_%28zoom%29_%28W3%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Hawaii_in_United_States_%28US50%29_%28%2Bgrid%29_%28zoom%29_%28W3%29.svg/450px-Hawaii_in_United_States_%28US50%29_%28%2Bgrid%29_%28zoom%29_%28W3%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Hawaii_in_United_States_%28US50%29_%28%2Bgrid%29_%28zoom%29_%28W3%29.svg/600px-Hawaii_in_United_States_%28US50%29_%28%2Bgrid%29_%28zoom%29_%28W3%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="834" data-file-height="532" /></a><div class="ib-settlement-caption">Map of the United States with Hawaii highlighted</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Before statehood</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Territory_of_Hawaii" title="Territory of Hawaii">Territory of Hawaii</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_by_date_of_admission_to_the_Union" title="List of U.S. states by date of admission to the Union">Admitted to the Union</a></th><td class="infobox-data">August 21, 1959; 65 years ago (1959-08-21) (50th)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_capitals_in_the_United_States" title="List of capitals in the United States">Capital</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(<a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_cities_of_U.S._states_and_territories_by_population" title="List of largest cities of U.S. states and territories by population">and largest city</a>)</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Honolulu" title="Honolulu">Honolulu</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Statistical_area_(United_States)" title="Statistical area (United States)">Largest metro</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_urban_areas" title="List of United States urban areas">urban</a> areas</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Honolulu_County,_Hawaii" title="Honolulu County, Hawaii">Honolulu</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Government<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Hawaii" title="Governor of Hawaii">Governor</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Josh_Green_(politician)" title="Josh Green (politician)">Josh Green</a> (<a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">D</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_Governor_of_Hawaii" title="Lieutenant Governor of Hawaii">Lieutenant governor</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sylvia_Luke" title="Sylvia Luke">Sylvia Luke</a> (D)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Legislature" title="Legislature">Legislature</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hawaii_State_Legislature" title="Hawaii State Legislature">State Legislature</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Upper_house" title="Upper house">Upper house</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hawaii_Senate" title="Hawaii Senate">Senate</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Lower_house" title="Lower house">Lower house</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hawaii_House_of_Representatives" title="Hawaii House of Representatives">House of Representatives</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Judiciary" title="Judiciary">Judiciary</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Hawaii" title="Supreme Court of Hawaii">Supreme Court of Hawaii</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Hawaii" title="List of United States senators from Hawaii">U.S. senators</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brian_Schatz" title="Brian Schatz">Brian Schatz</a> (D)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazie_Hirono" title="Mazie Hirono">Mazie Hirono</a> (D)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Hawaii" title="List of United States representatives from Hawaii">U.S. House delegation</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hawaii%27s_1st_congressional_district" title="Hawaii's 1st congressional district">1</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ed_Case" title="Ed Case">Ed Case</a> (D) <a href="/wiki/Hawaii%27s_2nd_congressional_district" title="Hawaii's 2nd congressional district">2</a>: <a href="/wiki/Jill_Tokuda" title="Jill Tokuda">Jill Tokuda</a> (D) (<a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_delegations_from_Hawaii" title="United States congressional delegations from Hawaii">list</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">10,931 sq mi (28,311 km2)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Land</th><td class="infobox-data">6,423 sq mi (16,638 km2)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Water</th><td class="infobox-data">4,507 sq mi (11,672 km2)  41.2%</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_and_territories_by_area" title="List of U.S. states and territories by area">43rd</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Dimensions<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Length</th><td class="infobox-data">1,522 mi (2,450 km)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Width</th><td class="infobox-data">n/a mi (n/a km)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Elevation<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">3,030 ft (920 m)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Highest elevation<div class="ib-settlement-fn"> (<a href="/wiki/Mauna_Kea" title="Mauna Kea">Mauna Kea</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-USGS-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[a]</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[b]</a>)</div></th><td class="infobox-data">13,796 ft (4,205.0 m)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Lowest elevation<div class="ib-settlement-fn"> (Pacific Ocean<a href="#cite_note-USGS-6">[6]</a>)</div></th><td class="infobox-data">0 ft (0 m)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"> (2020)</div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">1,455,271</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_and_territories_by_population" title="List of U.S. states and territories by population">40th</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Density</th><td class="infobox-data">221/sq mi (82.6/km2)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">  • Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_and_territories_of_the_United_States_by_population_density" title="List of states and territories of the United States by population density">13th</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Household_income_in_the_United_States" title="Household income in the United States">Median household income</a><div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">$83,200<a href="#cite_note-9">[7]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Income rank<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_and_territories_by_income#States_and_territories_ranked_by_median_household_income" title="List of U.S. states and territories by income">6th</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Hawaii resident,<a href="#cite_note-10">[8]</a> Hawaiian<a href="#cite_note-11">[c]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Language<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_United_States" title="Languages of the United States">Official languages</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_language" title="Hawaiian language">Hawaiian</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%E2%88%9210:00" title="UTC−10:00">UTC−10:00</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hawaii%E2%80%93Aleutian_Time_Zone" title="Hawaii–Aleutian Time Zone">Hawaii</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_and_territory_abbreviations" title="List of U.S. state and territory abbreviations">USPS abbreviation</a></th><td class="infobox-data adr"><div class="postal-code">HI</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166" title="ISO 3166">ISO 3166 code</a></th><td class="infobox-data nickname"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-2:US" title="ISO 3166-2:US">US-HI</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_and_territory_abbreviations" title="List of U.S. state and territory abbreviations">Traditional abbreviation</a></th><td class="infobox-data nickname">H.I.</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Latitude</th><td class="infobox-data">18° 55′ N to 28° 27′ N</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Longitude</th><td class="infobox-data">154° 48′ W to 178° 22′ W</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hawaii.gov">hawaii.gov</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1141396924">.mw-parser-output .ib-region-symbols-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-region-symbols-none{float:none;clear:none;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-region-symbols-center{float:none;clear:none;margin:0.5em auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-region-symbols .infobox-title{font-size:120%}.mw-parser-output .ib-region-symbols .infobox-subheader{font-weight:bold;background-color:#cddeff}.mw-parser-output .ib-region-symbols-island{font-weight:bold;background-color:#cef2e0}</style><table class="infobox ib-region-symbols"><caption class="infobox-title">State symbols of Hawaii</caption><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:85%; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hawaii_state_symbols" title="List of Hawaii state symbols">List of state symbols</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Hawaii.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Flag_of_Hawaii.svg/250px-Flag_of_Hawaii.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Flag_of_Hawaii.svg/375px-Flag_of_Hawaii.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Flag_of_Hawaii.svg/500px-Flag_of_Hawaii.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Hawaii" title="Flag of Hawaii">Flag of Hawaii</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_State_of_Hawaii.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Seal_of_the_State_of_Hawaii.svg/150px-Seal_of_the_State_of_Hawaii.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Seal_of_the_State_of_Hawaii.svg/225px-Seal_of_the_State_of_Hawaii.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Seal_of_the_State_of_Hawaii.svg/300px-Seal_of_the_State_of_Hawaii.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="650" data-file-height="650" /></a><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/Seal_of_Hawaii" title="Seal of Hawaii">Seal of Hawaii</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid">Living insignia</th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_birds" title="List of U.S. state birds">Bird</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Nene_(bird)" title="Nene (bird)">Nene</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_fish" title="List of U.S. state fish">Fish</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Reef_triggerfish" title="Reef triggerfish">Humuhumunukunukuāpuaʻa</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_and_territory_flowers" title="List of U.S. state and territory flowers">Flower</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_hibiscus" title="Hawaiian hibiscus">Pua aloalo</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_insects" title="List of U.S. state insects">Insect</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Kamehameha_butterfly" title="Kamehameha butterfly">Pulelehua</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_and_territory_trees" title="List of U.S. state and territory trees">Tree</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Aleurites_moluccanus" title="Aleurites moluccanus">Kukui tree</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid">Inanimate insignia</th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_dances" title="List of U.S. state dances">Dance</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hula" title="Hula">Hula</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_foods" title="List of U.S. state foods">Food</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Taro" title="Taro">Kalo (taro)</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_minerals,_rocks,_stones_and_gemstones" title="List of U.S. state minerals, rocks, stones and gemstones">Gemstone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Black_coral" title="Black coral">ʻĒkaha kū moana (black coral)</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_sports" title="List of U.S. state sports">Sport</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Surfing" title="Surfing">Heʻe nalu (surfing)</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid"><a href="/wiki/Numbered_highways_in_the_United_States#State_highways" title="Numbered highways in the United States">State route marker</a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:HI-11.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Route marker"><img alt="Route marker" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/HI-11.svg/85px-HI-11.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/HI-11.svg/128px-HI-11.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/HI-11.svg/170px-HI-11.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid"><a href="/wiki/50_State_quarters" title="50 State quarters">State quarter</a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:2008_HI_Proof.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Hawaii quarter dollar coin"><img alt="Hawaii quarter dollar coin" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/2008_HI_Proof.png/85px-2008_HI_Proof.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/2008_HI_Proof.png/127px-2008_HI_Proof.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/2008_HI_Proof.png/169px-2008_HI_Proof.png 2x" data-file-width="1064" data-file-height="1069" /></a><div>Released in 2008</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_United_States_state_symbols" title="Lists of United States state symbols">Lists of United States state symbols</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Hawaii (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/həˈwaɪ.i/</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/e\/e4\/En-us-Hawaii.ogg\/En-us-Hawaii.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"En-us-Hawaii.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e4/En-us-Hawaii.ogg/En-us-Hawaii.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:En-us-Hawaii.ogg" title="File:En-us-Hawaii.ogg">ⓘ</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">hə-WY-ee</a>;<a href="#cite_note-12">[9]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_language" title="Hawaiian language">Hawaiian</a>: Hawaiʻi <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Hawaiian" title="Help:IPA/Hawaiian">[həˈvɐjʔi, həˈwɐjʔi]</a>) is an island <a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">state</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific Ocean</a> about 2,000 miles (3,200 km) southwest of the U.S. mainland. One of the two <a href="/wiki/Non-contiguous_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-contiguous United States">non-contiguous</a> U.S. states (alongside <a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a>), it is the only state not on the <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North American</a> mainland, the only state that is an <a href="/wiki/Archipelago" title="Archipelago">archipelago</a>, and the only state in the <a href="/wiki/Tropics" title="Tropics">tropics</a>. Hawaii consists of 137 <a href="/wiki/Volcanic_island" title="Volcanic island">volcanic islands</a> that comprise almost the entire <a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_Islands" title="Hawaiian Islands">Hawaiian archipelago</a> (the exception, which is outside the state, is <a href="/wiki/Midway_Atoll" title="Midway Atoll">Midway Atoll</a>). Spanning 1,500 miles (2,400 km), the state is <a href="/wiki/Physical_geography" title="Physical geography">physiographically</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ethnology" title="Ethnology">ethnologically</a> part of the <a href="/wiki/Polynesia" title="Polynesia">Polynesian</a> subregion of <a href="/wiki/Oceania" title="Oceania">Oceania</a>.<a href="#cite_note-13">[10]</a> Hawaii's ocean coastline is consequently the <a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_and_territories_by_coastline" title="List of U.S. states and territories by coastline">fourth-longest in the U.S.</a>, at about 750 miles (1,210 km).<a href="#cite_note-14">[d]</a> The eight main islands, from northwest to southeast, are <a href="/wiki/Niihau" title="Niihau">Niʻihau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kauai" title="Kauai">Kauaʻi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oahu" title="Oahu">Oʻahu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Molokai" title="Molokai">Molokaʻi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lanai" title="Lanai">Lānaʻi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kaho%CA%BBolawe" title="Kahoʻolawe">Kahoʻolawe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maui" title="Maui">Maui</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hawaii_(island)" title="Hawaii (island)">Hawaiʻi</a>, after which the state is named; the latter is often called the "Big Island" or "Hawaii Island" to avoid confusion with the state or archipelago. The uninhabited <a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Hawaiian_Islands" title="Northwestern Hawaiian Islands">Northwestern Hawaiian Islands</a> make up most of the <a href="/wiki/Papah%C4%81naumoku%C4%81kea_Marine_National_Monument" title="Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument">Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument</a>, the <a href="/wiki/List_of_national_monuments_of_the_United_States" title="List of national monuments of the United States">largest protected area</a> in the U.S. and the <a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_protected_areas" title="List of largest protected areas">fourth-largest</a> in the world. Of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_states_and_territories_of_the_United_States" title="List of states and territories of the United States">50 U.S. states</a>, Hawaii is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_and_territories_by_area" title="List of U.S. states and territories by area">eighth-smallest in land area</a> and the <a href="/wiki/List_of_states_and_territories_of_the_United_States_by_population" class="mw-redirect" title="List of states and territories of the United States by population">11th-least populous</a>; but with 1.4 million residents, it ranks <a href="/wiki/List_of_states_and_territories_of_the_United_States_by_population_density" title="List of states and territories of the United States by population density">13th in population density</a>. Two-thirds of Hawaii residents live on O'ahu, home to the state's capital and largest city, <a href="/wiki/Honolulu" title="Honolulu">Honolulu</a>. Hawaii is among the country's most demographically diverse states, owing to its central location in the Pacific and over two centuries of migration. As one of only seven <a href="/wiki/Majority_minority_in_the_United_States" title="Majority minority in the United States">majority-minority states</a>, it has the only Asian American plurality, the largest <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_United_States" title="Buddhism in the United States">Buddhist community</a>,<a href="#cite_note-15">[11]</a> and largest proportion of <a href="/wiki/Multiracial_people" title="Multiracial people">multiracial people</a> in the U.S.<a href="#cite_note-16">[12]</a> Consequently, Hawaii is a unique <a href="/wiki/Melting_pot" title="Melting pot">melting pot</a> of North American and <a href="/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia">East Asian</a> cultures, in addition to its <a href="/wiki/Native_Hawaiians" title="Native Hawaiians">indigenous Hawaiian</a> heritage. Settled by <a href="/wiki/Polynesians" title="Polynesians">Polynesians</a> sometime between 1000 and 1200 CE, Hawaii was home to numerous independent chiefdoms.<a href="#cite_note-:2-17">[13]</a> In 1778, British explorer <a href="/wiki/James_Cook" title="James Cook">James Cook</a> was the first known non-Polynesian to arrive at the archipelago; early British influence is reflected in the <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Hawaii" title="Flag of Hawaii">state flag</a>, which bears a <a href="/wiki/Union_Jack" title="Union Jack">Union Jack</a>. An influx of European and American explorers, traders, and whalers soon arrived, leading to the decimation of the once-isolated indigenous community through the introduction of diseases such as syphilis, tuberculosis, smallpox, and measles; the native Hawaiian population declined from between 300,000 and one million to less than 40,000 by 1890.<a href="#cite_note-OHA-18">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[16]</a> Hawaii became a unified, internationally recognized <a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_Kingdom" title="Hawaiian Kingdom">kingdom</a> in 1810, remaining independent until <a href="/wiki/Overthrow_of_the_Hawaiian_Kingdom" title="Overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom">American and European businessmen overthrew</a> the monarchy in 1893; this led to <a href="/wiki/Newlands_Resolution" title="Newlands Resolution">annexation by the U.S.</a> in 1898. As a strategically valuable <a href="/wiki/Territory_of_Hawaii" title="Territory of Hawaii">U.S. territory</a>, Hawaii was <a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor">attacked by Japan</a> on December 7, 1941, which brought it global and historical significance, and contributed to America's entry into World War II. Hawaii is the most recent state to <a href="/wiki/Hawaii_Admission_Act" title="Hawaii Admission Act">join the union</a>, on August 21, 1959.<a href="#cite_note-21">[17]</a> In 1993, the U.S. government <a href="/wiki/Apology_Resolution" title="Apology Resolution">formally apologized</a> for its role in the overthrow of Hawaii's government, which had spurred the <a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_sovereignty_movement" title="Hawaiian sovereignty movement">Hawaiian sovereignty movement</a> and has led to ongoing efforts to obtain redress for the indigenous population. Historically dominated by a <a href="/wiki/Plantation_economy" title="Plantation economy">plantation economy</a>, Hawaii remains a major agricultural exporter due to its fertile soil and uniquely tropical climate in the U.S. Its economy has gradually diversified since the mid-20th century, with tourism and military defense becoming the two largest sectors. The state attracts visitors, surfers, and scientists with its diverse natural scenery, warm tropical climate, abundant public beaches, oceanic surroundings, active volcanoes, and clear skies on the Big Island. Hawaii hosts the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Pacific_Fleet" title="United States Pacific Fleet">United States Pacific Fleet</a>, the world's largest naval command, as well as 75,000 employees of the Defense Department.<a href="#cite_note-:1-22">[18]</a> Hawaii's isolation results in one of the highest <a href="/wiki/Cost_of_living" title="Cost of living">costs of living</a> in the U.S. However, Hawaii is the third-wealthiest state,<a href="#cite_note-:1-22">[18]</a> and residents have the longest life expectancy of any U.S. state, at 80.7 years.<a href="#cite_note-23">[19]</a><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2></div> The State of Hawaii derives its name from the name of its largest island, <a href="/wiki/Hawaii_(island)" title="Hawaii (island)">Hawaiʻi</a>. A common explanation of the name of Hawaiʻi is that it was named for <a href="/wiki/Hawaiiloa" class="mw-redirect" title="Hawaiiloa">Hawaiʻiloa</a>, a figure from Hawaiian oral tradition. He is said to have discovered the islands when they were first settled.<a href="#cite_note-24">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[21]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_language" title="Hawaiian language">Hawaiian language</a> word Hawaiʻi is very similar to <a href="/wiki/Proto-Polynesian_language" title="Proto-Polynesian language">Proto-Polynesian</a> Sawaiki, with the <a href="/wiki/Internal_reconstruction" title="Internal reconstruction">reconstructed</a> meaning "homeland."<a href="#cite_note-27">[e]</a> <a href="/wiki/Cognate" title="Cognate">Cognates</a> of Hawaiʻi are found in other Polynesian languages, including <a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_language" title="Māori language">Māori</a> (Hawaiki), <a href="/wiki/Cook_Islands_Maori" class="mw-redirect" title="Cook Islands Maori">Rarotongan</a> (ʻAvaiki) and <a href="/wiki/Samoan_language" title="Samoan language">Samoan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Savai%27i" class="mw-redirect" title="Savai'i">Savaiʻi</a>). According to linguists Pukui and Elbert,<a href="#cite_note-28">[23]</a> "elsewhere in Polynesia, Hawaiʻi or a cognate is the name of the underworld or of the ancestral home, but in Hawaii, the name has no meaning".<a href="#cite_note-29">[24]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spelling_of_state_name">Spelling of state name</h3></div> In 1978, Hawaiian was added to the Constitution of the State of Hawaii as an official state language alongside English.<a href="#cite_note-30">[25]</a> The title of the state constitution is The Constitution of the State of Hawaii. Article XV, Section 1 of the Constitution uses The State of Hawaii.<a href="#cite_note-31">[26]</a> <a href="/wiki/Diacritic" title="Diacritic">Diacritics</a> were not used because the document, drafted in 1949,<a href="#cite_note-32">[27]</a> predates the use of the <a href="/wiki/%CA%BBOkina" title="ʻOkina">ʻokina</a> ⟨ʻ⟩ and the <a href="/wiki/Macron_(diacritic)" title="Macron (diacritic)">kahakō</a> in modern Hawaiian orthography. The exact spelling of the state's name in the Hawaiian language is Hawaiʻi.<a href="#cite_note-33">[f]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Hawaii_Admission_Act" title="Hawaii Admission Act">Hawaii Admission Act</a> that granted Hawaiian statehood, the federal government used Hawaii as the state name. Official government publications, department and office titles, and the <a href="/wiki/Seal_of_Hawaii" title="Seal of Hawaii">Seal of Hawaii</a> use the spelling without symbols for glottal stops or vowel length.<a href="#cite_note-34">[28]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography_and_environment">Geography and environment</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_Islands" title="Hawaiian Islands">Hawaiian Islands</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Hawaii" title="List of islands of Hawaii">List of islands of Hawaii</a></div> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Island </th> <th class="unsortable">Nickname </th> <th>Area </th> <th>Population (as of 2020) </th> <th>Density </th> <th>Highest point </th> <th>Maximum elevation </th> <th>Age (<a href="/wiki/Megaannum" class="mw-redirect" title="Megaannum">Ma</a>)<a href="#cite_note-35">[29]</a> </th> <th>Location </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hawaii_(island)" title="Hawaii (island)">Hawaiʻi</a><a href="#cite_note-36">[30]</a> </td> <td>The Big Island </td> <td style="text-align:right;">4,028.0 sq mi (10,432.5 km2) </td> <td style="text-align:right;">200,629 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">49.8/sq mi (19.2/km2) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mauna_Kea" title="Mauna Kea">Mauna Kea</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;”">13,796 ft (4,205 m) </td> <td>0.4 </td> <td><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Hawaii&params=19_34_N_155_30_W_type:isle&title=Hawaii">19°34′N 155°30′W / 19.567°N 155.500°W / 19.567; -155.500 (Hawaii)</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Maui" title="Maui">Maui</a><a href="#cite_note-37">[31]</a> </td> <td>The Valley Isle </td> <td style="text-align:right;">727.2 sq mi (1,883.4 km2) </td> <td style="text-align:right;">164,221 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">225.8/sq mi (87.2/km2) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Haleakal%C4%81" title="Haleakalā">Haleakalā</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;”">10,023 ft (3,055 m) </td> <td>1.3–0.8 </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Hawaii&params=20_48_N_156_20_W_type:isle&title=Maui">20°48′N 156°20′W / 20.800°N 156.333°W / 20.800; -156.333 (Maui)</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Oahu" title="Oahu">Oʻahu</a><a href="#cite_note-38">[32]</a> </td> <td>The Gathering Place </td> <td style="text-align:right;">596.7 sq mi (1,545.4 km2) </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,016,508 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,703.5/sq mi (657.7/km2) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ka%CA%BBala" title="Kaʻala">Mount Kaʻala</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;”">4,003 ft (1,220 m) </td> <td>3.7–2.6 </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Hawaii&params=21_28_N_157_59_W_type:isle&title=Oahu">21°28′N 157°59′W / 21.467°N 157.983°W / 21.467; -157.983 (Oahu)</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kauai" title="Kauai">Kauaʻi</a><a href="#cite_note-39">[33]</a> </td> <td>The Garden Isle </td> <td style="text-align:right;">552.3 sq mi (1,430.5 km2) </td> <td style="text-align:right;">73,298 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">132.7/sq mi (51.2/km2) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kawaikini" title="Kawaikini">Kawaikini</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;”">5,243 ft (1,598 m) </td> <td>5.1 </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Hawaii&params=22_05_N_159_30_W_type:isle&title=Kauai">22°05′N 159°30′W / 22.083°N 159.500°W / 22.083; -159.500 (Kauai)</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Molokai" title="Molokai">Molokaʻi</a><a href="#cite_note-40">[34]</a> </td> <td>The Friendly Isle </td> <td style="text-align:right;">260.0 sq mi (673.4 km2) </td> <td style="text-align:right;">7,345 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">28.3/sq mi (10.9/km2) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kamakou" title="Kamakou">Kamakou</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">4,961 ft (1,512 m) </td> <td>1.9–1.8 </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Hawaii&params=21_08_N_157_02_W_type:isle&title=Molokai">21°08′N 157°02′W / 21.133°N 157.033°W / 21.133; -157.033 (Molokai)</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lanai" title="Lanai">Lānaʻi</a><a href="#cite_note-41">[35]</a> </td> <td>The Pineapple Isle </td> <td style="text-align:right;">140.5 sq mi (363.9 km2) </td> <td style="text-align:right;">3,367 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">24.0/sq mi (9.3/km2) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/L%C4%81na%CA%BBihale" class="mw-redirect" title="Lānaʻihale">Lānaʻihale</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">3,366 ft (1,026 m) </td> <td>1.3 </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Hawaii&params=20_50_N_156_56_W_type:isle&title=Lanai">20°50′N 156°56′W / 20.833°N 156.933°W / 20.833; -156.933 (Lanai)</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Niihau" title="Niihau">Niʻihau</a><a href="#cite_note-42">[36]</a> </td> <td>The Forbidden Isle </td> <td style="text-align:right;">69.5 sq mi (180.0 km2) </td> <td style="text-align:right;">84 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1.2/sq mi (0.5/km2) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mount_P%C4%81n%C4%AB%CA%BBau" title="Mount Pānīʻau">Mount Pānīʻau</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,250 ft (381 m) </td> <td>4.9 </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Hawaii&params=21_54_N_160_10_W_type:isle&title=Niihau">21°54′N 160°10′W / 21.900°N 160.167°W / 21.900; -160.167 (Niihau)</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kaho%CA%BBolawe" title="Kahoʻolawe">Kahoʻolawe</a><a href="#cite_note-43">[37]</a> </td> <td>The Target Isle </td> <td style="text-align:right;">44.6 sq mi (115.5 km2) </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0/sq mi (0/km2) </td> <td>Puʻu Moaulanui </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,483 ft (452 m) </td> <td>1.0 </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Hawaii&params=20_33_N_156_36_W_type:isle&title=Kahoolawe">20°33′N 156°36′W / 20.550°N 156.600°W / 20.550; -156.600 (Kahoolawe)</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> There are eight main Hawaiian islands. Seven are inhabited, but only six are open to tourists and locals. Niʻihau is privately managed by brothers Bruce and <a href="/wiki/Keith_Robinson_(environmentalist)" title="Keith Robinson (environmentalist)">Keith Robinson</a>; access is restricted to those who have their permission. This island is also home to native Hawaiians. Access to uninhabited <a href="/wiki/Kaho%CA%BBolawe" title="Kahoʻolawe">Kahoʻolawe</a> island is also restricted and anyone who enters without permission will be arrested. This island may also be dangerous since it was a military base during the world wars and could still have unexploded ordnance. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Topography">Topography</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bathymetry_image_of_the_Hawaiian_archipelago.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Map of the Hawaiian islands" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Bathymetry_image_of_the_Hawaiian_archipelago.png/220px-Bathymetry_image_of_the_Hawaiian_archipelago.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Bathymetry_image_of_the_Hawaiian_archipelago.png/330px-Bathymetry_image_of_the_Hawaiian_archipelago.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Bathymetry_image_of_the_Hawaiian_archipelago.png/440px-Bathymetry_image_of_the_Hawaiian_archipelago.png 2x" data-file-width="3681" data-file-height="2844" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bathymetric" class="mw-redirect" title="Bathymetric">Bathymetric</a> map of main Hawaiian Islands</figcaption></figure> The Hawaiian <a href="/wiki/Archipelago" title="Archipelago">archipelago</a> is 2,000 mi (3,200 km) southwest of the contiguous United States.<a href="#cite_note-44">[38]</a> Hawaii is the southernmost U.S. state and the second westernmost after <a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a>. Like Alaska, Hawaii borders no other U.S. state. It is the only U.S. state not in North America, and the only one completely surrounded by water and entirely an archipelago. In addition to the eight main islands, the state has many smaller islands and islets. <a href="/wiki/Ka%CA%BBula" title="Kaʻula">Kaʻula</a> is a small island near Niʻihau. The <a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Hawaiian_Islands" title="Northwestern Hawaiian Islands">Northwestern Hawaiian Islands</a> is a group of nine small, older islands northwest of Kauaʻi that extends from <a href="/wiki/Nihoa" title="Nihoa">Nihoa</a> to <a href="/wiki/Kure_Atoll" title="Kure Atoll">Kure Atoll</a>; these are remnants of once much larger volcanic mountains. Across the archipelago are around 130 small rocks and islets, such as <a href="/wiki/Molokini" title="Molokini">Molokini</a>, which are made up of either volcanic or marine sedimentary rock.<a href="#cite_note-45">[39]</a> Hawaiʻi's tallest mountain <a href="/wiki/Mauna_Kea" title="Mauna Kea">Mauna Kea</a> is 13,796 ft (4,205 m) above mean sea level;<a href="#cite_note-46">[40]</a> it is taller than <a href="/wiki/Mount_Everest" title="Mount Everest">Mount Everest</a> if measured from the base of the mountain, which lies on the floor of the Pacific Ocean and rises about 33,500 feet (10,200 m).<a href="#cite_note-47">[41]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Geology">Geology</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Hawaii_hotspot" title="Hawaii hotspot">Hawaii hotspot</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:P%C4%81hoehoe_lava_meets_Pacific.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/P%C4%81hoehoe_lava_meets_Pacific.jpg/220px-P%C4%81hoehoe_lava_meets_Pacific.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/P%C4%81hoehoe_lava_meets_Pacific.jpg/330px-P%C4%81hoehoe_lava_meets_Pacific.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/P%C4%81hoehoe_lava_meets_Pacific.jpg/440px-P%C4%81hoehoe_lava_meets_Pacific.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2824" data-file-height="1772" /></a><figcaption>Pāhoehoe (smooth lava) spills into the ocean, forming new rock</figcaption></figure> The Hawaiian islands were formed by volcanic activity initiated at an undersea <a href="/wiki/Magma" title="Magma">magma</a> source called the <a href="/wiki/Hawaii_hotspot" title="Hawaii hotspot">Hawaiʻi hotspot</a>. The process is continuing to build islands; the <a href="/wiki/Tectonic_plate" class="mw-redirect" title="Tectonic plate">tectonic plate</a> beneath much of the Pacific Ocean continually moves northwest and the hotspot remains stationary, slowly creating new volcanoes. Because of the hotspot's location, all active land volcanoes are on the southern half of Hawaiʻi Island. The newest volcano, <a href="/wiki/Kama%CA%BBehuakanaloa_Seamount" title="Kamaʻehuakanaloa Seamount">Kamaʻehuakanaloa</a> (formerly Lōʻihi), is south of the coast of Hawaiʻi Island. The last volcanic eruption outside Hawaiʻi Island occurred at <a href="/wiki/Haleakal%C4%81" title="Haleakalā">Haleakalā</a> on Maui before the late 18th century, possibly hundreds of years earlier.<a href="#cite_note-48">[42]</a> In 1790, <a href="/wiki/1790_Footprints" title="1790 Footprints">Kīlauea exploded</a>; it is the deadliest eruption known to have occurred in the modern era in what is now the United States.<a href="#cite_note-49">[43]</a> Up to 5,405 warriors and their families marching on <a href="/wiki/K%C4%ABlauea" title="Kīlauea">Kīlauea</a> were killed by the eruption.<a href="#cite_note-50">[44]</a> Volcanic activity and subsequent erosion have created impressive geological features. Hawaii Island has the <a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_by_highest_point" title="List of islands by highest point">second-highest point</a> among the world's islands.<a href="#cite_note-51">[45]</a> On the volcanoes' flanks, slope instability has generated damaging earthquakes and related <a href="/wiki/Tsunami" title="Tsunami">tsunamis</a>, particularly in <a href="/wiki/1868_Hawaii_earthquake" title="1868 Hawaii earthquake">1868</a> and <a href="/wiki/1975_Hawaii_earthquake" title="1975 Hawaii earthquake">1975</a>.<a href="#cite_note-PTWC-52">[46]</a> Catastrophic <a href="/wiki/Debris_avalanche" class="mw-redirect" title="Debris avalanche">debris avalanches</a> on the ocean island volcanoes' submerged flanks have created steep cliffs.<a href="#cite_note-53">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-54">[48]</a> <a href="/wiki/K%C4%ABlauea" title="Kīlauea">Kīlauea</a> erupted in May 2018, opening 22 fissure vents on its eastern <a href="/wiki/Rift_zone" title="Rift zone">rift zone</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Leilani_Estates" class="mw-redirect" title="Leilani Estates">Leilani Estates</a> and Lanipuna Gardens are within this territory. The eruption destroyed at least 36 buildings and this, coupled with the <a href="/wiki/Lava" title="Lava">lava</a> flows and the <a href="/wiki/Sulfur_dioxide" title="Sulfur dioxide">sulfur dioxide</a> fumes, necessitated the evacuation of more than 2,000 inhabitants from their neighborhoods.<a href="#cite_note-55">[49]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Flora_and_fauna">Flora and fauna</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Endemism_in_the_Hawaiian_Islands" title="Endemism in the Hawaiian Islands">Endemism in the Hawaiian Islands</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_invasive_plant_species_in_Hawaii" title="List of invasive plant species in Hawaii">List of invasive plant species in Hawaii</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hawaiian_monk_seal_at_French_Frigate_Shoals_07.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A Hawaiian monk seal rests at French Frigate Shoals." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Hawaiian_monk_seal_at_French_Frigate_Shoals_07.jpg/220px-Hawaiian_monk_seal_at_French_Frigate_Shoals_07.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Hawaiian_monk_seal_at_French_Frigate_Shoals_07.jpg/330px-Hawaiian_monk_seal_at_French_Frigate_Shoals_07.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Hawaiian_monk_seal_at_French_Frigate_Shoals_07.jpg/440px-Hawaiian_monk_seal_at_French_Frigate_Shoals_07.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/French_Frigate_Shoals" title="French Frigate Shoals">French Frigate Shoals</a>, located in the <a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Hawaiian_Islands" title="Northwestern Hawaiian Islands">Northwestern Hawaiian Islands</a>, is protected as part of the <a href="/wiki/Papah%C4%81naumoku%C4%81kea_Marine_National_Monument" title="Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument">Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument</a>.</figcaption></figure> The islands of Hawaiʻi are distant from other land habitats, and life is thought to have arrived there by wind, waves (i.e., by ocean currents), and wings (i.e., birds, insects, and any seeds that they may have carried on their feathers). Hawaiʻi has more endangered species and has lost a higher percentage of its endemic species than any other U.S. state.<a href="#cite_note-56">[50]</a> The endemic plant <a href="/wiki/Brighamia" class="mw-redirect" title="Brighamia">Brighamia</a> now requires hand pollination because its natural pollinator is presumed to be extinct.<a href="#cite_note-57">[51]</a> The two species of Brighamia—B. rockii and B. insignis—are represented in the wild by around 120 individual plants. To ensure that these plants set seed, biologists rappel down 3,000-foot (910 m) cliffs to brush pollen onto their stigmas.<a href="#cite_note-58">[52]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Terrestrial_ecology">Terrestrial ecology</h3></div> The archipelago's extant main islands have been above the surface of the ocean for less than 10 million years, a fraction of the time <a href="/wiki/Biological_colonization" class="mw-redirect" title="Biological colonization">biological colonization</a> and evolution have occurred there. The islands are well known for the <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">environmental diversity</a> that occurs on high mountains within a trade winds field. Native Hawaiians developed complex horticultural practices to utilize the surrounding ecosystem for agriculture. Cultural practices developed to enshrine values of environmental stewardship and reciprocity with the natural world, resulting in widespread biodiversity and intricate social and environmental relationships that persist to this day.<a href="#cite_note-LaDuke_1999-59">[53]</a> On a single island, the climate around the coasts can range from dry tropical (less than 20 inches or 510 millimeters annual rainfall) to wet tropical; on the slopes, environments range from <a href="/wiki/Tropical_rainforest" title="Tropical rainforest">tropical rainforest</a> (more than 200 inches or 5,100 millimeters per year), through a <a href="/wiki/Temperate_climate" title="Temperate climate">temperate climate</a>, to <a href="/wiki/Mountain" title="Mountain">alpine</a> conditions with a cold, dry climate. The rainy climate impacts <a href="/wiki/Soil_mechanics" title="Soil mechanics">soil development</a>, which largely determines ground permeability, affecting the distribution of streams and <a href="/wiki/Wetlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Wetlands">wetlands</a>.<a href="#cite_note-60">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-61">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-62">[56]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Protected_areas">Protected areas</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Na_Pali_Coast,_Kauai,_Hawaii.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Na_Pali_Coast%2C_Kauai%2C_Hawaii.jpg/220px-Na_Pali_Coast%2C_Kauai%2C_Hawaii.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Na_Pali_Coast%2C_Kauai%2C_Hawaii.jpg/330px-Na_Pali_Coast%2C_Kauai%2C_Hawaii.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Na_Pali_Coast%2C_Kauai%2C_Hawaii.jpg/440px-Na_Pali_Coast%2C_Kauai%2C_Hawaii.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1761" data-file-height="1173" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/N%C4%81_Pali_Coast_State_Park" title="Nā Pali Coast State Park">Nā Pali Coast State Park</a>, Kauaʻi</figcaption></figure> Several areas in Hawaiʻi are under the <a href="/wiki/National_Park_Service" title="National Park Service">National Park Service</a>'s protection.<a href="#cite_note-63">[57]</a> Hawaii has two national parks: <a href="/wiki/Haleakal%C4%81_National_Park" title="Haleakalā National Park">Haleakalā National Park</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Kula,_Hawaii" title="Kula, Hawaii">Kula</a> on Maui, which features the dormant volcano Haleakalā that formed east Maui; and <a href="/wiki/Hawaii_Volcanoes_National_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Hawaii Volcanoes National Park">Hawaii Volcanoes National Park</a>, in the southeast region of Hawaiʻi Island, which includes the active volcano Kīlauea and its rift zones. There are three <a href="/wiki/National_historical_park" class="mw-redirect" title="National historical park">national historical parks</a>: <a href="/wiki/Kalaupapa_National_Historical_Park" title="Kalaupapa National Historical Park">Kalaupapa National Historical Park</a> in Kalaupapa, Molokaʻi, the site of a former leper colony; <a href="/wiki/Kaloko-Honokohau_National_Historical_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaloko-Honokohau National Historical Park">Kaloko-Honokōhau National Historical Park</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kailua,_Hawaii_County,_Hawaii" class="mw-redirect" title="Kailua, Hawaii County, Hawaii">Kailua-Kona</a> on Hawaiʻi Island; and <a href="/wiki/Pu%CA%BBuhonua_o_H%C5%8Dnaunau_National_Historical_Park" title="Puʻuhonua o Hōnaunau National Historical Park">Puʻuhonua o Hōnaunau National Historical Park</a>, an ancient place of refuge on Hawaiʻi Island's west coast. Other areas under the National Park Service's control include <a href="/wiki/Ala_Kahakai_National_Historic_Trail" title="Ala Kahakai National Historic Trail">Ala Kahakai National Historic Trail</a> on Hawaiʻi Island and the <a href="/wiki/USS_Arizona_Memorial" title="USS Arizona Memorial">USS Arizona Memorial</a> at <a href="/wiki/Pearl_Harbor" title="Pearl Harbor">Pearl Harbor</a> on Oʻahu. President <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> proclaimed the <a href="/wiki/Papah%C4%81naumoku%C4%81kea_Marine_National_Monument" title="Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument">Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument</a> on June 15, 2006. The monument covers roughly 140,000 square miles (360,000 km2) of reefs, atolls, and shallow and deep sea out to 50 miles (80 km) offshore in the Pacific Ocean—an area larger than all the national parks in the U.S. combined.<a href="#cite_note-64">[58]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Hawaii_tornadoes" title="List of Hawaii tornadoes">List of Hawaii tornadoes</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_Hawaii_hurricanes" title="List of Hawaii hurricanes">List of Hawaii hurricanes</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Hawaii" title="Climate of Hawaii">Climate of Hawaii</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ISS067-E-149917_Hawaii.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/ISS067-E-149917_Hawaii.jpg/220px-ISS067-E-149917_Hawaii.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/ISS067-E-149917_Hawaii.jpg/330px-ISS067-E-149917_Hawaii.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/ISS067-E-149917_Hawaii.jpg/440px-ISS067-E-149917_Hawaii.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4928" data-file-height="2768" /></a><figcaption>Partly <a href="/wiki/Cloud_cover" title="Cloud cover">cloudy</a> conditions and a gentle breeze at 1:43 PM <a href="/wiki/Hawaii%E2%80%93Aleutian_Time_Zone" title="Hawaii–Aleutian Time Zone">HDT</a>;<a href="#cite_note-65">[59]</a> north is oriented towards the lower right in this photo taken from the International Space Station on June 24, 2022</figcaption></figure> Hawaiʻi has a <a href="/wiki/Tropical_climate" title="Tropical climate">tropical climate</a>. Temperatures and humidity tend to be less extreme because of near-constant <a href="/wiki/Trade_winds" title="Trade winds">trade winds</a> from the east. Summer highs reach around 88 °F (31 °C) during the day, with lows of 75 °F (24 °C) at night. Winter day temperatures are usually around 83 °F (28 °C); at low elevation they seldom dip below 65 °F (18 °C) at night. Snow, not usually associated with the tropics, falls at 13,800 feet (4,200 m) on Mauna Kea and <a href="/wiki/Mauna_Loa" title="Mauna Loa">Mauna Loa</a> on Hawaii Island in some winter months. Snow rarely falls on Haleakalā. <a href="/wiki/Mount_Waialeale" title="Mount Waialeale">Mount Waiʻaleʻale</a> on Kauaʻi has the second-highest average annual rainfall on Earth, about 460 inches (12,000 mm) per year. Most of Hawaii experiences only two seasons; the dry season runs from May to October and the wet season is from October to April.<a href="#cite_note-66">[60]</a> Overall with <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a>, Hawaiʻi is getting <a href="/wiki/Drought" title="Drought">drier</a> and <a href="/wiki/Global_warming" class="mw-redirect" title="Global warming">hotter</a>.<a href="#cite_note-HawaiiGettingDrier-67">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-HawaiiGettingHotter-68">[62]</a> The warmest temperature recorded in the state, in <a href="/wiki/Pahala" class="mw-redirect" title="Pahala">Pahala</a> on April 27, 1931, is 100 °F (38 °C), tied with <a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a> as the lowest record high temperature observed in a U.S. state.<a href="#cite_note-:0-69">[63]</a> Hawaiʻi's record low temperature is 12 °F (−11 °C) observed in May 1979, on the summit of <a href="/wiki/Mauna_Kea" title="Mauna Kea">Mauna Kea</a>. Hawaiʻi is the only state to have never recorded subzero Fahrenheit temperatures.<a href="#cite_note-:0-69">[63]</a> Climates vary considerably on each island; they can be divided into <a href="/wiki/Windward_and_leeward" title="Windward and leeward">windward and leeward</a> (koʻolau and kona, respectively) areas based upon location relative to the higher mountains. Windward sides face cloud cover.<a href="#cite_note-70">[64]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Environmental_issues">Environmental issues</h3></div> Hawaii has a decades-long history of hosting more military space for the United States than any other territory or state.<a href="#cite_note-Takumi_1994_8–9-71">[65]</a> This record of military activity has taken a sharp toll on the environmental health of the Hawaiian archipelago, degrading its beaches and soil, and making some places entirely unsafe due to <a href="/wiki/Unexploded_ordnance" title="Unexploded ordnance">unexploded ordnance</a>.<a href="#cite_note-72">[66]</a> According to scholar <a href="/wiki/Winona_LaDuke" title="Winona LaDuke">Winona LaDuke</a>: "The vast militarization of Hawaii has profoundly damaged the land. According to the Environmental Protection Agency, there are more federal hazardous waste sites in Hawaii – 31 – than in any other U.S. state."<a href="#cite_note-73">[67]</a> Hawaii State Representative <a href="/wiki/Roy_Takumi" title="Roy Takumi">Roy Takumi</a> writes in "Challenging U.S. Militarism in Hawai'i and Okinawa" that these military bases and hazardous waste sites have meant "the confiscation of large tracts of land from native peoples" and quotes late Hawaiian activist George Helm as asking: "What is national defense when what is being destroyed is the very thing the military is entrusted to defend, the sacred land of Hawaiʻi?"<a href="#cite_note-Takumi_1994_8–9-71">[65]</a> Contemporary Indigenous Hawaiians are still protesting the occupation of their homelands and environmental degradation due to increased militarization in the wake of 9/11.<a href="#cite_note-Kauanui_2004_145–150-74">[68]</a> After the rise of sugarcane plantations in the mid 19th century, island ecology changed dramatically. Plantations require massive quantities of water, and European and American plantation owners transformed the land in order to access it, primarily by building tunnels to divert water from the mountains to the plantations, constructing reservoirs, and digging wells.<a href="#cite_note-MacLennan_2004_37–62-75">[69]</a> These changes have made lasting impacts on the land and continue to contribute to resource scarcity for Native Hawaiians today.<a href="#cite_note-MacLennan_2004_37–62-75">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-Huard-76">[70]</a> According to Stanford scientist and scholar Sibyl Diver, Indigenous Hawaiians engage in a reciprocal relationship with the land, "based on principles of mutual caretaking, reciprocity and sharing".<a href="#cite_note-Diver_2019_400–429-77">[71]</a> This relationship ensures the longevity, sustainability, and natural cycles of growth and decay, as well as cultivating a sense of respect for the land and humility towards one's place in an ecosystem.<a href="#cite_note-Diver_2019_400–429-77">[71]</a> The tourism industry's ongoing expansion and its pressure on local systems of ecology, cultural tradition and infrastructure is creating a conflict between economic and environmental health.<a href="#cite_note-78">[72]</a> In 2020, the Center for Biological Diversity reported on the plastic pollution of Hawaii's Kamilo beach, citing "massive piles of plastic waste".<a href="#cite_note-79">[73]</a> <a href="/wiki/Invasive_species" title="Invasive species">Invasive species</a> are spreading, and chemical and pathogenic runoff is contaminating groundwater and coastal waters.<a href="#cite_note-80">[74]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Hawaii" title="History of Hawaii">History of Hawaii</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks vcard" style="background-color: #FAFAFA; border: 1px solid #CCC;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Hawaii" title="Category:History of Hawaii">a series</a> on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background: #1874CD; padding:3px;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hawaii" title="History of Hawaii">History of Hawaii</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hawaii" title="Flag of Hawaii"><img alt="Flag of Hawaii" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Flag_of_Hawaii.svg/75px-Flag_of_Hawaii.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="38" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Flag_of_Hawaii.svg/113px-Flag_of_Hawaii.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Flag_of_Hawaii.svg/150px-Flag_of_Hawaii.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #E1F3FC;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Hawaii" title="Ancient Hawaii">Early history</a> (pre–1795)</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em"> <a href="/wiki/Discovery_and_settlement_of_Hawaii" title="Discovery and settlement of Hawaii">Discovery and settlement</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1219–1266</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em"> <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kealakekua_Bay" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Kealakekua Bay">Battle of Kealakekua Bay</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1779</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #E1F3FC;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_Kingdom" title="Hawaiian Kingdom">Hawaiian Kingdom</a> (1795–1893)</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em"> <a href="/wiki/House_of_Kamehameha" title="House of Kamehameha">Kamehameha dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1795–1874</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em"> <a href="/wiki/Kamehameha_I#Conquest_of_the_islands" title="Kamehameha I">Unification of Hawaii</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1810</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em"> <a href="/wiki/Laplace_affair" title="Laplace affair">Laplace affair</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1839</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em"> <a href="/wiki/Paulet_affair" title="Paulet affair">Paulet affair</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1943</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em"> <a href="/wiki/French_invasion_of_Honolulu" title="French invasion of Honolulu">French invasion of Honolulu</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1849</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em"> <a href="/wiki/Hawaii_and_the_American_Civil_War" title="Hawaii and the American Civil War">American Civil War</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1861–1865</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em"> <a href="/wiki/House_of_Kal%C4%81kaua" title="House of Kalākaua">Kalākaua dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1874–1893</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em"> <a href="/wiki/Reciprocity_Treaty_of_1875" title="Reciprocity Treaty of 1875">Reciprocity Treaty</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1875</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em"> <a href="/wiki/1887_Constitution_of_the_Hawaiian_Kingdom" title="1887 Constitution of the Hawaiian Kingdom">Bayonet Constitution</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1887</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em"> <a href="/wiki/Wilcox_rebellion_of_1889" title="Wilcox rebellion of 1889">Rebellions and revolutions</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1887–1895</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em"> <a href="/wiki/Overthrow_of_the_Hawaiian_Kingdom" title="Overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom">Overthrow</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1893</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #E1F3FC;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_Hawaii" title="Provisional Government of Hawaii">Provisional</a> (1893–1894)</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em"> <a href="/wiki/Leper_War_on_Kaua%CA%BBi" title="Leper War on Kauaʻi">Leper War on Kauaʻi</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1893</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em"> <a href="/wiki/Black_Week_(Hawaii)" title="Black Week (Hawaii)">Black Week</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1893–1894</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #E1F3FC;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Hawaii" title="Republic of Hawaii">Republic of Hawaii</a> (1894–1898)</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em"> <a href="/wiki/1895_Wilcox_rebellion" title="1895 Wilcox rebellion">Counter-Revolution</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1895</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em"> <a href="/wiki/Newlands_Resolution" title="Newlands Resolution">Annexation</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1898</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #E1F3FC;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Territory_of_Hawaii" title="Territory of Hawaii">Territory of Hawaii</a> (1898–1959)</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em"> <a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_Organic_Act" title="Hawaiian Organic Act">Hawaiian Organic Act</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1900</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em"> <a href="/wiki/Oahu_sugar_strike_of_1920" title="Oahu sugar strike of 1920">Oahu sugar strike</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1920</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em"> <a href="/wiki/Hanapepe_massacre" title="Hanapepe massacre">Hanapēpē Massacre</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1924</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em"> <a href="/wiki/Massie_Trial" title="Massie Trial">Massie Trial</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1932</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em"> <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Islands_home_front_during_World_War_II" title="Pacific Islands home front during World War II">World War II</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1939–1945</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em"> <a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor">Attack on Pearl Harbor</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1941</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em"> <a href="/wiki/Niihau_incident" title="Niihau incident">Niihau incident</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1941</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em"> <a href="/wiki/Honouliuli_National_Historic_Site" title="Honouliuli National Historic Site">Honouliuli Internment Camp</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1943–1946</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em"> <a href="/wiki/Hawaii_Democratic_Revolution_of_1954" title="Hawaii Democratic Revolution of 1954">Democratic Revolution</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1954</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #E1F3FC;;color: var(--color-base)"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">State of Hawaii</a> (1959–present)</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em"> <a href="/wiki/Hawaii_Admission_Act" title="Hawaii Admission Act">Hawaii Admission Act</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1959</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em"> <a href="/wiki/Kalama_Valley_protests" title="Kalama Valley protests">Kalama Valley protests</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1971</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em"> <a href="/wiki/1978_Hawaii_State_Constitutional_Convention" title="1978 Hawaii State Constitutional Convention">State Constitutional Convention</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1978</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em"> <a href="/wiki/1999_Honolulu_shootings" title="1999 Honolulu shootings">Xerox murders</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1999</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em"> <a href="/wiki/2008_occupation_of_Iolani_Palace" title="2008 occupation of Iolani Palace">Occupation of Iolani Palace</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 2008</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em"> <a href="/wiki/Honolulu_molasses_spill" title="Honolulu molasses spill">Honolulu molasses spill</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 2013</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em"> <a href="/wiki/Thirty_Meter_Telescope_protests" title="Thirty Meter Telescope protests">TMT protests</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 2014–now</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em"> <a href="/wiki/2018_Hawaii_false_missile_alert" title="2018 Hawaii false missile alert">False missile alert</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 2018</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em"> <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Lane_(2018)" title="Hurricane Lane (2018)">Hurricane Lane</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 2018</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em"> <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Hawaii" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Hawaii">COVID-19 pandemic</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 2020–present</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em"> <a href="/wiki/George_Floyd_protests_in_Hawaii" title="George Floyd protests in Hawaii">George Floyd protests</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 2020</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em"> <a href="/wiki/Red_Hill_water_crisis" title="Red Hill water crisis">Red Hill water crisis</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 2021–now</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em"> <a href="/wiki/2023_Hawaii_wildfires" title="2023 Hawaii wildfires">Hawaii wildfires</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 2023</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background: #C9E1F9;"> Topics</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Big_Five_(Hawaii)" title="Big Five (Hawaii)">Big Five</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_status_of_Hawaii" title="Legal status of Hawaii">Legal status</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_history_in_Hawaii" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT history in Hawaii">LGBT history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Hawaii" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Hawaii">NRHP listings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_sovereignty_movement" title="Hawaiian sovereignty movement">Sovereignty movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_plantations_in_Hawaii" title="Sugar plantations in Hawaii">Sugar plantations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Honolulu" title="Timeline of Honolulu">Timeline of Honolulu</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="background: #1874CD; color: #FFF;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Hawaii" title="Portal:Hawaii"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Flag_of_Hawaii.svg/13px-Flag_of_Hawaii.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Flag_of_Hawaii.svg/20px-Flag_of_Hawaii.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Flag_of_Hawaii.svg/26px-Flag_of_Hawaii.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Hawaii" title="Portal:Hawaii">Portal</a></li> <li><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:History_of_Hawaii" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:History of Hawaii">Commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="padding: 2px; text-align: center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Hawaii" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:History of Hawaii"><abbr title="View this template" style="font-size: 100%; margin: 2px;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Hawaii" class="mw-redirect" title="Template talk:History of Hawaii"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="font-size: 100%; margin: 2px;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Hawaii" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Hawaii"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="font-size: 100%; margin: 2px;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Hawaiʻi is one of two U.S. states, along with <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a>, that were internationally recognized sovereign nations before becoming U.S. states. The <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hawaii" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Hawaii">Kingdom of Hawaiʻi</a> was sovereign from 1810 until 1893, when resident American and European capitalists and landholders <a href="/wiki/Overthrow_of_the_Kingdom_of_Hawaii" class="mw-redirect" title="Overthrow of the Kingdom of Hawaii">overthrew the monarchy</a>. Hawaiʻi was an independent republic from 1894 until August 12, 1898, when it officially became a U.S. territory. Hawaiʻi was admitted as a U.S. state on August 21, 1959.<a href="#cite_note-81">[75]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_human_settlement_–_Ancient_Hawaiʻi_(1000–1778)">First human settlement – Ancient Hawaiʻi (1000–1778)</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Hawaii" title="Ancient Hawaii">Ancient Hawaii</a></div> Based on archaeological evidence, the earliest habitation of the Hawaiian Islands appears to date between 1000 and 1200 CE. The first wave was probably by Polynesian settlers from the <a href="/wiki/Marquesas_Islands" title="Marquesas Islands">Marquesas Islands</a>,<a href="#cite_note-:2-17">[13]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute">dubious</a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Hawaii#Dubious" title="Talk:Hawaii">discuss</a>] and a second wave of migration from <a href="/wiki/Raiatea" class="mw-redirect" title="Raiatea">Raiatea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bora_Bora" title="Bora Bora">Bora Bora</a> took place in the 11th century. The date of the human discovery and habitation of the Hawaiian Islands is the subject of academic debate.<a href="#cite_note-82">[76]</a> Some archaeologists and historians think it was a later wave of immigrants from <a href="/wiki/Tahiti" title="Tahiti">Tahiti</a> around 1000 CE who introduced a new line of high chiefs, the <a href="/wiki/Kapu_(Hawaiian_culture)" title="Kapu (Hawaiian culture)">kapu</a> system, the practice of human sacrifice, and the building of <a href="/wiki/Heiau" title="Heiau">heiau</a>.<a href="#cite_note-auto-83">[77]</a> This later immigration is detailed in <a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Hawaiian mythology">Hawaiian mythology</a> (moʻolelo) about <a href="/wiki/Pa%27ao" class="mw-redirect" title="Pa'ao">Paʻao</a>. Other authors say there is no archaeological or linguistic evidence of a later influx of Tahitian settlers and that Paʻao must be regarded as a myth.<a href="#cite_note-auto-83">[77]</a> The islands' history is marked by a slow, steady growth in population and the size of the <a href="/wiki/Chiefdoms" class="mw-redirect" title="Chiefdoms">chiefdoms</a>, which grew to encompass whole islands. Local chiefs, called <a href="/wiki/Ali%27i" class="mw-redirect" title="Ali'i">aliʻi</a>, ruled their settlements, and launched wars to extend their influence and defend their communities from predatory rivals. Ancient Hawaiʻi was a <a href="/wiki/Makaainana" class="mw-redirect" title="Makaainana">caste</a>-based society, much like that of Hindus in India.<a href="#cite_note-84">[78]</a> Population growth was facilitated by ecological and agricultural practices that combined upland agriculture (manuka), ocean fishing (makai), <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Hawaiian_aquaculture" title="Ancient Hawaiian aquaculture">fishponds</a> and gardening systems. These systems were upheld by spiritual and religious beliefs, like the lokahi, that linked cultural continuity with the health of the natural world.<a href="#cite_note-LaDuke_1999-59">[53]</a> According to Hawaiian scholar <a href="/wiki/Mililani_Trask" title="Mililani Trask">Mililani Trask</a>, the lokahi symbolizes the "greatest of the traditions, values, and practices of our people ... There are three points in the triangle—the Creator, Akua; the peoples of the earth, Kanaka Maoli; and the land, the ʻaina. These three things all have a reciprocal relationship."<a href="#cite_note-LaDuke_1999-59">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-People_of_the_seventh_fire-85">[79]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="European_arrival">European arrival</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tereoboo,_King_of_Owyhee,_bringing_presents_to_Captain_Cook_by_John_Webber.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Drawing of single-masted sailboat with one spinnaker-shaped sail, carrying dozens of men, accompanied by at least four other canoes" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Tereoboo%2C_King_of_Owyhee%2C_bringing_presents_to_Captain_Cook_by_John_Webber.jpg/220px-Tereoboo%2C_King_of_Owyhee%2C_bringing_presents_to_Captain_Cook_by_John_Webber.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Tereoboo%2C_King_of_Owyhee%2C_bringing_presents_to_Captain_Cook_by_John_Webber.jpg/330px-Tereoboo%2C_King_of_Owyhee%2C_bringing_presents_to_Captain_Cook_by_John_Webber.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Tereoboo%2C_King_of_Owyhee%2C_bringing_presents_to_Captain_Cook_by_John_Webber.jpg/440px-Tereoboo%2C_King_of_Owyhee%2C_bringing_presents_to_Captain_Cook_by_John_Webber.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4763" data-file-height="2977" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kalani%CA%BB%C5%8Dpu%CA%BBu" title="Kalaniʻōpuʻu">Tereoboo</a>, King of Owyhee, bringing presents to <a href="/wiki/James_Cook" title="James Cook">Captain Cook</a> by <a href="/wiki/John_Webber" title="John Webber">John Webber</a> (drawn in 1779, published in 1784)</figcaption></figure> The 1778 arrival of British explorer Captain <a href="/wiki/James_Cook" title="James Cook">James Cook</a> marked the first documented contact by a European explorer with Hawaiʻi. Cook named the archipelago "the Sandwich Islands" in honor of his sponsor <a href="/wiki/John_Montagu,_4th_Earl_of_Sandwich" title="John Montagu, 4th Earl of Sandwich">John Montagu, 4th Earl of Sandwich</a>, publishing the islands' location and rendering the native name as Owyhee. The form "<a href="/wiki/Owyhee_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Owyhee (disambiguation)">Owyhee" or "Owhyhee"</a> is preserved in the names of certain locations in the American part of the Pacific Northwest, among them <a href="/wiki/Owyhee_County,_Idaho" title="Owyhee County, Idaho">Owyhee County</a> and <a href="/wiki/Owyhee_Mountains" title="Owyhee Mountains">Owyhee Mountains</a> in <a href="/wiki/Idaho" title="Idaho">Idaho</a>, named after three native Hawaiian members of a trapping party who went missing in the area.<a href="#cite_note-86">[80]</a> <a href="/wiki/Conquistador" title="Conquistador">Spanish explorers</a> may have arrived in the Hawaiian Islands in the 16th century, 200 years before Cook's first documented visit in 1778. <a href="/wiki/Ruy_L%C3%B3pez_de_Villalobos" title="Ruy López de Villalobos">Ruy López de Villalobos</a> commanded a fleet of six ships that left <a href="/wiki/Acapulco" title="Acapulco">Acapulco</a> in 1542 bound for the Philippines, with a Spanish sailor named Juan Gaetano aboard as pilot. Gaetano's reports describe an encounter with either Hawaiʻi or the <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Islands" title="Marshall Islands">Marshall Islands</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Kane-87">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-88">[82]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a>] Most scholars have dismissed these claims due to a lack of credibility.<a href="#cite_note-89">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-90">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-91">[85]</a> Nonetheless, Spanish archives contain a chart that depicts islands at the same latitude as Hawaiʻi, but with a longitude ten degrees east of the islands. In this manuscript, Maui is named La Desgraciada (The Unfortunate Island), and what appears to be Hawaiʻi Island is named La Mesa (The Table). Islands resembling <a href="/wiki/Kahoolawe" class="mw-redirect" title="Kahoolawe">Kahoʻolawe'</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lanai" title="Lanai">Lānaʻi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Molokai" title="Molokai">Molokaʻi</a> are named Los Monjes (The Monks).<a href="#cite_note-92">[86]</a> For two and a half centuries, <a href="/wiki/Manila_galleon" title="Manila galleon">Spanish galleons</a> crossed the Pacific from Mexico along a route that passed south of Hawaiʻi on their way to <a href="/wiki/Manila" title="Manila">Manila</a>. The exact route was kept secret to protect the Spanish trade monopoly against competing powers. Hawaiʻi thus maintained independence, despite being on a sea route east–west between nations that were subjects of the <a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_New_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Viceroyalty of New Spain">Viceroyalty of New Spain</a>, an empire that exercised jurisdiction over many subject civilizations and kingdoms on both sides of the Pacific.<a href="#cite_note-93">[87]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Entrevue_de_l%27expedition_de_M._Kotzebue_avec_le_roi_Tammeamea_dans_l%27ile_d%27Ovayhi,_Iles_Sandwich_(detailed).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Entrevue_de_l%27expedition_de_M._Kotzebue_avec_le_roi_Tammeamea_dans_l%27ile_d%27Ovayhi%2C_Iles_Sandwich_%28detailed%29.jpg/220px-Entrevue_de_l%27expedition_de_M._Kotzebue_avec_le_roi_Tammeamea_dans_l%27ile_d%27Ovayhi%2C_Iles_Sandwich_%28detailed%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Entrevue_de_l%27expedition_de_M._Kotzebue_avec_le_roi_Tammeamea_dans_l%27ile_d%27Ovayhi%2C_Iles_Sandwich_%28detailed%29.jpg/330px-Entrevue_de_l%27expedition_de_M._Kotzebue_avec_le_roi_Tammeamea_dans_l%27ile_d%27Ovayhi%2C_Iles_Sandwich_%28detailed%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Entrevue_de_l%27expedition_de_M._Kotzebue_avec_le_roi_Tammeamea_dans_l%27ile_d%27Ovayhi%2C_Iles_Sandwich_%28detailed%29.jpg/440px-Entrevue_de_l%27expedition_de_M._Kotzebue_avec_le_roi_Tammeamea_dans_l%27ile_d%27Ovayhi%2C_Iles_Sandwich_%28detailed%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="713" data-file-height="550" /></a><figcaption>King Kamehameha receiving the Russian naval expedition of <a href="/wiki/Otto_von_Kotzebue" title="Otto von Kotzebue">Otto von Kotzebue</a>; drawing by <a href="/wiki/Louis_Choris" title="Louis Choris">Louis Choris</a> in 1816.</figcaption></figure> Despite such contested claims, Cook is generally considered the first European to land at Hawaiʻi, having visited the Hawaiian Islands twice. As he prepared for departure after his second visit in 1779, a quarrel ensued as he took temple idols and fencing as "firewood",<a href="#cite_note-94">[88]</a> and a minor chief and his group stole a boat from his ship. Cook abducted the <a href="/wiki/Alii_Aimoku_of_Hawaii" class="mw-redirect" title="Alii Aimoku of Hawaii">King of Hawaiʻi Island</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kalani%CA%BB%C5%8Dpu%CA%BBu" title="Kalaniʻōpuʻu">Kalaniʻōpuʻu</a>, and held him for ransom aboard his ship to gain return of Cook's boat, as this tactic had previously worked in Tahiti and other islands.<a href="#cite_note-95">[89]</a> Instead, the supporters of Kalaniʻōpuʻu attacked, killing Cook and four sailors as Cook's party retreated along the beach to their ship. The ship departed without retrieving the stolen boat. After Cook's visit and the publication of several books relating his voyages, the Hawaiian Islands attracted many European and American explorers, traders, and whalers, who found the islands to be a convenient harbor and source of supplies. These visitors introduced diseases to the once-isolated islands, causing the Hawaiian population to drop precipitously.<a href="#cite_note-EB-96">[90]</a> Native Hawaiians had no resistance to Eurasian diseases, such as <a href="/wiki/Influenza" title="Influenza">influenza</a>, <a href="/wiki/Smallpox" title="Smallpox">smallpox</a> and <a href="/wiki/Measles" title="Measles">measles</a>. By 1820, disease, famine and wars between the chiefs killed more than half of the Native Hawaiian population.<a href="#cite_note-97">[91]</a> During the 1850s, measles killed a fifth of Hawaiʻi's people.<a href="#cite_note-98">[92]</a> Historical records indicate the earliest Chinese immigrants to Hawaiʻi originated from <a href="/wiki/Guangdong" title="Guangdong">Guangdong Province</a>; a few sailors arrived in 1778 with Cook's journey, and more in 1789 with an American trader who settled in Hawaiʻi in the late 18th century. It is said that Chinese workers introduced leprosy by 1830, and as with the other new infectious diseases, it proved damaging to the Hawaiians.<a href="#cite_note-99">[93]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kingdom_of_Hawaiʻi">Kingdom of Hawaiʻi</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hawaii" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Hawaii">Kingdom of Hawaii</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="House_of_Kamehameha">House of Kamehameha</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kamehameha_Statue_and_flag.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Kamehameha_Statue_and_flag.jpg/220px-Kamehameha_Statue_and_flag.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Kamehameha_Statue_and_flag.jpg/330px-Kamehameha_Statue_and_flag.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Kamehameha_Statue_and_flag.jpg/440px-Kamehameha_Statue_and_flag.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3672" data-file-height="2652" /></a><figcaption>Kamehameha I conquered the Hawaiian Islands and established a unified monarchy across the archipelago.</figcaption></figure> During the 1780s, and 1790s, chiefs often fought for power. After a series of battles that ended in 1795, all inhabited islands were subjugated under a single ruler, who became known as <a href="/wiki/Kamehameha_I" title="Kamehameha I">King Kamehameha the Great</a>. He established the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Kamehameha" title="House of Kamehameha">House of Kamehameha</a>, a dynasty that ruled the kingdom until 1872.<a href="#cite_note-100">[94]</a> After <a href="/wiki/Kamehameha_II" title="Kamehameha II">Kamehameha II</a> inherited the throne in 1819, American Protestant missionaries to Hawaiʻi converted many Hawaiians to Christianity. Missionaries have argued that one function of missionary work was to "civilize" and "purify" perceived heathenism in the New World. This carried into Hawaiʻi.<a href="#cite_note-FLEXNER_2016_307–331-101">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-nps.gov-102">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hall_2008_273–280-103">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-Medeiros-104">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-105">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-106">[100]</a> According to historical archaeologist James L. Flexner, "missionaries provided the moral means to rationalize conquest and wholesale conversion to Christianity".<a href="#cite_note-FLEXNER_2016_307–331-101">[95]</a> But rather than abandon traditional beliefs entirely, most native Hawaiians merged their <a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_religion" title="Hawaiian religion">Indigenous religion</a> with Christianity.<a href="#cite_note-FLEXNER_2016_307–331-101">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hall_2008_273–280-103">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-nps.gov-102">[96]</a> Missionaries used their influence to end many traditional practices, including the <a href="/wiki/Kapu_(Hawaiian_culture)" title="Kapu (Hawaiian culture)">kapu</a> system, the prevailing legal system before European contact, and heiau, or "temples" to religious figures.<a href="#cite_note-FLEXNER_2016_307–331-101">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-107">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-108">[102]</a> Kapu, which typically translates to "the sacred", refers to social regulations (like gender and class restrictions) that were based upon spiritual beliefs. Under the missionaries' guidance, laws against gambling, consuming alcohol, dancing the <a href="/wiki/Hula" title="Hula">hula</a>, breaking the Sabbath, and polygamy were enacted.<a href="#cite_note-nps.gov-102">[96]</a> Without the kapu system, many temples and priestly statuses were jeopardized, idols were burned, and participation in Christianity increased.<a href="#cite_note-nps.gov-102">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-Medeiros-104">[98]</a> When <a href="/wiki/Kamehameha_III" title="Kamehameha III">Kamehameha III</a> inherited the throne at age 12, his advisors pressured him to merge Christianity with traditional Hawaiian ways. Under the guidance of his kuhina nui (his mother and coregent <a href="/wiki/Ka%CA%BBahumanu" title="Kaʻahumanu">Elizabeth Kaʻahumanu</a>) and British allies, Hawaiʻi turned into a Christian monarchy with the signing of the <a href="/wiki/1840_Constitution_of_the_Kingdom_of_Hawaii" class="mw-redirect" title="1840 Constitution of the Kingdom of Hawaii">1840 Constitution</a>.<a href="#cite_note-109">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-Medeiros-104">[98]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hiram_Bingham_I" title="Hiram Bingham I">Hiram Bingham I</a>, a prominent Protestant missionary, was a trusted adviser to the monarchy during this period. Other missionaries and their descendants became active in commercial and political affairs, leading to conflicts between the monarchy and its restive American subjects.<a href="#cite_note-110">[104]</a> Missionaries from the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Church">Roman Catholic Church</a> and from <a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints</a> were also active in the kingdom, initially converting a minority of the Native Hawaiian population, but later becoming the first and second largest religious denominations on the islands, respectively.<a href="#cite_note-111">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-112">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-113">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-114">[108]</a> Missionaries from each major group administered to the leper colony at Kalaupapa on Molokaʻi, which was established in 1866 and operated well into the 20th century. The best known were <a href="/wiki/Father_Damien" title="Father Damien">Father Damien</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mother_Marianne_Cope" class="mw-redirect" title="Mother Marianne Cope">Mother Marianne Cope</a>, both of whom were canonized in the early 21st century as Roman <a href="/wiki/Catholic_saints" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic saints">Catholic saints</a>. The death of the bachelor <a href="/wiki/Kamehameha_V" title="Kamehameha V">King Kamehameha V</a>—who did not name an heir—resulted in the popular election of <a href="/wiki/Lunalilo" title="Lunalilo">Lunalilo</a> over <a href="/wiki/Kal%C4%81kaua" title="Kalākaua">Kalākaua</a>. Lunalilo died the next year, also without naming an heir. In 1874, the election was contested within the legislature between Kalākaua and <a href="/wiki/Queen_Emma_of_Hawaii" title="Queen Emma of Hawaii">Emma, Queen Consort of Kamehameha IV</a>. After riots broke out, the U.S. and Britain landed troops on the islands to restore order. The <a href="/wiki/Legislature_of_the_Kingdom_of_Hawaii" class="mw-redirect" title="Legislature of the Kingdom of Hawaii">Legislative Assembly</a> chose <a href="/wiki/Kal%C4%81kaua" title="Kalākaua">King Kalākaua</a> as monarch by a vote of 39 to 6 on February 12, 1874.<a href="#cite_note-115">[109]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1887_Constitution_and_overthrow_preparations">1887 Constitution and overthrow preparations</h4></div> In 1887, Kalākaua was forced to sign the <a href="/wiki/1887_Constitution_of_the_Kingdom_of_Hawaii" class="mw-redirect" title="1887 Constitution of the Kingdom of Hawaii">1887 Constitution of the Kingdom of Hawaiʻi</a>. Drafted by white businessmen and lawyers, the document stripped the king of much of his authority. It established a property qualification for voting that effectively disenfranchised most Hawaiians and immigrant laborers and favored the wealthier, white elite. Resident whites were allowed to vote but resident Asians were not. As the 1887 Constitution was signed under threat of violence, it is known as the Bayonet Constitution. King Kalākaua, reduced to a figurehead, reigned until his death in 1891. His sister, Queen <a href="/wiki/Liliuokalani" class="mw-redirect" title="Liliuokalani">Liliʻuokalani</a>, succeeded him; she was the last monarch of Hawaiʻi.<a href="#cite_note-116">[110]</a> In 1893, Liliʻuokalani announced plans for a new constitution to proclaim herself an absolute monarch. On January 14, 1893, a group of mostly Euro-American business leaders and residents formed the <a href="/wiki/Committee_of_Safety_(Hawaii)" title="Committee of Safety (Hawaii)">Committee of Safety</a> to stage a <a href="/wiki/Overthrow_of_the_Kingdom_of_Hawaii" class="mw-redirect" title="Overthrow of the Kingdom of Hawaii">coup d'état</a> against the kingdom and seek annexation by the United States. U.S. Government Minister <a href="/wiki/John_L._Stevens" title="John L. Stevens">John L. Stevens</a>, responding to a request from the Committee of Safety, summoned a company of U.S. Marines. The queen's soldiers did not resist. According to historian William Russ, the monarchy was unable to protect itself.<a href="#cite_note-Adam-117">[111]</a> In Hawaiian Autonomy, Liliʻuokalani states: <blockquote>If we did not by force resist their final outrage, it was because we could not do so without striking at the military force of the United States. Whatever constraint the executive of this great country may be under to recognize the present government at Honolulu has been forced upon it by no act of ours, but by the unlawful acts of its own agents. Attempts to repudiate those acts are vain.<a href="#cite_note-118">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-119">[113]</a></blockquote>In a message to Sanford B. Dole, Liliʻuokalani states:<blockquote>Now to avoid any collision of armed forces and perhaps the loss of life, I do under this protest, and impelled by said force, yield my authority until such time as the Government of the United States shall, upon the facts being presented to it, undo the action of its representatives and reinstate me in the authority which I claim as the constitutional sovereign of the Hawaiian Islands.<a href="#cite_note-:5-120">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-121">[115]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Overthrow_of_1893_–_Republic_of_Hawaiʻi_(1894–1898)">Overthrow of 1893 – Republic of Hawaiʻi (1894–1898)</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Overthrow_of_the_Kingdom_of_Hawaii" class="mw-redirect" title="Overthrow of the Kingdom of Hawaii">Overthrow of the Kingdom of Hawaii</a>, <a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_Hawaii" title="Provisional Government of Hawaii">Provisional Government of Hawaii</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Hawaii" title="Republic of Hawaii">Republic of Hawaii</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Hawaiian_sovereignty_movement_groups#Historical_–_Royalist_Organizations_(from_1880s)" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Hawaiian sovereignty movement groups">List of Hawaiian sovereignty movement groups § Historical – Royalist Organizations (from 1880s)</a></div>The treason trials of 1892 brought together the main players in the 1893 overthrow. American Minister John L. Stevens voiced support for Native Hawaiian revolutionaries; William R. Castle, a Committee of Safety member, served as a defense counsel in the treason trials; Alfred Stedman Hartwell, the 1893 annexation commissioner, led the defense effort; and Sanford B. Dole ruled as a supreme court justice against acts of conspiracy and treason.<a href="#cite_note-122">[116]</a><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Liliuokalani_in_1891,_USC_Libraries.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Queen Liliʻuokalani, seated inside ʻIolani Palace" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Liliuokalani_in_1891%2C_USC_Libraries.jpg/170px-Liliuokalani_in_1891%2C_USC_Libraries.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="265" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Liliuokalani_in_1891%2C_USC_Libraries.jpg/255px-Liliuokalani_in_1891%2C_USC_Libraries.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Liliuokalani_in_1891%2C_USC_Libraries.jpg/340px-Liliuokalani_in_1891%2C_USC_Libraries.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5427" data-file-height="8461" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Liliuokalani" class="mw-redirect" title="Liliuokalani">Queen Liliʻuokalani</a>, the last reigning monarch of the Hawaiian Kingdom</figcaption></figure> On January 17, 1893, a small group of sugar and pineapple-growing businessmen, aided by the American minister to Hawaii and backed by heavily armed U.S. soldiers and marines, deposed Queen Liliʻuokalani and installed a provisional government composed of members of the Committee of Safety.<a href="#cite_note-:4-123">[117]</a> According to scholar Lydia Kualapai and Hawaii State Representative Roy Takumi, this committee was formed against the will of Indigenous Hawaiian voters, who constituted the majority of voters at the time, and consisted of "thirteen white men" according to scholar J Kehaulani Kauanui.<a href="#cite_note-KUALAPAI_2005_32–62-124">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-Takumi_1994_8–9-71">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kauanui_2004_145–150-74">[68]</a> The United States Minister to the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hawaii" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Hawaii">Kingdom of Hawaii</a> (<a href="/wiki/John_L._Stevens" title="John L. Stevens">John L. Stevens</a>) conspired with U.S. citizens to overthrow the monarchy.<a href="#cite_note-HIgpo-125">[119]</a> After the overthrow, <a href="/wiki/Sanford_B._Dole" title="Sanford B. Dole">Sanford B. Dole</a>, a citizen of Hawaii and cousin to James Dole, owner of Hawaiian Fruit Company, a company that benefited from the annexation of Hawaii, became president of the republic when the <a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_Hawaii" title="Provisional Government of Hawaii">Provisional Government of Hawaiʻi</a> ended on July 4, 1894.<a href="#cite_note-126">[120]</a><a href="#cite_note-127">[121]</a> Controversy ensued in the following years as the queen tried to regain her throne. Scholar Lydia Kualapai writes that Liliʻuokalani had "yielded under protest not to the counterfeit Provisional Government of Hawaii but to the superior force of the United States of America" and wrote letters of protest to the president requesting a recognizance of allyship and a reinstatement of her sovereignty against the recent actions of the Provisional Government of Hawaii.<a href="#cite_note-KUALAPAI_2005_32–62-124">[118]</a> Following the January 1893 coup that deposed Liliʻuokalani, many royalists were preparing to overthrow the white-led Republic of Hawaiʻi oligarchy. Hundreds of rifles were covertly shipped to Hawaii and hidden in caves nearby. As armed troops came and went, a Republic of Hawaiʻi patrol discovered the rebel group. On January 6, 1895, gunfire began on both sides and later the rebels were surrounded and captured. Over the next 10 days several skirmishes occurred, until the last armed opposition surrendered or were captured. The Republic of Hawaiʻi took 123 troops into custody as prisoners of war. The mass arrest of nearly 300 more men and women, including Queen Liliʻuokalani, as political prisoners was intended to incapacitate the political resistance against the ruling oligarchy. In March 1895, a military tribunal convicted 170 prisoners of treason and sentenced six troops to be "hung by the neck" until dead, according to historian Ronald Williams Jr. The other prisoners were variously sentenced to from five to thirty-five years' imprisonment at hard labor, while those convicted of lesser charges received sentences from six months' to six years' imprisonment at hard labor.<a href="#cite_note-:3-128">[122]</a> The queen was sentenced to five years in prison, but spent eight months under house arrest until she was released on parole.<a href="#cite_note-129">[123]</a> The total number of arrests related to the 1895 Kaua Kūloko was 406 people on a summary list of statistics, published by the government of the Republic of Hawaiʻi.<a href="#cite_note-:3-128">[122]</a> The administration of President <a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Grover Cleveland</a> commissioned the <a href="/wiki/Blount_Report" title="Blount Report">Blount Report</a>, which concluded that the removal of Liliʻuokalani had been illegal. Commissioner Blount found the U.S. and its minister guilty on all counts including the overthrow, the landing of the marines, and the recognition of the provisional government.<a href="#cite_note-:5-120">[114]</a> In a message to Congress, Cleveland wrote:<blockquote>And finally, but for the lawless occupation of Honolulu under false pretexts by the United States forces, and but for Minister Stevens' recognition of the provisional government when the United States forces were its sole support and constituted its only military strength, the Queen and her Government would never have yielded to the provisional government, even for a time and for the sole purpose of submitting her case to the enlightened justice of the United States.<a href="#cite_note-:5-120">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-:4-123">[117]</a> By an act of war, committed with the participation of a diplomatic representative of the United States and without authority of Congress, the Government of a feeble but friendly and confiding people has been overthrown. A substantial wrong has thus been done which a due regard for our national character as well as the rights of the injured people requires we should endeavor to repair. The provisional government has not assumed a republican or other constitutional form, but has remained a mere executive council or oligarchy, set up without the assent of the people. It has not sought to find a permanent basis of popular support and has given no evidence of an intention to do so.<a href="#cite_note-:4-123">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-:5-120">[114]</a></blockquote>The U.S. government first demanded that Queen Liliʻuokalani be reinstated, but the Provisional Government refused. On December 23, 1893, the response from the Provisional Government of Hawaii, authored by President Sanford B. Dole, was received by Cleveland's representative Minister Albert S. Willis and emphasized that the Provisional Government of Hawaii "unhesitatingly" rejected the demand from the Cleveland Administration.<a href="#cite_note-KUALAPAI_2005_32–62-124">[118]</a> Congress conducted an independent investigation, and on February 26, 1894, submitted the <a href="/wiki/Morgan_Report" title="Morgan Report">Morgan Report</a>, which found all parties, including Minister Stevens—with the exception of the queen—"not guilty" and not responsible for the coup.<a href="#cite_note-130">[124]</a> Partisans on both sides of the debate questioned the accuracy and impartiality of both the Blount and Morgan reports over the events of 1893.<a href="#cite_note-Adam-117">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-131">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-132">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-HDAICS-133">[127]</a> In 1993, Congress passed a joint <a href="/wiki/Apology_Resolution" title="Apology Resolution">Apology Resolution</a> regarding the overthrow; it was signed by President <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a>. The resolution apologized and said that the overthrow was illegal in the following phrase: "The Congress—on the occasion of the 100th anniversary of the illegal overthrow of the Kingdom of Hawaiʻi on January 17, 1893, acknowledges the historical significance of this event which resulted in the suppression of the inherent sovereignty of the Native Hawaiian people."<a href="#cite_note-HIgpo-125">[119]</a> The Apology Resolution also "acknowledges that the overthrow of the Kingdom of Hawaiʻi occurred with the active participation of agents and citizens of the United States and further acknowledges that the Native Hawaiian people never directly relinquished to the United States their claims to their inherent sovereignty as a people over their national lands, either through the Kingdom of Hawaiʻi or through a plebiscite or referendum".<a href="#cite_note-HDAICS-133">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-HIgpo-125">[119]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Annexation_–_Territory_of_Hawaiʻi_(1898–1959)">Annexation – Territory of Hawaiʻi (1898–1959)</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Organic_act#List_of_organic_acts" title="Organic act">Organic act § List of organic acts</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Territory_of_Hawaii" title="Territory of Hawaii">Territory of Hawaii</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1899BalanceCartoon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/1899BalanceCartoon.jpg/170px-1899BalanceCartoon.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="247" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/1899BalanceCartoon.jpg/255px-1899BalanceCartoon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/1899BalanceCartoon.jpg/340px-1899BalanceCartoon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="428" data-file-height="622" /></a><figcaption>In 1899 Uncle Sam balances his new possessions, which are racistly depicted in the <a href="/wiki/Pickaninny" title="Pickaninny">pickaninny</a> stereotype; the figures are <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a>, Hawaii, <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a> and "Ladrones" (the <a href="/wiki/Mariana_Islands" title="Mariana Islands">Mariana Islands</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Guam" title="Guam">Guam</a>).</figcaption></figure> After <a href="/wiki/William_McKinley" title="William McKinley">William McKinley</a> won the 1896 U.S. presidential election, advocates pressed to annex the Republic of Hawaiʻi. The previous president, Grover Cleveland, was a friend of Queen Liliʻuokalani. McKinley was open to persuasion by U.S. expansionists and by annexationists from Hawaiʻi. He met with three non-native annexationists: <a href="/wiki/Lorrin_A._Thurston" title="Lorrin A. Thurston">Lorrin A. Thurston</a>, Francis March Hatch and <a href="/wiki/William_Ansel_Kinney" title="William Ansel Kinney">William Ansel Kinney</a>. After negotiations in June 1897, Secretary of State <a href="/wiki/John_Sherman_(politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Sherman (politician)">John Sherman</a> agreed to a treaty of annexation with these representatives of the Republic of Hawaiʻi.<a href="#cite_note-134">[128]</a> The <a href="/wiki/U.S._Senate" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Senate">U.S. Senate</a> never ratified the treaty. Despite the opposition of most native Hawaiians,<a href="#cite_note-135">[129]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Newlands_Resolution" title="Newlands Resolution">Newlands Resolution</a> was used to annex the republic to the U.S.; it became the <a href="/wiki/Territory_of_Hawaii" title="Territory of Hawaii">Territory of Hawaiʻi</a>. The Newlands Resolution was passed by the House on June 15, 1898, by 209 votes in favor to 91 against, and by the Senate on July 6, 1898, by a vote of 42 to 21.<a href="#cite_note-136">[130]</a><a href="#cite_note-137">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-138">[132]</a> A majority of Native Hawaiians opposed annexation, voiced chiefly by Liliʻuokalani, whom Hawaiian <a href="/wiki/Haunani-Kay_Trask" title="Haunani-Kay Trask">Haunani-Kay Trask</a> described as beloved and respected by her people.<a href="#cite_note-139">[133]</a> Liliʻuokalani wrote, "it had not entered into our hearts to believe that these friends and allies from the United States ... would ever go so far as to absolutely overthrow our form of government, seize our nation by the throat, and pass it over to an alien power" in her retelling of the overthrow of her government.<a href="#cite_note-140">[134]</a> According to Trask, newspapers at the time argued Hawaiians would suffer "virtual enslavement under annexation", including further loss of lands and liberties, in particular to sugar plantation owners.<a href="#cite_note-Verfasser-141">[135]</a> These plantations were protected by the U.S. Navy as economic interests, justifying a continued military presence in the islands.<a href="#cite_note-Verfasser-141">[135]</a> In 1900, Hawaiʻi was granted self-governance and retained <a href="/wiki/Iolani_Palace" class="mw-redirect" title="Iolani Palace">ʻIolani Palace</a> as the territorial capitol building. Despite several attempts to become a state, Hawaii remained a territory for 60 years. Plantation owners and capitalists, who maintained control through financial institutions such as the <a href="/wiki/Big_Five_(Hawaii)" title="Big Five (Hawaii)">Big Five</a>, found territorial status convenient because they remained able to import cheap, foreign labor. Such immigration and labor practices were prohibited in many states.<a href="#cite_note-142">[136]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:USS_SHAW_exploding_Pearl_Harbor_Nara_80-G-16871_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="The USS Shaw explodes during the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/USS_SHAW_exploding_Pearl_Harbor_Nara_80-G-16871_2.jpg/220px-USS_SHAW_exploding_Pearl_Harbor_Nara_80-G-16871_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/USS_SHAW_exploding_Pearl_Harbor_Nara_80-G-16871_2.jpg/330px-USS_SHAW_exploding_Pearl_Harbor_Nara_80-G-16871_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/USS_SHAW_exploding_Pearl_Harbor_Nara_80-G-16871_2.jpg/440px-USS_SHAW_exploding_Pearl_Harbor_Nara_80-G-16871_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="1999" /></a><figcaption>The Japanese <a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor">attack on Pearl Harbor</a> in 1941 was the primary event which caused the United States to enter <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rican_immigration_to_Hawaii" title="Puerto Rican immigration to Hawaii">Puerto Rican immigration to Hawaiʻi</a> began in 1899, when Puerto Rico's sugar industry was devastated by <a href="/wiki/1899_San_Ciriaco_hurricane" title="1899 San Ciriaco hurricane">a hurricane</a>, causing a worldwide shortage of sugar and a huge demand for sugar from Hawaiʻi. Hawaiian <a href="/wiki/Sugarcane" title="Sugarcane">sugarcane</a> <a href="/wiki/Sugar_plantations_in_Hawaii" title="Sugar plantations in Hawaii">plantation</a> owners began to recruit experienced, unemployed laborers in Puerto Rico. Two waves of <a href="/wiki/Korean_immigration_to_Hawaii" title="Korean immigration to Hawaii">Korean immigration to Hawaiʻi</a> occurred in the 20th century. The first wave arrived between 1903 and 1924; the second wave began in 1965 after President <a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a> signed the <a href="/wiki/Immigration_and_Nationality_Act_of_1965" title="Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965">Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965</a>, which removed racial and national barriers and resulted in significantly altering the demographic mix in the U.S.<a href="#cite_note-143">[137]</a> Oʻahu was the target of a surprise <a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor">attack on Pearl Harbor</a> by <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial Japan">Imperial Japan</a> on December 7, 1941. The attack on Pearl Harbor and other military and naval installations, carried out by <a href="/wiki/Warplane" class="mw-redirect" title="Warplane">aircraft</a> and by <a href="/wiki/Midget_submarine" title="Midget submarine">midget submarines</a>, brought the United States into <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political_changes_of_1954_–_State_of_Hawaiʻi_(1959–present)">Political changes of 1954 – State of Hawaiʻi (1959–present)</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Hawaii_Democratic_Revolution_of_1954" title="Hawaii Democratic Revolution of 1954">Hawaii Democratic Revolution of 1954</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hawaii_Admission_Act" title="Hawaii Admission Act">Hawaii Admission Act</a>, <a href="/wiki/Admission_to_the_Union" title="Admission to the Union">Admission to the Union</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_by_date_of_admission_to_the_Union" title="List of U.S. states by date of admission to the Union">List of U.S. states by date of admission to the Union</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Hawaiian_sovereignty_movement_groups#Modern_–_Sovereignty_Organizations_(1960s–present)" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Hawaiian sovereignty movement groups">List of Hawaiian sovereignty movement groups § Modern – Sovereignty Organizations (1960s–present)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Food-Hawaii-Canning._Native_girls_packing_pineapple_into_cans._-_NARA_-_522863.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Three young women pack pineapples into cans in 1928." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Food-Hawaii-Canning._Native_girls_packing_pineapple_into_cans._-_NARA_-_522863.tif/lossy-page1-220px-Food-Hawaii-Canning._Native_girls_packing_pineapple_into_cans._-_NARA_-_522863.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Food-Hawaii-Canning._Native_girls_packing_pineapple_into_cans._-_NARA_-_522863.tif/lossy-page1-330px-Food-Hawaii-Canning._Native_girls_packing_pineapple_into_cans._-_NARA_-_522863.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Food-Hawaii-Canning._Native_girls_packing_pineapple_into_cans._-_NARA_-_522863.tif/lossy-page1-440px-Food-Hawaii-Canning._Native_girls_packing_pineapple_into_cans._-_NARA_-_522863.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2935" data-file-height="2318" /></a><figcaption>Prior to the postwar labor movement, Hawaii was governed by plantation owners. Here, three young women pack pineapples into cans in 1928.</figcaption></figure> In the 1950s, the plantation owners' power was broken by the descendants of immigrant laborers, who were born in Hawaiʻi and were U.S. citizens. They voted against the <a href="/wiki/Hawaii_Republican_Party" title="Hawaii Republican Party">Hawaiʻi Republican Party</a>, strongly supported by plantation owners. The new majority voted for the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Hawaii" title="Democratic Party of Hawaii">Democratic Party of Hawaiʻi</a>, which dominated territorial and state politics for more than 40 years. Eager to gain full representation in Congress and the Electoral College, residents actively campaigned for statehood. In Washington, there was talk that Hawaiʻi would be a Republican Party stronghold. As a result, the admission of Hawaii was matched with the admission of Alaska, which was seen as a Democratic Party stronghold. These predictions proved inaccurate; as of 2017, Hawaiʻi generally votes Democratic, while Alaska typically votes Republican.<a href="#cite_note-144">[138]</a><a href="#cite_note-145">[139]</a><a href="#cite_note-146">[140]</a><a href="#cite_note-147">[141]</a> During the Cold War, Hawai'i became an important site for U.S. <a href="/wiki/Cultural_diplomacy" title="Cultural diplomacy">cultural diplomacy</a>, military training, research, and as a staging ground for the U.S. <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">war in Vietnam</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:Cheng2-148">[142]</a>: 105  In March 1959, Congress passed the <a href="/wiki/Hawaii_Admission_Act" title="Hawaii Admission Act">Hawaiʻi Admissions Act</a>, which U.S. President <a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a> signed into law.<a href="#cite_note-149">[143]</a> The act excluded <a href="/wiki/Palmyra_Atoll" title="Palmyra Atoll">Palmyra Atoll</a> from statehood; it had been part of the Kingdom and Territory of Hawaiʻi. On June 27, 1959, a referendum asked residents of Hawaiʻi to vote on the statehood bill; 94.3% voted in favor of statehood and 5.7% opposed it.<a href="#cite_note-celebrating-50-years-of-statehood-150">[144]</a> The referendum asked voters to choose between accepting the Act and remaining a U.S. territory. The United Nations' <a href="/wiki/Special_Committee_on_Decolonization" title="Special Committee on Decolonization">Special Committee on Decolonization</a> later removed Hawaiʻi from <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_list_of_non-self-governing_territories" title="United Nations list of non-self-governing territories">its list of non-self-governing territories</a>. After attaining statehood, Hawaiʻi quickly modernized through construction and a rapidly growing tourism economy. Later, state programs promoted Hawaiian culture.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words">which?</a>] The <a href="/wiki/1978_Hawaii_State_Constitutional_Convention" title="1978 Hawaii State Constitutional Convention">Hawaiʻi State Constitutional Convention of 1978</a> created institutions such as the <a href="/wiki/Office_of_Hawaiian_Affairs" title="Office of Hawaiian Affairs">Office of Hawaiian Affairs</a> to promote indigenous language and culture.<a href="#cite_note-151">[145]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Legacy_of_annexation_on_Hawaiian_land">Legacy of annexation on Hawaiian land</h3></div> In 1897, over 21,000 Natives, representing the overwhelming majority of adult Hawaiians, signed anti-annexation petitions in one of the first examples of protest against the overthrow of Queen Liliʻuokalani's government.<a href="#cite_note-152">[146]</a> Nearly 100 years later, in 1993, 17,000 Hawaiians marched to demand access and control over Hawaiian trust lands and as part of the modern Hawaiian sovereignty movement.<a href="#cite_note-LaDuke_2017-153">[147]</a> Hawaiian trust land ownership and use is still widely contested as a consequence of annexation. According to scholar Winona LaDuke, as of 2015, 95% of Hawaiʻi's land was owned or controlled by just 82 landholders, including over 50% by federal and state governments, as well as the established sugar and pineapple companies.<a href="#cite_note-LaDuke_2017-153">[147]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Thirty_Meter_Telescope" title="Thirty Meter Telescope">Thirty Meter Telescope</a> is planned to be built on Hawaiian trust land, but has faced resistance as the project interferes with Kanaka indigeneity.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarify</a>]<a href="#cite_note-154">[148]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Population">Population</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Hawaii_statistical_areas" title="Hawaii statistical areas">Hawaii statistical areas</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hawaii_population_map.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Hawaii_population_map.png/250px-Hawaii_population_map.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Hawaii_population_map.png/375px-Hawaii_population_map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Hawaii_population_map.png/500px-Hawaii_population_map.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Population density map of Hawaii, 2010</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224496135">.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop{border-spacing:1px;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);padding:0.3em;font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop caption{background-color:lavender;color:black;padding-right:0.2em;padding-left:0.2em;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-bottom:none}.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop th[scope=col]{border-bottom:1px solid black}.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop td:nth-child(2){text-align:right;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0}.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop td.us-census-pop-estimate{padding-left:0}.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop td:nth-child(3){padding-left:0}.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop td:nth-child(4){padding-left:0.5em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop-footnote{border-top:1px solid black;font-size:85%;text-align:center}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop-right{float:right;clear:right;margin:0 0 1em 1em}.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop-none{float:none;margin:0 1em 1em 0}}</style> <table class="us-census-pop us-census-pop-right"> <caption>Historical population</caption> <tbody><tr><th scope="col">Census</th><th scope="col"><abbr title="Population">Pop.</abbr></th><th scope="col"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1152813436">.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px;white-space:nowrap}</style>Note</th><th scope="col"><abbr title="Percent change">%±</abbr></th></tr> <tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1850_United_States_census" title="1850 United States census">1850</a></th><td>84,165</td><td></td><td>—</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1860_United_States_census" title="1860 United States census">1860</a></th><td>69,800</td><td></td><td>−17.1%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1890_United_States_census" title="1890 United States census">1890</a></th><td>89,990</td><td></td><td>—</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1900_United_States_census" title="1900 United States census">1900</a></th><td>154,001</td><td></td><td>71.1%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1910_United_States_census" title="1910 United States census">1910</a></th><td>191,909</td><td></td><td>24.6%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1920_United_States_census" title="1920 United States census">1920</a></th><td>255,912</td><td></td><td>33.4%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1930_United_States_census" title="1930 United States census">1930</a></th><td>368,336</td><td></td><td>43.9%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1940_United_States_census" title="1940 United States census">1940</a></th><td>423,330</td><td></td><td>14.9%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1950_United_States_census" title="1950 United States census">1950</a></th><td>499,794</td><td></td><td>18.1%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1960_United_States_census" title="1960 United States census">1960</a></th><td>632,772</td><td></td><td>26.6%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1970_United_States_census" title="1970 United States census">1970</a></th><td>768,561</td><td></td><td>21.5%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1980_United_States_census" title="1980 United States census">1980</a></th><td>964,691</td><td></td><td>25.5%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1990_United_States_census" title="1990 United States census">1990</a></th><td>1,108,229</td><td></td><td>14.9%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/2000_United_States_census" title="2000 United States census">2000</a></th><td>1,211,537</td><td></td><td>9.3%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/2010_United_States_census" title="2010 United States census">2010</a></th><td>1,360,301</td><td></td><td>12.3%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_census" title="2020 United States census">2020</a></th><td>1,455,271</td><td></td><td>7.0%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row">2023 (est.)</th><td class="us-census-pop-estimate">1,435,138</td><td><a href="#cite_note-USCensusEst2023-155">[149]</a></td><td>−1.4%</td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" class="us-census-pop-footnote">1778 (est.) = 300000, 1819 (est.) = 145000, 1835–1836 = 107954, 1872 = 56897, 1884 = 80578, 1896 = 109020</td></tr> </tbody></table> After Europeans and <a href="/wiki/Mainland_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Mainland United States">mainland Americans</a> first arrived during the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hawaii" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Hawaii">Kingdom of Hawaii</a> period, the overall population of Hawaii—which until that time composed solely of Indigenous Hawaiians—fell dramatically. Many people of the Indigenous Hawaiian population died to foreign diseases, declining from 300,000 in the 1770s, to 60,000 in the 1850s, to 24,000 in 1920. Other estimates for the pre-contact population range from 150,000 to 1.5 million.<a href="#cite_note-OHA-18">[14]</a> The population of Hawaii began to finally increase after an influx of primarily Asian settlers that arrived as migrant laborers at the end of the 19th century.<a href="#cite_note-Hawaiian_Encyclopedia-158">[152]</a> In 1923, 42% of the population was of Japanese descent, 9% was of Chinese descent, and 16% was native descent.<a href="#cite_note-159">[153]</a> The unmixed indigenous Hawaiian population has still not restored itself to its 300,000 pre-contact level. As of 2010<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hawaii&action=edit">[update]</a>, only 156,000 persons declared themselves to be of Native Hawaiian-only ancestry, just over half the pre-contact level Native Hawaiian population, although an additional 371,000 persons declared themselves to possess Native Hawaiian ancestry in combination with one or more other races (including other Polynesian groups, but mostly <a href="/wiki/Asian_people" title="Asian people">Asian</a> or <a href="/wiki/Caucasian_race" title="Caucasian race">Caucasian</a>). As of 2018<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hawaii&action=edit">[update]</a>, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau" title="United States Census Bureau">United States Census Bureau</a> estimates the population of Hawaii at 1,420,491, a decrease of 7,047 from the previous year and an increase of 60,190 (4.42%) since 2010. This includes a natural increase of 48,111 (96,028 births minus 47,917 deaths) and an increase due to net migration of 16,956 people into the state. Immigration from outside the United States resulted in a net increase of 30,068; migration within the country produced a net loss of 13,112 people.<a href="#cite_note-160">[154]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">needs update</a>] The center of population of Hawaii is located on the island of <a href="/wiki/O%27ahu" class="mw-redirect" title="O'ahu">O'ahu</a>. Large numbers of Native Hawaiians have moved to <a href="/wiki/Las_Vegas" title="Las Vegas">Las Vegas</a>, which has been called the "ninth island" of Hawaii.<a href="#cite_note-161">[155]</a><a href="#cite_note-162">[156]</a> Hawaii has a de facto population of over 1.4 million, due in part to a large number of military personnel and tourist residents. <a href="/wiki/O%27ahu" class="mw-redirect" title="O'ahu">O'ahu</a> is the most populous island; it has the highest population density with a resident population of just under one million in 597 square miles (1,546 km2), approximately 1,650 people per square mile.<a href="#cite_note-163">[g]</a><a href="#cite_note-164">[157]</a> Hawaii's 1.4 million residents, spread across 6,000 square miles (15,500 km2) of land, result in an average population density of 188.6 persons per square mile.<a href="#cite_note-165">[158]</a> The state has a lower population density than <a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a> and <a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">Illinois</a>.<a href="#cite_note-USCB_density-166">[159]</a> The average projected lifespan of people born in Hawaii in 2000 is 79.8 years; 77.1 years if male, 82.5 if female—longer than the average lifespan of any other U.S. state.<a href="#cite_note-167">[160]</a> As of 2011<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hawaii&action=edit">[update]</a> the U.S. military reported it had 42,371 personnel on the islands.<a href="#cite_note-Hawaii_mil-168">[161]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Housing_and_Urban_Development" title="United States Department of Housing and Urban Development">HUD</a>'s 2022 <a href="/wiki/Annual_Homeless_Assessment_Report_to_Congress" title="Annual Homeless Assessment Report to Congress">Annual Homeless Assessment Report</a>, there were an estimated 5,967 <a href="/wiki/Homelessness" title="Homelessness">homeless</a> people in Hawaii.<a href="#cite_note-169">[162]</a><a href="#cite_note-170">[163]</a> In 2018, The top countries of origin for immigrants in Hawaii were the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>, <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Korea" title="Korea">Korea</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Islands" title="Marshall Islands">Marshall Islands</a>.<a href="#cite_note-171">[164]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancestry">Ancestry</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Native_Hawaiians" title="Native Hawaiians">Native Hawaiians</a>, <a href="/wiki/White_Americans_in_Hawaii" class="mw-redirect" title="White Americans in Hawaii">White Americans in Hawaii</a>, <a href="/wiki/Africans_in_Hawaii" title="Africans in Hawaii">Africans in Hawaii</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Japanese_in_Hawaii" title="Japanese in Hawaii">Japanese in Hawaii</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Early_Japanese_immigrants_to_Hawaii.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Early_Japanese_immigrants_to_Hawaii.jpg/220px-Early_Japanese_immigrants_to_Hawaii.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Early_Japanese_immigrants_to_Hawaii.jpg/330px-Early_Japanese_immigrants_to_Hawaii.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Early_Japanese_immigrants_to_Hawaii.jpg/440px-Early_Japanese_immigrants_to_Hawaii.jpg 2x" data-file-width="766" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Japanese_people" title="Japanese people">Japanese</a> immigration to Hawaii was largely fueled by the high demand for plantation labor in Hawaii post-annexation.</figcaption></figure> According to the 2020 United States Census, Hawaii had a population of 1,455,271. The state's population identified as 37.2% <a href="/wiki/Asian_Americans" title="Asian Americans">Asian</a>; 25.3% <a href="/wiki/Multiracial_Americans" title="Multiracial Americans">Multiracial</a>; 22.9% <a href="/wiki/White_Americans" title="White Americans">White</a>; 10.8% <a href="/wiki/Native_Hawaiians" title="Native Hawaiians">Native Hawaiians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Islander_Americans" title="Pacific Islander Americans">other Pacific Islanders</a>; 9.5% <a href="/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans" title="Hispanic and Latino Americans">Hispanic and Latinos</a> of any race; 1.6% <a href="/wiki/African_Americans" title="African Americans">Black or African American</a>; 1.8% from some other race; and 0.3% <a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native American and Alaskan Native</a>.<a href="#cite_note-U.S._Census_Bureau-172">[165]</a> <table class="wikitable sortable collapsible"> <caption>Hawaii racial breakdown of population </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Racial composition</th> <th>1970<a href="#cite_note-census-173">[166]</a></th> <th>1990<a href="#cite_note-census-173">[166]</a></th> <th>2000<a href="#cite_note-174">[167]</a></th> <th>2010<a href="#cite_note-175">[168]</a></th> <th>2020<a href="#cite_note-U.S._Census_Bureau-172">[165]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/White_American" class="mw-redirect" title="White American">White</a></td> <td>38.8%</td> <td>33.4%</td> <td>24.3%</td> <td>24.7%</td> <td>22.9% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Asian_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Asian American">Asian</a></td> <td rowspan="2">57.7%</td> <td rowspan="2">61.8%</td> <td>41.6%</td> <td>38.6%</td> <td>37.2% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Native_Hawaiian" class="mw-redirect" title="Native Hawaiian">Native Hawaiian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Islander" title="Pacific Islander">other Pacific Islander</a></td> <td>9.4%</td> <td>10.0%</td> <td>10.8% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/African_American" class="mw-redirect" title="African American">Black</a></td> <td>1.0%</td> <td>2.5%</td> <td>1.8%</td> <td>1.6%</td> <td>1.6% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native American and Alaskan Native</a></td> <td>0.1%</td> <td>0.5%</td> <td>0.3%</td> <td>0.3%</td> <td>0.3% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States_Census" class="mw-redirect" title="Race and ethnicity in the United States Census">Other race</a></td> <td>2.4%</td> <td>1.9%</td> <td>1.2%</td> <td>1.2%</td> <td>1.8% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Multiracial_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Multiracial American">Two or more races</a></td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>21.4%</td> <td>23.6%</td> <td>25.3% </td></tr></tbody></table> Hawaii has the highest percentage of Asian Americans and multiracial Americans and the lowest percentage of White Americans of any state. It is the only state where people who identify as Asian Americans are the largest ethnic group. In 2012, 14.5% of the resident population under age 1 was non-Hispanic white.<a href="#cite_note-176">[169]</a> Hawaii's Asian population consists mainly of 198,000 (14.6%) Filipino Americans, 185,000 (13.6%) Japanese Americans, roughly 55,000 (4.0%) Chinese Americans, and 24,000 (1.8%) <a href="/wiki/Korean_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Korean American">Korean Americans</a>.<a href="#cite_note-US_Census_Bureau-177">[170]</a> Over 120,000 (8.8%) Hispanic and Latino Americans live in Hawaii. Mexican Americans number over 35,000 (2.6%); Puerto Ricans exceed 44,000 (3.2%). Multiracial Americans constitute almost 25% of Hawaii's population, exceeding 320,000 people. Hawaii is the only state to have a tri-racial group as its largest multiracial group, one that includes white, Asian and Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander (22% of all mutiracial population).<a href="#cite_note-178">[171]</a> The non-Hispanic White population numbers around 310,000—just over 20% of the population. The multi-racial population outnumbers the non-Hispanic white population by about 10,000 people.<a href="#cite_note-US_Census_Bureau-177">[170]</a> In 1970, the Census Bureau reported Hawaii's population was 38.8% white and 57.7% Asian and Pacific Islander.<a href="#cite_note-179">[172]</a> There are more than 80,000 Indigenous Hawaiians—5.9% of the population.<a href="#cite_note-US_Census_Bureau-177">[170]</a> Including those with partial ancestry, Samoan Americans constitute 2.8% of Hawaii's population, and Tongan Americans constitute 0.6%.<a href="#cite_note-American_FactFinder-180">[173]</a> The five largest European ancestries in Hawaii are German (7.4%), Irish (5.2%), English (4.6%), Portuguese (4.3%) and Italian (2.7%). About 82.2% of the state's residents were born in the United States. Roughly 75% of foreign-born residents originate from Asia. Hawaii is a <a href="/wiki/Majority_minority_in_the_United_States" title="Majority minority in the United States">majority-minority state</a>. It was expected to be one of three states that would not have a non-Hispanic white plurality in 2014; the other two are California and <a href="/wiki/New_Mexico" title="New Mexico">New Mexico</a>.<a href="#cite_note-181">[174]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hawai%CA%BBi_Demographics_Map.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Hawai%CA%BBi_Demographics_Map.png/220px-Hawai%CA%BBi_Demographics_Map.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Hawai%CA%BBi_Demographics_Map.png/330px-Hawai%CA%BBi_Demographics_Map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Hawai%CA%BBi_Demographics_Map.png/440px-Hawai%CA%BBi_Demographics_Map.png 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1495" /></a><figcaption>Map of the largest racial/ethnic group by area; red indicates Native Hawaiian, blue indicates non-Hispanic white, and green indicates Asian. Darker shades indicate a higher proportion of the population</figcaption></figure> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption>Population of Hawaii (2008)<a href="#cite_note-factfinder.census.gov-182">[175]</a><a href="#cite_note-183">[176]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr style="background:#efefef;"> <th>Ancestry</th> <th>Percentage</th> <th>Main article: </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Filipinos" title="Filipinos">Filipino</a> </td> <th>13.6% </th> <td>See <a href="/wiki/Filipinos_in_Hawaii" title="Filipinos in Hawaii">Filipinos in Hawaii</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Japanese </td> <th>12.6% </th> <td>See <a href="/wiki/Japanese_in_Hawaii" title="Japanese in Hawaii">Japanese in Hawaii</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Polynesia" title="Polynesia">Polynesian</a> </td> <th>9.0% </th> <td>See <a href="/wiki/Native_Hawaiians" title="Native Hawaiians">Native Hawaiians</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Germans" title="Germans">Germans</a> </td> <th>7.4% </th> <td>See <a href="/wiki/German_American" class="mw-redirect" title="German American">German American</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Irish </td> <th>5.2% </th> <td>See <a href="/wiki/Irish_Americans" title="Irish Americans">Irish American</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>English </td> <th>4.6% </th> <td>See <a href="/wiki/English_American" class="mw-redirect" title="English American">English American</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_people" title="Portuguese people">Portuguese</a> </td> <th>4.3% </th> <td>See <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_immigration_to_Hawaii" title="Portuguese immigration to Hawaii">Portuguese in Hawaii</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Chinese </td> <th>4.1% </th> <td>See <a href="/wiki/Chinese_in_Hawaii" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese in Hawaii">Chinese in Hawaii</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Korean </td> <th>3.1% </th> <td>See <a href="/wiki/Korean_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Korean American">Korean American</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Mexican </td> <th>2.9% </th> <td>See <a href="/wiki/Mexican_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Mexican American">Mexican American</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Ricans" title="Puerto Ricans">Puerto Rican</a> </td> <th>2.8% </th> <td>See <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rican_immigration_to_Hawaii" title="Puerto Rican immigration to Hawaii">Puerto Ricans in Hawaii</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Italian </td> <th>2.7% </th> <td>See Italian American </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/African_Americans" title="African Americans">African</a> </td> <th>2.4% </th> <td>See African American </td></tr> <tr> <td>French </td> <th>1.7% </th> <td>See <a href="/wiki/French_American" class="mw-redirect" title="French American">French American</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Samoans" title="Samoans">Samoan</a> </td> <th>1.3% </th> <td>See <a href="/wiki/Samoans_in_Hawaii" title="Samoans in Hawaii">Samoans in Hawaii</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Scottish_people" title="Scottish people">Scottish</a> </td> <th>1.2% </th> <td>See <a href="/wiki/Scottish_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Scottish American">Scottish American</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> The third group of foreigners to arrive in Hawaii were from China. Chinese workers on Western trading ships settled in Hawaii starting in 1789. In 1820, the first American missionaries arrived to preach Christianity and teach the Hawaiians Western ways.<a href="#cite_note-Charles_Williams-184">[177]</a> As of 2015<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hawaii&action=edit">[update]</a>, a large proportion of Hawaii's population have Asian ancestry—especially Filipino, Japanese and Chinese. Many are descendants of immigrants brought to work on the sugarcane plantations in the mid-to-late 19th century. The first 153 Japanese immigrants arrived in Hawaii on June 19, 1868. They were not approved by the then-current Japanese government because the contract was between a broker and the <a href="/wiki/Tokugawa_shogunate" title="Tokugawa shogunate">Tokugawa shogunate</a>—by then replaced by the <a href="/wiki/Meiji_Restoration" title="Meiji Restoration">Meiji Restoration</a>. The first Japanese current-government-approved immigrants arrived on February 9, 1885, after Kalākaua's petition to <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Meiji" title="Emperor Meiji">Emperor Meiji</a> when Kalākaua visited Japan in 1881.<a href="#cite_note-Goto-185">[178]</a><a href="#cite_note-Wao+Lani-186">[179]</a> Almost 13,000 Portuguese migrants had arrived by 1899; they also worked on the sugarcane plantations.<a href="#cite_note-Hoffman-187">[180]</a> By 1901, more than 5,000 Puerto Ricans were living in Hawaii.<a href="#cite_note-López-188">[181]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Languages">Languages</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Portuguese_immigrant_family_in_Hawaii_during_the_19th_century.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Portuguese_immigrant_family_in_Hawaii_during_the_19th_century.jpg/220px-Portuguese_immigrant_family_in_Hawaii_during_the_19th_century.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Portuguese_immigrant_family_in_Hawaii_during_the_19th_century.jpg/330px-Portuguese_immigrant_family_in_Hawaii_during_the_19th_century.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Portuguese_immigrant_family_in_Hawaii_during_the_19th_century.jpg/440px-Portuguese_immigrant_family_in_Hawaii_during_the_19th_century.jpg 2x" data-file-width="629" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>Many <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_people" title="Portuguese people">Portuguese</a> immigrants were <a href="/wiki/Azores" title="Azores">Azorean</a> or <a href="/wiki/Madeira" title="Madeira">Madeiran</a>. They brought with them <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Roman Catholicism</a> and Portuguese language and cuisine.</figcaption></figure> English and <a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_language" title="Hawaiian language">Hawaiian</a> are listed as Hawaii's official languages in the state's 1978 constitution, in Article XV, Section 4.<a href="#cite_note-189">[182]</a> However, the use of Hawaiian is limited because the constitution specifies that "Hawaiian shall be required for public acts and transactions only as provided by law". <a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_Pidgin" title="Hawaiian Pidgin">Hawaiʻi Creole English</a>, locally referred to as "Pidgin", is the native language of many native residents and is a second language for many others.<a href="#cite_note-190">[183]</a> As of the 2000 Census, 73.4% of Hawaii residents age 5 and older exclusively speak English at home.<a href="#cite_note-mla-191">[184]</a> According to the 2008 American Community Survey, 74.6% of Hawaii's residents older than 5 speak only English at home.<a href="#cite_note-factfinder.census.gov-182">[175]</a> In their homes, 21.0% of state residents speak an additional <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Asia" title="Languages of Asia">Asian language</a>, 2.6% speak Spanish, 1.6% speak other <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-European language">Indo-European languages</a> and 0.2% speak another language.<a href="#cite_note-factfinder.census.gov-182">[175]</a> After English, other languages popularly spoken in the state are <a href="/wiki/Tagalog_language" title="Tagalog language">Tagalog</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ilocano_language" title="Ilocano language">Ilocano</a>, and Japanese.<a href="#cite_note-192">[185]</a> 5.4% of residents speak Tagalog, which includes non-native speakers of <a href="/wiki/Filipino_language" title="Filipino language">Filipino</a>, a Tagalog-based national and co-official language of the Philippines; 5.0% speak Japanese and 4.0% speak Ilocano; 1.2% speak Chinese, 1.7% speak Hawaiian; 1.7% speak Spanish; 1.6% speak <a href="/wiki/Korean_language" title="Korean language">Korean</a>; and 1.0% speak <a href="/wiki/Samoan_language" title="Samoan language">Samoan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-mla-191">[184]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hawaiian">Hawaiian</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_language" title="Hawaiian language">Hawaiian language</a></div> The Hawaiian language has about 2,000 native speakers, about 0.15% of the total population.<a href="#cite_note-Lyovin-193">[186]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Census" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Census">United States Census</a>, there were more than 24,000 total speakers of the language in Hawaii in 2006–2008.<a href="#cite_note-Census_Bureau_Hawaiian_Speaker_estimate-194">[187]</a> Hawaiian is a Polynesian member of the <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian language family</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Lyovin-193">[186]</a> It is closely related to other <a href="/wiki/Polynesian_languages" title="Polynesian languages">Polynesian languages</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Marquesan_language" title="Marquesan language">Marquesan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tahitian_language" title="Tahitian language">Tahitian</a>, <a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_language" title="Māori language">Māori</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rapa_Nui_language" title="Rapa Nui language">Rapa Nui</a> (the language of <a href="/wiki/Easter_Island" title="Easter Island">Easter Island</a>), and less closely to <a href="/wiki/Samoan_language" title="Samoan language">Samoan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tongan_language" title="Tongan language">Tongan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-195">[188]</a> According to Schütz, the Marquesans colonized the archipelago in roughly 300 CE<a href="#cite_note-196">[189]</a> and were later followed by waves of seafarers from the <a href="/wiki/Society_Islands" title="Society Islands">Society Islands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samoa" title="Samoa">Samoa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tonga" title="Tonga">Tonga</a>.<a href="#cite_note-197">[190]</a> These Polynesians remained in the islands; they eventually became the Hawaiian people and <a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_language#Family_and_origin" title="Hawaiian language">their languages</a> evolved into the Hawaiian language.<a href="#cite_note-198">[191]</a> Kimura and Wilson say: "[l]inguists agree that Hawaiian is closely related to Eastern Polynesian, with a particularly strong link in the Southern Marquesas, and a secondary link in Tahiti, which may be explained by voyaging between the Hawaiian and Society Islands".<a href="#cite_note-199">[192]</a> Before the arrival of Captain James Cook, the Hawaiian language had no written form. That form was developed mainly by American Protestant missionaries between 1820 and 1826 who assigned to the Hawaiian phonemes letters from the Latin alphabet. Interest in Hawaiian increased significantly in the late 20th century. With the help of the Office of Hawaiian Affairs, specially designated immersion schools in which all subjects would be taught in Hawaiian were established. The <a href="/wiki/University_of_Hawai%CA%BBi" title="University of Hawaiʻi">University of Hawaiʻi</a> developed a Hawaiian-language graduate studies program. Municipal codes were altered to favor Hawaiian place and street names for new civic developments.<a href="#cite_note-200">[193]</a> Hawaiian distinguishes between <a href="/wiki/Vowel_length" title="Vowel length">long and short vowel sounds</a>. In modern practice, vowel length is indicated with a <a href="/wiki/Macron_(diacritic)" title="Macron (diacritic)">macron</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_language#Orthography" title="Hawaiian language">kahakō</a>). Hawaiian-language newspapers (nūpepa) published from 1834 to 1948 and traditional native speakers of Hawaiian generally omit the marks in their own writing. The ʻokina and kahakō are intended to capture the proper pronunciation of Hawaiian words.<a href="#cite_note-201">[194]</a> The Hawaiian language uses the <a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">glottal stop</a> (<a href="/wiki/%CA%BBOkina" title="ʻOkina">ʻOkina</a>) as a consonant. It is written as a symbol similar to the apostrophe or left-hanging (opening) single quotation mark.<a href="#cite_note-202">[195]</a> The keyboard layout used for Hawaiian is <a href="/wiki/QWERTY" title="QWERTY">QWERTY</a>.<a href="#cite_note-203">[196]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hawaiian_Pidgin">Hawaiian Pidgin</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_Pidgin" title="Hawaiian Pidgin">Hawaiian Pidgin</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Hawaii" title="Special:EditPage/Hawaii">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (June 2021) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hermann_A._Widemann_and_family,_ca._1850s.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Hermann_A._Widemann_and_family%2C_ca._1850s.jpg/220px-Hermann_A._Widemann_and_family%2C_ca._1850s.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Hermann_A._Widemann_and_family%2C_ca._1850s.jpg/330px-Hermann_A._Widemann_and_family%2C_ca._1850s.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Hermann_A._Widemann_and_family%2C_ca._1850s.jpg/440px-Hermann_A._Widemann_and_family%2C_ca._1850s.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1053" /></a><figcaption>Mixed Hawaiian/European-American family in Honolulu, 1850s</figcaption></figure> Some residents of Hawaii speak <a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_Pidgin" title="Hawaiian Pidgin">Hawaiʻi Creole English</a> (HCE), endonymically called pidgin or pidgin English. The lexicon of HCE derives mainly from English but also uses words that have derived from Hawaiian, Chinese, Japanese, Portuguese, Ilocano and Tagalog. During the 19th century, the increase in immigration—mainly from China, Japan, Portugal—especially from the <a href="/wiki/Azores" title="Azores">Azores</a> and <a href="/wiki/Madeira" title="Madeira">Madeira</a>, and Spain—catalyzed the development of a hybrid variant of English known to its speakers as pidgin. By the early 20th century, pidgin speakers had children who acquired it as their first language. HCE speakers use some Hawaiian words without those words being considered archaic.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>] Most place names are retained from Hawaiian, as are some names for plants and animals. For example, tuna fish is often called by its Hawaiian name, ahi.<a href="#cite_note-204">[197]</a> HCE speakers have modified the meanings of some English words. For example, "aunty" and "uncle" may either refer to any adult who is a friend or be used to show respect to an elder. <a href="/wiki/Syntax" title="Syntax">Syntax</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grammar" title="Grammar">grammar</a> follow distinctive rules different from those of General American English. For example, instead of "it is hot today, isn't it?", an HCE speaker would say simply "stay hot, eh?"<a href="#cite_note-205">[h]</a> The term <a href="/wiki/Da_kine" title="Da kine">da kine</a> is used as a <a href="/wiki/Filler_(linguistics)" title="Filler (linguistics)">filler</a>; a substitute for virtually any word or phrase. During the <a href="/wiki/Surfing" title="Surfing">surfing</a> boom in Hawaii, HCE was influenced by surfer slang. Some HCE expressions, such as brah and da kine, have found their ways elsewhere through surfing communities.<a href="#cite_note-206">[198]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hawaiʻi_Sign_Language">Hawaiʻi Sign Language</h4></div> <a href="/wiki/Hawai%CA%BBi_Sign_Language" title="Hawaiʻi Sign Language">Hawaiʻi Sign Language</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Sign_language" title="Sign language">sign language</a> for the Deaf based on the Hawaiian language, has been in use in the islands since the early 1800s. It is dwindling in numbers due to <a href="/wiki/American_Sign_Language" title="American Sign Language">American Sign Language</a> supplanting HSL through schooling and various other domains.<a href="#cite_note-207">[199]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_religion" title="Hawaiian religion">Hawaiian religion</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Kapu_(Hawaiian_culture)" title="Kapu (Hawaiian culture)">Kapu (Hawaiian culture)</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_figures_in_the_Hawaiian_religion" title="List of figures in the Hawaiian religion">List of figures in the Hawaiian religion</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_missionaries_to_Hawaii" title="List of missionaries to Hawaii">List of missionaries to Hawaii</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Perspective_view_of_northwest_elevation_-_Makiki_Christian_Church,_829_Pensacola_Street,_Honolulu,_Honolulu_County,_HI_HABS_HI-533-1_(cropped).tif" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="The façade of a Christian church in downtown Honolulu." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Perspective_view_of_northwest_elevation_-_Makiki_Christian_Church%2C_829_Pensacola_Street%2C_Honolulu%2C_Honolulu_County%2C_HI_HABS_HI-533-1_%28cropped%29.tif/lossy-page1-220px-Perspective_view_of_northwest_elevation_-_Makiki_Christian_Church%2C_829_Pensacola_Street%2C_Honolulu%2C_Honolulu_County%2C_HI_HABS_HI-533-1_%28cropped%29.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Perspective_view_of_northwest_elevation_-_Makiki_Christian_Church%2C_829_Pensacola_Street%2C_Honolulu%2C_Honolulu_County%2C_HI_HABS_HI-533-1_%28cropped%29.tif/lossy-page1-330px-Perspective_view_of_northwest_elevation_-_Makiki_Christian_Church%2C_829_Pensacola_Street%2C_Honolulu%2C_Honolulu_County%2C_HI_HABS_HI-533-1_%28cropped%29.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Perspective_view_of_northwest_elevation_-_Makiki_Christian_Church%2C_829_Pensacola_Street%2C_Honolulu%2C_Honolulu_County%2C_HI_HABS_HI-533-1_%28cropped%29.tif/lossy-page1-440px-Perspective_view_of_northwest_elevation_-_Makiki_Christian_Church%2C_829_Pensacola_Street%2C_Honolulu%2C_Honolulu_County%2C_HI_HABS_HI-533-1_%28cropped%29.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4740" data-file-height="3318" /></a><figcaption>The style of architecture for the Makiki Christian Church in Honolulu heavily draws upon <a href="/wiki/Japanese_architecture" title="Japanese architecture">Japanese architecture</a>.</figcaption></figure> <div class="PieChartTemplate thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px"> <div class="mw-no-invert" style="background-color:white;margin:auto;position:relative;width:200px;height:200px;overflow:hidden;border-radius:100px;border:1px solid black;transform:scaleX(-1)rotate(-90deg)"> <div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:0; top:0; border-width:0 200px 200px 0; border-color:Black; z-index:-1"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 524.21835811132px; border-left-color:Gold"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Gold"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Gold"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 212.51081731572px; border-left-color:White"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:White"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:White"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:100px; border-width:36.812455268468px 92.977648588825px 0 0; border-top-color:DeepSkyBlue"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:DeepSkyBlue"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:100px; border-width:30.901699437495px 95.105651629515px 0 0; border-top-color:Purple"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Purple"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:0; border-width:0 181.89932472811px 100px 0; border-right-color:Blue"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;right:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 100px 0;border-color:Blue"></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> Religious self-identification, per <a href="/wiki/Public_Religion_Research_Institute" title="Public Religion Research Institute">Public Religion Research Institute</a>'s 2022 American Values Survey<a href="#cite_note-208">[200]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a> (42%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholicism">Roman Catholicism</a> (13%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints_in_Hawaii" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Hawaii">Mormonism</a> (1%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_the_United_States" title="Irreligion in the United States">Unaffiliated</a> (37%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> (4%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Other (3%)</div> </div> </div></div> <div class="PieChartTemplate thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px"> <div class="mw-no-invert" style="background-color:white;margin:auto;position:relative;width:200px;height:200px;overflow:hidden;border-radius:100px;border:1px solid black;transform:scaleX(-1)rotate(-90deg)"> <div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:0; top:0; border-width:0 200px 200px 0; border-color:Black; z-index:-1"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 1589.4544843865px; border-left-color:Chartreuse"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Chartreuse"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Chartreuse"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 524.21835811132px; border-left-color:Gold"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Gold"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Gold"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 120.87923504096px; border-left-color:Honeydew"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Honeydew"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Honeydew"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:100px; border-width:72.896862742141px 68.454710592869px 0 0; border-top-color:Pink"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Pink"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:100px; border-width:68.454710592869px 72.896862742141px 0 0; border-top-color:Aquamarine"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Aquamarine"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:100px; border-width:63.742398974869px 77.051324277579px 0 0; border-top-color:DeepSkyBlue"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:DeepSkyBlue"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:100px; border-width:48.175367410172px 87.630668004386px 0 0; border-top-color:#d4213d"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:#d4213d"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:0; border-width:0 106.48918403248px 100px 0; border-right-color:DodgerBlue"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;right:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 100px 0;border-color:DodgerBlue"></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> Religion in Hawaii (2014)<a href="#cite_note-pew2014-209">[201]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a> (38%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholicism">Roman Catholicism</a> (20%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints_in_Hawaii" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Hawaii">Mormonism</a> (3%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a> (1%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Other Christian (1%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Irreligious" class="mw-redirect" title="Irreligious">No religion</a> (26%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> (8%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Other religion (2%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Don't know (1%)</div> </div> </div></div> Hawaii is among the most religiously diverse states in the U.S., with one in ten residents practicing a non-Christian faith.<a href="#cite_note-210">[202]</a> Roughly one-quarter to half the population identify as unaffiliated and nonreligious, making Hawaii one of the most secular states as well. Christianity remains the majority religion, represented mainly by various <a href="/wiki/Protestants" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestants">Protestant</a> groups and <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholics" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholics">Roman Catholicism</a>. The second-largest religion is <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>, which comprises a larger proportion of the population than in any other state; it is concentrated in the Japanese community. Native Hawaiians continue to engage in traditional religious and spiritual practices today, often adhering to Christian and traditional beliefs at the same time.<a href="#cite_note-LaDuke_1999-59">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hall_2008_273–280-103">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-FLEXNER_2016_307–331-101">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-People_of_the_seventh_fire-85">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-nps.gov-102">[96]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Cathedral_Church_of_Saint_Andrew_(Honolulu)" title="Cathedral Church of Saint Andrew (Honolulu)">Cathedral Church of Saint Andrew</a> in Honolulu was formally the seat of the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Hawaii" title="Church of Hawaii">Hawaiian Reformed Catholic Church</a>, a province of the <a href="/wiki/Anglican_Communion" title="Anglican Communion">Anglican Communion</a> that had been the state church of the Kingdom of Hawaii; it subsequently merged into the <a href="/wiki/Episcopal_Church_(USA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Episcopal Church (USA)">Episcopal Church</a> in the 1890s following the overthrow of the Kingdom of Hawaii, becoming the seat of the <a href="/wiki/Episcopal_Diocese_of_Hawaii" title="Episcopal Diocese of Hawaii">Episcopal Diocese of Hawaii</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Cathedral_Basilica_of_Our_Lady_of_Peace" title="Cathedral Basilica of Our Lady of Peace">Cathedral Basilica of Our Lady of Peace</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Co-Cathedral_of_Saint_Theresa_of_the_Child_Jesus_(Honolulu,_Hawaii)" title="Co-Cathedral of Saint Theresa of the Child Jesus (Honolulu, Hawaii)">Co-Cathedral of Saint Theresa of the Child Jesus</a> serve as seats of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Honolulu" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Honolulu">Roman Catholic Diocese of Honolulu</a>. The Eastern Orthodox community is centered around the <a href="/wiki/Saints_Constantine_and_Helen_Greek_Orthodox_Cathedral_of_the_Pacific_(Honolulu)" title="Saints Constantine and Helen Greek Orthodox Cathedral of the Pacific (Honolulu)">Saints Constantine and Helen Greek Orthodox Cathedral of the Pacific</a>. The largest religious denominations by membership were the Roman Catholic Church with 249,619 adherents in 2010;<a href="#cite_note-www.thearda.com-211">[203]</a> the <a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints_in_Hawaii" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Hawaii">Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints</a> with 68,128 adherents in 2009;<a href="#cite_note-212">[204]</a> the <a href="/wiki/United_Church_of_Christ" title="United Church of Christ">United Church of Christ</a> with 115 congregations and 20,000 members; and the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Baptist_Convention" title="Southern Baptist Convention">Southern Baptist Convention</a> with 108 congregations and 18,000 members.<a href="#cite_note-213">[205]</a> <a href="/wiki/Nondenominational_church" class="mw-redirect" title="Nondenominational church">Nondenominational churches</a> collectively have 128 congregations and 32,000 members. According to data provided by religious establishments, religion in Hawaii in 2000 was distributed as follows:<a href="#cite_note-214">[206]</a><a href="#cite_note-215">[207]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 18em;"> <ul><li>Christianity: 351,000 (29%)</li> <li>Buddhism: 110,000 (9%)</li> <li>Judaism: 10,000 (1%)<a href="#cite_note-216">[208]</a></li> <li>Other: 100,000 (10%)</li> <li>Unaffiliated: 650,000 (51%)</li></ul> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-upper-alpha"> </div> However, a <a href="/wiki/Pew_Research_Center" title="Pew Research Center">Pew</a> poll found that the religious composition was as follows: <table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption style="font-size:100%">Religious affiliation in Hawaii (2014)<a href="#cite_note-pew2014-209">[201]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Affiliation </th> <th colspan="2">% of Hawaiʻi's population </th></tr> <tr> <td>Christian </td> <td align="right">63 </td> <td align="left">63<div style="width:126px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:darkblue"> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left; text-indent:15px;"><a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestant</a> </td> <td align="right">38 </td> <td align="left">38<div style="width:76px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:mediumblue"> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left; text-indent:30px;"><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Evangelical Protestant">Evangelical Protestant</a> </td> <td align="right">25 </td> <td align="left">25<div style="width:50px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:lightblue"> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left; text-indent:30px;"><a href="/wiki/Mainline_Protestant" title="Mainline Protestant">Mainline Protestant</a> </td> <td align="right">11 </td> <td align="left">11<div style="width:22px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:lightblue"> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left; text-indent:30px;"><a href="/wiki/Black_church" title="Black church">Black church</a> </td> <td align="right">2 </td> <td align="left">2<div style="width:4px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:lightblue"> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left; text-indent:15px;"><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic">Roman Catholic</a> </td> <td align="right">20 </td> <td align="left">20<div style="width:40px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:mediumblue"> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left; text-indent:15px;"><a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints_in_Hawaii" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Hawaii">Mormon</a> </td> <td align="right">3 </td> <td align="left">3<div style="width:6px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:mediumblue"> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left; text-indent:15px;"><a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a> </td> <td align="right">1 </td> <td align="left">1<div style="width:2px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:mediumblue"> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left; text-indent:15px;"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Orthodox">Eastern Orthodox</a> </td> <td align="right">0.5 </td> <td align="left">0.5<div style="width:1px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:mediumblue"> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left; text-indent:15px;">Other Christian </td> <td align="right">1 </td> <td align="left">1<div style="width:2px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:mediumblue"> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Irreligion" title="Irreligion">Unaffiliated</a> </td> <td align="right">26 </td> <td align="left">26<div style="width:52px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:purple"> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left; text-indent:15px;">Nothing in particular </td> <td align="right">20 </td> <td align="left">20<div style="width:40px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:#A020F0"> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left; text-indent:15px;">Agnostic </td> <td align="right">5 </td> <td align="left">5<div style="width:10px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:#A020F0"> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left; text-indent:15px;"><a href="/wiki/Atheism" title="Atheism">Atheist</a> </td> <td align="right">2 </td> <td align="left">2<div style="width:4px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:#A020F0"> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Non-Christian faiths </td> <td align="right">10 </td> <td align="left">10<div style="width:20px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:darkgreen"> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left; text-indent:15px;">Jewish </td> <td align="right">0.5 </td> <td align="left">0.5<div style="width:1px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:lightgreen"> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left; text-indent:15px;"><a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslim</a> </td> <td align="right">0.5 </td> <td align="left">0.5<div style="width:1px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:lightgreen"> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left; text-indent:15px;"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist">Buddhist</a> </td> <td align="right">8 </td> <td align="left">8<div style="width:16px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:lightgreen"> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left; text-indent:15px;"><a href="/wiki/Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu">Hindu</a> </td> <td align="right">0.5 </td> <td align="left">0.5<div style="width:1px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:lightgreen"> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left; text-indent:15px;">Other Non-Christian faiths </td> <td align="right">0.5 </td> <td align="left">0.5<div style="width:1px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:lightgreen"> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Don't know </td> <td align="right">1 </td> <td align="left">1<div style="width:2px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:#A020F0"> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Total</td> <td>100 </td> <td align="left">100<div style="width:200px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:grey"> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Birth_data">Birth data</h3></div> Note: Births in this table do not add up, because Hispanic peoples are counted both by their ethnicity and by their race, giving a higher overall number. <table class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:90%"> <caption>Live births by Single Race/Ethnicity of Mother </caption> <tbody><tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States_Census" class="mw-redirect" title="Race and ethnicity in the United States Census">Race</a> </th> <th>2013<a href="#cite_note-217">[209]</a> </th> <th>2014<a href="#cite_note-218">[210]</a> </th> <th>2015<a href="#cite_note-219">[211]</a> </th> <th>2016<a href="#cite_note-220">[212]</a> </th> <th>2017<a href="#cite_note-221">[213]</a> </th> <th>2018<a href="#cite_note-222">[214]</a> </th> <th>2019<a href="#cite_note-223">[215]</a> </th> <th>2020<a href="#cite_note-224">[216]</a> </th> <th>2021<a href="#cite_note-225">[217]</a> </th> <th>2022<a href="#cite_note-226">[218]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Asian_Americans" title="Asian Americans">Asian</a> </td> <td>12,203 (64.3%) </td> <td>11,535 (62.2%) </td> <td>11,443 (62.1%) </td> <td>4,616 (25.6%) </td> <td>4,653 (26.6%) </td> <td>4,366 (25.7%) </td> <td>4,330 (25.8%) </td> <td>3,940 (25.0%) </td> <td>3,851 (24.6%) </td> <td>3,854 (24.8%) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/White_Americans" title="White Americans">White</a>: </td> <td>6,045 (31.8%) </td> <td>6,368 (34.3%) </td> <td>6,322 (34.3%) </td> <td>... </td> <td>... </td> <td>... </td> <td>... </td> <td>... </td> <td>... </td> <td>... </td></tr> <tr> <td>> <a href="/wiki/Non-Hispanic_whites" title="Non-Hispanic whites">Non-Hispanic White</a> </td> <td>4,940 (26.0%) </td> <td>4,881 (26.3%) </td> <td>4,803 (26.1%) </td> <td>3,649 (20.2%) </td> <td>3,407 (19.4%) </td> <td>3,288 (19.4%) </td> <td>3,223 (19.2%) </td> <td>3,060 (19.4%) </td> <td>3,018 (19.3%) </td> <td>2,896 (18.6%) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Islands_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="Pacific Islands Americans">Pacific Islander</a> </td> <td>... </td> <td>... </td> <td>... </td> <td>1,747 (9.7%) </td> <td>1,684 (9.6%) </td> <td>1,706 (10.1%) </td> <td>1,695 (10.1%) </td> <td>1,577 (10.0%) </td> <td>1,371 (8.8%) </td> <td>1,486 (9.6%) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/African_Americans" title="African Americans">Black</a> </td> <td>671 (3.5%) </td> <td>617 (3.3%) </td> <td>620 (3.3%) </td> <td>463 (2.6%) </td> <td>406 (2.3%) </td> <td>424 (2.5%) </td> <td>429 (2.6%) </td> <td>383 (2.4%) </td> <td>342 (2.2%) </td> <td>326 (2.1%) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">American Indian</a> </td> <td>68 (0.3%) </td> <td>30 (0.2%) </td> <td>35 (0.2%) </td> <td>28 (0.1%) </td> <td>39 (0.2%) </td> <td>33 (0.2%) </td> <td>27 (0.2%) </td> <td>25 (0.1%) </td> <td>23 (0.1%) </td> <td>30 (0.2%) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans" title="Hispanic and Latino Americans">Hispanic</a> (of any race) </td> <td>3,003 (15.8%) </td> <td>2,764 (14.9%) </td> <td>2,775 (15.1%) </td> <td>2,766 (15.3%) </td> <td>2,672 (15.3%) </td> <td>2,580 (15.2%) </td> <td>2,589 (15.4%) </td> <td>2,623 (16.6%) </td> <td>2,661 (17.0%) </td> <td>2,701 (17.4%) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Total Hawaiʻi </td> <td>18,987 (100%) </td> <td>18,550 (100%) </td> <td>18,420 (100%) </td> <td>18,059 (100%) </td> <td>17,517 (100%) </td> <td>16,972 (100%) </td> <td>16,797 (100%) </td> <td>15,785 (100%) </td> <td>15,620 (100%) </td> <td>15,535 (100%) </td></tr></tbody></table> <dl><dd>1) Until 2016, data for births of Asian origin, included also births of the Pacific Islander group.</dd> <dd>2) Since 2016, data for births of <a href="/wiki/White_Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans" title="White Hispanic and Latino Americans">White Hispanic</a> origin are not collected, but included in one Hispanic group; persons of Hispanic origin may be of any race.</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="LGBTQ">LGBTQ</h3></div> Hawaii has had a long history of <a href="/wiki/LGBTQIA%2B" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBTQIA+">LGBTQIA+</a> identities. <a href="/wiki/M%C4%81h%C5%AB" title="Māhū">Māhū</a> ("in the middle") were a precolonial <a href="/wiki/Third_gender" title="Third gender">third gender</a> with traditional spiritual and social roles, widely respected as healers. Homosexual relationships known as <a href="/wiki/Aik%C4%81ne" class="mw-redirect" title="Aikāne">aikāne</a> were widespread and normal in ancient Hawaiian society.<a href="#cite_note-Murray2002-227">[219]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kornblum2011-228">[220]</a><a href="#cite_note-Klarman2012-229">[221]</a> Among men, aikāne relationships often began as teens and continued throughout their adult lives, even if they also maintained heterosexual partners.<a href="#cite_note-EmberEmber2003-230">[222]</a> While aikāne usually refers to male homosexuality, some stories also refer to women, implying that women may have been involved in aikāne relationships as well.<a href="#cite_note-Zimmerman2000-231">[223]</a> Journals written by <a href="/wiki/James_Cook" title="James Cook">Captain Cook</a>'s crew record that many <a href="/wiki/Ali%CA%BBi" title="Aliʻi">aliʻi</a> (hereditary nobles) also engaged in aikāne relationships, and <a href="/wiki/Kamehameha_I" title="Kamehameha I">Kamehameha the Great</a>, the founder and first ruler of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hawaii" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Hawaii">Kingdom of Hawaii</a>, was also known to participate. Cook's second lieutenant and co-astronomer <a href="/wiki/James_King_(Royal_Navy_officer)" title="James King (Royal Navy officer)">James King</a> observed that "all the chiefs had them", and recounts that Cook was actually asked by one chief to leave King behind, considering the role a great honor. Hawaiian scholar <a href="/wiki/Lilikal%C4%81_Kame%CA%BBeleihiwa" title="Lilikalā Kameʻeleihiwa">Lilikalā Kameʻeleihiwa</a> notes that aikāne served a practical purpose of building mutual trust and cohesion; "If you didn't sleep with a man, how could you trust him when you went into battle? How would you know if he was going to be the warrior that would protect you at all costs, if he wasn't your lover?"<a href="#cite_note-mahu-232">[224]</a> As Western colonial influences intensified in the late 19th and early 20th century, the word aikāne was <a href="/wiki/Expurgation" title="Expurgation">expurgated</a> of its original sexual meaning, and in print simply meant "friend". Nonetheless, in Hawaiian language publications its metaphorical meaning can still mean either "friend" or "lover" without stigmatization.<a href="#cite_note-233">[225]</a> A 2012 Gallup poll found that Hawaii had the largest proportion of LGBTQIA+ adults in the U.S., at 5.1%, an estimated 53,966 individuals. The number of same-sex couple households in 2010 was 3,239, representing a 35.5% increase from a decade earlier.<a href="#cite_note-234">[226]</a><a href="#cite_note-235">[227]</a> In 2013, Hawaii became the fifteenth U.S. state to legalize same-sex marriage; this reportedly boosted tourism by $217 million.<a href="#cite_note-236">[228]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Hawaii" title="Agriculture in Hawaii">Agriculture in Hawaii</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sugar_plantations_in_Hawaii" title="Sugar plantations in Hawaii">Sugar plantations in Hawaii</a>, <a href="/wiki/Big_Five_(Hawaii)" title="Big Five (Hawaii)">Big Five (Hawaii)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Plantation_economy" title="Plantation economy">Plantation economy</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pineapple_field_near_Honolulu,_Hawaii,_1907_(CHS-418).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="In a pineapple field, a laborer stands with his hat in hand." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Pineapple_field_near_Honolulu%2C_Hawaii%2C_1907_%28CHS-418%29.jpg/220px-Pineapple_field_near_Honolulu%2C_Hawaii%2C_1907_%28CHS-418%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Pineapple_field_near_Honolulu%2C_Hawaii%2C_1907_%28CHS-418%29.jpg/330px-Pineapple_field_near_Honolulu%2C_Hawaii%2C_1907_%28CHS-418%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Pineapple_field_near_Honolulu%2C_Hawaii%2C_1907_%28CHS-418%29.jpg/440px-Pineapple_field_near_Honolulu%2C_Hawaii%2C_1907_%28CHS-418%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4928" data-file-height="3696" /></a><figcaption>Post-annexation, Hawaii's economy and demographic changes were shaped mostly by growth in the agricultural sector.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%27Two_Surfer_Girls%27_by_William_Fulton_Soare,_oil_on_canvas,_c._1935.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A painting of two white women surfing, circa 1935." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/%27Two_Surfer_Girls%27_by_William_Fulton_Soare%2C_oil_on_canvas%2C_c._1935.JPG/170px-%27Two_Surfer_Girls%27_by_William_Fulton_Soare%2C_oil_on_canvas%2C_c._1935.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/%27Two_Surfer_Girls%27_by_William_Fulton_Soare%2C_oil_on_canvas%2C_c._1935.JPG/255px-%27Two_Surfer_Girls%27_by_William_Fulton_Soare%2C_oil_on_canvas%2C_c._1935.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/%27Two_Surfer_Girls%27_by_William_Fulton_Soare%2C_oil_on_canvas%2C_c._1935.JPG/340px-%27Two_Surfer_Girls%27_by_William_Fulton_Soare%2C_oil_on_canvas%2C_c._1935.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2176" data-file-height="2872" /></a><figcaption>From the end of World War II onwards, depictions and photographs, such as this one of Hawaii as a tropical, leisure paradise, encouraged the growth of tourism in Hawaii, which eventually became the largest industry of the islands.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:US_Navy_111218-N-RI884-097_The_U.S._Pacific_Fleet_Marching_Band_participates_in_a_parade_through_downtown_Waikiki_honoring_Japanese-American_vetera.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="An American soldier at Schofield Barracks." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/US_Navy_111218-N-RI884-097_The_U.S._Pacific_Fleet_Marching_Band_participates_in_a_parade_through_downtown_Waikiki_honoring_Japanese-American_vetera.jpg/220px-US_Navy_111218-N-RI884-097_The_U.S._Pacific_Fleet_Marching_Band_participates_in_a_parade_through_downtown_Waikiki_honoring_Japanese-American_vetera.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/US_Navy_111218-N-RI884-097_The_U.S._Pacific_Fleet_Marching_Band_participates_in_a_parade_through_downtown_Waikiki_honoring_Japanese-American_vetera.jpg/330px-US_Navy_111218-N-RI884-097_The_U.S._Pacific_Fleet_Marching_Band_participates_in_a_parade_through_downtown_Waikiki_honoring_Japanese-American_vetera.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/US_Navy_111218-N-RI884-097_The_U.S._Pacific_Fleet_Marching_Band_participates_in_a_parade_through_downtown_Waikiki_honoring_Japanese-American_vetera.jpg/440px-US_Navy_111218-N-RI884-097_The_U.S._Pacific_Fleet_Marching_Band_participates_in_a_parade_through_downtown_Waikiki_honoring_Japanese-American_vetera.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="1702" /></a><figcaption>The U.S. federal government's spending on Hawaii-stationed personnel, installations, and materiel (either directly or through military personnel spending) amounts to Hawaii's second largest source of income after tourism.</figcaption></figure> The history of Hawaii's economy can be traced through a succession of dominant industries: <a href="/wiki/Sandalwood" title="Sandalwood">sandalwood</a>,<a href="#cite_note-237">[229]</a> <a href="/wiki/Whaling" title="Whaling">whaling</a>,<a href="#cite_note-238">[230]</a> sugarcane, <a href="/wiki/Pineapple" title="Pineapple">pineapple</a>, the military, tourism and education. By the 1840s, sugar plantations had gained a strong foothold in the Hawaiian economy, due to a high demand of sugar in the United States and rapid transport via steamships.<a href="#cite_note-MacLennan_2004_37–62-75">[69]</a> Sugarcane plantations were tightly controlled by American missionary families and businessmen known as "<a href="/wiki/Big_Five_(Hawaii)" title="Big Five (Hawaii)">the Big Five</a>", who monopolized control of the sugar industry's profits.<a href="#cite_note-MacLennan_2004_37–62-75">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-Huard-76">[70]</a> By the time Hawaiian annexation was being considered in 1898, sugarcane producers turned to cultivating tropical fruits like pineapple, which became the principal export for Hawaiʻi's plantation economy.<a href="#cite_note-Huard-76">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-MacLennan_2004_37–62-75">[69]</a> Since statehood in 1959, tourism has been the largest industry, contributing 24.3% of the gross state product (GSP) in 1997, despite efforts to diversify. The state's gross output for 2003 was US$47 billion; per capita income for Hawaii residents in 2014 was US$54,516.<a href="#cite_note-239">[231]</a> Hawaiian exports include food and clothing. These industries play a small role in the Hawaiian economy, due to the shipping distance to viable markets, such as the <a href="/wiki/West_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="West Coast of the United States">West Coast of the United States</a>. The state's food exports include coffee, macadamia nuts, pineapple, livestock, sugarcane and honey.<a href="#cite_note-240">[232]</a> By weight, honey bees may be the state's most valuable export.<a href="#cite_note-241">[233]</a> According to the Hawaii Agricultural Statistics Service, agricultural sales were US$370.9 million from diversified agriculture, US$100.6 million from pineapple, and US$64.3 million from sugarcane. Hawaii's relatively consistent climate has attracted the seed industry, which is able to test three generations of crops per year on the islands, compared with one or two on the mainland.<a href="#cite_note-242">[234]</a> Seeds yielded US$264 million in 2012, supporting 1,400 workers.<a href="#cite_note-ny1310-243">[235]</a> As of December 2015<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hawaii&action=edit">[update]</a>, the state's unemployment rate was 3.2%.<a href="#cite_note-244">[236]</a> In 2009, the United States military spent US$12.2 billion in Hawaii, accounting for 18% of spending in the state for that year. 75,000 United States Department of Defense personnel live in Hawaii.<a href="#cite_note-245">[237]</a> According to a 2013 study by Phoenix Marketing International, Hawaii at that time had the fourth-largest number of millionaires per capita in the United States, with a ratio of 7.2%.<a href="#cite_note-246">[238]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Taxation">Taxation</h3></div> Tax is collected by the Hawaii Department of Taxation.<a href="#cite_note-247">[239]</a> Most government revenue comes from <a href="/wiki/Income_tax" title="Income tax">personal income taxes</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Gross_receipts_tax" title="Gross receipts tax">general excise tax</a> (GET) levied primarily on businesses; there is no statewide tax on sales,<a href="#cite_note-248">[240]</a> personal property, or stock transfers,<a href="#cite_note-249">[241]</a> while the effective property tax rate is among the lowest in the country.<a href="#cite_note-250">[242]</a> The high rate of tourism means that millions of visitors generate public revenue through GET and the hotel room tax.<a href="#cite_note-taxes-251">[243]</a> However, Hawaii residents generally pay among the most state taxes per person in the U.S.<a href="#cite_note-taxes-251">[243]</a> The Tax Foundation of Hawaii considers the state's tax burden too high, claiming that it contributes to higher prices and the perception of an unfriendly business climate.<a href="#cite_note-taxes-251">[243]</a> The nonprofit Tax Foundation ranks Hawaii third in income tax burden and second in its overall tax burden, though notes that a significant portion of taxes are borne by tourists.<a href="#cite_note-252">[244]</a> Former <a href="/wiki/Hawaii_Senate" title="Hawaii Senate">State Senator</a> <a href="/wiki/Sam_Slom" title="Sam Slom">Sam Slom</a> attributed Hawaii's comparatively high tax rate to the fact that the state government is responsible for education, health care, and social services that are usually handled at a county or municipal level in most other states.<a href="#cite_note-taxes-251">[243]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cost_of_living">Cost of living</h3></div> The cost of living in Hawaii, specifically Honolulu, is high compared to that of most major U.S. cities, although it is 6.7% lower than in New York City and 3.6% lower than in San Francisco.<a href="#cite_note-253">[245]</a> These numbers may not take into account some costs, such as increased travel costs for flights, additional shipping fees, and the loss of promotional participation opportunities for customers outside the contiguous U.S. While some online stores offer free shipping on orders to Hawaii, many merchants exclude Hawaii, Alaska, Puerto Rico and certain other U.S. territories.<a href="#cite_note-254">[246]</a><a href="#cite_note-255">[247]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hawaii_electricity_production_by_type.webp" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Hawaii_electricity_production_by_type.webp/220px-Hawaii_electricity_production_by_type.webp.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="74" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Hawaii_electricity_production_by_type.webp/330px-Hawaii_electricity_production_by_type.webp.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Hawaii_electricity_production_by_type.webp/440px-Hawaii_electricity_production_by_type.webp.png 2x" data-file-width="4294" data-file-height="1446" /></a><figcaption>Hawaii electricity production by type</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Electricity_prices_by_metro_area.webp" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Electricity_prices_by_metro_area.webp/220px-Electricity_prices_by_metro_area.webp.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Electricity_prices_by_metro_area.webp/330px-Electricity_prices_by_metro_area.webp.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Electricity_prices_by_metro_area.webp/440px-Electricity_prices_by_metro_area.webp.png 2x" data-file-width="3787" data-file-height="1441" /></a><figcaption>Electricity prices by metro area</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_Electric_Industries" title="Hawaiian Electric Industries">Hawaiian Electric Industries</a>, a privately owned company, provides 95% of the state's population with electricity, mostly from fossil-fuel power stations. Average electricity prices in October 2014 (36.41 cents per kilowatt-hour) were nearly three times the national average (12.58 cents per kilowatt-hour) and 80% higher than the second-highest state, Connecticut.<a href="#cite_note-256">[248]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Median_housing_prices_by_State.webp" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Median_housing_prices_by_State.webp/220px-Median_housing_prices_by_State.webp.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Median_housing_prices_by_State.webp/330px-Median_housing_prices_by_State.webp.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Median_housing_prices_by_State.webp/440px-Median_housing_prices_by_State.webp.png 2x" data-file-width="4200" data-file-height="1907" /></a><figcaption>Median housing prices by State</figcaption></figure> The median home value in Hawaii in the 2000 U.S. Census was US$272,700, while the national median home value was US$119,600. Hawaii home values were the highest of all states, including California with a median home value of US$211,500.<a href="#cite_note-257">[249]</a> Research from the <a href="/wiki/National_Association_of_Realtors" title="National Association of Realtors">National Association of Realtors</a> places the 2010 median sale price of a single family home in Honolulu, Hawaii, at US$607,600 and the U.S. median sales price at US$173,200. The sale price of single family homes in Hawaii was the highest of any U.S. city in 2010, just above that of the Silicon Valley area of California (US$602,000).<a href="#cite_note-258">[250]</a> Hawaii's very high <a href="/wiki/Cost_of_living" title="Cost of living">cost of living</a> is the result of several interwoven factors of the global economy in addition to domestic U.S. government trade policy. Like other regions with desirable weather year-round, such as California, <a href="/wiki/Arizona" title="Arizona">Arizona</a> and Florida, Hawaii's residents can be considered to be subject to a "<a href="/wiki/Sunshine_tax" title="Sunshine tax">sunshine tax</a>". This situation is further exacerbated by the natural factors of geography and world distribution that lead to higher prices for goods due to increased shipping costs, a problem which many <a href="/wiki/Island_country" title="Island country">island states and territories</a> suffer from as well. The higher costs to ship goods across an ocean may be further increased by the requirements of the <a href="/wiki/Merchant_Marine_Act_of_1920" title="Merchant Marine Act of 1920">Jones Act</a>, which generally requires that goods be transported between places within the U.S., including between the mainland U.S. west coast and Hawaii, using only U.S.-owned, built, and crewed ships. Jones Act-compliant vessels are often more expensive to build and operate than foreign equivalents, which can drive up shipping costs. While the Jones Act does not affect transportation of goods to Hawaii directly from Asia, this type of trade is nonetheless not common; this is a result of other primarily economic reasons including additional costs associated with stopping over in Hawaii (e.g. pilot and port fees), the market size of Hawaii, and the economics of using ever-larger ships that cannot be handled in Hawaii for transoceanic voyages. Therefore, Hawaii relies on receiving most inbound goods on Jones Act-qualified vessels originating from the U.S. west coast, which may contribute to the increased cost of some consumer goods and therefore the overall cost of living.<a href="#cite_note-Keeping_up_with_the_Jones_Act-259">[251]</a><a href="#cite_note-U.S._Law_Restricting_Foreign_Ships_Leads_to_Higher_Gas_Prices-260">[252]</a> Critics of the Jones Act contend that Hawaii consumers ultimately bear the expense of transporting goods imposed by the Jones Act.<a href="#cite_note-Star-Bulletin_on_Jones_Act-261">[253]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Native_Hawaiians" title="Culture of the Native Hawaiians">Culture of the Native Hawaiians</a></div> The aboriginal culture of Hawaii is Polynesian. Hawaii represents the northernmost extension of the vast <a href="/wiki/Polynesian_Triangle" title="Polynesian Triangle">Polynesian Triangle</a> of the south and central Pacific Ocean. While traditional Hawaiian culture remains as vestiges in modern Hawaiian society, there are re-enactments of the ceremonies and traditions throughout the islands. Some of these cultural influences, including the popularity (in greatly modified form) of <a href="/wiki/Luau" class="mw-redirect" title="Luau">lūʻau</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hula" title="Hula">hula</a>, are strong enough to affect the wider United States. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cuisine">Cuisine</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Hawaii" title="Cuisine of Hawaii">Cuisine of Hawaii</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Man_with_a_Yoke_Carrying_Taro_by_Joseph_Strong,_oil_on_canvas_board,_1880,_Honolulu_Museum_of_Art,_accession_12692.1.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A painting of a man carrying taro by a yoke." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Man_with_a_Yoke_Carrying_Taro_by_Joseph_Strong%2C_oil_on_canvas_board%2C_1880%2C_Honolulu_Museum_of_Art%2C_accession_12692.1.JPG/170px-Man_with_a_Yoke_Carrying_Taro_by_Joseph_Strong%2C_oil_on_canvas_board%2C_1880%2C_Honolulu_Museum_of_Art%2C_accession_12692.1.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Man_with_a_Yoke_Carrying_Taro_by_Joseph_Strong%2C_oil_on_canvas_board%2C_1880%2C_Honolulu_Museum_of_Art%2C_accession_12692.1.JPG/255px-Man_with_a_Yoke_Carrying_Taro_by_Joseph_Strong%2C_oil_on_canvas_board%2C_1880%2C_Honolulu_Museum_of_Art%2C_accession_12692.1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Man_with_a_Yoke_Carrying_Taro_by_Joseph_Strong%2C_oil_on_canvas_board%2C_1880%2C_Honolulu_Museum_of_Art%2C_accession_12692.1.JPG/340px-Man_with_a_Yoke_Carrying_Taro_by_Joseph_Strong%2C_oil_on_canvas_board%2C_1880%2C_Honolulu_Museum_of_Art%2C_accession_12692.1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1846" data-file-height="2457" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Taro" title="Taro">Taro</a>, or in Hawaiian kalo, was one of the primary staples in Ancient Hawaii and remains a central ingredient in Hawaiian gastronomy today.</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Hawaii" title="Cuisine of Hawaii">cuisine of Hawaii</a> is a fusion of many foods brought by immigrants to the Hawaiian Islands, including the earliest Polynesians and <a href="/wiki/Native_Hawaiian_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Native Hawaiian cuisine">Native Hawaiian cuisine</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuisine of the United States">American</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chinese_cuisine" title="Chinese cuisine">Chinese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philippine_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Philippine cuisine">Filipino</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japanese_cuisine" title="Japanese cuisine">Japanese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Korean_cuisine" title="Korean cuisine">Korean</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polynesian_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Polynesian cuisine">Polynesian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rican_cuisine" title="Puerto Rican cuisine">Puerto Rican</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_cuisine" title="Portuguese cuisine">Portuguese</a> origins. Plant and animal food sources are imported from around the world for agricultural use in Hawaii. <a href="/wiki/Poi_(food)" title="Poi (food)">Poi</a>, a starch made by pounding <a href="/wiki/Taro" title="Taro">taro</a>, is one of the traditional foods of the islands. Many local restaurants serve the ubiquitous <a href="/wiki/Plate_lunch" title="Plate lunch">plate lunch</a>, which features two scoops of rice, a simplified version of American <a href="/wiki/Macaroni_salad" title="Macaroni salad">macaroni salad</a> and a variety of toppings including <a href="/wiki/Hamburger" title="Hamburger">hamburger</a> patties, a fried egg, and <a href="/wiki/Gravy" title="Gravy">gravy</a> of a <a href="/wiki/Loco_moco" title="Loco moco">loco moco</a>, Japanese style <a href="/wiki/Tonkatsu" title="Tonkatsu">tonkatsu</a> or the traditional lūʻau favorites, including <a href="/wiki/Kalua" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalua">kālua</a> pork and <a href="/wiki/Laulau" class="mw-redirect" title="Laulau">laulau</a>. <a href="/wiki/Spam_musubi" title="Spam musubi">Spam musubi</a> is an example of the fusion of ethnic cuisine that developed on the islands among the mix of immigrant groups and military personnel. In the 1990s, a group of chefs developed <a href="/wiki/Hawaii_regional_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Hawaii regional cuisine">Hawaii regional cuisine</a> as a contemporary fusion cuisine. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Customs_and_etiquette">Customs and etiquette</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Customs_and_etiquette_in_Hawaii" title="Customs and etiquette in Hawaii">Customs and etiquette in Hawaii</a></div> Some key customs and etiquette in Hawaii are as follows: when visiting a home, it is considered good manners to bring a small gift for one's host (for example, a dessert). Thus, parties are usually in the form of potlucks. Most locals take their shoes off before entering a home. It is customary for Hawaiian families, regardless of ethnicity, to hold a luau to celebrate a child's first birthday. It is also customary at Hawaiian weddings, especially at Filipino weddings, for the bride and groom to do a money dance (also called the <a href="/wiki/Pandanggo" title="Pandanggo">pandanggo</a>). Print media and local residents recommend that one refer to non-Hawaiians as "locals of Hawaii" or "people of Hawaii". <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hawaiian_mythology">Hawaiian mythology</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Hawaiian mythology">Hawaiian mythology</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ethnologisches_Museum_Dahlem_Berlin_Mai_2006_009.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Ethnologisches_Museum_Dahlem_Berlin_Mai_2006_009.jpg/170px-Ethnologisches_Museum_Dahlem_Berlin_Mai_2006_009.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Ethnologisches_Museum_Dahlem_Berlin_Mai_2006_009.jpg/255px-Ethnologisches_Museum_Dahlem_Berlin_Mai_2006_009.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Ethnologisches_Museum_Dahlem_Berlin_Mai_2006_009.jpg/340px-Ethnologisches_Museum_Dahlem_Berlin_Mai_2006_009.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="2560" /></a><figcaption>A stone carving of a Hawaiian deity, housed at a <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Germany" title="Culture of Germany">German</a> museum</figcaption></figure> Hawaiian mythology includes the legends, historical tales, and sayings of the ancient Hawaiian people. It is considered a variant of a more general <a href="/wiki/Polynesian_mythology" title="Polynesian mythology">Polynesian mythology</a> that developed a unique character for several centuries before <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1800. It is associated with the <a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_religion" title="Hawaiian religion">Hawaiian religion</a>, which was officially suppressed in the 19th century but was kept alive by some practitioners to the modern day.<a href="#cite_note-262">[254]</a> Prominent figures and terms include <a href="/wiki/Aumakua" title="Aumakua">Aumakua</a>, the spirit of an ancestor or family god and <a href="/wiki/K%C4%81ne" title="Kāne">Kāne</a>, the highest of the four major Hawaiian deities.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Polynesian_mythology">Polynesian mythology</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Polynesian_mythology" title="Polynesian mythology">Polynesian mythology</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tahiti-Oro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Tahiti-Oro.jpg/170px-Tahiti-Oro.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Tahiti-Oro.jpg/255px-Tahiti-Oro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Tahiti-Oro.jpg/340px-Tahiti-Oro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="378" data-file-height="529" /></a><figcaption>A sacred god figure wrapping for the war god <a href="/wiki/%27Oro" class="mw-redirect" title="'Oro">'Oro</a>, made of woven dried coconut fibre (<a href="/wiki/Sennit" title="Sennit">sennit</a>), made to protect a Polynesian god effigy (to'o), carved from wood</figcaption></figure> Polynesian mythology is the <a href="/wiki/Oral_tradition" title="Oral tradition">oral traditions</a> of the people of Polynesia, a grouping of Central and South Pacific Ocean island <a href="/wiki/Archipelago" title="Archipelago">archipelagos</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Polynesian_triangle" class="mw-redirect" title="Polynesian triangle">Polynesian triangle</a> together with the scattered cultures known as the <a href="/wiki/Polynesian_outliers" class="mw-redirect" title="Polynesian outliers">Polynesian outliers</a>. Polynesians speak languages that descend from a language reconstructed as <a href="/wiki/Proto-Polynesian_language" title="Proto-Polynesian language">Proto-Polynesian</a> that was probably spoken in the area around <a href="/wiki/Tonga" title="Tonga">Tonga</a> and <a href="/wiki/Samoa" title="Samoa">Samoa</a> in around 1000 BC.<a href="#cite_note-263">[255]</a> Prior to the 15th century, <a href="/wiki/Polynesian_culture" title="Polynesian culture">Polynesian people</a> migrated east to the <a href="/wiki/Cook_Islands" title="Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a>, and from there to other island groups such as Tahiti and the <a href="/wiki/Marquesas" class="mw-redirect" title="Marquesas">Marquesas</a>. Their descendants later discovered the islands <a href="/wiki/Tahiti" title="Tahiti">Tahiti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rapa_Nui" class="mw-redirect" title="Rapa Nui">Rapa Nui</a>, and later the Hawaiian Islands and <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a>.<a href="#cite_note-264">[256]</a> The Polynesian languages are part of the <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_language_family" class="mw-redirect" title="Austronesian language family">Austronesian language family</a>. Many are close enough in terms of vocabulary and grammar to be <a href="/wiki/Mutual_intelligibility" title="Mutual intelligibility">mutually intelligible</a>. There are also substantial cultural similarities between the various groups, especially in terms of social organization, childrearing, horticulture, building and textile technologies. Their mythologies in particular demonstrate local reworkings of commonly shared tales. The Polynesian cultures each have distinct but related oral traditions; legends or myths are traditionally considered to recount ancient history (the time of "pō") and the adventures of gods ("<a href="/wiki/Atua" title="Atua">atua</a>") and deified ancestors.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="List_of_state_parks">List of state parks</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Hawaiian_state_parks" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Hawaiian state parks">List of Hawaiian state parks</a></div> There are <a href="/wiki/List_of_Hawaiian_state_parks" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Hawaiian state parks">many Hawaiian state parks</a>. <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Hawaii_(island)" title="Hawaii (island)">Island of Hawaiʻi</a> has state parks, recreation areas, and historical parks.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kauai" title="Kauai">Kauaʻi</a> has the Ahukini State Recreation Pier, six state parks, and the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Fort_Elizabeth_State_Historical_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Fort Elizabeth State Historical Park">Russian Fort Elizabeth State Historical Park</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maui" title="Maui">Maui</a> has two state monuments, several state parks, and the <a href="/wiki/Polipoli_Spring_State_Recreation_Area" title="Polipoli Spring State Recreation Area">Polipoli Spring State Recreation Area</a>. <a href="/wiki/Moloka%27i" class="mw-redirect" title="Moloka'i">Moloka'i</a> has the <a href="/wiki/Pala%27au_State_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Pala'au State Park">Pala'au State Park</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oahu" title="Oahu">Oʻahu</a> has several state parks, a number of state recreation areas, and a number of monuments, including the <a href="/wiki/Ulu_P%C5%8D_Heiau_State_Monument" class="mw-redirect" title="Ulu Pō Heiau State Monument">Ulu Pō Heiau State Monument</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literature">Literature</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Literature_in_Hawaii" class="mw-redirect" title="Literature in Hawaii">Literature in Hawaii</a></div> The literature of Hawaii is diverse and includes authors <a href="/wiki/Kiana_Davenport" title="Kiana Davenport">Kiana Davenport</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lois-Ann_Yamanaka" title="Lois-Ann Yamanaka">Lois-Ann Yamanaka</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kaui_Hart_Hemmings" title="Kaui Hart Hemmings">Kaui Hart Hemmings</a>. Hawaiian magazines include <a href="/wiki/Hana_Hou!" title="Hana Hou!">Hana Hou!</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hawaii_Business" title="Hawaii Business">Hawaii Business</a> and <a href="/wiki/Honolulu_(magazine)" title="Honolulu (magazine)">Honolulu</a>, among others. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music">Music</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Hawaii" title="Music of Hawaii">Music of Hawaii</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:3_ukes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/3_ukes.jpg/220px-3_ukes.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="232" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/3_ukes.jpg/330px-3_ukes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/3_ukes.jpg/440px-3_ukes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="726" data-file-height="766" /></a><figcaption>Different types of <a href="/wiki/Ukulele" title="Ukulele">ukuleles</a>, widely used in Hawaiian music</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bonnaroo08_jackjohnson2_lg.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Bonnaroo08_jackjohnson2_lg.jpg/220px-Bonnaroo08_jackjohnson2_lg.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Bonnaroo08_jackjohnson2_lg.jpg/330px-Bonnaroo08_jackjohnson2_lg.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Bonnaroo08_jackjohnson2_lg.jpg/440px-Bonnaroo08_jackjohnson2_lg.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="536" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Jack_Johnson_(musician)" title="Jack Johnson (musician)">Jack Johnson</a>, a folk rock musician, was born and raised on <a href="/wiki/North_Shore_(Oahu)" title="North Shore (Oahu)">Oahu's North Shore</a>.</figcaption></figure> The music of Hawaii includes traditional and popular styles, ranging from native Hawaiian folk music to modern rock and <a href="/wiki/Hip_hop_music" title="Hip hop music">hip hop</a>. Styles such as <a href="/wiki/Slack-key_guitar" title="Slack-key guitar">slack-key guitar</a> are well known worldwide, while Hawaiian-tinged music is a frequent part of <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_United_States" title="Cinema of the United States">Hollywood</a> soundtracks. Hawaii also made a major contribution to <a href="/wiki/Country_music" title="Country music">country music</a> with the introduction of the <a href="/wiki/Steel_guitar" title="Steel guitar">steel guitar</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Unterberger-265">[257]</a> Traditional Hawaiian folk music is a major part of the state's musical heritage. The Hawaiian people have inhabited the islands for centuries and have retained much of their traditional musical knowledge. Their music is largely religious in nature, and includes chanting and dance music. Hawaiian music has had an enormous impact on the <a href="/wiki/Polynesian_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Polynesian music">music of other Polynesian islands</a>; according to Peter Manuel, the influence of Hawaiian music is a "unifying factor in the development of modern Pacific musics".<a href="#cite_note-Manuel-266">[258]</a> Native Hawaiian musician and Hawaiian sovereignty activist <a href="/wiki/Israel_Kamakawiwo%CA%BBole" title="Israel Kamakawiwoʻole">Israel Kamakawiwoʻole</a>, famous for his medley of "<a href="/wiki/Somewhere_Over_the_Rainbow/What_a_Wonderful_World" title="Somewhere Over the Rainbow/What a Wonderful World">Somewhere Over the Rainbow/What a Wonderful World</a>", was named "The Voice of Hawaii" by <a href="/wiki/NPR" title="NPR">NPR</a> in 2010 in its 50 great voices series.<a href="#cite_note-267">[259]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sports">Sports</h3></div> Due to its distance from the continental United States, team sports in Hawaii are characterised by youth, collegial and amateur teams over professional teams, although some professional teams sports teams have at one time played in the state. Notable professional teams include <a href="/wiki/The_Hawaiians_(WFL)" title="The Hawaiians (WFL)">The Hawaiians</a>, which played at the <a href="/wiki/World_Football_League" title="World Football League">World Football League</a> in 1974 and 1975; the <a href="/wiki/Hawaii_Islanders" title="Hawaii Islanders">Hawaii Islanders</a>, a Triple-A minor league baseball team that played at the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Coast_League" title="Pacific Coast League">Pacific Coast League</a> from 1961 to 1987; and <a href="/wiki/Team_Hawaii" title="Team Hawaii">Team Hawaii</a>, a <a href="/wiki/North_American_Soccer_League_(1968%E2%80%9384)" class="mw-redirect" title="North American Soccer League (1968–84)">North American Soccer League</a> team that played in 1977. Notable college sports events in Hawaii include the <a href="/wiki/Maui_Invitational_Tournament" class="mw-redirect" title="Maui Invitational Tournament">Maui Invitational Tournament</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diamond_Head_Classic" title="Diamond Head Classic">Diamond Head Classic</a> (basketball) and <a href="/wiki/Hawaii_Bowl" title="Hawaii Bowl">Hawaii Bowl</a> (football). The only <a href="/wiki/NCAA_Division_I" title="NCAA Division I">NCAA Division I</a> team in Hawaii is the <a href="/wiki/Hawaii_Rainbow_Warriors_and_Rainbow_Wahine" title="Hawaii Rainbow Warriors and Rainbow Wahine">Hawaii Rainbow Warriors and Rainbow Wahine</a>, which competes at the <a href="/wiki/Big_West_Conference" title="Big West Conference">Big West Conference</a> (major sports), <a href="/wiki/Mountain_West_Conference" title="Mountain West Conference">Mountain West Conference</a> (football) and <a href="/wiki/Mountain_Pacific_Sports_Federation" title="Mountain Pacific Sports Federation">Mountain Pacific Sports Federation</a> (minor sports). There are three teams in NCAA Division II: <a href="/wiki/Chaminade_Silverswords" title="Chaminade Silverswords">Chaminade Silverswords</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hawaii_Pacific_Sharks" title="Hawaii Pacific Sharks">Hawaii Pacific Sharks</a> and Hawaii-Hilo Vulcans, all of which compete at the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_West_Conference" title="Pacific West Conference">Pacific West Conference</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_1" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Surfing_contest_-_oahu_hawaii_-_north_shore_-_oct_2015.ogv/220px-seek%3D6-Surfing_contest_-_oahu_hawaii_-_north_shore_-_oct_2015.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="11" data-mwtitle="Surfing_contest_-_oahu_hawaii_-_north_shore_-_oct_2015.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Surfing_contest_-_oahu_hawaii_-_north_shore_-_oct_2015.ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/26/Surfing_contest_-_oahu_hawaii_-_north_shore_-_oct_2015.ogv/Surfing_contest_-_oahu_hawaii_-_north_shore_-_oct_2015.ogv.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/26/Surfing_contest_-_oahu_hawaii_-_north_shore_-_oct_2015.ogv/Surfing_contest_-_oahu_hawaii_-_north_shore_-_oct_2015.ogv.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/26/Surfing_contest_-_oahu_hawaii_-_north_shore_-_oct_2015.ogv/Surfing_contest_-_oahu_hawaii_-_north_shore_-_oct_2015.ogv.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/26/Surfing_contest_-_oahu_hawaii_-_north_shore_-_oct_2015.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora"" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/26/Surfing_contest_-_oahu_hawaii_-_north_shore_-_oct_2015.ogv/Surfing_contest_-_oahu_hawaii_-_north_shore_-_oct_2015.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/26/Surfing_contest_-_oahu_hawaii_-_north_shore_-_oct_2015.ogv/Surfing_contest_-_oahu_hawaii_-_north_shore_-_oct_2015.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/26/Surfing_contest_-_oahu_hawaii_-_north_shore_-_oct_2015.ogv/Surfing_contest_-_oahu_hawaii_-_north_shore_-_oct_2015.ogv.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video><figcaption>Surfing at <a href="/wiki/North_Shore_(Oahu)" title="North Shore (Oahu)">North Shore</a> of <a href="/wiki/Oahu" title="Oahu">Oahu</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Surfing" title="Surfing">Surfing</a> has been a central part of <a href="/wiki/Polynesian_culture" title="Polynesian culture">Polynesian culture</a> for centuries. Since the late 19th century, Hawaii has become a major site for surfists from around the world. Notable competitions include the <a href="/wiki/Triple_Crown_of_Surfing" title="Triple Crown of Surfing">Triple Crown of Surfing</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Eddie" title="The Eddie">The Eddie</a>. Likewise, Hawaii has produced elite-level swimmers, including five-time Olympic medalist <a href="/wiki/Duke_Kahanamoku" title="Duke Kahanamoku">Duke Kahanamoku</a> and <a href="/wiki/Buster_Crabbe" title="Buster Crabbe">Buster Crabbe</a>, who set 16 swimming world records. Hawaii has hosted the <a href="/wiki/Sony_Open_in_Hawaii" title="Sony Open in Hawaii">Sony Open in Hawaii</a> golf tournament since 1965, the <a href="/wiki/Tournament_of_Champions_(golf)" title="Tournament of Champions (golf)">Tournament of Champions</a> golf tournament since 1999, the <a href="/wiki/Lotte_Championship" title="Lotte Championship">Lotte Championship</a> golf tournament since 2012, the <a href="/wiki/Honolulu_Marathon" title="Honolulu Marathon">Honolulu Marathon</a> since 1973, the <a href="/wiki/Ironman_World_Championship" title="Ironman World Championship">Ironman World Championship</a> triathlon race since 1978, the <a href="/wiki/Ultraman_(endurance_challenge)" title="Ultraman (endurance challenge)">Ultraman</a> triathlon since 1983, the <a href="/wiki/National_Football_League" title="National Football League">National Football League</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Pro_Bowl" title="Pro Bowl">Pro Bowl</a> from 1980 to 2016, the <a href="/wiki/2000_FINA_World_Open_Water_Swimming_Championships" title="2000 FINA World Open Water Swimming Championships">2000 FINA World Open Water Swimming Championships</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/2008_Pan-Pacific_Championship" title="2008 Pan-Pacific Championship">2008 Pan-Pacific Championship</a> and <a href="/wiki/2012_Hawaiian_Islands_Invitational" title="2012 Hawaiian Islands Invitational">2012 Hawaiian Islands Invitational</a> soccer tournaments. Hawaii has produced a number of notable <a href="/wiki/Mixed_Martial_Arts" class="mw-redirect" title="Mixed Martial Arts">Mixed Martial Arts</a> fighters, such as former <a href="/wiki/UFC_Lightweight_Champion" class="mw-redirect" title="UFC Lightweight Champion">UFC Lightweight Champion</a> and <a href="/wiki/UFC_Welterweight_Champion" class="mw-redirect" title="UFC Welterweight Champion">UFC Welterweight Champion</a> <a href="/wiki/B.J._Penn" title="B.J. Penn">B.J. Penn</a>, and former <a href="/wiki/UFC_Featherweight_Champion" class="mw-redirect" title="UFC Featherweight Champion">UFC Featherweight Champion</a> <a href="/wiki/Max_Holloway" title="Max Holloway">Max Holloway</a>. Other notable Hawaiian Martial Artists include <a href="/wiki/Travis_Browne" title="Travis Browne">Travis Browne</a>, <a href="/wiki/K._J._Noons" class="mw-redirect" title="K. J. Noons">K. J. Noons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brad_Tavares" title="Brad Tavares">Brad Tavares</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wesley_Correira" title="Wesley Correira">Wesley Correira</a>. Hawaiians have found success in the world of <a href="/wiki/Sumo_wrestling" class="mw-redirect" title="Sumo wrestling">sumo wrestling</a>. <a href="/wiki/Takamiyama_Daigor%C5%8D" title="Takamiyama Daigorō">Takamiyama Daigorō</a> was the first foreigner to ever win a sumo title in Japan, while his protege <a href="/wiki/Akebono_Tar%C5%8D" title="Akebono Tarō">Akebono Tarō</a> became a top-level sumo wrestler in Japan during the 1990s before transitioning into a successful <a href="/wiki/Professional_wrestling" title="Professional wrestling">professional wrestling</a> career in the 2000s. Akebono was the first foreign-born Sumo to reach <a href="/wiki/Yokozuna" class="mw-redirect" title="Yokozuna">Yokozuna</a> in history and helped fuel a boom in interest in Sumo during his career. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tourism">Tourism</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Hawaii" title="Tourism in Hawaii">Tourism in Hawaii</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Punaluu_Beach_Park,_Big_Island,_Hawaii.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Punaluu_Beach_Park%2C_Big_Island%2C_Hawaii.jpg/220px-Punaluu_Beach_Park%2C_Big_Island%2C_Hawaii.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Punaluu_Beach_Park%2C_Big_Island%2C_Hawaii.jpg/330px-Punaluu_Beach_Park%2C_Big_Island%2C_Hawaii.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a8/Punaluu_Beach_Park%2C_Big_Island%2C_Hawaii.jpg 2x" data-file-width="380" data-file-height="270" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Punalu%27u_Beach" class="mw-redirect" title="Punalu'u Beach">Punalu'u Beach</a>, on the Big Island. <a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Hawaii" title="Tourism in Hawaii">Tourism</a> is Hawaii's leading employer</figcaption></figure> Tourism is an important part of the Hawaiian economy as it represents ¼ of the economy. According to the Hawaii Tourism: 2019 Annual Visitor Research Report, a total of 10,386,673 visitors arrived in 2019 which increased 5% from the previous year, with expenditures of almost $18 billion.<a href="#cite_note-268">[260]</a> In 2019, tourism provided over 216,000 jobs statewide and contributed more than $2 billion in tax revenue.<a href="#cite_note-269">[261]</a> Due to mild year-round weather, tourist travel is popular throughout the year. Tourists across the globe visited Hawaii in 2019 with over 1 million tourists from the U.S. East, almost 2 million Japanese tourists, and almost 500,000 Canadian tourists. It was with statehood in 1959 that the Hawaii tourism industry began to grow.<a href="#cite_note-:6-270">[262]</a> According to Hawaiian scholar <a href="/wiki/Haunani-Kay_Trask" title="Haunani-Kay Trask">Haunani-Kay Trask</a>, tourism in Hawaii has led to the commodification and exploitation of Hawaiian culture resulting in insidious forms of "cultural prostitution". Hawaii has been used to fuel ideas of escapism yet tourism in Hawaii ignores the harm Kanaka and locals experience.<a href="#cite_note-TraskBL-271">[263]</a> Cultural traditions such as the hula have been made "ornamental ... a form of exotica" for tourists as a way for large corporations and land owners to gain profit over the exploitation of Hawaiian people and culture.<a href="#cite_note-TraskBL-271">[263]</a> Tourism in Hawaiʻi has been considered as an escape from reality resulting in the dismissal of violence faced by Native Hawaiians and locals living on the land. According to scholar <a href="/wiki/Winona_LaDuke" title="Winona LaDuke">Winona LaDuke</a>, native Hawaiians have been forced to gather "shrimp and fish from ponds sitting on resort property".<a href="#cite_note-272">[264]</a> Tourism has also had damaging effects on the environment such as water shortages, overcrowding, sea level rising, elevated sea surface temperatures and micro plastics on beaches.<a href="#cite_note-273">[265]</a><a href="#cite_note-274">[266]</a><a href="#cite_note-275">[267]</a> Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, tourism in Hawaiʻi came to a halt, which allowed the land, water, and animals to began to heal. Fish like the baby akule and big ulua have returned after years of not being around the bay. The coral reefs, fish, water growth, and <a href="/wiki/Limu_(algae)" title="Limu (algae)">limu</a> (algae) growth was able to flourish without the heavy toll of tourism.<a href="#cite_note-276">[268]</a> There has been pushback against tourism by Native Hawaiians, urging people not to visit the islands. A survey by the Hawaii Tourism Authority indicated over ⅔ of Hawaiians did not want tourists to return to Hawaii. Tourism had "become extractive and hurtful, with tourists coming here and taking, taking, taking, taking, without any reciprocation with locals".<a href="#cite_note-277">[269]</a> Hawaii hosts numerous cultural events. The annual <a href="/wiki/Merrie_Monarch_Festival" title="Merrie Monarch Festival">Merrie Monarch Festival</a> is an international Hula competition.<a href="#cite_note-278">[270]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Hawaii_International_Film_Festival" title="Hawaii International Film Festival">Hawaii International Film Festival</a> is the premier film festival for Pacific rim cinema.<a href="#cite_note-Shane_Nelson-279">[271]</a> Honolulu hosts the state's long-running LGBT film festival, the <a href="/wiki/Rainbow_Film_Festival" title="Rainbow Film Festival">Rainbow Film Festival</a>.<a href="#cite_note-280">[272]</a><a href="#cite_note-281">[273]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Health">Health</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hawaii_Prepaid_Health_Care_Act" title="Hawaii Prepaid Health Care Act">Hawaii Prepaid Health Care Act</a></div> As of 2009<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hawaii&action=edit">[update]</a>, Hawaii's health care system insures 92% of residents. Under the state's plan, businesses are required to provide insurance to employees who work more than twenty hours per week. Heavy regulation of insurance companies helps reduce the cost to employers. Due in part to heavy emphasis on preventive care, Hawaiians require hospital treatment less frequently than the rest of the United States, while total health care expenses measured as a percentage of state GDP are substantially lower.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Proponents of <a href="/wiki/Universal_health_care" title="Universal health care">universal health care</a> elsewhere in the U.S. sometimes use Hawaii as a model for proposed federal and state health care plans.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Public_schools">Public schools</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hawaii_Department_of_Education" class="mw-redirect" title="Hawaii Department of Education">Hawaii Department of Education</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_elementary_schools_in_Hawaii" title="List of elementary schools in Hawaii">List of elementary schools in Hawaii</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_middle_schools_in_Hawaii" title="List of middle schools in Hawaii">List of middle schools in Hawaii</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_high_schools_in_Hawaii" title="List of high schools in Hawaii">List of high schools in Hawaii</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Waianae_High_School_(5888481033).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Façade of a public high school." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Waianae_High_School_%285888481033%29.jpg/220px-Waianae_High_School_%285888481033%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Waianae_High_School_%285888481033%29.jpg/330px-Waianae_High_School_%285888481033%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Waianae_High_School_%285888481033%29.jpg/440px-Waianae_High_School_%285888481033%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1063" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Waianae_High_School" title="Waianae High School">Waianae High School</a>, located in <a href="/wiki/Waianae,_Hawaii" title="Waianae, Hawaii">Waiʻanae</a>, houses an educational community media center</figcaption></figure> Hawaii has the only school system within the U.S. that is unified statewide. Policy decisions are made by the fourteen-member state <a href="/wiki/Hawaii_Board_of_Education" class="mw-redirect" title="Hawaii Board of Education">Board of Education</a>, which sets policy and hires the superintendent of schools, who oversees the <a href="/wiki/Hawaii_Department_of_Education" class="mw-redirect" title="Hawaii Department of Education">Hawaii Department of Education</a>. The Department of Education is divided into seven districts; four on Oʻahu and one for each of the other three counties. Public elementary, middle and high school test scores in Hawaii are below national averages on tests mandated under the <a href="/wiki/No_Child_Left_Behind_Act" title="No Child Left Behind Act">No Child Left Behind Act</a>. The Hawaii Board of Education requires all eligible students to take these tests and report all student test scores. This may have unbalanced the results that reported in August 2005 that of 282 schools across the state, 185 failed to reach federal minimum performance standards in mathematics and reading.<a href="#cite_note-282">[274]</a> The <a href="/wiki/ACT_(examination)" class="mw-redirect" title="ACT (examination)">ACT college placement tests</a> show that in 2005, seniors scored slightly above the national average (21.9 compared with 20.9),<a href="#cite_note-283">[275]</a> but in the widely accepted <a href="/wiki/SAT" title="SAT">SAT</a> examinations, Hawaii's college-bound seniors tend to score below the national average in all categories except mathematics. The first native controlled public charter school was the <a href="/wiki/Kanu_O_Ka_Aina_New_Century_Charter_School" title="Kanu O Ka Aina New Century Charter School">Kanu O Ka Aina New Century Charter School</a>.<a href="#cite_note-284">[276]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Private_schools">Private schools</h3></div> Hawaii has the highest rates of private school attendance in the nation. During the 2011–2012 school year, Hawaii public and charter schools had an enrollment of 181,213,<a href="#cite_note-DOE-285">[277]</a> while private schools had 37,695.<a href="#cite_note-HAIS-286">[278]</a> Private schools educated over 17% of students in Hawaii that school year, nearly three times the approximate national average of 6%.<a href="#cite_note-NCES-287">[279]</a> According to Alia Wong of <a href="/wiki/Honolulu_Civil_Beat" title="Honolulu Civil Beat">Honolulu Civil Beat</a>, this is due to private schools being relatively inexpensive compared to ones on the mainland as well as the overall reputations of private schools.<a href="#cite_note-288">[280]</a> It has four of the largest independent schools; <a href="/wiki/Iolani_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Iolani School">ʻIolani School</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kamehameha_Schools" title="Kamehameha Schools">Kamehameha Schools</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mid-Pacific_Institute" title="Mid-Pacific Institute">Mid-Pacific Institute</a> and <a href="/wiki/Punahou_School" title="Punahou School">Punahou School</a>. <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Buddhist_Academy" title="Pacific Buddhist Academy">Pacific Buddhist Academy</a>, the second Buddhist high school in the U.S. and first such school in Hawaii, was founded in 2003. Independent schools can select their students, while most public schools of HIDOE are open to all students in their attendance zones. The Kamehameha Schools are the only schools in the U.S. that openly grant admission to students based on ancestry; collectively, they are one of the wealthiest schools in the United States, if not the world, having over eleven billion US dollars in estate assets.<a href="#cite_note-289">[281]</a> In 2005, Kamehameha enrolled 5,398 students, 8.4% of the Native Hawaiian children in the state.<a href="#cite_note-290">[282]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Colleges_and_universities">Colleges and universities</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_colleges_and_universities_in_Hawaii" title="List of colleges and universities in Hawaii">List of colleges and universities in Hawaii</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:University_of_Hawaii_at_Hilo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/University_of_Hawaii_at_Hilo.jpg/220px-University_of_Hawaii_at_Hilo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/University_of_Hawaii_at_Hilo.jpg/330px-University_of_Hawaii_at_Hilo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/University_of_Hawaii_at_Hilo.jpg/440px-University_of_Hawaii_at_Hilo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="1952" /></a><figcaption>Main entrance of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Hawai%CA%BBi_at_Hilo" title="University of Hawaiʻi at Hilo">University of Hawaii at Hilo</a></figcaption></figure> The largest institution of higher learning in Hawaii is the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Hawai%CA%BBi_System" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Hawaiʻi System">University of Hawaiʻi System</a>, which consists of the research university at <a href="/wiki/University_of_Hawai%CA%BBi_at_M%C4%81noa" title="University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa">Mānoa</a>, two comprehensive campuses at <a href="/wiki/University_of_Hawai%CA%BBi_at_Hilo" title="University of Hawaiʻi at Hilo">Hilo</a> and <a href="/wiki/University_of_Hawai%CA%BBi_%E2%80%93_West_O%CA%BBahu" title="University of Hawaiʻi – West Oʻahu">West Oʻahu</a>, and seven community colleges. Private universities include <a href="/wiki/Brigham_Young_University%E2%80%93Hawaii" title="Brigham Young University–Hawaii">Brigham Young University–Hawaii</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chaminade_University_of_Honolulu" title="Chaminade University of Honolulu">Chaminade University of Honolulu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hawaii_Pacific_University" title="Hawaii Pacific University">Hawaii Pacific University</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wayland_Baptist_University" title="Wayland Baptist University">Wayland Baptist University</a>. <a href="/wiki/Saint_Stephen_Diocesan_Seminary,_Honolulu" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Stephen Diocesan Seminary, Honolulu">Saint Stephen Diocesan Center</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Seminary" title="Seminary">seminary</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Honolulu" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Honolulu">Roman Catholic Diocese of Honolulu</a>. Kona hosts the <a href="/wiki/University_of_the_Nations" title="University of the Nations">University of the Nations</a>, which is not an <a href="/wiki/Educational_accreditation" title="Educational accreditation">accredited</a> university. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transportation">Transportation</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Transportation_in_Hawaii" title="Transportation in Hawaii">Transportation in Hawaii</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Hawaii_Department_of_Transportation" title="Hawaii Department of Transportation">Hawaii Department of Transportation</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_airports_in_Hawaii" title="List of airports in Hawaii">List of airports in Hawaii</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Aviation_in_Hawaii" title="Aviation in Hawaii">Aviation in Hawaii</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HonoluluAirportWelcomeSign.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/HonoluluAirportWelcomeSign.jpg/220px-HonoluluAirportWelcomeSign.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/HonoluluAirportWelcomeSign.jpg/330px-HonoluluAirportWelcomeSign.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/HonoluluAirportWelcomeSign.jpg/440px-HonoluluAirportWelcomeSign.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1650" data-file-height="1275" /></a><figcaption>Honolulu International Airport</figcaption></figure> A <a href="/wiki/List_of_Hawaii_state_highways" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Hawaii state highways">system of state highways</a> encircles each main island. Only Oʻahu has federal highways, and is the only area outside the contiguous 48 states to have signed <a href="/wiki/Interstate_Highway_System" title="Interstate Highway System">Interstate highways</a>. Narrow, winding roads and congestion in populated places can slow traffic. Each major island has a public bus system. <a href="/wiki/Honolulu_International_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Honolulu International Airport">Honolulu International Airport</a> (<a href="/wiki/International_Air_Transport_Association_airport_code" class="mw-redirect" title="International Air Transport Association airport code">IATA</a>: HNL), which shares runways with the adjacent <a href="/wiki/Hickam_Field" class="mw-redirect" title="Hickam Field">Hickam Field</a> (IATA: HIK), is the major commercial aviation hub of Hawaii. The commercial aviation airport offers intercontinental service to North America, Asia, Australia and Oceania. <a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_Airlines" title="Hawaiian Airlines">Hawaiian Airlines</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mokulele_Airlines" title="Mokulele Airlines">Mokulele Airlines</a> use jets to provide services between the large airports in Honolulu, Līhuʻe, Kahului, Kona and Hilo. These airlines also provide air freight services between the islands. On May 30, 2017, the airport was officially renamed as the <a href="/wiki/Daniel_K._Inouye_International_Airport" title="Daniel K. Inouye International Airport">Daniel K. Inouye International Airport</a> (HNL), after U.S. Senator <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Inouye" title="Daniel Inouye">Daniel K. Inouye</a>.<a href="#cite_note-291">[283]</a> Until air passenger services began in the 1920s,<a href="#cite_note-Hawaii_Aviation-292">[284]</a> private boats were the sole means of traveling between the islands. Seaflite operated <a href="/wiki/Hydrofoils" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrofoils">hydrofoils</a> between the major islands in the mid-1970s.<a href="#cite_note-293">[285]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Hawaii_Superferry" title="Hawaii Superferry">Hawaii Superferry</a> operated between Oʻahu and Maui between December 2007 and March 2009, with additional routes planned for other islands. Protests and legal problems over environmental impact statements ended the service, though the company operating Superferry has expressed a wish to recommence ferry services in the future.<a href="#cite_note-Alakai-294">[286]</a> Currently there is a passenger ferry service in <a href="/wiki/Maui_County" class="mw-redirect" title="Maui County">Maui County</a> between Lanaʻi and Maui,<a href="#cite_note-Lana'i_Ferry-295">[287]</a> which does not take vehicles; a passenger ferry to Molokai ended in 2016.<a href="#cite_note-296">[288]</a> Currently <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Cruise_Lines" class="mw-redirect" title="Norwegian Cruise Lines">Norwegian Cruise Lines</a> and <a href="/wiki/Princess_Cruises" title="Princess Cruises">Princess Cruises</a> provide passenger cruise ship services between the larger islands.<a href="#cite_note-NCL-297">[289]</a><a href="#cite_note-Princess_Cruises-298">[290]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rail">Rail</h3></div> At one time Hawaii had a network of railroads on each of the larger islands that transported farm commodities and passengers. Most were 3 ft (914 mm) <a href="/wiki/Narrow_gauge" class="mw-redirect" title="Narrow gauge">narrow gauge</a> systems but there were some 2 ft 6 in (762 mm) gauge on some of the smaller islands. The standard gauge in the U.S. is <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style>4 ft 8+1⁄2 in (1,435 mm). By far the largest railroad was the <a href="/wiki/Oahu_Railway_and_Land_Company" title="Oahu Railway and Land Company">Oahu Railway and Land Company</a> (OR&L) that ran lines from Honolulu across the western and northern part of Oahu.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-299">[291]</a> The OR&L was important for moving troops and goods during World War II. Traffic on this line was busy enough for signals to be used to facilitate movement of trains and to require <a href="/wiki/Wigwag_(railroad)" title="Wigwag (railroad)">wigwag</a> signals at some railroad crossings for the protection of motorists. The main line was officially abandoned in 1947, although part of it was bought by the U.S. Navy and operated until 1970. Thirteen miles (21 km) of track remain; preservationists occasionally run trains over a portion of this line.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-299">[291]</a> <a href="/wiki/Skyline_(Honolulu)" title="Skyline (Honolulu)">Skyline</a> is an elevated passenger rail line on Oahu which was built to relieve highway congestion.<a href="#cite_note-300">[292]</a> It opened for service in 2023.<a href="#cite_note-301">[293]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Governance">Governance</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political_subdivisions_and_local_government">Political subdivisions and local government</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_counties_in_Hawaii" title="List of counties in Hawaii">List of counties in Hawaii</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Washington_Place_Honolulu_HI.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Washington_Place_Honolulu_HI.jpg/220px-Washington_Place_Honolulu_HI.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Washington_Place_Honolulu_HI.jpg/330px-Washington_Place_Honolulu_HI.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Washington_Place_Honolulu_HI.jpg/440px-Washington_Place_Honolulu_HI.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2890" data-file-height="2212" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Hawaii" title="Governor of Hawaii">Governor of Hawaii</a> officially resides at <a href="/wiki/Washington_Place" title="Washington Place">Washington Place</a>, an old American-built residence</figcaption></figure> The movement of the Hawaiian royal family from Hawaiʻi Island to Maui, and subsequently to Oʻahu, explains the modern-day distribution of population centers. <a href="/wiki/Kamehameha_III" title="Kamehameha III">Kamehameha III</a> chose the largest city, Honolulu, as his capital because of its natural harbor—the present-day <a href="/wiki/Honolulu_Harbor" title="Honolulu Harbor">Honolulu Harbor</a>. Now the state capital, Honolulu is located along the southeast coast of Oʻahu. The previous capital was <a href="/wiki/Lahaina,_Hawaii" title="Lahaina, Hawaii">Lahaina</a>, Maui, and before that <a href="/wiki/Kailua-Kona" class="mw-redirect" title="Kailua-Kona">Kailua-Kona</a>, Hawaiʻi. Some major towns are <a href="/wiki/Hilo,_Hawaii" title="Hilo, Hawaii">Hilo</a>; <a href="/wiki/Kaneohe,_Hawaii" title="Kaneohe, Hawaii">Kaneohe</a>; <a href="/wiki/Kailua,_Honolulu_County,_Hawaii" class="mw-redirect" title="Kailua, Honolulu County, Hawaii">Kailua</a>; <a href="/wiki/Pearl_City,_Hawaii" title="Pearl City, Hawaii">Pearl City</a>; <a href="/wiki/Waipahu,_Hawaii" title="Waipahu, Hawaii">Waipahu</a>; <a href="/wiki/Kahului,_Hawaii" title="Kahului, Hawaii">Kahului</a>; <a href="/wiki/Kailua,_Hawaii_County,_Hawaii" class="mw-redirect" title="Kailua, Hawaii County, Hawaii">Kailua-Kona</a>. <a href="/wiki/Kihei,_Hawaii" title="Kihei, Hawaii">Kīhei</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Lihue,_Hawaii" title="Lihue, Hawaii">Līhuʻe</a>. Hawaii has five counties: the <a href="/wiki/Honolulu_County,_Hawaii" title="Honolulu County, Hawaii">City and County of Honolulu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hawaii_County,_Hawaii" title="Hawaii County, Hawaii">Hawaii County</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maui_County,_Hawaii" title="Maui County, Hawaii">Maui County</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kauai_County,_Hawaii" title="Kauai County, Hawaii">Kauai County</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kalawao_County,_Hawaii" title="Kalawao County, Hawaii">Kalawao County</a>. Hawaii has the fewest local governments among U.S. states.<a href="#cite_note-USCensus2010-302">[294]</a><a href="#cite_note-USCensus2007-303">[295]</a> Unique to this state is the lack of <a href="/wiki/Municipal_corporation" title="Municipal corporation">municipal governments</a>. All local governments are generally administered at the <a href="/wiki/County_(United_States)" title="County (United States)">county</a> level. The only incorporated area in the state is <a href="/wiki/Honolulu_County,_Hawaii" title="Honolulu County, Hawaii">Honolulu County</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Consolidated_city%E2%80%93county" class="mw-redirect" title="Consolidated city–county">consolidated city–county</a> that governs the entire island of Oahu. County executives are referred to as mayors; these are the <a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_Hawaii_County" title="Mayor of Hawaii County">Mayor of Hawaii County</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_Honolulu" title="Mayor of Honolulu">Mayor of Honolulu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_Kauai" title="Mayor of Kauai">Mayor of Kauaʻi</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_Maui" class="mw-redirect" title="Mayor of Maui">Mayor of Maui</a>. The mayors are all elected in <a href="/wiki/Non-partisan_democracy" title="Non-partisan democracy">nonpartisan</a> elections. Kalawao County has no elected government,<a href="#cite_note-304">[296]</a> and as <a href="#Education">mentioned above</a> there are no local <a href="/wiki/School_district" title="School district">school districts</a>; instead, all local public education is administered at the state level by the <a href="/wiki/Hawaii_Department_of_Education" class="mw-redirect" title="Hawaii Department of Education">Hawaii Department of Education</a>. The remaining local governments are <a href="/wiki/Special-purpose_district" class="mw-redirect" title="Special-purpose district">special districts</a>.<a href="#cite_note-USCensus2010-302">[294]</a><a href="#cite_note-USCensus2007-303">[295]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="State_government">State government</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Category:State_agencies_of_Hawaii" title="Category:State agencies of Hawaii">Category:State agencies of Hawaii</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hawaii_State_Capitol,_Honolulu.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Hawaii_State_Capitol%2C_Honolulu.jpg/220px-Hawaii_State_Capitol%2C_Honolulu.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Hawaii_State_Capitol%2C_Honolulu.jpg/330px-Hawaii_State_Capitol%2C_Honolulu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Hawaii_State_Capitol%2C_Honolulu.jpg/440px-Hawaii_State_Capitol%2C_Honolulu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="853" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Hawaii_State_Capitol" title="Hawaii State Capitol">Hawaii State Capitol</a> building</figcaption></figure> The state government of Hawaii is modeled after the federal government with adaptations originating from the kingdom era of Hawaiian history. As codified in the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Hawaii" title="Constitution of Hawaii">Constitution of Hawaii</a>, there are three <a href="/wiki/Branches_of_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Branches of government">branches of government</a>: executive, legislative and judicial. The executive branch is led by the <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Hawaii" title="Governor of Hawaii">Governor of Hawaii</a>, who is assisted by the <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_Governor_of_Hawaii" title="Lieutenant Governor of Hawaii">Lieutenant Governor of Hawaii</a>, both of whom are elected on the same ticket. The governor is the only state public official elected statewide; all others are appointed by the governor. The lieutenant governor acts as the <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_of_Hawaii" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretary of State of Hawaii">Secretary of State</a>. The governor and lieutenant governor oversee twenty agencies and departments from offices in the <a href="/wiki/Hawaii_State_Capitol" title="Hawaii State Capitol">State Capitol</a>. The official residence of the governor is <a href="/wiki/Washington_Place" title="Washington Place">Washington Place</a>. The legislative branch consists of the <a href="/wiki/Bicameralism" title="Bicameralism">bicameral</a> <a href="/wiki/Hawaii_State_Legislature" title="Hawaii State Legislature">Hawaii State Legislature</a>, which is composed of the 51-member <a href="/wiki/Hawaii_House_of_Representatives" title="Hawaii House of Representatives">Hawaii House of Representatives</a> led by the <a href="/wiki/Speaker_(politics)" title="Speaker (politics)">Speaker of the House</a>, and the 25-member <a href="/wiki/Hawaii_Senate" title="Hawaii Senate">Hawaii Senate</a> led by the <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Senate" title="President of the Senate">President of the Senate</a>. The Legislature meets at the State Capitol. The unified judicial branch of Hawaii is the <a href="/wiki/Hawaii_State_Judiciary" class="mw-redirect" title="Hawaii State Judiciary">Hawaii State Judiciary</a>. The <a href="/wiki/State_supreme_court" title="State supreme court">state's highest court</a> is the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Hawaii" title="Supreme Court of Hawaii">Supreme Court of Hawaii</a>, which uses <a href="/wiki/Aliiolani_Hale" class="mw-redirect" title="Aliiolani Hale">Aliʻiōlani Hale</a> as its chambers. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Federal_government">Federal government</h3></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerycaption">Congressional delegation for the <a href="/wiki/118th_United_States_Congress" title="118th United States Congress">118th United States Congress</a></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 180px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 175px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Brian_Schatz,_official_portrait,_113th_Congress_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Senator Brian Schatz"><img alt="Senator Brian Schatz" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Brian_Schatz%2C_official_portrait%2C_113th_Congress_2.jpg/145px-Brian_Schatz%2C_official_portrait%2C_113th_Congress_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="145" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Brian_Schatz%2C_official_portrait%2C_113th_Congress_2.jpg/218px-Brian_Schatz%2C_official_portrait%2C_113th_Congress_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Brian_Schatz%2C_official_portrait%2C_113th_Congress_2.jpg/290px-Brian_Schatz%2C_official_portrait%2C_113th_Congress_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="3200" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Senator <a href="/wiki/Brian_Schatz" title="Brian Schatz">Brian Schatz</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 180px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 175px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Mazie_Hirono,_official_portrait,_113th_Congress.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Senator Mazie Hirono"><img alt="Senator Mazie Hirono" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Mazie_Hirono%2C_official_portrait%2C_113th_Congress.jpg/145px-Mazie_Hirono%2C_official_portrait%2C_113th_Congress.jpg" decoding="async" width="145" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Mazie_Hirono%2C_official_portrait%2C_113th_Congress.jpg/218px-Mazie_Hirono%2C_official_portrait%2C_113th_Congress.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Mazie_Hirono%2C_official_portrait%2C_113th_Congress.jpg/290px-Mazie_Hirono%2C_official_portrait%2C_113th_Congress.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="3200" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Senator <a href="/wiki/Mazie_Hirono" title="Mazie Hirono">Mazie Hirono</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 180px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 175px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Ed_Case,_official_portrait,_117th_Congress.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Representative Ed Case (HI-1)"><img alt="Representative Ed Case (HI-1)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Ed_Case%2C_official_portrait%2C_117th_Congress.jpg/145px-Ed_Case%2C_official_portrait%2C_117th_Congress.jpg" decoding="async" width="145" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Ed_Case%2C_official_portrait%2C_117th_Congress.jpg/218px-Ed_Case%2C_official_portrait%2C_117th_Congress.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Ed_Case%2C_official_portrait%2C_117th_Congress.jpg/290px-Ed_Case%2C_official_portrait%2C_117th_Congress.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3360" data-file-height="4200" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Representative <a href="/wiki/Ed_Case" title="Ed Case">Ed Case</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hawaii%27s_1st_congressional_district" title="Hawaii's 1st congressional district">HI-1</a>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 180px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 175px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Rep._Jill_Tokuda_official_photo,_118th_Congress_(1).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Representative Jill Tokuda (HI-2)"><img alt="Representative Jill Tokuda (HI-2)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Rep._Jill_Tokuda_official_photo%2C_118th_Congress_%281%29.jpg/145px-Rep._Jill_Tokuda_official_photo%2C_118th_Congress_%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="145" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Rep._Jill_Tokuda_official_photo%2C_118th_Congress_%281%29.jpg/218px-Rep._Jill_Tokuda_official_photo%2C_118th_Congress_%281%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Rep._Jill_Tokuda_official_photo%2C_118th_Congress_%281%29.jpg/290px-Rep._Jill_Tokuda_official_photo%2C_118th_Congress_%281%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2122" data-file-height="2851" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Representative <a href="/wiki/Jill_Tokuda" title="Jill Tokuda">Jill Tokuda</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hawaii%27s_2nd_congressional_district" title="Hawaii's 2nd congressional district">HI-2</a>)</div> </li> </ul> Hawaii is represented in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">United States Congress</a> by two senators and two <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">representatives</a>. As of 2023<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hawaii&action=edit">[update]</a>, all four seats are held by Democrats. Former representative <a href="/wiki/Ed_Case" title="Ed Case">Ed Case</a> was elected in 2018 to the <a href="/wiki/Hawaii%27s_1st_congressional_district" title="Hawaii's 1st congressional district">1st congressional district</a>. <a href="/wiki/Jill_Tokuda" title="Jill Tokuda">Jill Tokuda</a> represents the <a href="/wiki/Hawaii%27s_2nd_congressional_district" title="Hawaii's 2nd congressional district">2nd congressional district</a>, representing the rest of the state, which is largely rural and semi-rural.<a href="#cite_note-Representative_Jill_Tokuda-305">[297]</a> <a href="/wiki/Brian_Schatz" title="Brian Schatz">Brian Schatz</a> is the senior United States senator from Hawaii. He was appointed to the office on December 26, 2012, by Governor <a href="/wiki/Neil_Abercrombie" title="Neil Abercrombie">Neil Abercrombie</a>, following the death of former senator <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Inouye" title="Daniel Inouye">Daniel Inouye</a>. Schatz then won the 2014 special election, and the 2016 and 2022 regular elections in Hawaii as Senator. The state's junior senator is <a href="/wiki/Mazie_Hirono" title="Mazie Hirono">Mazie Hirono</a>, the former representative from the second congressional district. She won in the 2012 and 2018 elections for Senator in Hawaii, following the retirement of <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Akaka" title="Daniel Akaka">Daniel Akaka</a>. Hirono is the first female Asian American senator and the first Buddhist senator. Hawaii incurred the biggest <a href="/wiki/Seniority_in_the_United_States_Senate" title="Seniority in the United States Senate">seniority</a> shift between the <a href="/wiki/112th_United_States_Congress" title="112th United States Congress">112th</a> and <a href="/wiki/113th_United_States_Congress" title="113th United States Congress">113th</a> Congresses. The state went from a delegation consisting of senators who were first and twenty-first in seniority<a href="#cite_note-306">[i]</a> to their respective replacements, relative newcomers Schatz and Hirono.<a href="#cite_note-307">[298]</a> Federal officials in Hawaii are based at the <a href="/wiki/Prince_Kuhio_Federal_Building" title="Prince Kuhio Federal Building">Prince Kūhiō Federal Building</a> near the <a href="/wiki/Aloha_Tower" title="Aloha Tower">Aloha Tower</a> and Honolulu Harbor. The <a href="/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Federal Bureau of Investigation">Federal Bureau of Investigation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Internal_Revenue_Service" title="Internal Revenue Service">Internal Revenue Service</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secret_Service" title="United States Secret Service">Secret Service</a> maintain their offices there; the building is also the site of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_federal_courts" class="mw-redirect" title="United States federal courts">federal</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_District_of_Hawaii" title="United States District Court for the District of Hawaii">District Court for the District of Hawaii</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Attorney_for_the_District_of_Hawaii" title="United States Attorney for the District of Hawaii">United States Attorney for the District of Hawaii</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Politics">Politics</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Hawaii" title="Politics of Hawaii">Politics of Hawaii</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Political_party_strength_in_Hawaii" title="Political party strength in Hawaii">Political party strength in Hawaii</a> and <a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Hawaii" title="United States presidential elections in Hawaii">United States presidential elections in Hawaii</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Obama_signs_Zadroga_Act.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Obama_signs_Zadroga_Act.jpg/220px-Obama_signs_Zadroga_Act.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Obama_signs_Zadroga_Act.jpg/330px-Obama_signs_Zadroga_Act.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Obama_signs_Zadroga_Act.jpg/440px-Obama_signs_Zadroga_Act.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4096" data-file-height="2731" /></a><figcaption>Hawaii-born President <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> signs the <a href="/wiki/Zadroga_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Zadroga Act">Zadroga Act</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kailua,_Hawaii" title="Kailua, Hawaii">Kailua, Hawaii</a></figcaption></figure> Since gaining statehood and participating in its first election in <a href="/wiki/1960_United_States_presidential_election" title="1960 United States presidential election">1960</a>, Hawaii has supported Democrats in all but two presidential elections: <a href="/wiki/1972_United_States_presidential_election_in_Hawaii" title="1972 United States presidential election in Hawaii">1972</a> and <a href="/wiki/1984_United_States_presidential_election_in_Hawaii" title="1984 United States presidential election in Hawaii">1984</a>, both of which were landslide reelection victories for Republicans <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> respectively. In Hawaii's statehood tenure, only Minnesota has supported Republican candidates fewer times in presidential elections. The 2022 <a href="/wiki/Cook_Partisan_Voting_Index" title="Cook Partisan Voting Index">Cook Partisan Voting Index</a> ranks Hawaii as the third-most heavily Democratic state in the nation.<a href="#cite_note-308">[299]</a> Hawaii has not elected a Republican to represent the state in the U.S. Senate since <a href="/wiki/Hiram_Fong" title="Hiram Fong">Hiram Fong</a> in 1970; since 1977, both of the state's U.S. Senators have been Democrats.<a href="#cite_note-309">[300]</a><a href="#cite_note-310">[301]</a> In <a href="/wiki/2004_United_States_presidential_election" title="2004 United States presidential election">2004</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Kerry" title="John Kerry">John Kerry</a> won the state's four electoral votes by a margin of nine percentage points with 54% of the vote. Every county supported the Democratic candidate. In 1964, <a href="/wiki/Favorite_son" title="Favorite son">favorite son</a> candidate senator Hiram Fong of Hawaii sought the <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> presidential nomination, while <a href="/wiki/Patsy_Mink" title="Patsy Mink">Patsy Mink</a> ran in the Oregon primary in 1972. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Richardson_and_David_Ige_161207-N-AT895-171_(30656444724).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/John_Richardson_and_David_Ige_161207-N-AT895-171_%2830656444724%29.jpg/220px-John_Richardson_and_David_Ige_161207-N-AT895-171_%2830656444724%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/John_Richardson_and_David_Ige_161207-N-AT895-171_%2830656444724%29.jpg/330px-John_Richardson_and_David_Ige_161207-N-AT895-171_%2830656444724%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/John_Richardson_and_David_Ige_161207-N-AT895-171_%2830656444724%29.jpg/440px-John_Richardson_and_David_Ige_161207-N-AT895-171_%2830656444724%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3663" data-file-height="2445" /></a><figcaption>Governor <a href="/wiki/David_Ige" title="David Ige">David Ige</a> with U.S. Navy admiral <a href="/wiki/John_M._Richardson_(admiral)" title="John M. Richardson (admiral)">John Richardson</a> at the 75th Commemoration Event of the Pearl Harbor and Oahu attacks in 2016</figcaption></figure> Honolulu-born <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a>, then serving as a <a href="/wiki/United_States_senator" class="mw-redirect" title="United States senator">United States senator</a> from <a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">Illinois</a>, was elected the <a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of presidents of the United States">44th</a> president of the United States on <a href="/wiki/2008_United_States_presidential_election" title="2008 United States presidential election">November 4, 2008</a>, and was re-elected for a second term on <a href="/wiki/2012_United_States_presidential_election" title="2012 United States presidential election">November 6, 2012</a>. Obama had won the Hawaii Democratic caucus on February 19, 2008, with 76% of the vote. He was the third Hawaii-born candidate to seek the nomination of a major party, the first presidential nominee and first president from Hawaii.<a href="#cite_note-311">[302]</a><a href="#cite_note-312">[303]</a> In a 2020 study, Hawaii was ranked as the 6th easiest state for citizens to vote in.<a href="#cite_note-313">[304]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Law_enforcement">Law enforcement</h3></div> Hawaii has a statewide sheriff department under its <a href="/wiki/Hawaii_Department_of_Public_Safety" title="Hawaii Department of Public Safety">Department of Public Safety</a> that provides law enforcement protection to government buildings and <a href="/wiki/Daniel_K._Inouye_International_Airport" title="Daniel K. Inouye International Airport">Daniel K. Inouye International Airport</a> as well as correction services to all correctional facilities owned by the state. Counties have their own respective police departments with their own jurisdictions: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kauai_County_Police_Department" title="Kauai County Police Department">Kauai County Police Department</a> for the island of Kauai</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honolulu_Police_Department" title="Honolulu Police Department">Honolulu Police Department</a> for Oahu</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maui_County_Police_Department" class="mw-redirect" title="Maui County Police Department">Maui County Police Department</a> for Molokai, Maui and Lanai</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaii_County_Police_Department" title="Hawaii County Police Department">Hawaii County Police Department</a> for the Big Island</li></ul> Forensic services for all agencies in the state are provided by the <a href="/wiki/Honolulu_Police_Department" title="Honolulu Police Department">Honolulu Police Department</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Kidd2012-314">[305]</a> In January 2022, state officials proposed legislation that would split the sheriff department from the Department of Public Safety and consolidate it with the criminal investigation division from the <a href="/wiki/State_of_Hawaii_Department_of_the_Attorney_General" title="State of Hawaii Department of the Attorney General">Department of the Attorney General</a> to create a new Department of Law Enforcement that would create a statewide police agency with the ability to investigate crimes.<a href="#cite_note-315">[306]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hawaiian_sovereignty_movement">Hawaiian sovereignty movement</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_sovereignty_movement" title="Hawaiian sovereignty movement">Hawaiian sovereignty movement</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_Hawaiian_sovereignty_movement_groups" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Hawaiian sovereignty movement groups">List of Hawaiian sovereignty movement groups</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Legal_status_of_Hawaii" title="Legal status of Hawaii">Legal status of Hawaii</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kaniakapupu_Ruins_(15095487633).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Kaniakapupu_Ruins_%2815095487633%29.jpg/220px-Kaniakapupu_Ruins_%2815095487633%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Kaniakapupu_Ruins_%2815095487633%29.jpg/330px-Kaniakapupu_Ruins_%2815095487633%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Kaniakapupu_Ruins_%2815095487633%29.jpg/440px-Kaniakapupu_Ruins_%2815095487633%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6393" data-file-height="3596" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kaniakapupu" title="Kaniakapupu">Kaniakapupu</a> royal summer palace ruins in <a href="/wiki/Honolulu_County" class="mw-redirect" title="Honolulu County">Honolulu County</a></figcaption></figure> While Hawaii is internationally recognized as a state of the United States while also being broadly accepted as such in mainstream understanding, the <a href="/wiki/Legal_status_of_Hawaii" title="Legal status of Hawaii">legality of this status</a> has been questioned in U.S. District Court,<a href="#cite_note-district-316">[307]</a> the U.N., and other international forums.<a href="#cite_note-UN-forum-317">[308]</a> Domestically, the debate is a topic covered in the <a href="/wiki/Kamehameha_Schools" title="Kamehameha Schools">Kamehameha Schools</a> curriculum,<a href="#cite_note-curriculum-318">[309]</a> and in classes at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Hawai%CA%BBi_at_M%C4%81noa" title="University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa">University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-319">[310]</a> Political organizations seeking some form of sovereignty for Hawaii have been active since the late 19th century. Generally, their focus is on <a href="/wiki/Self-determination" title="Self-determination">self-determination</a> and <a href="/wiki/Self-governance" title="Self-governance">self-governance</a>, either for Hawaii as an independent nation (in many proposals, for "Hawaiian nationals" descended from subjects of the Hawaiian Kingdom or declaring themselves as such by choice), or for people of whole or part <a href="/wiki/Native_Hawaiian" class="mw-redirect" title="Native Hawaiian">native Hawaiian</a> ancestry in an indigenous "nation to nation" relationship akin to <a href="/wiki/Tribal_sovereignty" class="mw-redirect" title="Tribal sovereignty">tribal sovereignty</a> with <a href="/wiki/US_federal_recognition_of_Native_Hawaiians" class="mw-redirect" title="US federal recognition of Native Hawaiians">US federal recognition of Native Hawaiians</a>. The pro-federal recognition <a href="/wiki/Akaka_Bill" title="Akaka Bill">Akaka Bill</a> drew substantial opposition among Hawaiian residents in the 2000s.<a href="#cite_note-320">[311]</a><a href="#cite_note-HIunpo-321">[312]</a> Opponents to the tribal approach argue it is not a legitimate path to Hawaiian nationhood; they also argue that the U.S. government should not be involved in re-establishing Hawaiian sovereignty.<a href="#cite_note-322">[313]</a><a href="#cite_note-Perkins-323">[314]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_sovereignty_movement" title="Hawaiian sovereignty movement">Hawaiian sovereignty movement</a> views the <a href="/wiki/Overthrow_of_the_Kingdom_of_Hawaii" class="mw-redirect" title="Overthrow of the Kingdom of Hawaii">overthrow of the Kingdom of Hawaii</a> in 1893 as illegal, and views the subsequent <a href="/wiki/Newlands_Resolution" title="Newlands Resolution">annexation of Hawaii by the United States</a> as illegal as well; the movement seeks some form of greater autonomy for Hawaii, such as <a href="/wiki/Associated_state" title="Associated state">free association</a> or independence from the United States.<a href="#cite_note-HIunpo-321">[312]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hawaii1893-324">[315]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hawaiisov-325">[316]</a><a href="#cite_note-326">[317]</a><a href="#cite_note-327">[318]</a> Some groups also advocate some form of redress from the United States for the <a href="/wiki/Overthrow_of_the_Kingdom_of_Hawaii" class="mw-redirect" title="Overthrow of the Kingdom of Hawaii">1893 overthrow</a> of <a href="/wiki/Liliuokalani" class="mw-redirect" title="Liliuokalani">Queen Liliʻuokalani</a>, and for what is described as a prolonged <a href="/wiki/Military_occupation" title="Military occupation">military occupation</a> beginning with the 1898 annexation. The <a href="/wiki/Apology_Resolution" title="Apology Resolution">Apology Resolution</a> passed by US Congress in 1993 is cited as a major impetus by the movement for Hawaiian sovereignty.<a href="#cite_note-Hawaii1893-324">[315]</a> The sovereignty movement considers Hawaii to be an illegally occupied nation.<a href="#cite_note-Hawaiisov-325">[316]</a><a href="#cite_note-328">[319]</a><a href="#cite_note-329">[320]</a><a href="#cite_note-Perkins-323">[314]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="International_sister_relationships">International sister relationships</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ehime_Prefecture" title="Ehime Prefecture"><img alt="Ehime Prefecture" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Flag_of_Ehime_Prefecture.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ehime_Prefecture.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Flag_of_Ehime_Prefecture.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ehime_Prefecture.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Flag_of_Ehime_Prefecture.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ehime_Prefecture.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="200" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Ehime_Prefecture" title="Ehime Prefecture">Ehime</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>, 2003<a href="#cite_note-330">[321]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fukuoka_Prefecture" title="Fukuoka Prefecture"><img alt="Fukuoka Prefecture" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Fukuoka_Prefecture.svg/22px-Flag_of_Fukuoka_Prefecture.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Fukuoka_Prefecture.svg/33px-Flag_of_Fukuoka_Prefecture.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Fukuoka_Prefecture.svg/43px-Flag_of_Fukuoka_Prefecture.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="915" data-file-height="640" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Fukuoka_Prefecture" title="Fukuoka Prefecture">Fukuoka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>, 1981<a href="#cite_note-331">[322]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiroshima_Prefecture" title="Hiroshima Prefecture"><img alt="Hiroshima Prefecture" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_Hiroshima_Prefecture.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hiroshima_Prefecture.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_Hiroshima_Prefecture.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hiroshima_Prefecture.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_Hiroshima_Prefecture.svg/45px-Flag_of_Hiroshima_Prefecture.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Hiroshima_Prefecture" title="Hiroshima Prefecture">Hiroshima</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>, 1997<a href="#cite_note-332">[323]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hokkaido" title="Hokkaido"><img alt="Hokkaido" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Flag_of_Hokkaido_Prefecture.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hokkaido_Prefecture.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Flag_of_Hokkaido_Prefecture.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hokkaido_Prefecture.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Flag_of_Hokkaido_Prefecture.svg/45px-Flag_of_Hokkaido_Prefecture.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1260" data-file-height="840" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Hokkaido" title="Hokkaido">Hokkaido</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>, 2017<a href="#cite_note-333">[324]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okinawa_Prefecture" title="Okinawa Prefecture"><img alt="Okinawa Prefecture" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Okinawa_Prefecture.svg/23px-Flag_of_Okinawa_Prefecture.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Okinawa_Prefecture.svg/35px-Flag_of_Okinawa_Prefecture.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Okinawa_Prefecture.svg/45px-Flag_of_Okinawa_Prefecture.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="533" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Okinawa_Prefecture" title="Okinawa Prefecture">Okinawa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>, 1985<a href="#cite_note-334">[325]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamaguchi_Prefecture" title="Yamaguchi Prefecture"><img alt="Yamaguchi Prefecture" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Yamaguchi_Prefecture.svg/23px-Flag_of_Yamaguchi_Prefecture.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Yamaguchi_Prefecture.svg/35px-Flag_of_Yamaguchi_Prefecture.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Yamaguchi_Prefecture.svg/45px-Flag_of_Yamaguchi_Prefecture.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Yamaguchi_Prefecture" title="Yamaguchi Prefecture">Yamaguchi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>, 2022<a href="#cite_note-335">[326]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China" title="China"><img alt="China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Guangdong" title="Guangdong">Guangdong</a>, <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, 1985<a href="#cite_note-Hawaii's_Sister-States-336">[327]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China" title="China"><img alt="China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Hainan" title="Hainan">Hainan</a>, <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, 1992<a href="#cite_note-Hawaii's_Sister-States-336">[327]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeju_Province" title="Jeju Province"><img alt="Jeju Province" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Jeju_Province.svg/23px-Flag_of_Jeju_Province.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Jeju_Province.svg/35px-Flag_of_Jeju_Province.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Jeju_Province.svg/46px-Flag_of_Jeju_Province.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="414" data-file-height="273" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Jeju_Province" title="Jeju Province">Jeju</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a>, 1986<a href="#cite_note-Hawaii's_Sister-States-336">[327]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan"><img alt="Taiwan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of China">Republic of China</a>, 1993<a href="#cite_note-Hawaii's_Sister-States-336">[327]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cebu" title="Cebu"><img alt="Cebu" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Cebu_%28province%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cebu_%28province%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Cebu_%28province%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cebu_%28province%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Cebu_%28province%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Cebu_%28province%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="911" data-file-height="553" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Cebu_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Cebu Province">Cebu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>, 1996<a href="#cite_note-Hawaii's_Sister-States-336">[327]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabela_(province)" title="Isabela (province)"><img alt="Isabela (province)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Isabela_%28province%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Isabela_%28province%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Isabela_%28province%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Isabela_%28province%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Isabela_%28province%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Isabela_%28province%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="354" data-file-height="213" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Isabela_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Isabela Province">Isabela</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>, 2006<a href="#cite_note-Hawaii's_Sister-States-336">[327]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pangasinan" title="Pangasinan"><img alt="Pangasinan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Flag_of_Pangasinan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Pangasinan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Flag_of_Pangasinan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Pangasinan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Flag_of_Pangasinan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Pangasinan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="198" data-file-height="128" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Pangasinan_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Pangasinan Province">Pangasinan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>, 2002<a href="#cite_note-Hawaii's_Sister-States-336">[327]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilocos_Sur" title="Ilocos Sur"><img alt="Ilocos Sur" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/PH-ILS_Flag.png/23px-PH-ILS_Flag.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/PH-ILS_Flag.png/35px-PH-ILS_Flag.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/PH-ILS_Flag.png/46px-PH-ILS_Flag.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Ilocos_Sur_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Ilocos Sur Province">Ilocos Sur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>, 1985<a href="#cite_note-Hawaii's_Sister-States-336">[327]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilocos_Norte" title="Ilocos Norte"><img alt="Ilocos Norte" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Ph_Flag_of_Ilocos_Norte.png/23px-Ph_Flag_of_Ilocos_Norte.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Ph_Flag_of_Ilocos_Norte.png/35px-Ph_Flag_of_Ilocos_Norte.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Ph_Flag_of_Ilocos_Norte.png/46px-Ph_Flag_of_Ilocos_Norte.png 2x" data-file-width="432" data-file-height="217" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Ilocos_Norte_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Ilocos Norte Province">Ilocos Norte</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>, 2005<a href="#cite_note-Hawaii's_Sister-States-336">[327]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Flag_of_Rabat_Sale_province.svg/23px-Flag_of_Rabat_Sale_province.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Flag_of_Rabat_Sale_province.svg/35px-Flag_of_Rabat_Sale_province.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Flag_of_Rabat_Sale_province.svg/45px-Flag_of_Rabat_Sale_province.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Rabat-Sal%C3%A9-Zemmour-Za%C3%ABr" class="mw-redirect" title="Rabat-Salé-Zemmour-Zaër">Rabat-Salé-Zemmour-Zaër</a>, <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a>, 2011<a href="#cite_note-Hawaii's_Sister-States-336">[327]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azores" title="Azores"><img alt="Azores" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Flag_of_the_Azores.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Azores.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Flag_of_the_Azores.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Azores.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Flag_of_the_Azores.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Azores.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="844" data-file-height="562" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Azores" title="Azores">Azores Islands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a>, 1982<a href="#cite_note-Hawaii's_Sister-States-336">[327]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bali" title="Bali"><img alt="Bali" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Flag_of_Bali.svg/22px-Flag_of_Bali.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Flag_of_Bali.svg/33px-Flag_of_Bali.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Flag_of_Bali.svg/43px-Flag_of_Bali.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1050" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Bali_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Bali Province">Bali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>, 2014<a href="#cite_note-Hawaii's_Sister-States-336">[327]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Goa.svg/23px-Flag_of_Goa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Goa.svg/35px-Flag_of_Goa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Goa.svg/46px-Flag_of_Goa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1125" data-file-height="633" /> <a href="/wiki/Goa_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Goa State">Goa</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, 2018<a href="#cite_note-Hawaii's_Sister-States-336">[327]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Flag_of_Hawaii.svg/32px-Flag_of_Hawaii.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Flag_of_Hawaii.svg/48px-Flag_of_Hawaii.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Flag_of_Hawaii.svg/64px-Flag_of_Hawaii.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Hawaii" title="Portal:Hawaii">Hawaii portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">United States portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:Ic%C3%B4ne_Ile.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Ic%C3%B4ne_Ile.svg/28px-Ic%C3%B4ne_Ile.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Ic%C3%B4ne_Ile.svg/42px-Ic%C3%B4ne_Ile.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Ic%C3%B4ne_Ile.svg/56px-Ic%C3%B4ne_Ile.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Islands" title="Portal:Islands">Islands portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Hawaii-related_articles" title="Index of Hawaii-related articles">Index of Hawaii-related articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cemeteries_in_Hawaii" title="List of cemeteries in Hawaii">List of cemeteries in Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Hawaii" title="Outline of Hawaii">Outline of Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Hawaii" title="USS Hawaii">USS Hawaii</a>, two ships</li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Informational_notes">Informational notes</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> Elevation adjusted to <a href="/wiki/North_American_Vertical_Datum_of_1988" title="North American Vertical Datum of 1988">North American Vertical Datum of 1988</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> The summit of <a href="/wiki/Mauna_Kea" title="Mauna Kea">Mauna Kea</a> is the highest point in Oceania. Mauna Kea is also the tallest mountain on Earth when measured from base to summit. The <a href="/wiki/Shield_volcano" title="Shield volcano">shield volcano</a> sits on the floor of the Pacific Ocean at a depth of 5,998 meters (19,678 ft) for a total height of 10,205.3 meters (33,482 ft) </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> Local usage generally reserves Hawaiian as an <a href="/wiki/Ethnonym" title="Ethnonym">ethnonym</a> referring to <a href="/wiki/Native_Hawaiians" title="Native Hawaiians">Native Hawaiians</a>. Hawaii resident or from Hawaii is the preferred local form to refer to state residents in general regardless of ethnicity. Hawaii may also be used adjectivally. The <a href="/wiki/AP_Stylebook" title="AP Stylebook">AP Stylebook</a>, 42nd ed. (2007), also prescribes this usage (p. 112). </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> After Alaska, Florida, and California. </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> Pollex—a reconstruction of the Proto-Polynesian lexicon, Biggs and Clark, 1994.<a href="#cite_note-26">[22]</a> The asterisk preceding the word signifies that it is a reconstructed word form. </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> The <a href="/wiki/%CA%BBokina" class="mw-redirect" title="ʻokina">ʻokina</a>, which resembles an apostrophe and precedes the final i in Hawaiʻi, is a consonant in Hawaiian and phonetically represents the <a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">glottal stop</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ʔ/</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> For comparison, <a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a>—which has 8,717,925 people in 7,417 square miles (19,210 km2)—is the most-densely populated state in <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">the Union</a> with 1,134 people per square mile. </li> <li id="cite_note-205"><a href="#cite_ref-205">^</a> English "to be" is often omitted in Pidgin. In contexts where "to be" is used in <a href="/wiki/General_American" class="mw-redirect" title="General American">General American</a>, "to stay" is preferred. "To stay" may have arisen due to an English calque of the Portuguese <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ser#Portuguese" class="extiw" title="wikt:ser">ser</a>, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/estar#Portuguese" class="extiw" title="wikt:estar">estar</a>, or <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ficar#Portuguese" class="extiw" title="wikt:ficar">ficar</a>. Eh? (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style>IPA: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[æ̃ː˧˦]</a>) is a <a href="/wiki/Tag_question" title="Tag question">tag question</a> which may have roots in Japanese, which uses ね (ne?) to emphasize a point that may be agreed upon by all parties, or may come from Portuguese <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/n%C3%A9#Portuguese" class="extiw" title="wikt:né">né?</a> (shortened from "<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/n%C3%A3o_%C3%A9#Portuguese" class="extiw" title="wikt:não é">não é?</a>"), cf. French <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/n%27est-ce_pas#French" class="extiw" title="wikt:n'est-ce pas">n'est-ce pas ?</a>. Eh? may also have come from English yeah. </li> <li id="cite_note-306"><a href="#cite_ref-306">^</a> Senator Inouye, who ranked first in seniority, died in December 2012. Senator <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Akaka" title="Daniel Akaka">Daniel Akaka</a>, who ranked 21st of the Senate's one hundred members, retired in January 2013 after serving twenty-three years in the Senate. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-The_Bookmark_Book-1"><a href="#cite_ref-The_Bookmark_Book_1-0">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBrodieGoodrichMontgomery1996" class="citation book cs1">Brodie, Carolyn S; Goodrich, Debra; Montgomery, Paula Kay (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tYMxBX7jlkkC&pg=PA81">The Bookmark Book</a>. Englewood, CO: Libraries Unlimited. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781563083006" title="Special:BookSources/9781563083006"><bdi>9781563083006</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/34164045">34164045</a>. 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Retrieved February 20, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CDC.gov&rft.atitle=National+Vital+Statistics+Reports&rft.date=2022-08-23&rft.aulast=Arias&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fnchs%2Fdata%2Fnvsr%2Fnvsr71%2Fnvsr71-02.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHawaii" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCartwright1929" class="citation journal cs1">Cartwright, Bruce (1929). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070713091306/http://www.ethnomath.org/resources/cartwright1929.pdf">"The Legend of Hawaii-loa"</a> (PDF). Journal of the Polynesian Society. 38: 105–121. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ethnomath.org/resources/cartwright1929.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on July 13, 2007 – via Ethnomathematics Digital Library (EDL).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Polynesian+Society&rft.atitle=The+Legend+of+Hawaii-loa&rft.volume=38&rft.pages=105-121&rft.date=1929&rft.aulast=Cartwright&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ethnomath.org%2Fresources%2Fcartwright1929.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHawaii" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061230195509/http://www.hawaiischoolreports.com/symbols/origins.htm">"Origins of Hawaii's Names"</a>. 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Auckland, NZ: Auckland University Press. pp. 96–105. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86940-098-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86940-098-9"><bdi>978-1-86940-098-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Does+M%C4%81ori+have+a+closest+relative%3F&rft.btitle=The+Origins+of+the+First+New+Zealanders&rft.place=Auckland%2C+NZ&rft.pages=96-105&rft.pub=Auckland+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-1-86940-098-9&rft.aulast=Biggs&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHawaii" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClark1994" class="citation book cs1">Clark, Ross (1994). "Moriori and Māori: The Linguistic Evidence". In Sutton, Douglas G. (ed.). The Origins of the First New Zealanders. 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Hawaii Legislative Reference Bureau. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171101203129/http://lrbhawaii.org/con/conart15.html">Archived</a> from the original on November 1, 2017. Retrieved March 18, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Constitution+of+the+State+of+Hawaii&rft.atitle=Article+XV%2C+Section+4&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flrbhawaii.org%2Fcon%2Fconart15.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHawaii" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lrbhawaii.org/con/conart15.html">"Article XV, Section 1"</a>. The Constitution of the State of Hawaii. Hawaii Legislative Reference Bureau. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171101203129/http://lrbhawaii.org/con/conart15.html">Archived</a> from the original on November 1, 2017. Retrieved March 18, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Constitution+of+the+State+of+Hawaii&rft.atitle=Article+XV%2C+Section+1&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flrbhawaii.org%2Fcon%2Fconart15.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHawaii" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lrbhawaii.org/con/conorg.html">"The Constitution of the State of Hawaii"</a>. Hawaii Legislative Reference Bureau. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150309102450/http://lrbhawaii.org/con/conorg.html">Archived</a> from the original on March 9, 2015. Retrieved March 18, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Constitution+of+the+State+of+Hawaii&rft.pub=Hawaii+Legislative+Reference+Bureau&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flrbhawaii.org%2Fcon%2Fconorg.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHawaii" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110618030826/http://www.wowpolynesia.com/hawaiian-language/">"Hawaiian language"</a>. Wow Polynesia. December 2, 2009. 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The New England Quarterly. 80 (2): 280–298. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1162%2Ftneq.2007.80.2.280">10.1162/tneq.2007.80.2.280</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0028-4866">0028-4866</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20474535">20474535</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:57560408">57560408</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+England+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Agents+of+Imperialism%3A+Missionaries+and+Merchants+in+Early-Nineteenth-Century+Hawaii&rft.volume=80&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=280-298&rft.date=2007&rft.issn=0028-4866&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A57560408%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20474535%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1162%2Ftneq.2007.80.2.280&rft.aulast=Kashay&rft.aufirst=Jennifer+Fish&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20474535&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHawaii" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacDonald2013" class="citation book cs1">MacDonald, Margaret Read (December 16, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=i8RdAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA165">Traditional Storytelling Today: An International Sourcebook</a>. Routledge. p. 165. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781135917142" title="Special:BookSources/9781135917142"><bdi>9781135917142</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Traditional+Storytelling+Today%3A+An+International+Sourcebook&rft.pages=165&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013-12-16&rft.isbn=9781135917142&rft.aulast=MacDonald&rft.aufirst=Margaret+Read&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Di8RdAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA165&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHawaii" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDiamond2008" class="citation book cs1">Diamond, Heather A. 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University of Hawaiʻi Press. p. 15. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780824831714" title="Special:BookSources/9780824831714"><bdi>9780824831714</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Aloha%3A+Cultural+Tourism+and+the+Negotiation+of+Tradition&rft.pages=15&rft.pub=University+of+Hawai%CA%BBi+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780824831714&rft.aulast=Diamond&rft.aufirst=Heather+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_3DrC3iFfQQC%26pg%3DPA15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHawaii" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hooilina.org/cgi-bin/journal?e=p-0journal--00-0-0-004-Document---0-1--1en-50---20-docoptions-search-issue---001-0110escapewin&a=p&p=frameset&cl=&d=HASH0166acfd8ec6df2fa38fd161.5.2.6">"Ho'oilina Legacy Collection"</a>. hooilina.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191212213916/http://hooilina.org/cgi-bin/journal?e=p-0journal--00-0-0-004-Document---0-1--1en-50---20-docoptions-search-issue---001-0110escapewin&a=p&p=frameset&cl=&d=HASH0166acfd8ec6df2fa38fd161.5.2.6">Archived</a> from the original on December 12, 2019. 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University of Michigan School of Education. p. 5.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hawaii+%E2%80%93+An+Educational+Experiment+in+American+Democracy&rft.btitle=Studies+in+the+History+of+American+Education&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan+School+of+Education&rft.date=1947&rft.aulast=Wist&rft.aufirst=Benjamin+O.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBb0HAAAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHawaii" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartin2013" class="citation book cs1">Martin, Dr Kathleen J. (June 28, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HPyhAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA89">Indigenous Symbols and Practices in the Catholic Church: Visual Culture, Missionization and Appropriation</a>. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. p. 89. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781409480655" title="Special:BookSources/9781409480655"><bdi>9781409480655</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indigenous+Symbols+and+Practices+in+the+Catholic+Church%3A+Visual+Culture%2C+Missionization+and+Appropriation&rft.pages=89&rft.pub=Ashgate+Publishing%2C+Ltd.&rft.date=2013-06-28&rft.isbn=9781409480655&rft.aulast=Martin&rft.aufirst=Dr+Kathleen+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHPyhAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA89&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHawaii" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thearda.com/rcms2010/rcms2010A.asp?U=15&T=state&Y=2010&S=adh">"The Association of Religion Data Archives | State Membership Report"</a>. 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Retrieved April 19, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Association+of+Religion+Data+Archives+%26%23124%3B+State+Membership+Report&rft.pub=Thearda.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thearda.com%2Frcms2010%2Frcms2010A.asp%3FU%3D15%26T%3Dstate%26Y%3D2010%26S%3Dadh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHawaii" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ulukau.org/elib/cgi-bin/library?e=d-0kingdom3-000Sec--11en-50-20-frameset-book--1-010escapewin&a=d&d=D0.3&toc=0">"Ulukau: The Hawaiian kingdom, vol. 3, 1874–1893, The Kalakaua dynasty"</a>. www.ulukau.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150120013821/http://www.ulukau.org/elib/cgi-bin/library?e=d-0kingdom3-000Sec--11en-50-20-frameset-book--1-010escapewin&a=d&d=D0.3&toc=0">Archived</a> from the original on January 20, 2015. Retrieved February 12, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ulukau.org&rft.atitle=Ulukau%3A+The+Hawaiian+kingdom%2C+vol.+3%2C+1874%E2%80%931893%2C+The+Kalakaua+dynasty&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ulukau.org%2Felib%2Fcgi-bin%2Flibrary%3Fe%3Dd-0kingdom3-000Sec--11en-50-20-frameset-book--1-010escapewin%26a%3Dd%26d%3DD0.3%26toc%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHawaii" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ulukau.org/elib/cgi-bin/library?e=d-0kingdom3-000Sec--11en-50-20-frameset-book--1-010escapewin&a=d&d=D0.21&toc=0">"Ulukau: The Hawaiian kingdom, vol. 3, 1874–1893, The Kalakaua dynasty"</a>. www.ulukau.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150120043915/http://www.ulukau.org/elib/cgi-bin/library?e=d-0kingdom3-000Sec--11en-50-20-frameset-book--1-010escapewin&a=d&d=D0.21&toc=0">Archived</a> from the original on January 20, 2015. 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City Lights Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87286-851-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87286-851-9"><bdi>978-0-87286-851-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1237408556">1237408556</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=We+the+Resistance+Documenting+a+History+of+Nonviolent+Protest+in+the+United+States.&rft.pub=City+Lights+Publishers&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1237408556&rft.isbn=978-0-87286-851-9&rft.aulast=G.&rft.aufirst=Long%2C+Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworldcat.org%2Foclc%2F1237408556&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHawaii" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-120">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:5_120-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_120-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_120-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_120-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrask2021" class="citation book cs1">Trask, Haunani-Kay (May 25, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9780824847029/html">From a Native Daughter</a>. University of Hawaiʻi Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9780824847029">10.1515/9780824847029</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-4702-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-4702-9"><bdi>978-0-8248-4702-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+a+Native+Daughter&rft.pub=University+of+Hawai%CA%BBi+Press&rft.date=2021-05-25&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2F9780824847029&rft.isbn=978-0-8248-4702-9&rft.aulast=Trask&rft.aufirst=Haunani-Kay&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.degruyter.com%2Fdocument%2Fdoi%2F10.1515%2F9780824847029%2Fhtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHawaii" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1894app2/d82">"Foreign Relations of the United States, 1894, Appendix II, Affairs in Hawaii – Office of the Historian"</a>. history.state.gov. 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Economic Geography. 10 (3): 288–296. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F140126">10.2307/140126</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0013-0095">0013-0095</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/140126">140126</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Economic+Geography&rft.atitle=Pineapple+Industry+in+Hawaii&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=288-296&rft.date=1934&rft.issn=0013-0095&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F140126%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F140126&rft.aulast=Coulter&rft.aufirst=John+Wesley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F140126&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHawaii" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-128">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_128-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_128-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2021" class="citation journal cs1">Williams, Ronald Jr. (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://muse.jhu.edu/article/840143">"Incarcerating a Nation: The Arrest and Imprisonment of Political Prisoners by the Republic of Hawai'i, 1895"</a>. Hawaiian Journal of History. 55 (1): 167–176. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fhjh.2021.0005">10.1353/hjh.2021.0005</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2169-7639">2169-7639</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:244913179">244913179</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hawaiian+Journal+of+History&rft.atitle=Incarcerating+a+Nation%3A+The+Arrest+and+Imprisonment+of+Political+Prisoners+by+the+Republic+of+Hawai%27i%2C+1895&rft.volume=55&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=167-176&rft.date=2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A244913179%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=2169-7639&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fhjh.2021.0005&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Ronald+Jr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmuse.jhu.edu%2Farticle%2F840143&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHawaii" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMenton1999" class="citation book cs1">Menton, Linda K. 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The <a href="/wiki/Morgan_Report" title="Morgan Report">Morgan Report</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100825165348/http://morganreport.org/mediawiki/index.php?title=1897_Annexation_Treaty">Archived</a> from the original on August 25, 2010. 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University of Hawaiʻi Press. p. 209. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780824832117" title="Special:BookSources/9780824832117"><bdi>9780824832117</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Who+Owns+the+Crown+Lands+of+Hawai_i%3F&rft.pages=209&rft.pub=University+of+Hawai%CA%BBi+Press&rft.date=2008-01-01&rft.isbn=9780824832117&rft.aulast=Dyke&rft.aufirst=Jon+M.+Van&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIjZPcGb2R08C%26pg%3DPA209&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHawaii" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cdnc.ucr.edu/cgi-bin/cdnc?a=d&d=SDU18980616.2.60">"Sacramento Daily Union 16 June 1898—California Digital Newspaper Collection"</a>. cdnc.ucr.edu. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170213163714/https://cdnc.ucr.edu/cgi-bin/cdnc?a=d&d=SDU18980616.2.60">Archived</a> from the original on February 13, 2017. 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Retrieved February 12, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=hrmakahinui.com&rft.atitle=Annexation+Timeline%E2%80%94of+the+overthrow+of+the+Kingdom+of+Hawaii&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhrmakahinui.com%2FTimeline_Kingdom_of_Hawaii.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHawaii" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFranklinLyons2004" class="citation journal cs1">Franklin, Cynthia; Lyons, Laura E. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23540436">"Land, Leadership, and Nation: Haunani-Kay Trask on the Testimonial Uses of Life Writing in Hawaiʻi"</a>. Biography. 27 (1): 222–249. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0162-4962">0162-4962</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23540436">23540436</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biography&rft.atitle=Land%2C+Leadership%2C+and+Nation%3A+Haunani-Kay+Trask+on+the+Testimonial+Uses+of+Life+Writing+in+Hawai%CA%BBi&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=222-249&rft.date=2004&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23540436%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0162-4962&rft.aulast=Franklin&rft.aufirst=Cynthia&rft.au=Lyons%2C+Laura+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23540436&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHawaii" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiliuokalani,_Queen_of_Hawaii2021" class="citation book cs1">Liliuokalani, Queen of Hawaii (February 23, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/1262093837">Hawaii's story by Hawaii's Queen</a>. 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University of Hawaiʻi Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-4702-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-4702-9"><bdi>978-0-8248-4702-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1256413351">1256413351</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+a+Native+Daughter+%3A+Colonialism+and+Sovereignty+in+Hawaii&rft.edition=Revised&rft.pub=University+of+Hawai%CA%BBi+Press&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1256413351&rft.isbn=978-0-8248-4702-9&rft.aulast=Trask&rft.aufirst=Haunani-Kay&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworldcat.org%2Foclc%2F1256413351&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHawaii" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abebooks.co.uk/Hawaii-Statehood-Honolulu-Star-Bulletin/7223272607/bd">"Hawaii Statehood—Honolulu Star-Bulletin by Hawaii: Honolulu, Hawaii No binding—Seth Kaller Inc"</a>. www.abebooks.co.uk. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170213164159/https://www.abebooks.co.uk/Hawaii-Statehood-Honolulu-Star-Bulletin/7223272607/bd">Archived</a> from the original on February 13, 2017. 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NPR. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161021143552/http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=5391395">Archived</a> from the original on October 21, 2016. Retrieved September 3, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NPR.org&rft.atitle=1965+immigration+law+changed+face+of+America&rft.au=Jennifer+Ludden&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2Ftemplates%2Fstory%2Fstory.php%3FstoryId%3D5391395&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHawaii" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gallup.com/poll/188969/red-states-outnumber-blue-first-time-gallup-tracking.aspx">"Red States Outnumber Blue for First Time in Gallup Tracking"</a>. gallup.com. February 3, 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170104092539/http://www.gallup.com/poll/188969/red-states-outnumber-blue-first-time-gallup-tracking.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on January 4, 2017. Retrieved January 5, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=gallup.com&rft.atitle=Red+States+Outnumber+Blue+for+First+Time+in+Gallup+Tracking&rft.date=2016-02-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gallup.com%2Fpoll%2F188969%2Fred-states-outnumber-blue-first-time-gallup-tracking.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHawaii" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> [ 2016 election result—Politico] </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoundless2016" class="citation journal cs1">Boundless (August 8, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161112151613/https://www.boundless.com/political-science/textbooks/boundless-political-science-textbook/interest-groups-7/modern-political-parties-59/red-states-vs-blue-states-337-4262/">"Red States vs. Blue States"</a>. Boundless.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.boundless.com/political-science/textbooks/boundless-political-science-textbook/interest-groups-7/modern-political-parties-59/red-states-vs-blue-states-337-4262/">the original</a> on November 12, 2016. 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December 2, 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170106174223/http://elections.nbcnews.com/ns/politics/2012/all/president/">Archived</a> from the original on January 6, 2017. Retrieved January 5, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=nbcnews.com&rft.atitle=2012+Presidential+Race%E2%80%94Election+Results+by+State%E2%80%94NBC+News&rft.date=2011-12-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Felections.nbcnews.com%2Fns%2Fpolitics%2F2012%2Fall%2Fpresident%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHawaii" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:Cheng2-148"><a href="#cite_ref-:Cheng2_148-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCheng2023" class="citation book cs1">Cheng, Wendy (2023). Island X: Taiwanese Student Migrants, Campus Spies, and Cold War Activism. 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Retrieved February 20, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Video%3A+Aloha+Hawaii.+islanders+Celebrate+Long-Sought+Statehood%2C+1959%2F03%2F16+%281959%29&rft.pub=Universal+Newsreel&rft.date=1959&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2F1959-03-16_Aloha_Hawaii&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHawaii" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-celebrating-50-years-of-statehood-150"><a href="#cite_ref-celebrating-50-years-of-statehood_150-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140321081230/http://archive.lingle.hawaii.gov/govgallery/news/files/2009/march/celebrating-50-years-of-statehood">"Commemorating 50 Years of Statehood"</a>. archive.lingle.hawaii.gov. State of Hawaii. March 18, 2009. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/ADPTable?_bm=y&-geo_id=04000US15&-qr_name=ACS_2008_1YR_G00_DP2&-context=adp&-ds_name=&-tree_id=308&-_lang=en&-redoLog=true&-format=">the original</a> on December 2, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hawaii&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffactfinder.census.gov%2Fservlet%2FADPTable%3F_bm%3Dy%26-geo_id%3D04000US15%26-qr_name%3DACS_2008_1YR_G00_DP2%26-context%3Dadp%26-ds_name%3D%26-tree_id%3D308%26-_lang%3Den%26-redoLog%3Dtrue%26-format%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHawaii" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Charles_Williams-184"><a href="#cite_ref-Charles_Williams_184-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams1832" class="citation book cs1">Williams, Charles (1832) [1828]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=V6YNAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA42">The Missionary Gazetteer: Comprising a Geographical and Statistical Account of the Various Stations of the Church, London, Moravian, Wesleyan, Baptist, and American, Missionary Societies Etc., With Their Progress in Evangelization and Civilization</a>. 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Retrieved May 3, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Missionary+Gazetteer%3A+Comprising+a+Geographical+and+Statistical+Account+of+the+Various+Stations+of+the+Church%2C+London%2C+Moravian%2C+Wesleyan%2C+Baptist%2C+and+American%2C+Missionary+Societies+Etc.%2C+With+Their+Progress+in+Evangelization+and+Civilization&rft.place=Boston%2C+MA&rft.series=CIHM%2FICMH+microfiche+series%2C+no.+35042+%28also+ATLA+monograph+preservation+program%3B+ATLA+fiche+1988%E2%80%933226%29&rft.pages=424&rft.edition=America&rft.pub=W.+Hyde+%26+Co&rft.date=1832&rft.isbn=978-0-665-35042-9&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DV6YNAAAAQAAJ%26pg%3DPA42&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHawaii" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Goto-185"><a href="#cite_ref-Goto_185-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoto2007" class="citation web cs1">Goto, Junichi (April 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-wds.worldbank.org/servlet/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2007/05/10/000016406_20070510133229/Rendered/PDF/wps4203.pdf">"Latin Americans of Japanese Origin (Nikkeijin) Working in Japan—A Survey"</a> (PDF). Documents & Reports—All Documents | The World Bank. Washington, DC: World Bank. pp. 5, 48. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120611133213/http://www-wds.worldbank.org/servlet/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2007/05/10/000016406_20070510133229/Rendered/PDF/wps4203.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on June 11, 2012. Retrieved May 3, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Documents+%26+Reports%E2%80%94All+Documents+%26%23124%3B+The+World+Bank&rft.atitle=Latin+Americans+of+Japanese+Origin+%28Nikkeijin%29+Working+in+Japan%E2%80%94A+Survey&rft.pages=5%2C+48&rft.date=2007-04&rft.aulast=Goto&rft.aufirst=Junichi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww-wds.worldbank.org%2Fservlet%2FWDSContentServer%2FWDSP%2FIB%2F2007%2F05%2F10%2F000016406_20070510133229%2FRendered%2FPDF%2Fwps4203.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHawaii" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wao+Lani-186"><a href="#cite_ref-Wao+Lani_186-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hawaiialive.org/realms.php?sub=Wao+Lani&treasure=369&offset=0">"+ Hawaii Alive | Realms: Wao Lani +"</a>. Hawaii Alive. Honolulu, HI: <a href="/wiki/Bishop_Museum" title="Bishop Museum">Bishop Museum</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120426110326/http://www.hawaiialive.org/realms.php?sub=Wao+Lani&treasure=369&offset=0">Archived</a> from the original on April 26, 2012. Retrieved May 3, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hawaii+Alive&rft.atitle=%2B+Hawaii+Alive+%26%23124%3B+Realms%3A+Wao+Lani+%2B&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hawaiialive.org%2Frealms.php%3Fsub%3DWao%2BLani%26treasure%3D369%26offset%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHawaii" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hoffman-187"><a href="#cite_ref-Hoffman_187-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoffman1899" class="citation journal cs1">Hoffman, Frederic L. (September 1899). "The Portuguese Population in the United States". Publications of the American Statistical Association. 6 (47): 327–336. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2276463">10.2307/2276463</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2276463">2276463</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/11137237">11137237</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:128107627">128107627</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Publications+of+the+American+Statistical+Association&rft.atitle=The+Portuguese+Population+in+the+United+States&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=47&rft.pages=327-336&rft.date=1899-09&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F11137237&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A128107627%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2276463%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2276463&rft.aulast=Hoffman&rft.aufirst=Frederic+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHawaii" class="Z3988">(subscription required) See pp. 332–333. </li> <li id="cite_note-López-188"><a href="#cite_ref-López_188-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLópez2006" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">López, Iris (May 3, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_62IjQ-XQScC&pg=PA591">"Puerto Ricans in Hawaii"</a>. In Ruiz, Vicki L.; Korrol, Virginia Sánchez (eds.). Latinas in the United States: A Historical Encyclopedia. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Vol. 2. Bloomington, IN: <a href="/wiki/Indiana_University_Press" title="Indiana University Press">Indiana University Press</a>. pp. 591–95. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-34680-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-34680-3"><bdi>978-0-253-34680-3</bdi></a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/74671044">74671044</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/748855661">748855661</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/756540171">756540171</a>. Retrieved May 3, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Puerto+Ricans+in+Hawaii&rft.btitle=Latinas+in+the+United+States%3A+A+Historical+Encyclopedia&rft.place=Bloomington%2C+IN&rft.series=Gale+Virtual+Reference+Library&rft.pages=591-95&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=2006-05-03&rft.isbn=978-0-253-34680-3&rft.aulast=L%C3%B3pez&rft.aufirst=Iris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_62IjQ-XQScC%26pg%3DPA591&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHawaii" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lrbhawaii.org/con/constitution/CONST%200015-0004.html">"The Constitution of the State of Hawaii"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180126122307/http://lrbhawaii.org/con/constitution/CONST%200015-0004.html">Archived</a> from the original on January 26, 2018. Retrieved February 4, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Constitution+of+the+State+of+Hawaii&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flrbhawaii.org%2Fcon%2Fconstitution%2FCONST%25200015-0004.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHawaii" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBu_Kerry_Chan_Laddaran,_Special_to2015" class="citation web cs1">Bu Kerry Chan Laddaran, Special to (November 12, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnn.com/2015/11/12/living/pidgin-english-hawaii/index.html">"Pidgin English is now an official language of Hawaii"</a>. CNN. Retrieved February 17, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=Pidgin+English+is+now+an+official+language+of+Hawaii&rft.date=2015-11-12&rft.au=Bu+Kerry+Chan+Laddaran%2C+Special+to&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2015%2F11%2F12%2Fliving%2Fpidgin-english-hawaii%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHawaii" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-mla-191">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mla_191-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mla_191-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mla.org/map_data_results&state_id=15&mode=state_tops">"Language Map Data Center"</a>. Mla.org. July 17, 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110831190300/http://www.mla.org/map_data_results%26state_id%3D15%26mode%3Dstate_tops">Archived</a> from the original on August 31, 2011. Retrieved November 5, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Language+Map+Data+Center&rft.pub=Mla.org&rft.date=2007-07-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mla.org%2Fmap_data_results%26state_id%3D15%26mode%3Dstate_tops&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHawaii" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-192"><a href="#cite_ref-192">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://files.hawaii.gov/dbedt/census/acs/Report/Detailed_Language_March2016.pdf">"DETAILED LANGUAGES SPOKEN AT HOME IN THE STATE OF HAWAII"</a> (PDF). Hawaii State Data Center. March 2016. p. iii. Retrieved June 12, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=DETAILED+LANGUAGES+SPOKEN+AT+HOME+IN+THE+STATE+OF+HAWAII&rft.pages=iii&rft.pub=Hawaii+State+Data+Center&rft.date=2016-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffiles.hawaii.gov%2Fdbedt%2Fcensus%2Facs%2FReport%2FDetailed_Language_March2016.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHawaii" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lyovin-193">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lyovin_193-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lyovin_193-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLyovin1997" class="citation book cs1">Lyovin, Anatole V. (1997). An Introduction to the Languages of the World. New York: Oxford University Press, Inc. pp. 257–58. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-508116-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-508116-9"><bdi>978-0-19-508116-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+the+Languages+of+the+World&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=257-58&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press%2C+Inc&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-19-508116-9&rft.aulast=Lyovin&rft.aufirst=Anatole+V.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHawaii" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Census_Bureau_Hawaiian_Speaker_estimate-194"><a href="#cite_ref-Census_Bureau_Hawaiian_Speaker_estimate_194-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.census.gov/hhes/socdemo/language/data/other/detailed-lang-tables.xls">"Table 1. Detailed Languages Spoken at Home and Ability to Speak English for the Population 5 Years and Over for the United States: 2006–2008"</a> (MS-Excel Spreadsheet). American Community Survey Data on Language Use. Washington, DC: <a href="/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau" title="United States Census Bureau">U.S. Census Bureau</a>. April 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140922225023/https://www.census.gov/hhes/socdemo/language/data/other/detailed-lang-tables.xls">Archived</a> from the original on September 22, 2014. Retrieved May 7, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=American+Community+Survey+Data+on+Language+Use&rft.atitle=Table+1.+Detailed+Languages+Spoken+at+Home+and+Ability+to+Speak+English+for+the+Population+5+Years+and+Over+for+the+United+States%3A+2006%E2%80%932008&rft.date=2010-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.census.gov%2Fhhes%2Fsocdemo%2Flanguage%2Fdata%2Fother%2Fdetailed-lang-tables.xls&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHawaii" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-195"><a href="#cite_ref-195">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchütz1994" class="citation book cs1">Schütz, Albert J. (1994). The voices of Eden: a history of Hawaiian language studies. Honolulu, HI: University of Hawaiʻi Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-585-28415-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-585-28415-6"><bdi>0-585-28415-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/45733324">45733324</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+voices+of+Eden%3A+a+history+of+Hawaiian+language+studies&rft.place=Honolulu%2C+HI&rft.pub=University+of+Hawai%CA%BBi+Press&rft.date=1994&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F45733324&rft.isbn=0-585-28415-6&rft.aulast=Sch%C3%BCtz&rft.aufirst=Albert+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHawaii" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-196"><a href="#cite_ref-196">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchütz1994" class="citation book cs1">Schütz, Albert J. (1994). The Voices of Eden: A History of Hawaiian Language Studies. Honolulu, HI: University of Hawaiʻi Press. pp. 334–36, 338 20n. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-1637-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-1637-7"><bdi>978-0-8248-1637-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Voices+of+Eden%3A+A+History+of+Hawaiian+Language+Studies&rft.place=Honolulu%2C+HI&rft.pages=334-36%2C+338+%27%2720n%27%27&rft.pub=University+of+Hawai%CA%BBi+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-8248-1637-7&rft.aulast=Sch%C3%BCtz&rft.aufirst=Albert+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHawaii" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-197"><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://study.com/academy/lesson/hawaiian-language-history-phrases.html">"Hawaiian Language: History & Phrases"</a>. study.com. 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January 5, 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170831155911/https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr66/nvsr66_01.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on August 31, 2017. Retrieved April 18, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=National+Vital+Statistics+Reports+Births%3A+Final+Data+for+2015&rft.pub=U.S.+Department+of+Health+and+Human+Services&rft.date=2017-01-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fnchs%2Fdata%2Fnvsr%2Fnvsr66%2Fnvsr66_01.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHawaii" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-220"><a href="#cite_ref-220">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr67/nvsr67_01.pdf">"Births: Final Data for 2016"</a> (PDF). www.cdc.gov. NVSS. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180603002249/https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr67/nvsr67_01.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on June 3, 2018. Retrieved May 4, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.cdc.gov&rft.atitle=Births%3A+Final+Data+for+2016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fnchs%2Fdata%2Fnvsr%2Fnvsr67%2Fnvsr67_01.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHawaii" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-221"><a href="#cite_ref-221">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr67/nvsr67_08-508.pdf">"Births: Final Data for 2017"</a> (PDF). www.cdc.gov. NVSS. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190201210916/https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr67/nvsr67_08-508.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on February 1, 2019. Retrieved February 18, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.cdc.gov&rft.atitle=Births%3A+Final+Data+for+2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fnchs%2Fdata%2Fnvsr%2Fnvsr67%2Fnvsr67_08-508.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHawaii" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-222"><a href="#cite_ref-222">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr68/nvsr68_13-508.pdf">"Data"</a> (PDF). www.cdc.gov. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191128161211/https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr68/nvsr68_13-508.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on November 28, 2019. Retrieved December 2, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.cdc.gov&rft.atitle=Data&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fnchs%2Fdata%2Fnvsr%2Fnvsr68%2Fnvsr68_13-508.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHawaii" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-223"><a href="#cite_ref-223">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr70/nvsr70-02-508.pdf">"Data"</a> (PDF). www.cdc.gov. 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University of Chicago Press. pp. 99–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-55195-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-55195-1"><bdi>978-0-226-55195-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140627132241/http://books.google.com/books?id=GfH6Nc8HHFwC&pg=PA99">Archived</a> from the original on June 27, 2014. Retrieved May 22, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Homosexualities&rft.pages=99-&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2002-06-01&rft.isbn=978-0-226-55195-1&rft.au=Stephen+O.+Murray&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGfH6Nc8HHFwC%26pg%3DPA99&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHawaii" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kornblum2011-228"><a href="#cite_ref-Kornblum2011_228-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliam_Kornblum2011" class="citation book cs1">William Kornblum (January 31, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DtKcG6qoY5AC&pg=PT189">Sociology in a Changing World</a>. Cengage Learning. p. 165. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-111-30157-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-111-30157-6"><bdi>978-1-111-30157-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140627123651/http://books.google.com/books?id=DtKcG6qoY5AC&pg=PT189">Archived</a> from the original on June 27, 2014. Retrieved May 22, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sociology+in+a+Changing+World&rft.pages=165&rft.pub=Cengage+Learning&rft.date=2011-01-31&rft.isbn=978-1-111-30157-6&rft.au=William+Kornblum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDtKcG6qoY5AC%26pg%3DPT189&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHawaii" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Klarman2012-229"><a href="#cite_ref-Klarman2012_229-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichael_Klarman2012" class="citation book cs1">Michael Klarman (October 18, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=e8by2JjCqaEC&pg=PA56">From the Closet to the Altar: Courts, Backlash, and the Struggle for Same-Sex Marriage</a>. Oxford University Press. pp. 56–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-992210-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-992210-9"><bdi>978-0-19-992210-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140627123631/http://books.google.com/books?id=e8by2JjCqaEC&pg=PA56">Archived</a> from the original on June 27, 2014. Retrieved May 22, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+the+Closet+to+the+Altar%3A+Courts%2C+Backlash%2C+and+the+Struggle+for+Same-Sex+Marriage&rft.pages=56-&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2012-10-18&rft.isbn=978-0-19-992210-9&rft.au=Michael+Klarman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3De8by2JjCqaEC%26pg%3DPA56&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHawaii" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-EmberEmber2003-230"><a href="#cite_ref-EmberEmber2003_230-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarol_R._EmberMelvin_Ember2003" class="citation book cs1">Carol R. Ember; Melvin Ember (December 31, 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XUAsskBg8ywC&pg=PA207">Encyclopedia of Sex and Gender: Men and Women in the World's Cultures Topics and Cultures A–K—Volume 1; Cultures L–Z</a>. Springer. pp. 207–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-306-47770-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-306-47770-6"><bdi>978-0-306-47770-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160515091537/https://books.google.com/books?id=XUAsskBg8ywC&pg=PA207">Archived</a> from the original on May 15, 2016. 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Taylor & Francis. pp. 358–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8153-1920-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8153-1920-7"><bdi>978-0-8153-1920-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161223205251/https://books.google.com/books?id=0EUoCrFolGcC&pg=PA358">Archived</a> from the original on December 23, 2016. 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Duke University Press Durham & London. pp. 66, 77. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8223-8622-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-8223-8622-4"><bdi>0-8223-8622-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200921094011/https://books.google.com/books?id=G3IFQ2YAsXgC&printsec=frontcover&hl=en">Archived</a> from the original on September 21, 2020. 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Gallup, Inc. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140621150848/http://www.gallup.com/poll/160517/lgbt-percentage-highest-lowest-north-dakota.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on June 21, 2014. 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Gallup, Inc. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150429162023/http://www.gallup.com/poll/182837/estimated-780-000-americans-sex-marriages.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on April 29, 2015. 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August 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120823083544/http://www.hawaiibusiness.com/Hawaii-Business/August-2012/The-pros-and-cons-of-the-Jones-Act/">Archived</a> from the original on August 23, 2012. 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Honolulu, HI: Hawaiʻi Free Press. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180728040004/http://www.hawaiifreepress.com/ArticlesMain/tabid/56/ID/10736/Jones-Act-Does-Not-Bar-International-Trade-From-Hawaii.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on July 28, 2018. 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Honolulu, HI: <a href="/wiki/Black_Press" title="Black Press">Black Press Group Ltd</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0439-5271">0439-5271</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/9188300">9188300</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/433678262">433678262</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/232117605">232117605</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/2268098">2268098</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121013185712/http://archives.starbulletin.com/97/04/08/business/story3.html">Archived</a> from the original on October 13, 2012. Retrieved May 5, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Honolulu+Star-Bulletin&rft.atitle=U.S.-only+shipping+rule+praised%2C+blasted%3B+Backers+and+foes+of+the+Jones+Act+make+their+case+before+the+Legislature&rft.date=1997-04-04&rft.issn=0439-5271&rft.aulast=Lynch&rft.aufirst=Russ&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchives.starbulletin.com%2F97%2F04%2F08%2Fbusiness%2Fstory3.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHawaii" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-262"><a href="#cite_ref-262">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.civilbeat.org/2021/06/peter-apo-how-a-violent-battle-in-1819-still-impacts-hawaii-today/">"Peter Apo: How A Violent Battle In 1819 Still Impacts Hawaii Today"</a>. Honolulu Civil Beat. June 27, 2021. 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Cambridge University Press. pp. 99–119. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-78309-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-78309-5"><bdi>978-0-521-78309-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hawaiki%2C+Ancestral+Polynesia%3A+An+Essay+in+Historical+Anthropology&rft.pages=99-119&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-521-78309-5&rft.aulast=Kirch&rft.aufirst=Patrick+Vinton&rft.au=Roger+Green&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhawaikiancestral0000kirc%2Fpage%2F99%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHawaii" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-264"><a href="#cite_ref-264">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilmshurst2010" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Janet_Wilmshurst" title="Janet Wilmshurst">Wilmshurst, Janet</a> (December 27, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3033267">"High-precision radiocarbon dating shows recent and rapid initial human colonization of East Polynesia"</a>. 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US National Library of Medicine: 1815–1820. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011PNAS..108.1815W">2011PNAS..108.1815W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.1015876108">10.1073/pnas.1015876108</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3033267">3033267</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21187404">21187404</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences+of+the+United+States+of+America&rft.atitle=High-precision+radiocarbon+dating+shows+recent+and+rapid+initial+human+colonization+of+East+Polynesia&rft.volume=108&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=1815-1820&rft.date=2010-12-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3033267%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21187404&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.1015876108&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2011PNAS..108.1815W&rft.aulast=Wilmshurst&rft.aufirst=Janet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3033267&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHawaii" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Unterberger-265"><a href="#cite_ref-Unterberger_265-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnterberger1999" class="citation book cs1">Unterberger, Richie (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/musicusaroughgui0000unte/page/465">Music USA</a>. 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Trafford Publishing. p. 153. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4251-7524-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4251-7524-5"><bdi>978-1-4251-7524-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hawaii%E2%80%94The+Fake+State&rft.pages=153&rft.pub=Trafford+Publishing&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-4251-7524-5&rft.au=Aran+Alton+Ardaiz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8ep_MtL5BacC%26pg%3DPA153&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHawaii" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-330"><a href="#cite_ref-330">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pref.ehime.jp/h30100/global/industry/grobal.html">"International exchange activated with globalization"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ehime_Prefecture" title="Ehime Prefecture">Ehime Prefecture</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180930043647/http://www.pref.ehime.jp/h30100/global/industry/grobal.html">Archived</a> from the original on September 30, 2018. Retrieved October 27, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=International+exchange+activated+with+globalization&rft.pub=Ehime+Prefecture&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pref.ehime.jp%2Fh30100%2Fglobal%2Findustry%2Fgrobal.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHawaii" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-331"><a href="#cite_ref-331">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pref.fukuoka.lg.jp/contents/hawaii20180721.html">"ハワイアンフェスティバル in 福岡 2018"</a> (in Japanese). <a href="/wiki/Fukuoka_Prefecture" title="Fukuoka Prefecture">Fukuoka Prefecture</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190414133940/http://www.pref.fukuoka.lg.jp/contents/hawaii20180721.html">Archived</a> from the original on April 14, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E3%83%8F%E3%83%AF%E3%82%A4%E3%82%A2%E3%83%B3%E3%83%95%E3%82%A7%E3%82%B9%E3%83%86%E3%82%A3%E3%83%90%E3%83%AB+in+%E7%A6%8F%E5%B2%A1+2018&rft.pub=Fukuoka+Prefecture&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pref.fukuoka.lg.jp%2Fcontents%2Fhawaii20180721.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHawaii" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-332"><a href="#cite_ref-332">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pref.hiroshima.lg.jp/soshiki/38/hawaii-imin.html">"広島県・ハワイ州友好提携20周年記念（展示会）広島から世界へ―移住の歴史と日系人の暮らし― を開催しました。"</a> (in Japanese). <a href="/wiki/Hiroshima_Prefecture" title="Hiroshima Prefecture">Hiroshima Prefecture</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190414133235/https://www.pref.hiroshima.lg.jp/soshiki/38/hawaii-imin.html">Archived</a> from the original on April 14, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E5%BA%83%E5%B3%B6%E7%9C%8C%E3%83%BB%E3%83%8F%E3%83%AF%E3%82%A4%E5%B7%9E%E5%8F%8B%E5%A5%BD%E6%8F%90%E6%90%BA20%E5%91%A8%E5%B9%B4%E8%A8%98%E5%BF%B5%EF%BC%88%E5%B1%95%E7%A4%BA%E4%BC%9A%EF%BC%89+%E5%BA%83%E5%B3%B6%E3%81%8B%E3%82%89%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E3%81%B8%E2%80%95%E7%A7%BB%E4%BD%8F%E3%81%AE%E6%AD%B4%E5%8F%B2%E3%81%A8%E6%97%A5%E7%B3%BB%E4%BA%BA%E3%81%AE%E6%9A%AE%E3%82%89%E3%81%97%E2%80%95+%E3%82%92%E9%96%8B%E5%82%AC%E3%81%97%E3%81%BE%E3%81%97%E3%81%9F%E3%80%82&rft.pub=Hiroshima+Prefecture&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pref.hiroshima.lg.jp%2Fsoshiki%2F38%2Fhawaii-imin.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHawaii" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-333"><a href="#cite_ref-333">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pref.hokkaido.lg.jp/ss/tsk/RTMENGLISH.htm">"Hokkaido Sister City and Affiliated Regions Round Table Meeting"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hokkaido" title="Hokkaido">Hokkaido</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190305222132/http://www.pref.hokkaido.lg.jp/ss/tsk/RTMENGLISH.htm">Archived</a> from the original on March 5, 2019. Retrieved March 5, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hokkaido+Sister+City+and+Affiliated+Regions+Round+Table+Meeting&rft.pub=Hokkaido&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pref.hokkaido.lg.jp%2Fss%2Ftsk%2FRTMENGLISH.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHawaii" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-334"><a href="#cite_ref-334">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pref.okinawa.jp/site/chijiko/kohokoryu/koho/topic/201510091.html">"沖縄・ハワイ州姉妹提携30周年記念式典(10月9日)"</a> (in Japanese). <a href="/wiki/Okinawa_Prefecture" title="Okinawa Prefecture">Okinawa Prefecture</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190414134639/https://www.pref.okinawa.jp/site/chijiko/kohokoryu/koho/topic/201510091.html">Archived</a> from the original on April 14, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E6%B2%96%E7%B8%84%E3%83%BB%E3%83%8F%E3%83%AF%E3%82%A4%E5%B7%9E%E5%A7%89%E5%A6%B9%E6%8F%90%E6%90%BA30%E5%91%A8%E5%B9%B4%E8%A8%98%E5%BF%B5%E5%BC%8F%E5%85%B8%2810%E6%9C%889%E6%97%A5%29&rft.pub=Okinawa+Prefecture&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pref.okinawa.jp%2Fsite%2Fchijiko%2Fkohokoryu%2Fkoho%2Ftopic%2F201510091.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHawaii" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-335"><a href="#cite_ref-335">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://invest.hawaii.gov/international/sister-states/">"HAWAII'S SISTER-STATES"</a>. Business Development and Support Division logo Business Development and Support Division. State of Hawaii. Retrieved March 30, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Business+Development+and+Support+Division+logo+Business+Development+and+Support+Division&rft.atitle=HAWAII%27S+SISTER-STATES&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Finvest.hawaii.gov%2Finternational%2Fsister-states%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHawaii" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hawaii's_Sister-States-336">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hawaii's_Sister-States_336-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hawaii's_Sister-States_336-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hawaii's_Sister-States_336-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hawaii's_Sister-States_336-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hawaii's_Sister-States_336-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hawaii's_Sister-States_336-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hawaii's_Sister-States_336-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hawaii's_Sister-States_336-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hawaii's_Sister-States_336-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hawaii's_Sister-States_336-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hawaii's_Sister-States_336-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hawaii's_Sister-States_336-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hawaii's_Sister-States_336-12">m</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://invest.hawaii.gov/international/sister-states/">"Hawaii's Sister-States"</a>. <a href="/wiki/State_of_Hawai%27i" class="mw-redirect" title="State of Hawai'i">State of Hawai'i</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201016200107/https://invest.hawaii.gov/international/sister-states/">Archived</a> from the original on October 16, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hawaii%27s+Sister-States&rft.pub=State+of+Hawai%27i&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Finvest.hawaii.gov%2Finternational%2Fsister-states%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHawaii" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Hawaii#Bibliography" title="History of Hawaii">History of Hawaii § Bibliography</a></div> <ul><li>Beechert, Edward D. Working in Hawaii: A Labor History (University of Hawaii Press, 1985).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBushnell1993" class="citation book cs1">Bushnell, Oswald A. (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pKBhBxgKxs8C">The Gifts of Civilization: Germs and Genocide in Hawai?i</a>. University of Hawaii Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-1457-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-1457-1"><bdi>978-0-8248-1457-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Gifts+of+Civilization%3A+Germs+and+Genocide+in+Hawai%3Fi&rft.pub=University+of+Hawaii+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-8248-1457-1&rft.aulast=Bushnell&rft.aufirst=Oswald+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpKBhBxgKxs8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHawaii" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Kuykendall, Ralph S. A History of Hawaii (Macmillan, 1926) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=W7Nb1uj0SLgC&dq=history++HAWAII&pg=PP16">online</a>.</li> <li>Russ Jr., William Adam (1961) The Hawaiian Republic (1894–98) and Its Struggle to Win Annexation. Selinsgrove, Pennsylvania: Susquehanna University Press.</li> <li>Schmitt, Robert C. Historical Statistics of Hawaii. (University Press of Hawaii, 1977).</li> <li>Schmitt, Robert C. "Religious statistics of Hawaii, 1825–1972". Hawaiian Journal of History (1973), vol. 7, pp 41–47.</li> <li>Schmitt, Robert C. Demographic Statistics of Hawaii. (University of Hawaii Press, 2021).</li> <li>Tabrah, Ruth M. Hawaii: a history (WW Norton & Company, 1984).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Guides">Guides</h3></div> <ul><li>Cooperm, Jeanne, and Natalie Schack. Frommer's Hawaii (2022) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Frommers-Hawaii-Complete-Guides-Martha/dp/1628875070/">excerpt</a></li> <li>Doughty, Andrew. Hawaii the Big Island Revealed: The Ultimate Guidebook (2021) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Hawaii-Big-Island-Revealed-Guidebook/dp/1949678105/">excerpt</a></li> <li>FODOR. Fodor's Essential Hawaii (2020) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Fodors-Essential-Hawaii-Full-color-Travel/dp/1640973168/">excerpt</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> Hawaii at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Hawaii" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Hawaii">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/State_of_Hawaii" class="extiw" title="c:State of Hawaii">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/41px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/54px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:Hawaii" class="extiw" title="n:Category:Hawaii">News</a> from Wikinews</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Hawaii" class="extiw" title="q:Hawaii">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Hawaii" class="extiw" title="s:Special:Search/Hawaii">Texts</a> from Wikisource</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Hawaii" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/Hawaii">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Hawaii" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/Hawaii">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/27px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/41px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/54px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Hawaii" class="extiw" title="voy:Hawaii">Travel information</a> from Wikivoyage</li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://portal.ehawaii.gov/index.html">Official website</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://guides.loc.gov/hawaii-state-guide">Hawaii State Guide from the Library of Congress</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.ers.usda.gov/reports.aspx?StateFIPS=15&StateName=Hawaii&ID=17854">Hawaiʻi State Fact Sheet</a> from the U.S. Department of Agriculture</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101104233304/https://www.usgs.gov/state/state.asp?State=HI">USGS real-time, geographic, and other scientific resources of Hawaii</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080609213401/http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/state/state_energy_profiles.cfm?sid=HI">Energy Data & Statistics for Hawaii</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eoimages.gsfc.nasa.gov/images/imagerecords/3000/3510/image05292003_lrg.jpg">Satellite image of Hawaiian Islands</a> at <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Earth_Observatory" class="mw-redirect" title="Earth Observatory">Earth Observatory</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eisenhowerlibrary.gov/research/online-documents/hawaii-statehood">Documents relating to Hawaii Statehood, Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2009/08/21/opinion/21theroux.html">Happily a State, Forever an Island</a> by The New York Times</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101103095527/http://www.life.com/image/first/in-gallery/50681/hawaii-then-and-now">"Hawaiʻi Then and Now"</a>—slideshow by <a href="/wiki/Life_(magazine)" title="Life (magazine)">Life</a> magazine (Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.life.com/image/first/in-gallery/50681/hawaii-then-and-now">the original</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101103095527/http://www.life.com/image/first/in-gallery/50681/hawaii-then-and-now">Archived</a> November 3, 2010, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> on November 3, 2010)</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/16px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/24px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/32px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="256" data-file-height="256" /> Geographic data related to <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/166563">Hawaii</a> at <a href="/wiki/OpenStreetMap" title="OpenStreetMap">OpenStreetMap</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/rr/rarebook/coll/110.html">Hawaiian Imprint Collection</a> From the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/rr/rarebook/">Rare Book and Special Collections Division at the Library of Congress</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold">Alaska</div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_by_date_of_statehood" class="mw-redirect" title="List of U.S. states by date of statehood">List of U.S. states by date of statehood</a> Admitted on August 21, 1959 (50th) </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;">Most recent </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="25px_Topics_related_to_Hawaiʻi" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="25px_Topics_related_to_Hawaiʻi" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_kpdf2.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Nuvola_apps_kpdf2.png/25px-Nuvola_apps_kpdf2.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Nuvola_apps_kpdf2.png/38px-Nuvola_apps_kpdf2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Nuvola_apps_kpdf2.png/50px-Nuvola_apps_kpdf2.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a> Topics related to Hawaiʻi</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="State_of_Hawaii" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hawaii" title="Template:Hawaii"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hawaii" title="Template talk:Hawaii"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hawaii" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hawaii"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="State_of_Hawaii" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">State of <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hawaii</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Honolulu" title="Honolulu">Honolulu</a> (capital)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Hawaii-related_articles" title="Index of Hawaii-related articles">Topics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Hawaii" title="Outline of Hawaii">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Hawaii" title="Constitution of Hawaii">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_delegations_from_Hawaii" title="United States congressional delegations from Hawaii">Delegations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discovery_and_settlement_of_Hawaii" title="Discovery and settlement of Hawaii">Discovery and settlement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Hawaii" title="List of earthquakes in Hawaii">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_Islands" title="Hawaiian Islands">Geography</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian%E2%80%93Emperor_seamount_chain" title="Hawaiian–Emperor seamount chain">Seamount</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Governance">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiianization" title="Hawaiianization">Hawaiianization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hawaii" title="History of Hawaii">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hawaii_hurricanes" title="List of Hawaii hurricanes">Hurricanes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Hawaii" title="List of islands of Hawaii">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C5%AB%CA%BB%C4%93_Petitions" title="Kūʻē Petitions">Kūʻē Petitions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Hawaii" title="Music of Hawaii">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_Hawaiians" title="Native Hawaiians">Native Hawaiians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_language" title="Hawaiian language">ʻŌlelo Hawaiʻi (Hawaiian Language)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hawaii_state_parks" title="List of Hawaii state parks">Parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pearl_Harbor_National_Memorial" title="Pearl Harbor National Memorial">Pearl Harbor National Memorial</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/USS_Arizona_Memorial" title="USS Arizona Memorial">USS Arizona</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Hawaii" title="List of people from Hawaii">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hawaii_state_symbols" title="List of Hawaii state symbols">State symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Hawaii" title="Tourism in Hawaii">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_in_Hawaii" title="Transportation in Hawaii">Transportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Hawaii" class="mw-redirect" title="Unification of Hawaii">Unification</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_architecture" title="Hawaiian architecture">Hawaiian architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Hawaii" title="Abortion in Hawaii">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Hawaii" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate change in Hawaii">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Hawaii" title="Crime in Hawaii">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Hawaii" title="Cuisine of Hawaii">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Native_Hawaiians" title="Culture of the Native Hawaiians">Culture</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Demographics">Demographics</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Economy">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaii_State_Department_of_Education" title="Hawaii State Department of Education">Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colleges_and_universities_in_Hawaii" title="List of colleges and universities in Hawaii">Colleges and universities</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Hawaii" title="Energy in Hawaii">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_laws_in_Hawaii" title="Gun laws in Hawaii">Gun laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_Hawaii" class="mw-redirect" title="Homelessness in Hawaii">Homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Hawaii" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Hawaii">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folklore_in_Hawaii" title="Folklore in Hawaii">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_in_Hawaii" title="Media in Hawaii">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Hawaii" title="Politics of Hawaii">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sports_in_Hawaii" title="Category:Sports in Hawaii">Sports</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_Islands" title="Hawaiian Islands">Main islands</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hawaii_(island)" title="Hawaii (island)">Hawaiʻi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kahoolawe" class="mw-redirect" title="Kahoolawe">Kahoʻolawe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kauai" title="Kauai">Kauaʻi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lanai" title="Lanai">Lānaʻi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maui" title="Maui">Maui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molokai" title="Molokai">Molokaʻi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niihau" title="Niihau">Niʻihau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oahu" title="Oahu">Oʻahu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Hawaiian_Islands" title="Northwestern Hawaiian Islands">Northwestern Islands</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Frigate_Shoals" title="French Frigate Shoals">French Frigate Shoals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gardner_Pinnacles" title="Gardner Pinnacles">Gardner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kure_Atoll" title="Kure Atoll">Kure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laysan" title="Laysan">Laysan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisianski_Island" title="Lisianski Island">Lisianski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maro_Reef" title="Maro Reef">Maro Reef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necker_Island_(Hawaii)" title="Necker Island (Hawaii)">Necker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nihoa" title="Nihoa">Nihoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pearl_and_Hermes_Atoll" title="Pearl and Hermes Atoll">Pearl and Hermes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_places_in_Hawaii" title="List of places in Hawaii">Notable communities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hilo,_Hawaii" title="Hilo, Hawaii">Hilo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honolulu" title="Honolulu">Honolulu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kahului,_Hawaii" title="Kahului, Hawaii">Kahului</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kailua-Kona,_Hawaii" title="Kailua-Kona, Hawaii">Kailua-Kona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaneohe,_Hawaii" title="Kaneohe, Hawaii">Kāneʻohe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapolei,_Hawaii" title="Kapolei, Hawaii">Kapolei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kihei,_Hawaii" title="Kihei, Hawaii">Kihei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lihue,_Hawaii" title="Lihue, Hawaii">Līhuʻe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pearl_City,_Hawaii" title="Pearl City, Hawaii">Pearl City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waipahu,_Hawaii" title="Waipahu, Hawaii">Waipahu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_counties_in_Hawaii" title="List of counties in Hawaii">Counties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hawaii_County,_Hawaii" title="Hawaii County, Hawaii">Hawaiʻi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honolulu_County,_Hawaii" title="Honolulu County, Hawaii">Honolulu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalawao_County,_Hawaii" title="Kalawao County, Hawaii">Kalawao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kauai_County,_Hawaii" title="Kauai County, Hawaii">Kauaʻi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maui_County,_Hawaii" title="Maui County, Hawaii">Maui</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pre-statehood history</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bayonet_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="Bayonet Constitution">Bayonet Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_Kingdom" title="Hawaiian Kingdom">Hawaiian Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_Renaissance" title="Hawaiian Renaissance">Hawaiian Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_sovereignty_movement" title="Hawaiian sovereignty movement">Hawaiian sovereignty movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overthrow_of_the_Hawaiian_Kingdom" title="Overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom">Overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territory_of_Hawaii" title="Territory of Hawaii">Territory of Hawaii</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Flag_of_Hawaii.svg/32px-Flag_of_Hawaii.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Flag_of_Hawaii.svg/48px-Flag_of_Hawaii.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Flag_of_Hawaii.svg/64px-Flag_of_Hawaii.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Hawaii" title="Portal:Hawaii">Hawaii portal</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Countries_and_territories_of_Oceania" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Countries_and_territories_of_Oceania" title="Template:Countries and territories of Oceania"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Countries_and_territories_of_Oceania" title="Template talk:Countries and territories of Oceania"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Countries_and_territories_of_Oceania" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Countries and territories of Oceania"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Countries_and_territories_of_Oceania" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_and_dependent_territories_in_Oceania" title="List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Oceania">Countries and territories</a> of <a href="/wiki/Oceania" title="Oceania">Oceania</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Oceanian_countries_by_area" title="List of Oceanian countries by area">List of Oceanian countries by area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Oceanian_countries_by_population" title="List of Oceanian countries by population">List of Oceanian countries by population</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Entire</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiji" title="Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiribati" title="Kiribati">Kiribati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Islands" title="Marshall Islands">Marshall Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federated_States_of_Micronesia" title="Federated States of Micronesia">Micronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nauru" title="Nauru">Nauru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palau" title="Palau">Palau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samoa" title="Samoa">Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands" title="Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonga" title="Tonga">Tonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuvalu" title="Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">In part</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Easter_Island" title="Easter Island">Easter Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Fern%C3%A1ndez_Islands" title="Juan Fernández Islands">Juan Fernández Islands</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador">Ecuador</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gal%C3%A1pagos_Islands" title="Galápagos Islands">Galápagos Islands</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Papua" title="Central Papua">Central Papua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highland_Papua" title="Highland Papua">Highland Papua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papua_(province)" title="Papua (province)">Papua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Papua" title="South Papua">South Papua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwest_Papua" title="Southwest Papua">Southwest Papua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Papua_(province)" title="West Papua (province)">West Papua</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmyra_Atoll" title="Palmyra Atoll">Palmyra Atoll</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/Oceania" title="Oceania"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Oceania_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/150px-Oceania_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Oceania_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/225px-Oceania_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Oceania_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/300px-Oceania_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="541" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Associated_state" title="Associated state">Associated states</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cook_Islands" title="Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niue" title="Niue">Niue</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Territory#Overseas_territory" title="Territory">territories</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashmore_and_Cartier_Islands" title="Ashmore and Cartier Islands">Ashmore and Cartier Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_Island" title="Christmas Island">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands" title="Cocos (Keeling) Islands">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coral_Sea_Islands" title="Coral Sea Islands">Coral Sea Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norfolk_Island" title="Norfolk Island">Norfolk Island</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clipperton_Island" title="Clipperton Island">Clipperton Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Polynesia" title="French Polynesia">French Polynesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Caledonia" title="New Caledonia">New Caledonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallis_and_Futuna" title="Wallis and Futuna">Wallis and Futuna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tokelau" title="Tokelau">Tokelau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pitcairn_Islands" title="Pitcairn Islands">Pitcairn Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Samoa" title="American Samoa">American Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baker_Island" title="Baker Island">Baker Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guam" title="Guam">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howland_Island" title="Howland Island">Howland Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jarvis_Island" title="Jarvis Island">Jarvis Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnston_Atoll" title="Johnston Atoll">Johnston Atoll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingman_Reef" title="Kingman Reef">Kingman Reef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midway_Atoll" title="Midway Atoll">Midway Atoll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Mariana_Islands" title="Northern Mariana Islands">Northern Mariana Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wake_Island" title="Wake Island">Wake Island</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Overseas_Territories" title="British Overseas Territories">British Overseas Territories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overseas_France" title="Overseas France">Overseas France</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Overseas_collectivity" title="Overseas collectivity">Overseas collectivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overseas_country_of_France" title="Overseas country of France">Overseas country of France</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Realm_of_New_Zealand" title="Realm of New Zealand">Realm of New Zealand</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_status_of_the_Cook_Islands_and_Niue" title="Political status of the Cook Islands and Niue">Political status of the Cook Islands and Niue</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/States_and_territories_of_Australia" title="States and territories of Australia">States and territories of Australia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Indian_Ocean_Territories" title="Australian Indian Ocean Territories">Australian Indian Ocean Territories</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territories_of_the_United_States" title="Territories of the United States">Territories of the United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_(U.S._insular_area)" title="Commonwealth (U.S. insular area)">Commonwealth (U.S. insular area)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insular_area" title="Insular area">Insular area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Minor_Outlying_Islands" title="United States Minor Outlying Islands">United States Minor Outlying Islands</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Polynesia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Polynesia" title="Template:Polynesia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Polynesia" title="Template talk:Polynesia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Polynesia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Polynesia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Polynesia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Polynesia" title="Polynesia">Polynesia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Polynesian_Triangle" title="Polynesian Triangle">Polynesian triangle</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cook_Islands" title="Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Easter_Island" title="Easter Island">Easter Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Polynesia" title="French Polynesia">French Polynesia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austral_Islands" title="Austral Islands">Austral Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambier_Islands" title="Gambier Islands">Gambier Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquesas_Islands" title="Marquesas Islands">Marquesas Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_Islands" title="Society Islands">Society Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuamotus" title="Tuamotus">Tuamotus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_Islands" title="Hawaiian Islands">Hawaiian Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niue" title="Niue">Niue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norfolk_Island" title="Norfolk Island">Norfolk Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitcairn_Islands" title="Pitcairn Islands">Pitcairn Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotuma" title="Rotuma">Rotuma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isla_Salas_y_G%C3%B3mez" title="Isla Salas y Gómez">Salas y Gómez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samoan_Islands" title="Samoan Islands">Samoan Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokelau" title="Tokelau">Tokelau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonga" title="Tonga">Tonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuvalu" title="Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallis_and_Futuna" title="Wallis and Futuna">Wallis and Futuna Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Polynesian_outlier" title="Polynesian outlier">Polynesian outliers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aniwa_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Aniwa Island">Aniwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anuta" title="Anuta">Anuta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bellona_Island" title="Bellona Island">Bellona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duff_Islands" title="Duff Islands">Duff Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emae" title="Emae">Emae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Futuna_Island,_Vanuatu" title="Futuna Island, Vanuatu">Futuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapingamarangi" title="Kapingamarangi">Kapingamarangi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mele_(island)" title="Mele (island)">Mele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuguria" title="Nuguria">Nuguria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nukumanu_Islands" title="Nukumanu Islands">Nukumanu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nukuoro" title="Nukuoro">Nukuoro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontong_Java_Atoll" title="Ontong Java Atoll">Ontong Java</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ouv%C3%A9a" title="Ouvéa">Ouvéa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pileni" title="Pileni">Pileni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rennell_Island" title="Rennell Island">Rennell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikaiana" title="Sikaiana">Sikaiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takuu_Atoll" title="Takuu Atoll">Takuu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tikopia" title="Tikopia">Tikopia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Polynesian-influenced</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lau_Islands" title="Lau Islands">Lau Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Political_divisions_of_the_United_States" style="text-align:left;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:United_States_political_divisions" title="Template:United States political divisions"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:United_States_political_divisions" title="Template talk:United States political divisions"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:United_States_political_divisions" title="Special:EditPage/Template:United States political divisions"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Political_divisions_of_the_United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Political divisions of the United States</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_and_territories_of_the_United_States" title="List of states and territories of the United States">List of states and territories</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;">States</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama">Alabama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arizona" title="Arizona">Arizona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arkansas" title="Arkansas">Arkansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorado" title="Colorado">Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Connecticut" title="Connecticut">Connecticut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delaware" title="Delaware">Delaware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idaho" title="Idaho">Idaho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indiana" title="Indiana">Indiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iowa" title="Iowa">Iowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kansas" title="Kansas">Kansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kentucky" title="Kentucky">Kentucky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maine" title="Maine">Maine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maryland" title="Maryland">Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michigan" title="Michigan">Michigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minnesota" title="Minnesota">Minnesota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippi" title="Mississippi">Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missouri" title="Missouri">Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montana" title="Montana">Montana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebraska" title="Nebraska">Nebraska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevada" title="Nevada">Nevada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Hampshire" title="New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Mexico" title="New Mexico">New Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Carolina" title="North Carolina">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Dakota" title="North Dakota">North Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma" title="Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oregon" title="Oregon">Oregon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island" title="Rhode Island">Rhode Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina" title="South Carolina">South Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Dakota" title="South Dakota">South Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee">Tennessee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utah" title="Utah">Utah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vermont" title="Vermont">Vermont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_(state)" title="Washington (state)">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Virginia" title="West Virginia">West Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wisconsin" title="Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wyoming" title="Wyoming">Wyoming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Federal_district" title="Federal district">Federal district</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Territories_of_the_United_States" title="Territories of the United States">Territories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Samoa" title="American Samoa">American Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guam" title="Guam">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Mariana_Islands" title="Northern Mariana Islands">Northern Mariana Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Virgin_Islands" title="United States Virgin Islands">U.S. Virgin Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Minor_Outlying_Islands" title="United States Minor Outlying Islands">Outlying islands</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baker_Island" title="Baker Island">Baker Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howland_Island" title="Howland Island">Howland Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jarvis_Island" title="Jarvis Island">Jarvis Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnston_Atoll" title="Johnston Atoll">Johnston Atoll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingman_Reef" title="Kingman Reef">Kingman Reef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midway_Atoll" title="Midway Atoll">Midway Atoll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navassa_Island" title="Navassa Island">Navassa Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmyra_Atoll" title="Palmyra Atoll">Palmyra Atoll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wake_Island" title="Wake Island">Wake Island</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Indian_reservation" title="Indian reservation">Indian reservations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_reservations_in_the_United_States" title="List of Indian reservations in the United States">List of Indian reservations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Concessions_and_leases_in_international_relations" title="Concessions and leases in international relations">International concessions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guantanamo_Bay_Naval_Base" title="Guantanamo Bay Naval Base">Guantanamo Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pituffik_Space_Base" title="Pituffik Space Base">Pituffik</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="United_States_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:United_States_topics" title="Template:United States topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:United_States_topics" title="Template talk:United States topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:United_States_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:United States topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="United_States_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> articles</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States" title="History of the United States">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By period</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1776%E2%80%931789)" title="History of the United States (1776–1789)">1776–1789</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1789%E2%80%931815)" title="History of the United States (1789–1815)">1789–1815</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1815%E2%80%931849)" title="History of the United States (1815–1849)">1815–1849</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1849%E2%80%931865)" title="History of the United States (1849–1865)">1849–1865</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1865%E2%80%931917)" title="History of the United States (1865–1917)">1865–1917</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1917%E2%80%931945)" title="History of the United States (1917–1945)">1917–1945</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1945%E2%80%931964)" title="History of the United States (1945–1964)">1945–1964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1964%E2%80%931980)" title="History of the United States (1964–1980)">1964–1980</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1980%E2%80%931991)" title="History of the United States (1980–1991)">1980–1991</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1991%E2%80%932008)" title="History of the United States (1991–2008)">1991–2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(2008%E2%80%93present)" title="History of the United States (2008–present)">2008–present</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By event</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_era" title="Pre-Columbian era">Pre-colonial era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_history_of_the_United_States" title="Colonial history of the United States">Colonial era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stamp_Act_Congress" title="Stamp Act Congress">Stamp Act Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">Thirteen Colonies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Congress" title="Continental Congress">Continental Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Association" title="Continental Association">Continental Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Colonies" title="United Colonies">United Colonies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_American_military_history" title="Colonial American military history">military history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Founding_Fathers_of_the_United_States" title="Founding Fathers of the United States">Founding Fathers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halifax_Resolves" title="Halifax Resolves">Halifax Resolves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Resolution" title="Lee Resolution">Lee Resolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" title="United States Declaration of Independence">Declaration of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1783)" title="Treaty of Paris (1783)">Treaty of Paris</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Articles_of_Confederation" title="Articles of Confederation">Articles of Confederation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Perpetual_Union" title="Perpetual Union">Perpetual Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederation_period" title="Confederation period">Confederation period</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_frontier" title="American frontier">American frontier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_States" title="Constitution of the United States">Constitution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_drafting_and_ratification_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Timeline of drafting and ratification of the United States Constitution">drafting and ratification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Bill_of_Rights" title="United States Bill of Rights">Bill of Rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_Era" title="Federalist Era">Federalist Era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_evolution_of_the_United_States" title="Territorial evolution of the United States">Territorial evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War" title="Mexican–American War">Mexican–American War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_era" title="Reconstruction era">Reconstruction era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Indian_Wars" title="American Indian Wars">Indian Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_genocide_in_the_United_States" title="Native American genocide in the United States">Native genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilded_Age" title="Gilded Age">Gilded Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Era" title="Progressive Era">Progressive Era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_States" title="Women's suffrage in the United States">Women's suffrage</a></li> <li>Civil rights movement <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement_(1865%E2%80%931896)" title="Civil rights movement (1865–1896)">1865–1896</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement_(1896%E2%80%931954)" title="Civil rights movement (1896–1954)">1896–1954</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">1954–1968</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War" title="Spanish–American War">Spanish–American War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_imperialism" title="American imperialism">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_in_World_War_I" title="United States in World War I">World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roaring_Twenties" title="Roaring Twenties">Roaring Twenties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_States_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the United States during World War II">World War II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_home_front_during_World_War_II" title="United States home front during World War II">home front</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Century" title="American Century">American Century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Race" title="Space Race">Space Race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second-wave_feminism" title="Second-wave feminism">Feminist Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay_liberation" title="Gay liberation">LGBT Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1991%E2%80%932008)" title="History of the United States (1991–2008)">Post-Cold War (1991–2008)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11 attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_on_terror" title="War on terror">War on Terror</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%932021)" title="War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)">War in Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Recession_in_the_United_States" title="Great Recession in the United States">Great Recession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_States" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the United States">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By topic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_history_of_the_United_States" title="Outline of the history of the United States">Outline of U.S. history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographic_history_of_the_United_States" title="Demographic history of the United States">Demographic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_United_States_discoveries" title="Timeline of United States discoveries">Discoveries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_the_United_States" title="Economic history of the United States">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_United_States_inventions" title="Timeline of United States inventions">Inventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_States" title="Military history of the United States">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_the_United_States" title="Postage stamps and postal history of the United States">Postal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technological_and_industrial_history_of_the_United_States" title="Technological and industrial history of the United States">Technological and industrial</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_United_States" title="Geography of the United States">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/U.S._territorial_sovereignty" title="U.S. territorial sovereignty">Territory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Contiguous_United_States" title="Contiguous United States">Contiguous United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_(United_States)" title="County (United States)">counties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">federal district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_enclave" title="Federal enclave">federal enclaves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_reservation" title="Indian reservation">Indian reservations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territories_of_the_United_States" title="Territories of the United States">insular zones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Minor_Outlying_Islands" title="United States Minor Outlying Islands">minor outlying islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_populated_places_in_the_United_States" title="Lists of populated places in the United States">populated places</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">states</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_the_United_States" title="List of earthquakes in the United States">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extreme_points_of_the_United_States" title="List of extreme points of the United States">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_the_United_States" title="List of islands of the United States">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_of_the_United_States" title="List of mountains of the United States">Mountains</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountain_peaks_of_the_United_States" title="List of mountain peaks of the United States">peaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountain_ranges#United_States" title="List of mountain ranges">ranges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appalachian_Mountains" title="Appalachian Mountains">Appalachian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocky_Mountains" title="Rocky Mountains">Rocky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Nevada" title="Sierra Nevada">Sierra Nevada</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Park_Service" title="National Park Service">National Park Service</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_areas_in_the_United_States_National_Park_System" title="List of areas in the United States National Park System">National Parks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_of_the_United_States" title="List of regions of the United States">Regions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="East Coast of the United States">East Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="West Coast of the United States">West Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Plains" title="Great Plains">Great Plains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="Gulf Coast of the United States">Gulf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mid-Atlantic_(United_States)" title="Mid-Atlantic (United States)">Mid-Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midwestern_United_States" title="Midwestern United States">Midwestern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="West Coast of the United States">Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_United_States" title="Central United States">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_United_States" title="Eastern United States">Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_United_States" title="Northern United States">Northern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeastern_United_States" title="Northeastern United States">Northeastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_United_States" title="Northwestern United States">Northwestern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">Southern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeastern_United_States" title="Southeastern United States">Southeastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwestern_United_States" title="Southwestern United States">Southwestern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_United_States" title="Western United States">Western</a></li></ul></li> <li>Longest <a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_the_United_States" title="List of rivers of the United States">rivers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arkansas_River" title="Arkansas River">Arkansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorado_River" title="Colorado River">Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbia_River" title="Columbia River">Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River" title="Mississippi River">Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missouri_River" title="Missouri River">Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_River_of_the_South" title="Red River of the South">Red (South)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rio_Grande" title="Rio Grande">Rio Grande</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yukon_River" title="Yukon River">Yukon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_in_the_United_States" title="Time in the United States">Time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_the_United_States" title="Water supply and sanitation in the United States">Water supply and sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_the_United_States" title="List of World Heritage Sites in the United States">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_United_States" title="Politics of the United States">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Federal government of the United States">Federal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Executive</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Powers_of_the_president_of_the_United_States" title="Powers of the president of the United States">powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Office_of_the_President_of_the_United_States" title="Executive Office of the President of the United States">Executive Office</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_United_States" title="Cabinet of the United States">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_federal_executive_departments" title="United States federal executive departments">Executive departments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_agencies_of_the_United_States_government" title="Independent agencies of the United States government">Independent agencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Intelligence_Community" title="United States Intelligence Community">Intelligence Community</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Director_of_National_Intelligence" title="Director of National Intelligence">Director of National Intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Security_Agency" title="National Security Agency">National Security Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Reconnaissance_Office" title="National Reconnaissance Office">National Reconnaissance Office</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_law_enforcement_in_the_United_States" title="Federal law enforcement in the United States">Law enforcement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Alcohol,_Tobacco,_Firearms_and_Explosives" title="Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives">ATF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._Customs_and_Border_Protection" title="U.S. Customs and Border Protection">CBP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Diplomatic_Security" title="Bureau of Diplomatic Security">Diplomatic Security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_Enforcement_Administration" title="Drug Enforcement Administration">DEA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Federal Bureau of Investigation">FBI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._Immigration_and_Customs_Enforcement" title="U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement">ICE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Marshals_Service" title="United States Marshals Service">Marshals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secret_Service" title="United States Secret Service">Secret Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_Security_Administration" title="Transportation Security Administration">TSA</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Inspector_General_(United_States)" title="Office of Inspector General (United States)">Inspector generals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_federal_civil_service" title="United States federal civil service">Civil service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Public policy of the United States">Public policy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">Legislative</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">House of Representatives</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_members_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="List of current members of the United States House of Representatives">current members</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Speaker of the United States House of Representatives">Speaker</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">Senate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_United_States_senators" title="List of current United States senators">current members</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_pro_tempore_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="President pro tempore of the United States Senate">President pro tempore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States#President_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="Vice President of the United States">President</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol_Police" title="United States Capitol Police">Capitol Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Budget_Office" title="Congressional Budget Office">Congressional Budget Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_Accountability_Office" title="Government Accountability Office">Government Accountability Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Government_Publishing_Office" title="United States Government Publishing Office">Government Publishing Office</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Federal_judiciary_of_the_United_States" title="Federal judiciary of the United States">Judicial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_the_United_States" title="Chief Justice of the United States">Chief Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Associate_Justice_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States">Associate Justices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_justices_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="List of justices of the Supreme Court of the United States">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_courts_of_appeals" title="United States courts of appeals">Courts of appeals</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_United_States_circuit_judges" title="List of current United States circuit judges">list of judges</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_district_court" title="United States district court">District courts</a>/<a href="/wiki/United_States_territorial_court" title="United States territorial court">Territorial courts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_district_and_territorial_courts" title="List of United States district and territorial courts">list of courts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_United_States_district_judges" title="List of current United States district judges">list of judges</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_tribunals_in_the_United_States" title="Federal tribunals in the United States">Other tribunals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Attorney" title="United States Attorney">U.S. attorney</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Law_of_the_United_States" title="Law of the United States">Law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Bill_of_Rights" title="United States Bill of Rights">Bill of Rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_liberties_in_the_United_States" title="Civil liberties in the United States">civil liberties</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_of_Federal_Regulations" title="Code of Federal Regulations">Code of Federal Regulations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_States" title="Constitution of the United States">Constitution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federalism_in_the_United_States" title="Federalism in the United States">federalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_preemption" title="Federal preemption">preemption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Separation of powers under the United States Constitution">separation of powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">civil rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Code" title="United States Code">United States Code</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Uniformed_services_of_the_United_States" title="Uniformed services of the United States">Uniformed</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Armed_Forces" title="United States Armed Forces">Armed Forces</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps" title="United States Marine Corps">Marine Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force" title="United States Air Force">Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Space_Force" title="United States Space Force">Space Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Coast_Guard" title="United States Coast Guard">Coast Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Guard_(United_States)" title="National Guard (United States)">National Guard</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NOAA_Commissioned_Officer_Corps" title="NOAA Commissioned Officer Corps">NOAA Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Public_Health_Service_Commissioned_Corps" title="United States Public Health Service Commissioned Corps">Public Health Service Corps</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/State_governments_of_the_United_States" title="State governments of the United States">State</a>, <a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_District_of_Columbia" title="Government of the District of Columbia">Federal District</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Territories_of_the_United_States" title="Territories of the United States">Territorial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/State_constitutional_officer" title="State constitutional officer">Executive</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Governor_(United_States)" title="Governor (United States)">Governor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_United_States_governors" title="List of current United States governors">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_governor_(United_States)" title="Lieutenant governor (United States)">Lieutenant governor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_United_States_lieutenant_governors" title="List of current United States lieutenant governors">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_state_(U.S._state_government)" title="Secretary of state (U.S. state government)">Secretary of state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_attorney_general" title="State attorney general">Attorney general</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_treasurer" title="State treasurer">Treasurer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_auditor" title="State auditor">Auditor/Comptroller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_commissioner" title="Agriculture commissioner">Agriculture commissioner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurance_commissioner" title="Insurance commissioner">Insurance commissioner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_utilities_commission" title="Public utilities commission">Public utilities commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_police_(United_States)" title="State police (United States)">State police</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_state_and_local_law_enforcement_agencies" title="List of United States state and local law enforcement agencies">list</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/State_legislature_(United_States)" title="State legislature (United States)">Legislative</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_state_legislatures" title="List of United States state legislatures">List of legislatures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_legislators" title="List of U.S. state legislators">List of legislators</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/State_court_(United_States)" title="State court (United States)">Judicial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_supreme_court" title="State supreme court">Supreme courts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_state_chief_justices" title="List of state chief justices">Chief justices</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/District_attorney" title="District attorney">District attorney</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_district_attorneys_by_county" class="mw-redirect" title="List of district attorneys by county">list</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/State_law_(United_States)" title="State law (United States)">Law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_constitutions_in_the_United_States" title="State constitutions in the United States">State constitutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_statutory_codes" title="List of U.S. state statutory codes">Statutory codes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uniform_act" title="Uniform act">Uniform act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_U.S._state_and_territory_governments" title="Comparison of U.S. state and territory governments">Comparison of governments</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Tribe_(Native_American)" title="Tribe (Native American)">Tribal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tribal_sovereignty_in_the_United_States" title="Tribal sovereignty in the United States">Tribal sovereignty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_recognition_in_the_United_States" title="Native American recognition in the United States">Native American recognition in the United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federally_recognized_tribes_in_the_contiguous_United_States" title="List of federally recognized tribes in the contiguous United States">Federally recognized tribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Alaska_Native_tribal_entities" title="List of Alaska Native tribal entities">Federally recognized Alaska Native tribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State-recognized_tribes_in_the_United_States" title="State-recognized tribes in the United States">State-recognized tribes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_reservation" title="Indian reservation">Indian reservation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_reservations_in_the_United_States" title="List of Indian reservations in the United States">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_home_land" title="Hawaiian home land">Hawaiian home land</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_the_United_States" title="Local government in the United States">Local</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/County_(United_States)" title="County (United States)">County</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_counties_and_county_equivalents" title="List of United States counties and county equivalents">List of counties and county equivalents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_executive" title="County executive">County executive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheriffs_in_the_United_States" title="Sheriffs in the United States">Sheriff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_clerk" title="Municipal clerk">Clerk</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Cities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consolidated_city-county" title="Consolidated city-county">Consolidated city-county</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_city_(United_States)" title="Independent city (United States)">Independent city</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coterminous_municipality" title="Coterminous municipality">Coterminous municipality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_charter#United_States" title="Municipal charter">Charter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayor%E2%80%93council_government" title="Mayor–council government">Mayor–council government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council%E2%80%93manager_government" title="Council–manager government">Council–manager government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_commission_government" title="City commission government">City commission government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayoralty_in_the_United_States" title="Mayoralty in the United States">Mayor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_manager" title="City manager">City manager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_council#United_States" title="Municipal council">City council</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Minor_civil_division" title="Minor civil division">Minor divisions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_township" title="Civil township">Township</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Town_meeting" title="Town meeting">Town meeting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Special_district_(United_States)" title="Special district (United States)">Special district</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/School_district" title="School district">School district</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_school_districts_in_the_United_States" title="Lists of school districts in the United States">list</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_the_United_States" title="Corruption in the United States">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_the_United_States" title="Elections in the United States">Elections</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Electoral_College" title="United States Electoral College">Electoral College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_states_and_blue_states" title="Red states and blue states">Red states and blue states</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_United_States" title="Foreign relations of the United States">Foreign relations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Foreign policy of the United States">foreign policy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_presidency" title="Imperial presidency">Imperial presidency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_ideologies_in_the_United_States" title="Political ideologies in the United States">Ideologies</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Americanism" title="Anti-Americanism">Anti-Americanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_exceptionalism" title="American exceptionalism">exceptionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_nationalism" title="American nationalism">nationalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_parties_in_the_United_States" title="Political parties in the United States">Parties</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_party_(U.S._politics)" title="Third party (U.S. politics)">Third parties</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_political_scandals_in_the_United_States" title="List of federal political scandals in the United States">Scandals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_United_States" title="Economy of the United States">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_United_States_by_sector" title="Economy of the United States by sector">By sector</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_the_United_States" title="Agriculture in the United States">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_the_United_States" title="Banking in the United States">Banking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_in_the_United_States" title="Communications in the United States">Communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_the_United_States_by_state" title="List of companies of the United States by state">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_the_United_States" title="Energy in the United States">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurance_in_the_United_States" title="Insurance in the United States">Insurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manufacturing_in_the_United_States" title="Manufacturing in the United States">Manufacturing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_the_United_States" title="Mining in the United States">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_the_United_States" title="Science and technology in the United States">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_the_United_States" title="Tourism in the United States">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_trade_of_the_United_States" title="Foreign trade of the United States">Trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_the_United_States_by_state" title="List of companies of the United States by state">by state</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">Currency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exports_of_the_United_States" title="List of exports of the United States">Exports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_federal_budget" title="United States federal budget">Federal budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions_by_the_United_States" title="Greenhouse gas emissions by the United States">Greenhouse gas emissions by the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve" title="Federal Reserve">Federal Reserve System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_position_of_the_United_States" title="Financial position of the United States">Financial position</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_unions_in_the_United_States" title="Labor unions in the United States">Labor unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_debt_of_the_United_States" title="National debt of the United States">Public debt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_programs_in_the_United_States" title="Social programs in the United States">Social welfare programs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_the_United_States" title="Taxation in the United States">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unemployment_in_the_United_States" title="Unemployment in the United States">Unemployment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wall_Street" title="Wall Street">Wall Street</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Transport in the United States">Transport</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aviation_in_the_United_States" title="Aviation in the United States">Aviation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Driving_in_the_United_States" title="Driving in the United States">Driving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_transportation_in_the_United_States" title="Public transportation in the United States">Public transportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transportation_in_the_United_States" title="Rail transportation in the United States">Rail transportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Transportation policy of the United States">Transportation policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_safety_in_the_United_States" title="Transportation safety in the United States">Transportation safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trucking_industry_in_the_United_States" title="Trucking industry in the United States">Trucking industry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_the_United_States" title="Category:Society of the United States">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_United_States" title="Culture of the United States">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Americana_(culture)" title="Americana (culture)">Americana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_in_the_United_States" title="Architecture in the United States">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_United_States" title="Cinema of the United States">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_the_United_States" title="Crime in the United States">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_cuisine" title="American cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_in_the_United_States" title="Dance in the United States">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_United_States" title="Demographics of the United States">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_United_States" title="Economy of the United States">Economic issues</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affluence_in_the_United_States" title="Affluence in the United States">affluence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eviction_in_the_United_States" title="Eviction in the United States">eviction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeownership_in_the_United_States" title="Homeownership in the United States">homeownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Household_income_in_the_United_States" title="Household income in the United States">household income</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Income_inequality_in_the_United_States" title="Income inequality in the United States">income inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_middle_class" title="American middle class">middle class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_income_in_the_United_States" title="Personal income in the United States">personal income</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_the_United_States" title="Poverty in the United States">poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_of_living_in_the_United_States" title="Standard of living in the United States">standard of living</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affluence_in_the_United_States" title="Affluence in the United States">wealth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Working_class_in_the_United_States" title="Working class in the United States">working class</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_United_States" title="Education in the United States">Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Educational_attainment_in_the_United_States" title="Educational attainment in the United States">attainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literacy_in_the_United_States" title="Literacy in the United States">literacy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_in_the_United_States" title="Family in the United States">Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashion_in_the_United_States" title="Fashion in the United States">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_United_States" title="Flag of the United States">Flag</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_flags_of_the_United_States" title="List of flags of the United States">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folklore_of_the_United_States" title="Folklore of the United States">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_the_United_States" title="Public holidays in the United States">Holidays</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federal_holidays_in_the_United_States" title="Federal holidays in the United States">Federal holidays</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_the_United_States" title="Homelessness in the United States">Homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Housing_in_the_United_States" title="Housing in the United States">Housing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_the_United_States" title="Human rights in the United States">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_United_States" title="Languages of the United States">Languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">American English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous languages of the Americas">Indigenous languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Sign_Language" title="American Sign Language">ASL</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_literature" title="American literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_the_United_States" title="Mass media in the United States">Media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_American_journalism" title="History of American journalism">journalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_the_United_States" title="Internet in the United States">internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_American_newspapers" title="History of American newspapers">newspapers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_in_the_United_States" title="Radio in the United States">radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_the_United_States" title="Television in the United States">television</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_United_States" title="Music of the United States">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naming_in_the_United_States" title="Naming in the United States">Names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Star-Spangled_Banner" title="The Star-Spangled Banner">National anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_the_United_States" title="National symbols of the United States">National symbols</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Columbia_(personification)" title="Columbia (personification)">Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Rushmore" title="Mount Rushmore">Mount Rushmore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Liberty" title="Statue of Liberty">Statue of Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncle_Sam" title="Uncle Sam">Uncle Sam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Americans" title="Americans">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_philosophy" title="American philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_ideologies_in_the_United_States" title="Political ideologies in the United States">Political ideologies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States" title="Race and ethnicity in the United States">Race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_United_States" title="Religion in the United States">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_the_United_States" title="Sexuality in the United States">Sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_the_United_States" title="Social class in the United States">Social class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_the_United_States" title="Society of the United States">Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_in_the_United_States" title="Sports in the United States">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theater_in_the_United_States" title="Theater in the United States">Theater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_in_the_United_States" title="Transportation in the United States">Transportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_games_in_the_United_States" title="Video games in the United States">Video games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_art_of_the_United_States" title="Visual art of the United States">Visual art</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_the_United_States" title="Social class in the United States">Social class</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affluence_in_the_United_States" title="Affluence in the United States">Affluence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Dream" title="American Dream">American Dream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Educational_attainment_in_the_United_States" title="Educational attainment in the United States">Educational attainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_the_United_States" title="Homelessness in the United States">Homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeownership_in_the_United_States" title="Homeownership in the United States">Homeownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Household_income_in_the_United_States" title="Household income in the United States">Household income</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Income_inequality_in_the_United_States" title="Income inequality in the United States">Income inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_middle_class" title="American middle class">Middle class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_income_in_the_United_States" title="Personal income in the United States">Personal income</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_the_United_States" title="Poverty in the United States">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_of_living_in_the_United_States" title="Standard of living in the United States">Standard of living</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Health_in_the_United_States" title="Health in the United States">Health</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aging_of_the_United_States" title="Aging of the United States">Aging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_the_United_States" title="Healthcare in the United States">Healthcare</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_the_United_States" title="Abortion in the United States">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birth_control_in_the_United_States" title="Birth control in the United States">Birth control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prenatal_care_in_the_United_States" title="Prenatal care in the United States">Prenatal care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hospice_care_in_the_United_States" title="Hospice care in the United States">Hospice care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigrant_health_care_in_the_United_States" title="Immigrant health care in the United States">Immigrant health care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_rationing_in_the_United_States" title="Healthcare rationing in the United States">Rationing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_care_finance_in_the_United_States" title="Health care finance in the United States">Health care finance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Health_insurance_costs_in_the_United_States" title="Health insurance costs in the United States">Health insurance costs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_care_prices_in_the_United_States" title="Health care prices in the United States">Health care prices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prescription_drug_prices_in_the_United_States" title="Prescription drug prices in the United States">Prescription drug prices</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_in_the_United_States" title="Disability in the United States">Disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_insurance_in_the_United_States" title="Health insurance in the United States">Health insurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_safety_in_the_United_States" title="Food safety in the United States">Food safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physician_shortage_in_the_United_States" title="Physician shortage in the United States">Physician shortage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_and_health_in_the_United_States" title="Poverty and health in the United States">Poverty and health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_and_health_in_the_United_States" title="Race and health in the United States">Race and health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obesity_in_the_United_States" title="Obesity in the United States">Obesity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_deserts_in_the_United_States" title="Medical deserts in the United States">Medical deserts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_reproductive_health_in_the_United_States" title="Women's reproductive health in the United States">Women's reproductive health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_and_territories_by_life_expectancy" title="List of U.S. states and territories by life expectancy">Life expectancy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States" title="Capital punishment in the United States">Capital punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_the_United_States" title="Crime in the United States">Crime</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Incarceration_in_the_United_States" title="Incarceration in the United States">incarceration</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_United_States_government" title="Criticism of the United States government">Criticism of government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_in_the_United_States" title="Discrimination in the United States">Discrimination</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States" title="Affirmative action in the United States">affirmative action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_United_States" title="Antisemitism in the United States">antisemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersex_rights_in_the_United_States" title="Intersex rights in the United States">intersex rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamophobia_in_the_United_States" title="Islamophobia in the United States">Islamophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in the United States">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_United_States" title="Racism in the United States">racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_against_Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Racism against Native Americans in the United States">Native American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_against_African_Americans" title="Racism against African Americans">African American</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Energy policy of the United States">Energy policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_the_United_States" title="Environmental issues in the United States">Environmental issues</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_movement_in_the_United_States" title="Environmental movement in the United States">Environmental movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_United_States" title="Climate change in the United States">Climate change</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_politics_in_the_United_States" title="Gun politics in the United States">Gun politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_shootings_in_the_United_States" title="Mass shootings in the United States">Mass shootings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunger_in_the_United_States" title="Hunger in the United States">Hunger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobacco_in_the_United_States" title="Tobacco in the United States">Smoking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_the_United_States" title="Human rights in the United States">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_the_United_States" title="Immigration to the United States">Immigration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_immigration_to_the_United_States" title="Illegal immigration to the United States">illegal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_security_of_the_United_States" title="National security of the United States">National security</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_the_United_States" title="Terrorism in the United States">Terrorism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opioid_epidemic_in_the_United_States" title="Opioid epidemic in the United States">Opioid epidemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States" title="Separation of church and state in the United States">Separation of church and state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophobia_in_the_United_States" title="Xenophobia in the United States">Xenophobia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;;font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_United_States" title="Outline of the United States">Outline</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_United_States" title="Outline of the United States">Index</a></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:United_States" title="Category:United States">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q782#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q782#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q782#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000110983520">ISNI</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000406471911">2</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/143064067">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1208724/">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJpDHCHq4YQD6kcFmkwpyd">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4023877-5">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n80061028">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11664271m">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11664271m">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00628968">Japan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35179177">Australia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge826428&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX451553">Spain</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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