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To extend the physics reach and to understand the QGP matter in greater detail, ALICE is upgrading the detectors for data taking in the year of 2021, where the beam luminosity for Pb-Pb will increase six times to $6\times10^{27}cm^{-2}sec^{-1}$ at center-of-mass energy of 5.5 TeV. The increased interaction rates and the requirement of acquiring all the events information will result in an unprecedented dataflow of $\sim$3 TB/sec from the detectors to the readout system. One of the major goals of the thesis is to design an efficient readout system to cope with the upsurge in data volume by acquiring data at a high rate and recovery from data error against the multi-bit upsets in radiation environments. A new FPGA based common readout unit (CRU) has been designed which acts as a coalesce between different interfaces and requires detector specific processing logic and firmware. The CRU receives data from the detector front-end electronics (FEE) boards located in the harsh radiation zone, performs online data processing and transfers to the back-end servers and storage located in the non-radiation areas. As a part of the thesis work, optimization and performance analysis of the CRU in the context of the ALICE have been performed. The design aspects, principal tasks and complexities of the CRU have been discussed in detail. The prototype development of the CRU hardware has been illustrated and the detailed qualification tests are executed. The thesis presents performance analysis, evaluation of signal integrity and characterisation tests on the high-speed interfaces. The measurements of resource utilisation, power consumption, critical path latencies, eye diagrams and bit error rate (BER) constitute the figures of merit for efficient system performance. Emphasis is given on the implementation and testing of the error-resilient 4.8 Gbps GBT links and its Qsys model for system integration is also proposed. Signal quality of the GBT core is characterised at the targeted BER of the order of 1 bit in $10^{12}$ bits. Total jitter is in the range of picoseconds only. The margin of receiver sensitivity is found to be 2.1 dBm for the two encoding schemes of GBT. An approach to handle the requisites for the testing, performance monitoring and parameter tuning of optical interconnects in FPGA-based systems is presented. A strategy is designed and developed for the latency-optimized implementation of the link to align the phase of the clocks. CRUs are associated with high rates of data transmission. Hence, optimization methodology for multi-gigabit transceivers is designed and tested to address the challenges of the high-frequency losses during the data transfer. It is implemented on the state-of-the-art 20nm Arria-10 FPGA manufactured by Intel Inc. The setup has been validated for three available high-speed data transmission protocols, namely, GBT, Timing-Trigger and Control over passive optical networks (TTC-PON) and 10-Gbps link. The improvement in the signal integrity is gauged by two metrics, the BER and the eye diagram. It is observed that the technique improves the signal integrity and reduces the BER. The research and development summarized in the thesis is of high relevance for the firmware calibration and the hardware alignment purposes. The work could be further extended to design a load prediction model for efficient data distribution scheme and to architect a dynamic switching topology for the sudden rise of data volume. Khan, Shuaib Ahmad" /> <meta name="keywords" content="CERN Document Server, WebSearch, ALICE Preprints" /> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://cds.cern.ch/js/jquery.min.js"></script>  <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://cds.cern.ch/img/webnews.css" type="text/css" />  <script type="text/javascript" src="https://cds.cern.ch/js/webnews.js?v=20131009"></script> <meta property="fb:app_id" content="137353533001720"/> <script type="text/x-mathjax-config"> MathJax.Hub.Config({ tex2jax: {inlineMath: [['$','$']], processEscapes: true}, showProcessingMessages: false, messageStyle: "none" }); </script> <script src="/MathJax/MathJax.js?config=TeX-AMS_CHTML" type="text/javascript"> </script>  <meta content="Optimization and performance analysis of the Common Readout Unit for the ALICE experiment at CERN" name="citation_title" /> <meta content="Khan, Shuaib Ahmad" name="citation_author" /> <meta name="citation_online_date" content="2019/12/01"> <meta content="CERN-THESIS-2019-225" name="citation_technical_report_number" /> <meta content="HBNI, Mumbai" name="citation_dissertation_institution" /> <meta name="citation_pdf_url" content="https://cds.cern.ch/record/2703141/files/CERN-THESIS-2019-225.pdf" />  <meta content="Optimization and performance analysis of the Common Readout Unit for the ALICE experiment at CERN" property="og:title" /> <meta content="website" property="og:type" /> <meta content="https://cds.cern.ch/record/2703141" property="og:url" /> <meta content="CERN Document Server" property="og:site_name" /> <meta content="The ALICE experiment at the CERN Large Hadron Collider is devoted to the research in heavy-ion physics, where the goals are to study the formation of Quark-Gluon Plasma (QGP), a de-confined matter consisting of quarks and gluons. To extend the physics reach and to understand the QGP matter in greater detail, ALICE is upgrading the detectors for data taking in the year of 2021, where the beam luminosity for Pb-Pb will increase six times to $6\times10^{27}cm^{-2}sec^{-1}$ at center-of-mass energy of 5.5 TeV. The increased interaction rates and the requirement of acquiring all the events information will result in an unprecedented dataflow of $\sim$3 TB/sec from the detectors to the readout system. One of the major goals of the thesis is to design an efficient readout system to cope with the upsurge in data volume by acquiring data at a high rate and recovery from data error against the multi-bit upsets in radiation environments. A new FPGA based common readout unit (CRU) has been designed which acts as a coalesce between different interfaces and requires detector specific processing logic and firmware. The CRU receives data from the detector front-end electronics (FEE) boards located in the harsh radiation zone, performs online data processing and transfers to the back-end servers and storage located in the non-radiation areas. As a part of the thesis work, optimization and performance analysis of the CRU in the context of the ALICE have been performed. The design aspects, principal tasks and complexities of the CRU have been discussed in detail. The prototype development of the CRU hardware has been illustrated and the detailed qualification tests are executed. The thesis presents performance analysis, evaluation of signal integrity and characterisation tests on the high-speed interfaces. The measurements of resource utilisation, power consumption, critical path latencies, eye diagrams and bit error rate (BER) constitute the figures of merit for efficient system performance. Emphasis is given on the implementation and testing of the error-resilient 4.8 Gbps GBT links and its Qsys model for system integration is also proposed. Signal quality of the GBT core is characterised at the targeted BER of the order of 1 bit in $10^{12}$ bits. Total jitter is in the range of picoseconds only. The margin of receiver sensitivity is found to be 2.1 dBm for the two encoding schemes of GBT. An approach to handle the requisites for the testing, performance monitoring and parameter tuning of optical interconnects in FPGA-based systems is presented. A strategy is designed and developed for the latency-optimized implementation of the link to align the phase of the clocks. CRUs are associated with high rates of data transmission. Hence, optimization methodology for multi-gigabit transceivers is designed and tested to address the challenges of the high-frequency losses during the data transfer. It is implemented on the state-of-the-art 20nm Arria-10 FPGA manufactured by Intel Inc. The setup has been validated for three available high-speed data transmission protocols, namely, GBT, Timing-Trigger and Control over passive optical networks (TTC-PON) and 10-Gbps link. The improvement in the signal integrity is gauged by two metrics, the BER and the eye diagram. It is observed that the technique improves the signal integrity and reduces the BER. The research and development summarized in the thesis is of high relevance for the firmware calibration and the hardware alignment purposes. The work could be further extended to design a load prediction model for efficient data distribution scheme and to architect a dynamic switching topology for the sudden rise of data volume." property="og:description" />  <meta content="summary" name="twitter:card" /> <style></style> </head> <body class="ALICE32Preprints search" lang="el">  <div id="cern-toolbar"> <h1><a href="http://cern.ch" title="CERN">CERN <span>Accelerating science</span></a></h1> <ul> <li class="cern-accountlinks"><a class="cern-account" href="https://cds.cern.ch/youraccount/login?ln=el&referer=https%3A//cds.cern.ch/record/2703141%3Fln%3Del" title="Sign in to your CERN account">Sign in</a></li> <li><a class="cern-directory" href="http://cern.ch/directory" title="Search CERN resources and browse the directory">Directory</a></li> </ul> </div>   <div role="banner" class="clearfix" id="header"> <div class="header-inner inner"> <hgroup class="clearfix"> <h2 id="site-name"> <a rel="home" title="Home" href="/"><span>CERN Document Server</span></a> </h2> <h3 id="site-slogan">Access articles, reports and multimedia content in HEP</h3> </hgroup> <div role="navigation" id="main-navigation" class="cdsmenu"> <h2 class="element-invisible">Main menu</h2><ul class="links inline clearfix"> <li class="menu-386 first active-trail"><a class="active-trail" href="https://cds.cern.ch/?ln=el">Αναζήτηση</a></li> <li class="menu-444 "><a class="" title="" href="https://cds.cern.ch/submit?ln=el">Υποβολή</a></li> <li class="menu-426 "><a class="" href="https://cds.cern.ch/help/?ln=el">Βοήθεια</a></li> <li class="leaf hassubcdsmenu"> <a hreflang="en" class="header" href="https://cds.cern.ch/youraccount/display?ln=el">Ρυθμίσεις</a> <ul class="subsubcdsmenu"><li><a href="https://cds.cern.ch/youralerts/list?ln=el">Οι Ειδοποιήσεις μου</a></li><li><a href="https://cds.cern.ch/yourbaskets/display?ln=el">Τα καλάθια μου</a></li><li><a href="https://cds.cern.ch/yourcomments?ln=el">Your comments</a></li><li><a href="https://cds.cern.ch/youralerts/display?ln=el">Οι Αναζητήσεις μου</a></li></ul></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div>  <table class="navtrailbox"> <tr> <td class="navtrailboxbody"> <a href="/?ln=el" class="navtrail">Αρχική Σελίδα</a> > <a href="/collection/CERN%20Experiments?ln=el" class="navtrail">CERN Experiments</a> > <a href="/collection/LHC%20Experiments?ln=el" class="navtrail">LHC Experiments</a> > <a href="/collection/ALICE?ln=el" class="navtrail">ALICE</a> > <a href="/collection/ALICE%20Preprints?ln=el" class="navtrail">ALICE Preprints</a> > Optimization and performance analysis of the Common Readout Unit for the ALICE experiment at CERN </td> </tr> </table> </div> <div class="pagebody"><div class="pagebodystripemiddle"> <div class="detailedrecordbox"> <div class="detailedrecordtabs"> <div> <ul class="detailedrecordtabs"><li class="on first"><a href="/record/2703141/?ln=el">Πληροφορίες </a></li><li class=""><a href="/record/2703141/comments?ln=el">Συζήτηση (0) </a></li><li class=""><a href="/record/2703141/files?ln=el">Αρχεία </a></li></ul> <div id="tabsSpacer" style="clear:both;height:0px"> </div></div> </div> <div class="detailedrecordboxcontent"> <div class="top-left-folded"></div> <div class="top-right-folded"></div> <div class="inside">  <abbr class="unapi-id" title="2703141"></abbr> <style type="text/css">  </style> <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/pdf-previewer-append-to-table.js"></script> <table class="formatRecordTableFullWidth" > <tr> <td class="formatRecordHeader" style="background-image: url('https://cds.cern.ch/img/journals.jpg');" colspan="2"> Thesis </td> </tr> <tr><td class="formatRecordLabel"> Report number </td><td style="padding-left:5px;">CERN-THESIS-2019-225</td></tr> <tr><td class="formatRecordLabel"> Title </td><td style="padding-left:5px;"><b>Optimization and performance analysis of the Common Readout Unit for the ALICE experiment at CERN</b></td></tr> <tr><td class="formatRecordLabel"><span style="white-space:nowrap;">Author(s)</span> </td><td style="padding-left:5px;"><a href="https://cds.cern.ch/search?f=author&p=Khan%2C%20Shuaib%20Ahmad&ln=el">Khan, Shuaib Ahmad</a> (Department of Atomic Energy (IN) ; HBNI, Mumbai)</td></tr> <tr><td class="formatRecordLabel"> Publication </td><td style="padding-left:5px;">217.</td></tr> <tr><td class="formatRecordLabel"> Thesis note </td><td style="padding-left:5px;">PhD : HBNI, Mumbai : 2019-01-30</td></tr> <tr><td class="formatRecordLabel"> Thesis supervisor(s) </td><td style="padding-left:5px;"><a href="/search?f=author&p=Nayak, Tapan">Nayak, Tapan</a></td></tr> <tr><td class="formatRecordLabel"> Note </td><td style="padding-left:5px;">Presented 31 Oct 2019</td></tr> <tr><td class="formatRecordLabel"> Subject category </td><td style="padding-left:5px;">Engineering ; Computing and Computers</td></tr> <tr><td class="formatRecordLabel"> Accelerator/Facility, Experiment </td><td style="padding-left:5px;"><a href="https://cds.cern.ch/search?p=CERN%20LHC&f=693__a">CERN LHC</a> ; <a href="https://cds.cern.ch/search?p=ALICE&f=693__e">ALICE</a></td></tr> <tr><td class="formatRecordLabel"> Study </td><td style="padding-left:5px;"><a href='https://cds.cern.ch/search?p=693__s:"CERN SLHC"'>CERN SLHC</a></td></tr> <tr><td class="formatRecordLabel"> Abstract </td><td style="padding-left:5px;">The ALICE experiment at the CERN Large Hadron Collider is devoted to the research in heavy-ion physics, where the goals are to study the formation of Quark-Gluon Plasma (QGP), a de-confined matter consisting of quarks and gluons. To extend the physics reach and to understand the QGP matter in greater detail, ALICE is upgrading the detectors for data taking in the year of 2021, where the beam luminosity for Pb-Pb will increase six times to $6\times10^{27}cm^{-2}sec^{-1}$ at center-of-mass energy of 5.5 TeV. The increased interaction rates and the requirement of acquiring all the events information will result in an unprecedented dataflow of $\sim$3 TB/sec from the detectors to the readout system. One of the major goals of the thesis is to design an efficient readout system to cope with the upsurge in data volume by acquiring data at a high rate and recovery from data error against the multi-bit upsets in radiation environments. A new FPGA based common readout unit (CRU) has been designed which acts as a coalesce between different interfaces and requires detector specific processing logic and firmware. The CRU receives data from the detector front-end electronics (FEE) boards located in the harsh radiation zone, performs online data processing and transfers to the back-end servers and storage located in the non-radiation areas. As a part of the thesis work, optimization and performance analysis of the CRU in the context of the ALICE have been performed. The design aspects, principal tasks and complexities of the CRU have been discussed in detail. The prototype development of the CRU hardware has been illustrated and the detailed qualification tests are executed. The thesis presents performance analysis, evaluation of signal integrity and characterisation tests on the high-speed interfaces. The measurements of resource utilisation, power consumption, critical path latencies, eye diagrams and bit error rate (BER) constitute the figures of merit for efficient system performance. Emphasis is given on the implementation and testing of the error-resilient 4.8 Gbps GBT links and its Qsys model for system integration is also proposed. Signal quality of the GBT core is characterised at the targeted BER of the order of 1 bit in $10^{12}$ bits. Total jitter is in the range of picoseconds only. The margin of receiver sensitivity is found to be 2.1 dBm for the two encoding schemes of GBT. An approach to handle the requisites for the testing, performance monitoring and parameter tuning of optical interconnects in FPGA-based systems is presented. A strategy is designed and developed for the latency-optimized implementation of the link to align the phase of the clocks. CRUs are associated with high rates of data transmission. Hence, optimization methodology for multi-gigabit transceivers is designed and tested to address the challenges of the high-frequency losses during the data transfer. It is implemented on the state-of-the-art 20nm Arria-10 FPGA manufactured by Intel Inc. The setup has been validated for three available high-speed data transmission protocols, namely, GBT, Timing-Trigger and Control over passive optical networks (TTC-PON) and 10-Gbps link. The improvement in the signal integrity is gauged by two metrics, the BER and the eye diagram. It is observed that the technique improves the signal integrity and reduces the BER. The research and development summarized in the thesis is of high relevance for the firmware calibration and the hardware alignment purposes. The work could be further extended to design a load prediction model for efficient data distribution scheme and to architect a dynamic switching topology for the sudden rise of data volume.</td></tr> </table> <br/>Email contact: <a href="mailto:shuaib.ahmad.khan@cern.ch">shuaib.ahmad.khan@cern.ch</a> <small> </small> <small> </small> <br/><br/><div align="right"><div style="padding-bottom:2px;padding-top:30px;"><span class="moreinfo" style="margin-right:10px;"> <a href="" class="moreinfo">Επιστροφή στην αναζήτηση</a> </span></div></div> <div class="bottom-left-folded"><div class="recordlastmodifiedbox" style="position:relative;margin-left:1px"> Δημιουργία εγγραφής 2019-12-01, τελευταία τροποποίηση 2019-12-12</div></div> <div class="bottom-right-folded" style="text-align:right;padding-bottom:2px;"> <span class="moreinfo" style="margin-right:10px;"><a href="/search?ln=el&p=recid%3A2703141&rm=wrd" class="moreinfo">Παρόμοιες εγγραφές</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> <br/> <br /> <div class="detailedrecordminipanel"> <div class="top-left"></div><div class="top-right"></div> <div class="inside"> <div id="detailedrecordminipanelfile" style="width:33%;float:left;text-align:center;margin-top:0"> <div><small class="detailedRecordActions">Πλήρες κείμενο:</small> <br /><a href="/record/2703141/files/CERN-THESIS-2019-225.pdf"><img style="border:none" src="/img/file-icon-text-34x48.gif" alt="Κατέβασμα πλήρες κειμένου" /><br />PDF</a><br /></div> </div> <div id="detailedrecordminipanelreview" style="width:30%;float:left;text-align:center"> </div> <div id="detailedrecordminipanelactions" style="width:36%;float:right;text-align:right;"> <ul class="detailedrecordactions"> <li><a href="/yourbaskets/add?ln=el&recid=2703141">Προσθήκη στο προσωπικό καλάθι</a></li> <li>Εξαγωγή ως <a style="text-decoration:underline;font-weight:normal" href="/record/2703141/export/hx?ln=el">BibTeX</a>, <a style="text-decoration:underline;font-weight:normal" href="/record/2703141/export/hm?ln=el">MARC</a>, <a style="text-decoration:underline;font-weight:normal" href="/record/2703141/export/xm?ln=el">MARCXML</a>, <a style="text-decoration:underline;font-weight:normal" href="/record/2703141/export/xd?ln=el">DC</a>, <a style="text-decoration:underline;font-weight:normal" href="/record/2703141/export/xe?ln=el">EndNote</a>,  <a style="text-decoration:underline;font-weight:normal" href="/record/2703141/export/xn?ln=el">NLM</a>, <a style="text-decoration:underline;font-weight:normal" href="/record/2703141/export/xw?ln=el">RefWorks</a> </li> </ul> <div style='padding-left: 13px;'>  <div id="bookmark"></div> <div id="bookmark_sciencewise"></div> <style type="text/css"> #bookmark_sciencewise, #bookmark {float: left;} #bookmark_sciencewise li {padding: 2px; width: 25px;} #bookmark_sciencewise ul, #bookmark ul {list-style-image: none;} </style> <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/jquery.bookmark.min.js"></script> <style type="text/css">@import "/css/jquery.bookmark.css";</style> <script type="text/javascript">// <![CDATA[ $.bookmark.addSite('sciencewise', 'ScienceWise.info', 'https://cds.cern.ch/img/sciencewise.png', 'en', 'bookmark', 'http://sciencewise.info/bookmarks/cds:2703141/add'); $('#bookmark_sciencewise').bookmark({sites: ['sciencewise']}); $('#bookmark').bookmark({ sites: ['facebook', 'twitter', 'linkedin', 'google_plusone'], icons: '/img/bookmarks.png', url: 'https://cds.cern.ch/record/2703141', addEmail: true, title: "Optimization and performance analysis of the Common Readout Unit for the ALICE experiment at CERN", description: "The ALICE experiment at the CERN Large Hadron Collider is devoted to the research in heavy-ion physics, where the goals are to study the formation of Quark-Gluon Plasma (QGP), a de-confined matter consisting of quarks and gluons. To extend the physics reach and to understand the QGP matter in greater detail, ALICE is upgrading the detectors for data taking in the year of 2021, where the beam luminosity for Pb-Pb will increase six times to $6\\times10^{27}cm^{-2}sec^{-1}$ at center-of-mass energy of 5.5 TeV. The increased interaction rates and the requirement of acquiring all the events information will result in an unprecedented dataflow of $\\sim$3 TB/sec from the detectors to the readout system. One of the major goals of the thesis is to design an efficient readout system to cope with the upsurge in data volume by acquiring data at a high rate and recovery from data error against the multi-bit upsets in radiation environments. A new FPGA based common readout unit (CRU) has been designed which acts as a coalesce between different interfaces and requires detector specific processing logic and firmware. The CRU receives data from the detector front-end electronics (FEE) boards located in the harsh radiation zone, performs online data processing and transfers to the back-end servers and storage located in the non-radiation areas. As a part of the thesis work, optimization and performance analysis of the CRU in the context of the ALICE have been performed. The design aspects, principal tasks and complexities of the CRU have been discussed in detail. The prototype development of the CRU hardware has been illustrated and the detailed qualification tests are executed. The thesis presents performance analysis, evaluation of signal integrity and characterisation tests on the high-speed interfaces. The measurements of resource utilisation, power consumption, critical path latencies, eye diagrams and bit error rate (BER) constitute the figures of merit for efficient system performance. Emphasis is given on the implementation and testing of the error-resilient 4.8 Gbps GBT links and its Qsys model for system integration is also proposed. Signal quality of the GBT core is characterised at the targeted BER of the order of 1 bit in $10^{12}$ bits. Total jitter is in the range of picoseconds only. The margin of receiver sensitivity is found to be 2.1 dBm for the two encoding schemes of GBT. An approach to handle the requisites for the testing, performance monitoring and parameter tuning of optical interconnects in FPGA-based systems is presented. A strategy is designed and developed for the latency-optimized implementation of the link to align the phase of the clocks. CRUs are associated with high rates of data transmission. Hence, optimization methodology for multi-gigabit transceivers is designed and tested to address the challenges of the high-frequency losses during the data transfer. It is implemented on the state-of-the-art 20nm Arria-10 FPGA manufactured by Intel Inc. The setup has been validated for three available high-speed data transmission protocols, namely, GBT, Timing-Trigger and Control over passive optical networks (TTC-PON) and 10-Gbps link. The improvement in the signal integrity is gauged by two metrics, the BER and the eye diagram. It is observed that the technique improves the signal integrity and reduces the BER. The research and development summarized in the thesis is of high relevance for the firmware calibration and the hardware alignment purposes. The work could be further extended to design a load prediction model for efficient data distribution scheme and to architect a dynamic switching topology for the sudden rise of data volume." }); // ]]> </script>  </div> </div> <div style="clear:both;margin-bottom: 0;"></div> </div> <div class="bottom-left"></div><div class="bottom-right"></div> </div> </div></div> <footer id="footer" class="pagefooter clearfix">  <div class="pagefooterstripeleft"> CERN Document Server :: <a class="footer" href="https://cds.cern.ch/?ln=el">Αναζήτηση</a> :: <a class="footer" href="https://cds.cern.ch/submit?ln=el">Υποβολή</a> :: <a class="footer" href="https://cds.cern.ch/youraccount/display?ln=el">Ρυθμίσεις</a> :: <a class="footer" href="https://cds.cern.ch/help/?ln=el">Βοήθεια</a> :: <a class="footer" href="https://cern.service-now.com/service-portal?id=privacy_policy&se=CDS-Service" target="_blank">Privacy Notice</a> <br /> Βασίζεται στο <a class="footer" href="http://invenio-software.org/">Invenio</a> <br /> Συντηρείται από <a class="footer" href="https://cern.service-now.com/service-portal?id=service_element&name=CDS-Service">CDS Service</a> - Need help? 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