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title="Cuádruplex – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Cuádruplex" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%BF%BC%EB%93%9C%EB%9F%AC%ED%94%8C%EB%A0%89%EC%8A%A4_%EB%B9%84%EB%94%94%EC%98%A4%ED%85%8C%EC%9D%B4%ED%94%84" title="쿼드러플렉스 비디오테이프 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="쿼드러플렉스 비디오테이프" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/2_pollici_Quadruplex" title="2 pollici Quadruplex – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="2 pollici Quadruplex" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/2%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3%E3%83%81VTR" title="2インチVTR – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="2インチVTR" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quadruplex" title="Quadruplex – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Quadruplex" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%BE-%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%8C" title="Поперечно-строчная видеозапись – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Поперечно-строчная видеозапись" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quadruplex" title="Quadruplex – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Quadruplex" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quadruplex" title="Quadruplex – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Quadruplex" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quadruplex%E5%BD%95%E5%BD%B1%E5%B8%A6" title="Quadruplex录影带 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" 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Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Quadruplex+videotape%22">"Quadruplex videotape"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Quadruplex+videotape%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Quadruplex+videotape%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Quadruplex+videotape%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Quadruplex+videotape%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Quadruplex+videotape%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">Quadruplex videotape</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:2-inch_Quad_Tape_Reel_with_miniDV_cassette.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/2-inch_Quad_Tape_Reel_with_miniDV_cassette.jpg/220px-2-inch_Quad_Tape_Reel_with_miniDV_cassette.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/2-inch_Quad_Tape_Reel_with_miniDV_cassette.jpg/330px-2-inch_Quad_Tape_Reel_with_miniDV_cassette.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/2-inch_Quad_Tape_Reel_with_miniDV_cassette.jpg/440px-2-inch_Quad_Tape_Reel_with_miniDV_cassette.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">A reel of 2-inch quadruplex videotape compared with a <a href="/wiki/MiniDV" class="mw-redirect" title="MiniDV">miniDV</a> videocassette</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Media type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Magnetic_tape" title="Magnetic tape">Magnetic tape</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Content_format" title="Content format">Encoding</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/NTSC" title="NTSC">NTSC</a>, <a href="/wiki/PAL" title="PAL">PAL</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Developed<span class="nowrap"> </span>by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ampex" title="Ampex">Ampex</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Usage</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Video_production" title="Video production">Video production</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ampex_VR-2000_20131126.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Ampex_VR-2000_20131126.jpg/220px-Ampex_VR-2000_20131126.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="317" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Ampex_VR-2000_20131126.jpg/330px-Ampex_VR-2000_20131126.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Ampex_VR-2000_20131126.jpg/440px-Ampex_VR-2000_20131126.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2943" data-file-height="4245" /></a><figcaption>Ampex VR-2000</figcaption></figure> <p><b>2-inch quadruplex videotape</b> (also called <b>2″ quad video tape</b> or <b>quadraplex</b>) was the first practical and commercially successful <a href="/wiki/Analog_recording" title="Analog recording">analog recording</a> <a href="/wiki/Video_tape" class="mw-redirect" title="Video tape">video tape</a> format.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was developed and released for the <a href="/wiki/Broadcast_television" class="mw-redirect" title="Broadcast television">broadcast television</a> industry in 1956 by <a href="/wiki/Ampex" title="Ampex">Ampex</a>, an <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">American</a> company based in <a href="/wiki/Redwood_City,_California" title="Redwood City, California">Redwood City, California</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first videotape recorder using this format was built the same year. This format revolutionized broadcast television operations and <a href="/wiki/Television_production" class="mw-redirect" title="Television production">television production</a>, since the only recording medium available to the TV industry until then was <a href="/wiki/Motion_picture_film" class="mw-redirect" title="Motion picture film">motion picture film</a>. </p><p>Since most <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> network <a href="/wiki/Broadcast_delay" title="Broadcast delay">broadcast delays</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Television_network" class="mw-redirect" title="Television network">television networks</a> at the time used kinescope film that took time to develop, the networks wanted a more practical, cost-effective, and quicker way to <a href="/wiki/Time_shifting" title="Time shifting">time-shift</a> <a href="/wiki/Television_program" class="mw-redirect" title="Television program">television programming</a> for later airing in Western time zones than the expensive and time-consuming processing and editing of film. Faced with these challenges, broadcasters sought to adapt <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_tape" title="Magnetic tape">magnetic tape</a> recording technology (already used for audio recording) for use with <a href="/wiki/Television" title="Television">television</a> as well. By 1954 the television industry in the US was consuming more film stock than all Hollywood studios combined.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The term "quadruplex" refers to the use of four magnetic record/play heads mounted on a headwheel spinning transversely (width-wise) across the tape at a rate of 14,386 <a href="/wiki/Revolutions_per_minute" title="Revolutions per minute">RPM</a><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (for 960 recorded stripes per second) for <a href="/wiki/NTSC" title="NTSC">NTSC</a> <a href="/wiki/480i" title="480i">525 lines/30fps</a>-standard quad decks and at 15,000 RPM (for 1,000 stripes per second) for those using the <a href="/wiki/PAL" title="PAL">PAL</a> <a href="/wiki/576i" title="576i">625 lines/25fps</a> video standard. This method is called quadrature scanning, as opposed to the <a href="/wiki/Helical_scan" title="Helical scan">helical scan</a> transport used by later videotape formats. The tape ran at a speed of either 7.5 or 15 in (190.5 or 381.0 mm) per second; the audio, control, and cue tracks were recorded in a standard linear fashion near the edges of the tape. The cue track was used either as a second audio track, or for recording <a href="/wiki/Cue_tone" title="Cue tone">cue tones</a> or <a href="/wiki/Time_code" class="mw-redirect" title="Time code">time code</a> for <a href="/wiki/Linear_video_editing" title="Linear video editing">linear video editing</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The quadruplex format employs segmented recording; each transversely recorded video track on a 2-inch quad videotape holds one-sixteenth (NTSC) or one-twentieth (PAL)<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of a field of interlaced video. (For NTSC systems, the math suggests 15 transverse head passes, each consisting of 16 lines of video, are required to complete one field.) This meant that 2-inch quad did not support "trick-play" functions, such as still, shuttle, and reverse or variable-speed playback. (In fact, the quadruplex format could only reproduce recognizable pictures when the tape was playing at normal speed.)<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, it was capable of producing extremely high-quality images with a horizontal resolution of about 400 <a href="/wiki/Television_lines" title="Television lines">lines per picture height</a>, and remained the <i>de facto</i> industry standard for television broadcasting from its inception in 1956 to the mid-1980s, when newer, smaller, and lower-maintenance videotape formats such as <a href="/wiki/Type_C_videotape" title="Type C videotape">Type C videotape</a> superseded it.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There were three different variations of 2-inch quad: </p> <ul><li>Low-band, which was the first variety of quad introduced by Ampex in 1956,</li> <li>High-band, which used a wider bandwidth for recording video to the tape, resulting in higher-resolution video from the <a href="/wiki/Video_tape_recorder" title="Video tape recorder">video tape recorder</a> (VTR), and</li> <li>Super high-band, which used a <a href="/wiki/Pilot_tone" class="mw-redirect" title="Pilot tone">pilot tone</a> for better timebase stability, and higher <a href="/wiki/Coercivity" title="Coercivity">coercivity</a> tape.</li></ul> <p>Most quad machines made later in the 1960s and 1970s by Ampex can play back both low and high-band 2-inch quad tape.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quadruplex_videotape&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Time-shifting of television programming for the <a href="/wiki/Central_Time_Zone" title="Central Time Zone">Central</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mountain_Time_Zone" title="Mountain Time Zone">Mountain</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Time_Zone" title="Pacific Time Zone">Pacific Time Zones</a> by the networks in the 1950s (in order to broadcast their programming at the same local time in each time zone) using <a href="/wiki/Kinescope" title="Kinescope">kinescope</a> films was quite a rushed and perilous ordeal. This was because there was minimal time for the local TV stations to receive video for the programming from the East Coast (live via leased microwave relay or coaxial cable circuits provided by the phone company, <a href="/wiki/American_Telephone_%26_Telegraph" class="mw-redirect" title="American Telephone & Telegraph">AT&T</a>), to record it to kinescope films, and to develop the film to be aired. This usually meant the kinescope was aired almost immediately after it came straight out of the developing equipment, still warm from the film dryer. These were referred to by the networks as "hot kines". By 1954, the networks used more raw film stock for kinescopes than all of the Hollywood film studios combined, spending up to $4,000 per half hour.<sup id="cite_ref-racetovideo_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-racetovideo-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-historyoftape_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-historyoftape-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ampex, seeing the impracticality of prototype <a href="/wiki/Video_tape_recorder" title="Video tape recorder">video tape recorders</a> from <a href="/wiki/Bing_Crosby_Enterprises" class="mw-redirect" title="Bing Crosby Enterprises">Bing Crosby Enterprises</a> (BCE) and <a href="/wiki/RCA" title="RCA">RCA</a>, started to develop a more practical videotape format with tape economy in mind, as well as providing a solution to the networks' West Coast delay woes. Starting in 1952, Ampex built the Mark I prototype VTR,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> using 2 in (51 mm)-wide tape. Ampex decided that instead of having the tape move at high speed past a stationary head to record enough bandwidth for video (as how the aforementioned prototype VTRs from BCE and RCA functioned), the head would be made to move rapidly across the relatively slow moving tape. This resulted in the Mark I using <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/arcuate#English" class="extiw" title="wikt:arcuate">arcuate</a> scanning, which consisted of a spinning disk with a face (where the heads were mounted) which contacted the tape (as opposed to the edge of the headwheel with transverse quadrature scanning). This resulted in an arc-shaped track being recorded across the width of the tape.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Arcuate scanning resulted in a head-to-tape speed of about 2,500 in/s (63,500 mm/s), but problems with timebase stability of the reproduced video signal from the tape led Ampex to abandon arcuate scanning in favor of the more reliable transverse scanning system.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ampex continued through the mid-1950s with the Mark II<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Mark III prototype recorders.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Mark IV<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was the machine first publicly demonstrated at the National Association of Radio and Television Broadcasters (now the <a href="/wiki/National_Association_of_Broadcasters" title="National Association of Broadcasters">NAB</a>) convention (the <a href="/wiki/NAB_Show" title="NAB Show">NAB Show</a>) in <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a> on April 14, 1956. After William Lodge of CBS finished his speech, the Mark IV replayed his image and words almost immediately, causing "pandemonium" among the astonished attendees.<sup id="cite_ref-racetovideo_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-racetovideo-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The earlier Mark III was given some cosmetic improvements, and was also demonstrated at Ampex headquarters in Redwood City the same day. Both demonstrations were a success, and Ampex took $2 million in orders for the machine in four days.<sup id="cite_ref-racetovideo_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-racetovideo-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ampex_VR_1000-B.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Ampex_VR_1000-B.JPG/220px-Ampex_VR_1000-B.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Ampex_VR_1000-B.JPG/330px-Ampex_VR_1000-B.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Ampex_VR_1000-B.JPG/440px-Ampex_VR_1000-B.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>The VR 1000-B model (1961)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Quadruplex.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Quadruplex.svg/220px-Quadruplex.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Quadruplex.svg/330px-Quadruplex.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Quadruplex.svg/440px-Quadruplex.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="3445" data-file-height="1598" /></a><figcaption>The quadruplex system</figcaption></figure> <p>Ampex later released the first models of quad VTR based on the Mark IV which were also prototypes, the VRX-1000,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of which 16 were made. Machines made afterward were the final production models, and were designated as the VR-1000.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The advertised price for the Ampex Videotape Recorder in late 1956 was $45,000 (equivalent to $504,000 in 2023).<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1957, shortly after Ampex's introduction of the 2-inch quad format, RCA introduced a quad-compatible VTR, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=TRT-1A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="TRT-1A (page does not exist)">TRT-1A</a>. RCA referred to it as a "Television Tape Recorder", since the word "videotape" was a trademark of Ampex at the time.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ampex developed and released updated and improved models of their quad decks, beginning with the VR-1000B in mid-1959. At that time, Ampex advertised that some 360-plus VR-1000s had been sold worldwide, more than 250 in the U.S.—roughly 30 at each network, 100 by independent stations, and 20 by production companies.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The second-generation VR-2000<sup id="cite_ref-VR-2000_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VR-2000-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> appeared in 1964. followed by a scaled-down economy version, the VR-1200, in 1966 and the AVR series of VTRs, AVR-1, AVR-2, and AVR-3 in the 1970s. The AVR-2 was the most compact of quad VTRs, using conventional 120 volt (V) <a href="/wiki/Single-phase" class="mw-redirect" title="Single-phase">single-phase</a> household-type AC power to operate, rather than the 208 or 220 V <a href="/wiki/Three-phase" class="mw-redirect" title="Three-phase">three-phase</a> AC power required by larger quad machines. RCA released later models of quad VTRs as well, such as the TR-22, TR-70, and TR-600.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/CBS" title="CBS">CBS</a> was the first television network to use 2-inch quad videotape, using it for a West Coast delay of <i><a href="/wiki/CBS_Evening_News" title="CBS Evening News">Douglas Edwards and the News</a></i> on November 30, 1956.<sup id="cite_ref-nasginsburg_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nasginsburg-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The CBS show <i><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Godfrey%27s_Talent_Scouts" title="Arthur Godfrey's Talent Scouts">Arthur Godfrey's Talent Scouts</a></i> on December 24, 1956, became the first entertainment program to be broadcast live to the nation from New York and taped for a time-delayed rebroadcast in the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Time_Zone" title="Pacific Time Zone">Pacific Time Zone</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On January 22, 1957, the NBC game show <i><a href="/wiki/Truth_or_Consequences" title="Truth or Consequences">Truth or Consequences</a></i>, produced in Hollywood, became the first program to be broadcast in all time zones from a prerecorded videotape.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The engineers at Ampex who worked on the development of 2-inch quadruplex videotape from the Mark I to the VR-1000 were <a href="/wiki/Charles_Ginsburg" title="Charles Ginsburg">Charles Ginsburg</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-nasginsburg_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nasginsburg-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alex_Maxey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alex Maxey (page does not exist)">Alex Maxey</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fred_Pfost&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fred Pfost (page does not exist)">Fred Pfost</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Shelby_Henderson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shelby Henderson (page does not exist)">Shelby Henderson</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Charlie_Anderson_(engineer)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charlie Anderson (engineer) (page does not exist)">Charlie Anderson</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ray_Dolby" title="Ray Dolby">Ray Dolby</a> (who later went on to found <a href="/wiki/Dolby_Laboratories" class="mw-redirect" title="Dolby Laboratories">Dolby Laboratories</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As two inch machines became more reliable, they began to see use in outside broadcast (OB) production. The massive machines required their own truck to house and were incredibly labour-intensive requiring considerable on site maintenance. Despite this, these machines allowed for OB video engineers to provide instant replays and generate opening sequences over which captions could be added.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Product_models">Product models</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quadruplex_videotape&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Product models"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ampex">Ampex</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quadruplex_videotape&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Ampex"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>VR-1000 (1956) (VRX-1000) <a href="/wiki/Frequency_modulation" title="Frequency modulation">FM</a> Low band, three racks of <a href="/wiki/Vacuum_tube" title="Vacuum tube">tubes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Monochrome" title="Monochrome">monochrome</a>. No <a href="/wiki/Timebase_correction" class="mw-redirect" title="Timebase correction">timebase correction</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>VR-1000 "Allen" or "Allenized" update kits (made for Ampex by Steve Allen at <a href="/w/index.php?title=Allen_Electronics&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Allen Electronics (page does not exist)">Allen Electronics</a>) to color solid state, <a href="/wiki/Frequency_modulation" title="Frequency modulation">FM</a> high band updateable, solid state servo system.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>VR-1001 VR-1000 with the transport vertical.</li> <li>VR-2000 (1964) Solid state, first color-capable quad VTR with high band. Optional Editec, Dropout compensation. Mark 10 <a href="/wiki/Recording_head" title="Recording head">head</a>. Analog <a href="/wiki/Timebase_correction" class="mw-redirect" title="Timebase correction">TBC</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-VR-2000_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VR-2000-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>VR-1100E (1966) Solid-state VR-1000.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>VR-1195 (1966) VR1100 with many Ampex updates.</li> <li>VR-1200 (1966) Solid state, color high-band. Analog TBC. Optional Editec. Scaled-down economy version of the VR-2000.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>VR-3000 (1967) Portable VTR with a Mark 11 ball-bearing head. All-format VTR (NTSC/PAL/SECAM, 15 IPS/7.5 IPS, high-band/low-band). Digital TBC was possible, but required extensive mechanical modifications to the basic unit. Battery- or line-powered.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>VR-3000B Portable VTR Improved version of VR-3000. Digital TBC was available as a plug-in accessory, and required no modifications to the basic unit. Improved batteries.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>AVR-1 (1973) Very fast VTR, <a href="/wiki/Vacuum_column_(tape_drive)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vacuum column (tape drive)">vacuum columns</a>, vacuum capstan, air transport. <a href="/wiki/NTSC" title="NTSC">NTSC</a>/<a href="/wiki/PAL" title="PAL">PAL</a> switchable. Analog TBC.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>ACR-25 (1974) Cart VTR, with two AVR-1 type decks.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>ACR-25B (1975) Cart VTR, ACR-25 with AVR-2 <a href="/wiki/Digital_data" title="Digital data">digital</a> TBC.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>AVR-2 (1974) Digital TBC, compact Quad used in studios and remote trucks. Uses 110-volt <a href="/wiki/Single-phase" class="mw-redirect" title="Single-phase">single-phase</a> AC (other quad models require 220-volt or <a href="/wiki/3-phase" class="mw-redirect" title="3-phase">3-phase</a> AC service, although the AVR-2 can be wired for either 110- or 220-volt service).</li> <li>AVR-3 (1975) Last Ampex Quad, digital TBC. Vacuum capstan. Super high band.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ampex-Am-Tech-Color-Tech-Proc-Amp.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ampex-Am-Tech-Color-Tech-Proc-Amp.jpg/220px-Ampex-Am-Tech-Color-Tech-Proc-Amp.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ampex-Am-Tech-Color-Tech-Proc-Amp.jpg/330px-Ampex-Am-Tech-Color-Tech-Proc-Amp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ampex-Am-Tech-Color-Tech-Proc-Amp.jpg/440px-Ampex-Am-Tech-Color-Tech-Proc-Amp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2220" data-file-height="2230" /></a><figcaption>Ampex VR2000 Amtec, Colortec and Procamp at DC Video, <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.dcvideo.com/">[1]</a>,</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ampex-avr3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Ampex-avr3.jpg/220px-Ampex-avr3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Ampex-avr3.jpg/330px-Ampex-avr3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Ampex-avr3.jpg/440px-Ampex-avr3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1760" data-file-height="1185" /></a><figcaption>Ampex AVR 3</figcaption></figure> <p>The VR-2000 & VR-1200 (and the VR-1100E & VR-1195, as well as some updated VR-1000 VTRs) used modules to correct the playback time base errors of the videotape.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="RCA">RCA</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quadruplex_videotape&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: RCA"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>TRT-1A (1957) Tube VTR, 4 racks of <a href="/wiki/Vacuum_tube" title="Vacuum tube">tubes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>TRT-1B (1959) Tube VTR, three racks. An available option for color expanded this machine to six racks, which included the color processing equipment and color monitor.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>TRT-1AC Prototype<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>TR-2 (1960) Tube VTR with some solid state. Low band or <a href="/wiki/Monochrome" title="Monochrome">monochrome</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>TR-11 (1961) Tube VTR with solid state PS-<a href="/wiki/Power_supply" title="Power supply">Power supply</a>.</li> <li>TR-22 (1961) Monochrome low band, later color version.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>TR-22C (1964) High-band color.</li> <li>TR-2 (1964) Record-only solid state.</li> <li>TR-3 (1964) Playback-only solid state.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>TR-4 (1964) Both, solid state.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>TR-5 (1964) Console portable solid state.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>TR-22D (1966)<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>TR-70 (1966) Solid state, high/low band with dropout compensation. High-band & low band color or monochrome. RCA's multi-standard machine<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>TR-70C (1967) TR-70 with digital TBC.</li> <li>TR-50 (1967) TR-4 high band.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>TR-60 (1969) High-band & low band color or monochrome. TR-60 is an updated TR-50. RCA's multi-standard machine 405/525/625 lines. The TR-60 and TR-70 were used in a master/slave configuration with the TCR-100 cart machines timesharing the video processing circuitry of the TR-60 and TR-70 machines when a SPU was not installed with the TCR100.</li> <li>TCR-100 (1970) Dual-deck video cartridge machine. SPU-100 was the signal processing unit. Had many air-operated mechanisms<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>TR-61 (1972) High-band color, digital <a href="/wiki/Servomechanism" title="Servomechanism">servo</a> system, <a href="/wiki/NTSC" title="NTSC">NTSC</a>/<a href="/wiki/PAL" title="PAL">PAL</a> switchable, TR-60 is an updated TR-50.</li> <li>TPR-10 (1975) High-band color portable. Larger than a VR-3000, Had color playback, US air force use a few.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>TR-600 (1972) Last RCA Quad. Digital TBC, compact quad used in studios and remote trucks.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bosch_Fernseh">Bosch Fernseh</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quadruplex_videotape&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Bosch Fernseh"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>BM-20 B&W Quadruplex tube TVR (1963–1970).<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>BCM-40 (1970–1972) Solid state, analog TBC.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>BCM-40C (1972–1976) Updated BCM-40<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Комета_(Kometa),_Soviet_Union"><span id=".D0.9A.D0.BE.D0.BC.D0.B5.D1.82.D0.B0_.28Kometa.29.2C_Soviet_Union"></span>Комета (<a href="/wiki/Novosibirsk_Precision_Engineering_Plant" title="Novosibirsk Precision Engineering Plant">Kometa</a>), <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quadruplex_videotape&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Комета (Kometa), Soviet Union"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Кадр-1 (Kadr-1) - B&W, tubes (1964);<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Кадр-1Ц (Kadr-1Ts) - Prototype unit, modified for color recording testing (1964);<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Кадр-2 (Kadr-2) - Prototype unit, B&W, solid state (1966);<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Кадр-3 (Kadr-3) - Color, solid state (1967);<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Кадр-3П (Kadr-3P) - 2-racks version intended for <a href="/wiki/Production_truck" title="Production truck">production trucks</a> (1969);<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Кадр-3ПМ (Kadr-3PM) - Modified for <a href="/wiki/Timecode" title="Timecode">timecode</a>-based editing (1980);<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Кадр-5 (Kadr-5) - Fast editing VTR, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vacuum_columns&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vacuum columns (page does not exist)">vacuum columns</a> (1976).<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="ЛОМО_(LOMO),_Soviet_Union"><span id=".D0.9B.D0.9E.D0.9C.D0.9E_.28LOMO.29.2C_Soviet_Union"></span>ЛОМО (<a href="/wiki/LOMO" title="LOMO">LOMO</a>), <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quadruplex_videotape&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: ЛОМО (LOMO), Soviet Union"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>КМЗИ-1 (KMZI-1) - Prototype unit, B&W, tubes. The first soviet VTR. Based on Quad format, but used 70-mm tape instead of 2-inch (1959);<sup id="cite_ref-vn_prikl_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vn_prikl-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>КМЗИ-4 (KMZI-4) - Production version of КМЗИ-1, was used for regular broadcast (1960);<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>КМЗИ-6 (KMZI-6) - B&W, tubes. The first mass-produced VTR. Was used for the first experimental colour recording in <a href="/wiki/SECAM" title="SECAM">SECAM</a> encoding (1962); <sup id="cite_ref-vn_prikl_88-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vn_prikl-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>КМЗИ-12 (KMZI-12) - B&W, tubes. Had an interchangeable head block for compatibility with 2-inch tape (1965); <sup id="cite_ref-vn_prikl_88-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vn_prikl-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Электрон-2 (Electron-2) - B&W, solid state, fully compliant with Quad format (1966); <sup id="cite_ref-vn_prikl_88-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vn_prikl-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Электрон-2М (Electron-2M) - Color version (1966).<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Others">Others</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quadruplex_videotape&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Others"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Sony made an experimental 2" VTR in 1958, after seeing an Ampex VTR at <a href="/wiki/NHK" title="NHK">NHK</a>, but never sold any 2" quadruplex VTRs.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The VA-50 and VA-100 sold by Visual Electronics, USA. (1965-1970) by Jim Tharpe. Use many parts from Steve Allen, these at first were Allenized VR-1000s, sold as RB 1000. Then Visual switch to Allenized Bosch BM-20, colorizing them as VA-50 and VA-100.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>WZT (Warszawskie Zakłady Telewizyjne, Poland) made VTR MW-623 (prototype in 1963) then improved to MW-645 (1965, commonly used in Polish Television) and finally 100% solid state MW-700C (1971). The VTRs were never sold abroad.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="2-inch_quad_fate">2-inch quad fate</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quadruplex_videotape&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: 2-inch quad fate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BOSCH_2_ZOLL_QUADRUPLEX_BCM_40.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/BOSCH_2_ZOLL_QUADRUPLEX_BCM_40.jpg/220px-BOSCH_2_ZOLL_QUADRUPLEX_BCM_40.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/BOSCH_2_ZOLL_QUADRUPLEX_BCM_40.jpg/330px-BOSCH_2_ZOLL_QUADRUPLEX_BCM_40.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/BOSCH_2_ZOLL_QUADRUPLEX_BCM_40.jpg/440px-BOSCH_2_ZOLL_QUADRUPLEX_BCM_40.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1784" data-file-height="2376" /></a><figcaption>Bosch Quad VTR Model BCM 40</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ampex-AVR-2-Quad-TVR.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Ampex-AVR-2-Quad-TVR.jpg/220px-Ampex-AVR-2-Quad-TVR.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Ampex-AVR-2-Quad-TVR.jpg/330px-Ampex-AVR-2-Quad-TVR.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Ampex-AVR-2-Quad-TVR.jpg/440px-Ampex-AVR-2-Quad-TVR.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2920" data-file-height="2160" /></a><figcaption>Ampex AVR-2</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ampex-quad-video-head.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Ampex-quad-video-head.jpg/220px-Ampex-quad-video-head.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Ampex-quad-video-head.jpg/330px-Ampex-quad-video-head.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Ampex-quad-video-head.jpg/440px-Ampex-quad-video-head.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2840" data-file-height="1530" /></a><figcaption>Ampex AVR-2 Video Head</figcaption></figure> <p>2-inch quad is no longer used as a mainstream format in TV broadcasting and video production, having long ago been supplanted by easier-to-use, more practical and lower-maintenance analog tape formats like <a href="/wiki/1%22_type_C_videotape" class="mw-redirect" title="1" type C videotape">1" Type C</a> (1976), <a href="/wiki/U-matic" title="U-matic">U-matic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Betacam" title="Betacam">Betacam</a>. Television and video industry changes to digital video tape (<a href="/wiki/DVCAM" class="mw-redirect" title="DVCAM">DVCAM</a>, <a href="/wiki/DVCPro" class="mw-redirect" title="DVCPro">DVCPro</a> and <a href="/wiki/Digital_Betacam" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital Betacam">Digital Betacam</a>) and <a href="/wiki/High-definition_video" title="High-definition video">high-definition</a> (<a href="/wiki/HDCAM" title="HDCAM">HDCAM</a>) made analog tape formats increasingly obsolete.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Operation of VR-1000-era machines required the skills of a highly trained <a href="/wiki/Video_engineer" class="mw-redirect" title="Video engineer">video engineer</a>. When a tape was changed, the operator spent as much as half-an-hour, "lining-up" the VTR—that is, carrying out specialized technical adjustments to calibrate the machine to the tape before it was ready for playback. From VR-1200/2000 onward, improvements in head manufacturing/refurbishing tolerances, timebase correction, and greater thermal stability of solid-state electronics made tape changes possible in under a minute and needed servo calibrations only once per shift. From AVR-1 onward, servos were self-calibrating and tape changes were as fast as the operator could articulate threading.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The few quadruplex VTRs which remain in service are used for the transfer and/or restoration of archival 2-inch quad videotape material to newer data storage formats, although mainstream TV serials from the 1950s to late 1960s have mostly already been remastered onto more modern media some years ago, even digitized within the last decade.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Specifications">Specifications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quadruplex_videotape&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Specifications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>2 Inch open reel to reel analog video system</li> <li>Vacuum guide to support videotape for record</li> <li>Tape speed 15 ips. (381 mm/s) [7.5 ips in half speed mode)</li> <li>Video record FM signal</li> <li>One analog control track (240 Hz) 20 mils [bottom of videotape]</li> <li>Two analog audio tracks: 2 audio tracks or one audio and one cue tone track or one audio track and one linear timecode track</li> <li>Analog audio track 70 mils [top of videotape]</li> <li>Analog audio cue track 20 mils</li> <li>Video track angle 89.5 deg.</li> <li>Video track height/length ~ 1.82 inches, ~ 46.2mm</li> <li>Four video record/play heads at 90 deg. (rotary transformer – Ampex, rotary brush – RCA)</li> <li>Drum dia. 2 inches – (5.08mm)</li> <li>Video penetration ~ .002 inches – 50 micron</li> <li>525-lines video has 32 video tracks</li> <li>625-lines video has 40 video tracks</li> <li>Video scanner rotation: 525 line 14,400 rpm (240 rps) (1,000 stripes per second), 625 15,000 rpm</li> <li>Video head write speed: 525 line 1508 ips (38.3 m/s), 625 39.9 m/sec (1570.8 ips)</li> <li>Video track width 10 mils – .25 mm</li> <li>Video track pitch 15.6 mils – .40 mm</li> <li>16.4 horizontal lines per head in 525. (64 lines recorded per rotation of the head drum assembly)</li> <li>Video track per second 960.</li> <li>Studio reel ~60 minutes, 4,800 feet.</li> <li>Video FM modes: Low band, High Band, B&W, Super High Band<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>The tape used in quadruplex machines may have magnetic particles oriented transversely, to increase the magnetic field strength of the tape when read transversely. This allows for higher signal to noise ratios and the possibility of reducing linear or longitudinal tape speeds. The particles are oriented by applying a strong transverse magnetic field during manufacturing after the particles are applied but before the tape is baked to fix the particles in place.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quadruplex_videotape&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Video_tape_recorder" title="Video tape recorder">VTR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Videotape" title="Videotape">Videotape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ampex_2_inch_helical_VTR" class="mw-redirect" title="Ampex 2 inch helical VTR">Ampex 2 inch helical VTR</a></li> <li>Contrast with <a href="/wiki/Helical_scan" title="Helical scan">helical scan</a> recording</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erhard_Kietz" title="Erhard Kietz">Erhard Kietz</a>'s work at Ampex</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Orbiter_Image_Recovery_Project" title="Lunar Orbiter Image Recovery Project">Lunar Orbiter Image Recovery Project</a>, recovered still images from physically similar tapes</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quadruplex_videotape&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General_references">General references</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quadruplex_videotape&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: General references"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>TV Broadcasting, by <a href="/wiki/Harold_E._Ennes" title="Harold E. Ennes">Harold E. Ennes</a>, 1971, Chapter 8, Page 356 to 388</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mail.quadvideotapegroup.com/pipermail/quadlist_quadvideotapegroup.com/2010-July/002966.html">quadvideotapegroup.com, Quad VTR on Planes</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Inline_citations">Inline citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quadruplex_videotape&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Inline citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://videopreservation.conservation-us.org/vid_guide/6/6.html">"Chapter 6 - All About Videotape"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chapter+6+-+All+About+Videotape&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvideopreservation.conservation-us.org%2Fvid_guide%2F6%2F6.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuadruplex+videotape" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://quadvideotapegroup.com/QuadHistory-PageIndex.htm">"Quad Videotape Group-Quad History-Page Index"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Quad+Videotape+Group-Quad+History-Page+Index&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fquadvideotapegroup.com%2FQuadHistory-PageIndex.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuadruplex+videotape" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.earlytelevision.org/kinescope.html">"Kinescope Recording"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kinescope+Recording&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.earlytelevision.org%2Fkinescope.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuadruplex+videotape" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Corrected math: 14400/1.001=14385.61</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://videopreservation.conservation-us.org/vid_guide/5/5.html">"Chapter 5 - The VTR"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chapter+5+-+The+VTR&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvideopreservation.conservation-us.org%2Fvid_guide%2F5%2F5.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuadruplex+videotape" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lionlamb.us/quad/format.html">"Videotape Formats"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Videotape+Formats&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lionlamb.us%2Fquad%2Fformat.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuadruplex+videotape" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://winkhackman.com/blog/gone-quite-forgotten/">Wink Hackman blog; training for MVS users</a> Retrieved September 17, 2015</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://videopreservation.conservation-us.org/museum/index.html">"Equipment Museum"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Equipment+Museum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvideopreservation.conservation-us.org%2Fmuseum%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuadruplex+videotape" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://videopreservation.conservation-us.org/vid_guide/9/9.html">"Chapter 9 - VTR Interchangeability"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chapter+9+-+VTR+Interchangeability&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvideopreservation.conservation-us.org%2Fvid_guide%2F9%2F9.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuadruplex+videotape" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-racetovideo-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-racetovideo_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-racetovideo_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-racetovideo_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Wolpin, Stewart. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.americanheritage.com/articles/magazine/it/1994/2/1994_2_52.shtml">The Race to Video</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110404045940/http://www.americanheritage.com/articles/magazine/it/1994/2/1994_2_52.shtml">Archived</a> April 4, 2011, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>". <i>Invention & Technology</i>, Fall 1994.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-historyoftape-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-historyoftape_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040603152849/http://www.tvhandbook.com/History/History_recording.htm">"History of Tape Recording Technology"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tvhandbook.com/History/History_recording.htm">the original</a> on 3 June 2004<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+Tape+Recording+Technology&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tvhandbook.com%2FHistory%2FHistory_recording.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuadruplex+videotape" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lionlamb.us/quad/mark1.jpg">"Mark I head from lionlamb.us"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mark+I+head+from+lionlamb.us&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lionlamb.us%2Fquad%2Fmark1.jpg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuadruplex+videotape" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lionlamb.us/quad/archead.jpg">"Mark I head and chart"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mark+I+head+and+chart&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lionlamb.us%2Fquad%2Farchead.jpg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuadruplex+videotape" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.danalee.ca/ttt/images/12/TransverseQuad2.gif">"danalee.ca"</a>. <i>www.danalee.ca</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.danalee.ca&rft.atitle=danalee.ca&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.danalee.ca%2Fttt%2Fimages%2F12%2FTransverseQuad2.gif&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuadruplex+videotape" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.terramedia.co.uk/media/television/ampex_VTR.htm">"Ampex demonstrates videotape recording"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ampex+demonstrates+videotape+recording&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.terramedia.co.uk%2Fmedia%2Ftelevision%2Fampex_VTR.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuadruplex+videotape" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://videopreservation.conservation-us.org/vid_guide/14/14.html">"Chapter 14 - Maintenance, Troubleshooting, and Minor Repairs"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chapter+14+-+Maintenance%2C+Troubleshooting%2C+and+Minor+Repairs&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvideopreservation.conservation-us.org%2Fvid_guide%2F14%2F14.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuadruplex+videotape" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lionlamb.us/quad/mark2.jpg">"Mark II from lionlamb.us"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mark+II+from+lionlamb.us&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lionlamb.us%2Fquad%2Fmark2.jpg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuadruplex+videotape" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lionlamb.us/quad/mark3.jpg">"Mark III"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mark+III&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lionlamb.us%2Fquad%2Fmark3.jpg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuadruplex+videotape" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lionlamb.us/quad/mark4.jpg">"Mark 4"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mark+4&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lionlamb.us%2Fquad%2Fmark4.jpg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuadruplex+videotape" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lionlamb.us/quad/vrx1000.jpg">"VRX-1000 being made at Ampex"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=VRX-1000+being+made+at+Ampex&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lionlamb.us%2Fquad%2Fvrx1000.jpg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuadruplex+videotape" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.akdart.com/vtr/vtr3.html">"The First Videotape Machines at KRLD-TV"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+First+Videotape+Machines+at+KRLD-TV&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.akdart.com%2Fvtr%2Fvtr3.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuadruplex+videotape" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://americanradiohistory.com/Archive-BC/BC-1956/1956-10-15-Quarter-Century-BC.pdf">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"How Much Should a Tape Recorder Cost? [Ampex ad]" Broadcasting-Telecasting, 15 October 1956, 220"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22How+Much+Should+a+Tape+Recorder+Cost%3F+%5BAmpex+ad%5D%22+Broadcasting-Telecasting%2C+15+October+1956%2C+220.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Famericanradiohistory.com%2FArchive-BC%2FBC-1956%2F1956-10-15-Quarter-Century-BC.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuadruplex+videotape" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.meldrum.co.uk/mhp/knackers/behind.html">"The Knacker's Yard - Control"</a>. <i>www.meldrum.co.uk</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.meldrum.co.uk&rft.atitle=The+Knacker%27s+Yard+-+Control&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.meldrum.co.uk%2Fmhp%2Fknackers%2Fbehind.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuadruplex+videotape" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://americanradiohistory.com/Archive-BC/BC-1959/1959-06-22-BC.pdf">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Announcing the New Ampex VR-1000B," Broadcasting-Telecasting, 22 June 1959, 58-59"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22Announcing+the+New+Ampex+VR-1000B%2C%22+Broadcasting-Telecasting%2C+22+June+1959%2C+58-59.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Famericanradiohistory.com%2FArchive-BC%2FBC-1959%2F1959-06-22-BC.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuadruplex+videotape" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-VR-2000-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-VR-2000_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-VR-2000_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lionlamb.us/quad/vr2000_2.jpg">"VR-2000"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=VR-2000&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lionlamb.us%2Fquad%2Fvr2000_2.jpg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuadruplex+videotape" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nasginsburg-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nasginsburg_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nasginsburg_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=4779&page=84">Charles P. Ginsburg</a>". <i>Memorial Tributes: National Academy of Engineering</i>, Vol. 7. 1994: The National Academies Press, Washington DC.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Val Adams, "C.B.S. Shows Off Tape-Recorded TV", <i>New York Times</i>, Dec 21, 1956, p. 43.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sophia.javeriana.edu.co/~ochavarr/computer_graphics_history/historia/images/1956_VR1000_OnAirAtCBS.jpg">"CBS, 1956, VR-1000 in use photo from javeriana.edu.co"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CBS%2C+1956%2C+VR-1000+in+use+photo+from+javeriana.edu.co&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsophia.javeriana.edu.co%2F~ochavarr%2Fcomputer_graphics_history%2Fhistoria%2Fimages%2F1956_VR1000_OnAirAtCBS.jpg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuadruplex+videotape" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Daily N.B.C. Show Will Be on Tape", <i>New York Times</i>, Jan. 18, 1957, p. 31.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.terramedia.co.uk/media/television/Ampex_team_1956.JPG">"terramedia.co.uk Ampex Team Photo 1956"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=terramedia.co.uk+Ampex+Team+Photo+1956&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.terramedia.co.uk%2Fmedia%2Ftelevision%2FAmpex_team_1956.JPG&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuadruplex+videotape" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://i663.photobucket.com/albums/uu353/james_backtor/wwwfernsehmuseuminfo_ampex-emmy-dre.jpg">"Ampex Team Photo with Emmy from photobucket.com"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ampex+Team+Photo+with+Emmy+from+photobucket.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fi663.photobucket.com%2Falbums%2Fuu353%2Fjames_backtor%2Fwwwfernsehmuseuminfo_ampex-emmy-dre.jpg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuadruplex+videotape" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ellis, John; Hall, Nick (2017): ADAPT. figshare. Collection.<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://doi.org/10.17637/rh.c.3925603.v1">https://doi.org/10.17637/rh.c.3925603.v1</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/17903031@N00/5590815226/in/set-72157626430941252">"VR-1000 VTR"</a>. <i>Flickr - Photo Sharing!</i>. 4 April 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Flickr+-+Photo+Sharing%21&rft.atitle=VR-1000+VTR&rft.date=2011-04-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.flickr.com%2Fphotos%2F17903031%40N00%2F5590815226%2Fin%2Fset-72157626430941252&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuadruplex+videotape" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sophia.javeriana.edu.co/~ochavarr/computer_graphics_history/historia/images/1956_VR1000.jpg">"Alex Poniatoff (Ampex) introduces the VR1000, Photo from javeriana.edu.co"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Alex+Poniatoff+%28Ampex%29+introduces+the+VR1000%2C+Photo+from+javeriana.edu.co&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsophia.javeriana.edu.co%2F~ochavarr%2Fcomputer_graphics_history%2Fhistoria%2Fimages%2F1956_VR1000.jpg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuadruplex+videotape" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://collection.sciencemuseumgroup.org.uk/objects/co8096369/ampex-video-recorder-vr1000-video-recorder">"Ampex Video Recorder VR1000"</a>. <i>Science Museum Group Collection</i>. Science Museum Group<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Science+Museum+Group+Collection&rft.atitle=Ampex+Video+Recorder+VR1000&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcollection.sciencemuseumgroup.org.uk%2Fobjects%2Fco8096369%2Fampex-video-recorder-vr1000-video-recorder&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuadruplex+videotape" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.quadvideotapegroup.com/category/visualallen/">"Visual/Allen | The Quad Videotape Group"</a>. November 12, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Visual%2FAllen+%26%23124%3B+The+Quad+Videotape+Group&rft.date=2014-11-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.quadvideotapegroup.com%2Fcategory%2Fvisualallen%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuadruplex+videotape" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.torridheatstudios.com/ftp/share/pictures/Ampex%20MM-1000/Ampex%20VR-1000E.jpg">"VR-1000E.jpg photo"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=VR-1000E.jpg+photo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.torridheatstudios.com%2Fftp%2Fshare%2Fpictures%2FAmpex%2520MM-1000%2FAmpex%2520VR-1000E.jpg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuadruplex+videotape" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wn.com/Ampex_2_inch_helical_VTR">"Ampex 2 Inch Helical Vtr"</a>. <i>World News</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+News&rft.atitle=Ampex+2+Inch+Helical+Vtr&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwn.com%2FAmpex_2_inch_helical_VTR&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuadruplex+videotape" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://newhorizonbroadcast.com/">"newhorizonbroadcast.com - contact with domain owner | Epik.com"</a>. <i>newhorizonbroadcast.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=newhorizonbroadcast.com&rft.atitle=newhorizonbroadcast.com+-+contact+with+domain+owner+%26%23124%3B+Epik.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnewhorizonbroadcast.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuadruplex+videotape" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.labguysworld.com/Ampex_VR-3000-Anniversary.htm">"LabGuy's World: Ampex VR-3000 Portable Quadruplex VTR 40th Anniversary!"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=LabGuy%27s+World%3A+Ampex+VR-3000+Portable+Quadruplex+VTR+40th+Anniversary%21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.labguysworld.com%2FAmpex_VR-3000-Anniversary.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuadruplex+videotape" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.techaworld.com/42000-ampex-vr-3000-camcorder-from-1967/">"$42,000 Ampex VR-3000 Camcorder from 1967"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%2442%2C000+Ampex+VR-3000+Camcorder+from+1967&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.techaworld.com%2F42000-ampex-vr-3000-camcorder-from-1967%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuadruplex+videotape" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.quadvideotapegroup.com/images/Don%20Kent-photos%20from%20KTLA%20news%20video/Kent%20playing%20Astaire%20show.jpg">"AVR-1 from quadvideotapegroup.com"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=AVR-1+from+quadvideotapegroup.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.quadvideotapegroup.com%2Fimages%2FDon%2520Kent-photos%2520from%2520KTLA%2520news%2520video%2FKent%2520playing%2520Astaire%2520show.jpg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuadruplex+videotape" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.quadvideotapegroup.com/images/Don%20Kent-photos%20from%20KTLA%20news%20video/Astaire-Kent-Runs-AVR1.jpg">"AVR-1 from quadvideotapegroup.com"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=AVR-1+from+quadvideotapegroup.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.quadvideotapegroup.com%2Fimages%2FDon%2520Kent-photos%2520from%2520KTLA%2520news%2520video%2FAstaire-Kent-Runs-AVR1.jpg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuadruplex+videotape" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/watvhistory/3364670839/in/photostream/">"1979 ACR Hemingway"</a>. <i>Flickr - Photo Sharing!</i>. 15 June 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Flickr+-+Photo+Sharing%21&rft.atitle=1979+ACR+Hemingway&rft.date=2005-06-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.flickr.com%2Fphotos%2Fwatvhistory%2F3364670839%2Fin%2Fphotostream%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuadruplex+videotape" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lionlamb.us/quad/Acr-25b.jpg">"ACR-25B photo"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ACR-25B+photo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lionlamb.us%2Fquad%2FAcr-25b.jpg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuadruplex+videotape" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/watvhistory/3423120103/">"1995 - Lisa Fillingham with ACR-25 (VC2)"</a>. <i>Flickr - Photo Sharing!</i>. 11 January 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Flickr+-+Photo+Sharing%21&rft.atitle=1995+-+Lisa+Fillingham+with+ACR-25+%28VC2%29&rft.date=2009-01-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.flickr.com%2Fphotos%2Fwatvhistory%2F3423120103%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuadruplex+videotape" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lionlamb.us/quad/ampex.html">"Ampex Quad Catalog"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Flickr+-+Photo+Sharing%21&rft.atitle=RCA+TRT-1+VTR&rft.date=2011-04-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.flickr.com%2Fphotos%2F17903031%40N00%2F5590226391%2Fin%2Fset-72157626430941252&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuadruplex+videotape" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.davesieg.com/?p=140">"Dave's Blog » Confessions of a Tape Head"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Western+Australian+Television+History+%28WA+TV+History%29+%C2%BB+Blog+Archive+%C2%BB+Video+Editing&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwatvhistory.com%2F2009%2F04%2Fvideo-editing%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuadruplex+videotape" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://keyproductionstv.com/Television/kool/RCA-VCR.jpg">"Kool TV Tr-22"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kool+TV+Tr-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fkeyproductionstv.com%2FTelevision%2Fkool%2FRCA-VCR.jpg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuadruplex+videotape" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lionlamb.us/quad/tr22_1.jpg">"TR-22"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=TR-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lionlamb.us%2Fquad%2Ftr22_1.jpg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuadruplex+videotape" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/17903031@N00/5590815048/in/set-72157626430941252">"RCA TR-3 VTR"</a>. <i>Flickr - Photo Sharing!</i>. 4 April 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Flickr+-+Photo+Sharing%21&rft.atitle=RCA+TR-3+VTR&rft.date=2011-04-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.flickr.com%2Fphotos%2F17903031%40N00%2F5590815048%2Fin%2Fset-72157626430941252&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuadruplex+videotape" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lionlamb.us/quad/tr3_1.jpg">"TR-3"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=TR-3&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lionlamb.us%2Fquad%2Ftr3_1.jpg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuadruplex+videotape" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ae5d.com/pix.html">"A K Dart dot com - 404 Error"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Western+Australian+Television+History+%28WA+TV+History%29+%C2%BB+Blog+Archive+%C2%BB+The+Ron+%28DINGO%29+Reddingius+Story&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwatvhistory.com%2F2009%2F07%2Fthe-ron-dingo-reddingius-story%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuadruplex+videotape" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lionlamb.us/quad/rcatr-5.jpg">"TR-5"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=TR-5&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lionlamb.us%2Fquad%2Frcatr-5.jpg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuadruplex+videotape" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.digitrakcom.com/literature/RCA%20TR-22D.pdf">"TR-22D add"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=TR-22D+add&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.digitrakcom.com%2Fliterature%2FRCA%2520TR-22D.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuadruplex+videotape" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ezinemark.com/">"EzineMark"</a>. <i>EzineMark</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=EzineMark&rft.atitle=EzineMark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fezinemark.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuadruplex+videotape" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lionlamb.us/quad/tr70b_1.jpg">"TR-70B"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=TR-70B&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lionlamb.us%2Fquad%2Ftr70b_1.jpg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuadruplex+videotape" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://videopreservation.conservation-us.org/museum/">"Equipment Museum"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Equipment+Museum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvideopreservation.conservation-us.org%2Fmuseum%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuadruplex+videotape" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lionlamb.us/quad/tr50.jpg">"TR-50"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=TR-50&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lionlamb.us%2Fquad%2Ftr50.jpg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuadruplex+videotape" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.taoofcolor.com/wp-content/uploads/Tcr100.jpg">"TR-100"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=TR-100&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.taoofcolor.com%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2FTcr100.jpg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuadruplex+videotape" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oldradio.com/archives/hardware/TV/rca-tcr100x.jpg">"TRR-100 Photo from oldradio.com"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=TRR-100+Photo+from+oldradio.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oldradio.com%2Farchives%2Fhardware%2FTV%2Frca-tcr100x.jpg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuadruplex+videotape" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lionlamb.us/quad/Tcr100.jpg">"TCR-100"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=TCR-100&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lionlamb.us%2Fquad%2FTcr100.jpg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuadruplex+videotape" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lionlamb.us/quad/tpr10.jpg">"TPR-10"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=TPR-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lionlamb.us%2Fquad%2Ftpr10.jpg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuadruplex+videotape" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/manano/331392048/">"RCA tr 600"</a>. <i>Flickr - Photo Sharing!</i>. 20 May 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Flickr+-+Photo+Sharing%21&rft.atitle=RCA+tr+600&rft.date=2006-05-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.flickr.com%2Fphotos%2Fmanano%2F331392048%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuadruplex+videotape" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lionlamb.us/quad/rca.html">"RCA Quad Equipment Catalog"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fernsehmuseum1-+Sie+sind+im+Bereich+%3A+Fese+BM-20+-+1963&rft.au=Dipl.+Ing.+Gert+Redlich+Wiesbaden&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fernsehmuseum.info%2Ffese-bm-20.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuadruplex+videotape" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150418171205/http://mail.quadvideotapegroup.com/pipermail/quadlist_quadvideotapegroup.com/attachments/20090602/64463c7d/attachment-0003.jpe">"BM-20 B&W Quad TVR photo"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mail.quadvideotapegroup.com/pipermail/quadlist_quadvideotapegroup.com/attachments/20090602/64463c7d/attachment-0003.jpe">the original</a> on April 18, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=BM-20+B%26W+Quad+TVR+photo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmail.quadvideotapegroup.com%2Fpipermail%2Fquadlist_quadvideotapegroup.com%2Fattachments%2F20090602%2F64463c7d%2Fattachment-0003.jpe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuadruplex+videotape" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.broadcasting101.ws/colorvtr_1970.jpg">"WEBSITE.WS - Your Internet Address For Life™"</a>. <i>www.broadcasting101.ws</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.broadcasting101.ws&rft.atitle=WEBSITE.WS+-+Your+Internet+Address+For+Life%E2%84%A2&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.broadcasting101.ws%2Fcolorvtr_1970.jpg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuadruplex+videotape" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.radiomuseum.org/r/fernseh_magnetbandanlage_bc_m_40a.html">radiomuseum.org</a> Magnetbandanlage BC M 40A, 1966</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fernsehmuseum.info/fese-bcm40c.html">"Fernsehmuseum1- Sie sind im Bereich : Fese BCM 40C 1972"</a>. <i>www.fernsehmuseum.info</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.fernsehmuseum.info&rft.atitle=Fernsehmuseum1-+Sie+sind+im+Bereich+%3A+Fese+BCM+40C+1972&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fernsehmuseum.info%2Ffese-bcm40c.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuadruplex+videotape" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vidachestvo.ru/Кадр-1">"Кадр-1"</a>. <i>Видачество - история видеотехники</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE+-+%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8&rft.atitle=%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%80-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvidachestvo.ru%2F%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%80-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuadruplex+videotape" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vidachestvo.ru/Кадр-1Ц">"Кадр-1Ц"</a>. <i>Видачество - история видеотехники</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE+-+%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8&rft.atitle=%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%80-1%D0%A6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvidachestvo.ru%2F%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%80-1%D0%A6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuadruplex+videotape" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFЛишин1966" class="citation journal cs1">Лишин, Л. 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(1966). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vidachestvo.ru/Файл:Репортажный_видеомагнитофон_Кадр-2_.pdf">"Репортажный видеомагнитофон "Кадр-2"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>«Труды ВНИИРТ»: сборник научных трудов.</i> (1): 13–15.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%C2%AB%D0%A2%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B4%D1%8B+%D0%92%D0%9D%D0%98%D0%98%D0%A0%D0%A2%C2%BB%3A+%D1%81%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85+%D1%82%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2.&rft.atitle=%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9+%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD+%22%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%80-2%22&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=13-15&rft.date=1966&rft.aulast=%D0%9B%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD&rft.aufirst=%D0%9B.+%D0%93.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvidachestvo.ru%2F%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB%3A%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%80-2_.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuadruplex+videotape" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vidachestvo.ru/Кадр-2">"Кадр-2"</a>. <i>Видачество - история видеотехники</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE+-+%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8&rft.atitle=%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%80-2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvidachestvo.ru%2F%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%80-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuadruplex+videotape" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vidachestvo.ru/Кадр-3">"Кадр-3"</a>. <i>Видачество - история видеотехники</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE+-+%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8&rft.atitle=%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%80-3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvidachestvo.ru%2F%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%80-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuadruplex+videotape" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vidachestvo.ru/Кадр-3П">"Кадр-3П"</a>. <i>Видачество - история видеотехники</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE+-+%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8&rft.atitle=%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%80-3%D0%9F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvidachestvo.ru%2F%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%80-3%D0%9F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuadruplex+videotape" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vidachestvo.ru/Кадр-3ПМ">"Кадр-3ПМ"</a>. <i>Видачество - история видеотехники</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE+-+%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8&rft.atitle=%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%80-3%D0%9F%D0%9C&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvidachestvo.ru%2F%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%80-3%D0%9F%D0%9C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuadruplex+videotape" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vidachestvo.ru/Кадр-5">"Кадр-5"</a>. <i>Видачество - история видеотехники</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE+-+%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8&rft.atitle=%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%80-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvidachestvo.ru%2F%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%80-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuadruplex+videotape" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-vn_prikl-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-vn_prikl_88-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-vn_prikl_88-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-vn_prikl_88-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-vn_prikl_88-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFБаланин2010" class="citation journal cs1">Баланин, Л. Н. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://koko.vin/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/vn_prikl.pdf">"Видеомагнитофоны для телевизионного вещания и прикладных ТВ систем"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Вопросы радиоэлектроники, серия Техника телевидения</i> (1): 84–88.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%8B+%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%2C+%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0+%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F&rft.atitle=%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8B+%D0%B4%D0%BB%D1%8F+%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%89%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%B8+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85+%D0%A2%D0%92+%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=84-88&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD&rft.aufirst=%D0%9B.+%D0%9D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkoko.vin%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2019%2F02%2Fvn_prikl.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuadruplex+videotape" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vidachestvo.ru/КМЗИ-1">"КМЗИ-1"</a>. <i>Видачество - история видеотехники</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE+-+%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8&rft.atitle=%D0%9A%D0%9C%D0%97%D0%98-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvidachestvo.ru%2F%D0%9A%D0%9C%D0%97%D0%98-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuadruplex+videotape" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vidachestvo.ru/КМЗИ-4">"КМЗИ-4"</a>. <i>Видачество - история видеотехники</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE+-+%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8&rft.atitle=%D0%9A%D0%9C%D0%97%D0%98-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvidachestvo.ru%2F%D0%9A%D0%9C%D0%97%D0%98-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuadruplex+videotape" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vidachestvo.ru/КМЗИ-6">"КМЗИ-6"</a>. <i>Видачество - 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The Office – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Official+Gazette+of+the+United+States+Patent+Office%3A+Patents+%5Bmicroform%5D.&rft.pub=The+Office&rft.date=1973-06-18&rft.aulast=Office&rft.aufirst=United+States+Patent&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2gKS4qV4ixAC%26dq%3Dquadruplex%2Btape%2Bparticles%26pg%3DPA1462&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuadruplex+videotape" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhitaker1996" class="citation book cs1">Whitaker, Jerry C. (December 23, 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DSHSqWQXm3oC&dq=quadruplex+tape+particles&pg=PA1442"><i>The Electronics Handbook</i></a>. CRC Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780849383458" title="Special:BookSources/9780849383458"><bdi>9780849383458</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Electronics+Handbook&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=1996-12-23&rft.isbn=9780849383458&rft.aulast=Whitaker&rft.aufirst=Jerry+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDSHSqWQXm3oC%26dq%3Dquadruplex%2Btape%2Bparticles%26pg%3DPA1442&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuadruplex+videotape" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quadruplex_videotape&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17637/rh.6159680.v1">Former OB video engineer discussed the differences between 2 inch machines and 1 inch video machines</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lionlamb.us/quad/theory.html">Video systems theory</a>, with expanded information on the history of 2-inch Quad.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lionlamb.us/quad/acr225.html">Quadruplex Park, Museum of 2-inch Quad VTRs</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050329031732/http://www.ev1.pair.com/edsel/edselshow1.html"><i>The Edsel Show</i></a> was the first TV entertainment program originating from the West Coast to be delayed for the West Coast on videotape.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040603152849/http://www.tvhandbook.com/History/History_recording.htm">The History of Recording Technology</a>, with a section with pictures on 2-inch quad and Ampex's development and introduction of it.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.labguysworld.com/VTR_BirthOf.htm">The Birth of Video Recording</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060612201442/http://televisiontape.tv/">Promotional kinescope</a> extolling the benefits of producing commercials on videotape instead of film.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cedmagic.com/history/ampex-commercial-vtr-1956.html">CED Magic's page on 2" quad</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060206115435/http://www.novia.net/~ereitan/rca-nbc_firsts.html">Color Television History</a> page about early Color VTR.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.broadcasting101.ws/colorvtr_1970.jpg">Bosch 2" VTR 1970</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oldradio.com/archives/hardware/TV/RCA-TV.htm">RCA VTRs</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lionlamb.us/quad/rca.html">RCA VTR details</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://quadvideotapegroup.com">Quad Videotape Group</a>, helping to preserve the content, machines and the knowledge to use them in conjunction with the Library of Congress. Has historical information and discussion list.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Patents">Patents</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quadruplex_videotape&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Patents"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US2866012">U.S. patent 2,866,012</a></span> "Magnetic Tape Recording and Reproducing System", Ampex patent filed May 1955, issued December 1958.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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href="/wiki/Template:Video_storage_formats" title="Template:Video storage formats"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Video_storage_formats" title="Template talk:Video storage formats"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Video_storage_formats" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Video storage formats"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Video_storage_formats" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Video" title="Video">Video storage formats</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Videotape" title="Videotape">Videotape</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Video#Analog_video" title="Video">Analog</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Quadruplex</a> (1956)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vision_Electronic_Recording_Apparatus" title="Vision Electronic Recording Apparatus">VERA</a> (1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ampex_2_inch_helical_VTR" class="mw-redirect" title="Ampex 2 inch helical VTR">Ampex 2 inch helical VTR</a> (1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ampex_2_inch_helical_VTR#Joint_efforts_with_Sony_and_then_Toshiba" class="mw-redirect" title="Ampex 2 inch helical VTR">Sony 2 inch helical VTR</a> (1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_A_videotape" title="Type A videotape">Type A</a> (1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CV-2000" title="CV-2000">CV-2000</a> (1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akai_videotape_format" class="mw-redirect" title="Akai videotape format">Akai</a> (1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/EIAJ-1" title="EIAJ-1">EIAJ-1</a> (1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/U-matic" title="U-matic">U-matic</a> (1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartrivision" title="Cartrivision">Cartrivision</a> (1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_Cassette_Recording" title="Video Cassette Recording">Philips VCR</a> (1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/V-Cord" title="V-Cord">V-Cord</a> (1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/VX_(videocassette_format)" title="VX (videocassette format)">VX</a> (1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betamax" title="Betamax">Betamax</a> (1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/IVC_videotape_format" title="IVC videotape format">IVC</a> (1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_B_videotape" title="Type B videotape">Type B</a> (1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_C_videotape" title="Type C videotape">Type C</a> (1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/VHS" title="VHS">VHS</a> (1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akai_VK" title="Akai VK">VK</a> (1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_Cassette_Recording" title="Video Cassette Recording">SVR</a> (1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_2000" title="Video 2000">Video 2000</a> (1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compact_Video_Cassette" title="Compact Video Cassette">CVC</a> (1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/VHS-C" title="VHS-C">VHS-C</a> (1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/M_(videocassette_format)" title="M (videocassette format)">M</a> (1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betacam" title="Betacam">Betacam</a> (1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/8_mm_video_format" title="8 mm video format">Video8</a> (1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betacam#Betacam_SP" title="Betacam">Betacam SP</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MII_(videocassette_format)" title="MII (videocassette format)">MII</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/S-VHS" title="S-VHS">S-VHS</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/VHS-C" title="VHS-C">S-VHS-C</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hi8" class="mw-redirect" title="Hi8">Hi8</a> (1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruvi" title="Ruvi">Ruvi</a> (1998)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Digital_video" title="Digital video">Digital</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/D-1_(Sony)" title="D-1 (Sony)">D1</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/D-2_(video)" title="D-2 (video)">D2</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/D-3_(video)" title="D-3 (video)">D3</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/DCT_(videocassette_format)" title="DCT (videocassette format)">DCT</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betacam#Digital_Betacam" title="Betacam">Digital Betacam</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/D5_HD" class="mw-redirect" title="D5 HD">D5</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital-S" title="Digital-S">Digital-S (D9)</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betacam#Betacam_SX" title="Betacam">Betacam SX</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital8" title="Digital8">Digital8</a> (1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betacam#MPEG_IMX" title="Betacam">MPEG IMX</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MicroMV" title="MicroMV">MicroMV</a> (2001)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/High-definition_video" title="High-definition video">High Definition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sony_HDVS" title="Sony HDVS">Sony HDVS</a> (1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sony_HDVS" title="Sony HDVS">UniHi</a> (1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_B_videotape#Special_BCN_units" title="Type B videotape">BCH 1000</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/W-VHS" title="W-VHS">W-VHS</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/HDCAM" title="HDCAM">HDCAM</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/D-VHS" title="D-VHS">D-VHS</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/D6_HDTV_VTR" title="D6 HDTV VTR">D6 HDTV VTR</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/HDV" title="HDV">HDV</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/HDCAM#HDCAM_SR" title="HDCAM">HDCAM SR</a> (2003)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Videodisc" title="Videodisc">Videodisc</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Analog</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phonovision" title="Phonovision">Phonovision</a> (1927)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ampex#HS-100_.26_HS-200_.22slo-mo.22_disc_recorder" title="Ampex">Ampex-HS</a> (1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_Electronic_Disc" title="Television Electronic Disc">TeD</a> (1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/LaserDisc" title="LaserDisc">LaserDisc</a> (1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capacitance_Electronic_Disc" title="Capacitance Electronic Disc">CED</a> (1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_High_Density" title="Video High Density">VHD</a> (1983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laserfilm" title="Laserfilm">Laserfilm</a> (1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD_Video" title="CD Video">CD Video</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_Single_Disc" title="Video Single Disc">VSD</a> (1990)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Digital</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Video_CD" title="Video CD">VCD</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MovieCD" title="MovieCD">MovieCD</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/DVD" title="DVD">DVD</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MiniDVD" title="MiniDVD">MiniDVD</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1996</span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Super_Video_CD#CVD" title="Super Video CD">CVD</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Super_Video_CD" title="Super Video CD">SVCD</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enhanced_Versatile_Disc" title="Enhanced Versatile Disc">EVD</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/VideoNow" title="VideoNow">PVD (Personal Video Disc)</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Media_Disc" title="Universal Media Disc">UMD</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forward_Versatile_Disc" title="Forward Versatile Disc">FVD</a> (2005)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">High Definition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LaserDisc" title="LaserDisc">MUSE Hi-Vision LD</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_Disc" title="Professional Disc">Professional Disc (PFD)</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-Definition_Versatile_Disc" title="High-Definition Versatile Disc">HVD (High-Definition Versatile Disc)</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Versatile_Multilayer_Disc" title="Versatile Multilayer Disc">VMD</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/HD_DVD" title="HD DVD">HD DVD</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blu-ray" title="Blu-ray">BD (Blu-ray Disc)</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blu-ray#Mini_Blu-ray_Disc" title="Blu-ray">MiniBD</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 2006</span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holographic_Versatile_Disc" title="Holographic Versatile Disc">HVD (Holographic Versatile Disc)</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Blue_High-definition_Disc" title="China Blue High-definition Disc">CBHD (China Blue High-definition Disc)</a> (2008)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ultra-high-definition_television" title="Ultra-high-definition television">Ultra-High Definition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ultra_HD_Blu-ray" title="Ultra HD Blu-ray">UHD-BD (Ultra HD Blu-ray)</a> (2016)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Virtual</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Media agnostic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DV_(video_format)" title="DV (video format)">DV</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/DV_(video_format)#DVCPRO" title="DV (video format)">DVCPRO</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/DV_(video_format)#DVCAM" title="DV (video format)">DVCAM</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/DV_(video_format)#DVCPRO50" title="DV (video format)">DVCPRO50</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/DV_(video_format)#DVCPRO_HD" title="DV (video format)">DVCPRO HD</a> (2000)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tapeless</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CamCutter" title="CamCutter">CamCutter</a> <a href="/wiki/Editcam" title="Editcam">Editcam</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/XDCAM" title="XDCAM">XDCAM</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Game_Boy_Advance_Video" title="Game Boy Advance Video">GBA-TV</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MOD_and_TOD" title="MOD and TOD">MOD</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/AVCHD" title="AVCHD">AVCHD</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/AVC-Intra" title="AVC-Intra">AVC-Intra</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MOD_and_TOD" title="MOD and TOD">TOD</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/IFrame_(video_format)" title="IFrame (video format)">iFrame</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/XAVC" title="XAVC">XAVC</a> (2012)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Solid-state_electronics" title="Solid-state electronics">Solid state</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/P2_(storage_media)" title="P2 (storage media)">P2</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/XDCAM#SxS" title="XDCAM">SxS</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MicroP2" title="MicroP2">MicroP2</a> (2012)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Video recorded to film</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kinescope" title="Kinescope">Kinescope</a> (1947)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronicam" title="Electronicam">Electronicam kinescope</a> (1950s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_Video_Recording" title="Electronic Video Recording">Electronic Video Recording</a> (1967)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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