CINXE.COM

Equine-assisted therapy - Wikipedia

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Equine-assisted therapy - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"80cfec7d-b91f-4015-bca8-211f9e92d2c9","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Equine-assisted_therapy","wgTitle":"Equine-assisted therapy","wgCurRevisionId":1247585040,"wgRevisionId":1247585040,"wgArticleId":11174320,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["All articles with dead external links","Articles with dead external links from September 2024","Articles with permanently dead external links","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Wikipedia neutral point of view disputes from March 2024","All Wikipedia neutral point of view disputes","Wikipedia articles needing rewrite from March 2024","All articles needing rewrite", "Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from March 2024","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from January 2017","Articles with unsourced statements from March 2024","Psychotherapy by type","Equine therapies","Mind–body interventions","Animal-assisted therapy","Physical therapy","Occupational therapy"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Equine-assisted_therapy","wgRelevantArticleId":11174320,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgRedirectedFrom":"Hippotherapy","wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"}, "wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":30000,"wgInternalRedirectTargetUrl":"/wiki/Equine-assisted_therapy#Hippotherapy","wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q290912","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading", "ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["mediawiki.action.view.redirect","ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions", "wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&amp;modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&amp;only=styles&amp;skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&amp;modules=startup&amp;only=scripts&amp;raw=1&amp;skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&amp;modules=site.styles&amp;only=styles&amp;skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Therapeutic_horseback_riding_2.JPG/1200px-Therapeutic_horseback_riding_2.JPG"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="898"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Therapeutic_horseback_riding_2.JPG/800px-Therapeutic_horseback_riding_2.JPG"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="599"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Therapeutic_horseback_riding_2.JPG/640px-Therapeutic_horseback_riding_2.JPG"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="479"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Equine-assisted therapy - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equine-assisted_therapy#Hippotherapy"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Equine-assisted_therapy&amp;action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equine-assisted_therapy#Hippotherapy"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&amp;feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Equine-assisted_therapy rootpage-Equine-assisted_therapy skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page&#039;s font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&amp;utm_medium=sidebar&amp;utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&amp;uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&amp;returnto=Equine-assisted+therapy" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&amp;returnto=Equine-assisted+therapy" title="You&#039;re encouraged to log in; however, it&#039;s not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&amp;utm_medium=sidebar&amp;utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&amp;uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&amp;returnto=Equine-assisted+therapy" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&amp;returnto=Equine-assisted+therapy" title="You&#039;re encouraged to log in; however, it&#039;s not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"><!-- CentralNotice --></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Terminology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Terminology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Terminology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Terminology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Types" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Types</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Types-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Types subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Therapeutic_horseback_riding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Therapeutic_horseback_riding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Therapeutic horseback riding</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Therapeutic_horseback_riding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hippotherapy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hippotherapy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Hippotherapy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hippotherapy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Equine-assisted_psychotherapy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Equine-assisted_psychotherapy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Equine-assisted psychotherapy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Equine-assisted_psychotherapy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Horses_used" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Horses_used"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Horses used</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Horses_used-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Effectiveness" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Effectiveness"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Effectiveness</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Effectiveness-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Accreditation_and_certification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Accreditation_and_certification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Accreditation and certification</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Accreditation_and_certification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-See_also-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle See also subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notable_examples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_examples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Notable examples</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_examples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Equine-assisted therapy</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 21 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-21" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">21 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equinoter%C3%A0pia" title="Equinoteràpia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Equinoteràpia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hipoterapie" title="Hipoterapie – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Hipoterapie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hippotherapie" title="Hippotherapie – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Hippotherapie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hipoterapia" title="Hipoterapia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Hipoterapia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%88evalterapio" title="Ĉevalterapio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ĉevalterapio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hipoterapia" title="Hipoterapia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Hipoterapia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89quith%C3%A9rapie" title="Équithérapie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Équithérapie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A7%90_%EB%A7%A4%EA%B0%9C_%EC%B9%98%EB%A3%8C" title="말 매개 치료 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="말 매개 치료" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%AB%D5%BA%D5%B8%D5%A9%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%BA%D5%AB%D5%A1" title="Հիպոթերապիա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հիպոթերապիա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ippoterapia" title="Ippoterapia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ippoterapia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%9E%E1%83%9D%E1%83%97%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9E%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="იპოთერაპია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="იპოთერაპია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hipoterapija" title="Hipoterapija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Hipoterapija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hipoterapi" title="Hipoterapi – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Hipoterapi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hipoterapia" title="Hipoterapia – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Hipoterapia" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equoterapia" title="Equoterapia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Equoterapia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BF%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Иппотерапия – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Иппотерапия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hipoterapia" title="Hipoterapia – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Hipoterapia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%B8_%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_%D1%83%D0%B7_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%9B_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%9A%D0%B0" title="Активности и терапија уз помоћ коња – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Активности и терапија уз помоћ коња" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ratsastusterapia" title="Ratsastusterapia – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ratsastusterapia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Іпотерапія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Іпотерапія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E8%A1%93%E6%B2%BB%E7%99%82" title="馬術治療 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="馬術治療" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q290912#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Equine-assisted_therapy" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Equine-assisted_therapy" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Equine-assisted_therapy"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Equine-assisted_therapy&amp;action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Equine-assisted_therapy&amp;action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Equine-assisted_therapy"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Equine-assisted_therapy&amp;action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Equine-assisted_therapy&amp;action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Equine-assisted_therapy" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Equine-assisted_therapy" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Equine-assisted_therapy&amp;oldid=1247585040" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Equine-assisted_therapy&amp;action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&amp;page=Equine-assisted_therapy&amp;id=1247585040&amp;wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FEquine-assisted_therapy%23Hippotherapy"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FEquine-assisted_therapy%23Hippotherapy"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&amp;page=Equine-assisted_therapy&amp;action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Equine-assisted_therapy&amp;printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Equine-assisted_therapy" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q290912" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hippotherapy&amp;redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Hippotherapy">Hippotherapy</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Physical or mental therapy using horses</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Therapeutic_horseback_riding_2.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Therapeutic_horseback_riding_2.JPG/220px-Therapeutic_horseback_riding_2.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Therapeutic_horseback_riding_2.JPG/330px-Therapeutic_horseback_riding_2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Therapeutic_horseback_riding_2.JPG/440px-Therapeutic_horseback_riding_2.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2288" data-file-height="1712" /></a><figcaption>Equine-assisted therapy has been used by medical professionals such as occupational therapists, physical therapists, speech-language pathologists, psychologists, social workers, and recreational therapists</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-POV plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-POV" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/45px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/68px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/90px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="354" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">The <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view">neutrality</a> of this article is <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NPOV_dispute" title="Wikipedia:NPOV dispute">disputed</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Relevant discussion may be found on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Equine-assisted_therapy##" title="Talk:Equine-assisted therapy">talk page</a>. Please do not remove this message until <a href="/wiki/Template:POV#When_to_remove" title="Template:POV">conditions to do so are met</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Cleanup_rewrite plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Crystal_Clear_app_kedit.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Crystal_Clear_app_kedit.svg/40px-Crystal_Clear_app_kedit.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Crystal_Clear_app_kedit.svg/60px-Crystal_Clear_app_kedit.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Crystal_Clear_app_kedit.svg/80px-Crystal_Clear_app_kedit.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>may need to be rewritten</b> to comply with Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style">quality standards</a>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Equine-assisted_therapy&amp;action=edit">You can help</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Talk:Equine-assisted_therapy" title="Talk:Equine-assisted therapy">talk page</a> may contain suggestions.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2024</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Equine-assisted therapy</b> (<b>EAT</b>) encompasses a range of treatments that involve activities with horses and other <a href="/wiki/Equinae" title="Equinae">equines</a> to promote human physical and mental health.<sup id="cite_ref-PATHaboutEAAT_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PATHaboutEAAT-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Modern use of horses for mental health treatment dates to the 1990s. <a href="/wiki/Systematic_review" title="Systematic review">Systematic review</a> of studies of EAT as applied to physical health date only to about 2007, and a lack of common terminology and standardization has caused problems with <a href="/wiki/Meta-analysis" title="Meta-analysis">meta-analysis</a>. Due to a lack of high-quality studies assessing the efficacy of equine-assisted therapies for mental health treatment, concerns have been raised that these therapies should not replace or divert resources from other evidence-based mental health therapies.<sup id="cite_ref-anestis_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-anestis-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Nelson2016_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nelson2016-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The existing body of evidence does not justify the promotion and use of equine-related treatments for mental disorders.<sup id="cite_ref-anestis_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-anestis-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Terminology">Terminology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Equine-assisted_therapy&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1" title="Edit section: Terminology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An overall term that encompasses all forms of equine therapy is <i>equine-assisted activities and therapy</i> (EAAT).<sup id="cite_ref-autism_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autism-5"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Various therapies that involve interactions with <a href="/wiki/Horse" title="Horse">horses</a> and other equines are used for individuals with and without disabilities including those with physical, cognitive and emotional issues.<sup id="cite_ref-PATHaboutEAAT_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PATHaboutEAAT-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Terminology within the field is not standardized, and the lack of clear definitions and common terminology presents problems in reviewing medical literature.<sup id="cite_ref-Lentini_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lentini-6"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Within that framework, the more common therapies and terminology used to describe them are: </p> <ul><li><b>Therapeutic horseback riding</b> uses a therapeutic team, usually including a certified therapeutic riding instructor, two or more volunteers, and a horse, to help an individual ride a horse and work with it on the ground.<sup id="cite_ref-autism_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autism-5"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Hippotherapy</b> involves an occupational therapist, a physiotherapist, or a speech and language therapist working with a client and a horse. Different movements of the horse present challenges to the client to promote different postural responses of the client by the horse influencing the client rather than the client controlling the horse.<sup id="cite_ref-autism_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autism-5"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The word <i>hippotherapy</i> is also used in some contexts to refer to a broader realm of equine therapies.<sup id="cite_ref-aetna_cpb_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aetna_cpb-7"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-American_Hippotherapy_Association,_Inc._2013_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-American_Hippotherapy_Association,_Inc._2013-8"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Equine-assisted learning</b> (EAL) is described as an "experiential learning approach that promotes the development of life skills ... through equine-assisted activities."<sup id="cite_ref-PATH_defs_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PATH_defs-9"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Equine-assisted psychotherapy</b> (EAP) does not necessarily involve riding, but may include grooming, feeding and ground exercises. Mental health professionals work with one or more clients and one or more horses in an experiential manner to help the clients learn about themselves and others, while processing or discussing the client's feelings, behaviours, and patterns.<sup id="cite_ref-autism_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autism-5"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The goal is to help the client in social, emotional, cognitive, or behavioral ways. Other terms for equine psychotherapy include equine-facilitated psychotherapy (EFP), equine-assisted therapy (EAT), equine-facilitated wellness (EFW), equine-facilitated counselling (EFC) and equine facilitated mental health (EFMH).</li> <li><b>Interactive <a href="/wiki/Equestrian_vaulting" title="Equestrian vaulting">vaulting</a></b> involves vaulting activities in a therapeutic milieu.<sup id="cite_ref-autism_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autism-5"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Therapeutic <a href="/wiki/Driving_(horse)" title="Driving (horse)">driving</a></b> involves controlling a horse while driving from a carriage seat or from a wheelchair in a <a href="/wiki/Carriage" title="Carriage">carriage</a> modified to accommodate the wheelchair.<sup id="cite_ref-autism_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autism-5"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Equine-assisted activities</b> (EAA) incorporates all of the above activities plus <a href="/wiki/Horse_grooming" title="Horse grooming">horse grooming</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Stable" title="Stable">stable</a> management, shows, parades, demonstrations, and the like.<sup id="cite_ref-PATH_defs_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PATH_defs-9"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types">Types</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Equine-assisted_therapy&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2" title="Edit section: Types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Animal-assisted_therapy" title="Animal-assisted therapy">Animal-assisted therapy</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Therapeutic_horseback_riding_1.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Therapeutic_horseback_riding_1.JPG/220px-Therapeutic_horseback_riding_1.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Therapeutic_horseback_riding_1.JPG/330px-Therapeutic_horseback_riding_1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Therapeutic_horseback_riding_1.JPG/440px-Therapeutic_horseback_riding_1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2288" data-file-height="1712" /></a><figcaption>A demonstration of hippotherapy in Europe</figcaption></figure> <p>Most research has focused on physical benefit of therapeutic work with horses, though the most rigorous studies have only been subject to <a href="/wiki/Systematic_review" title="Systematic review">systematic review</a> since about 2007.<sup id="cite_ref-Selby2013_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Selby2013-10"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>EAAT have been used to treat individuals with neurological diseases or disorders such as <a href="/wiki/Cerebral_palsy" title="Cerebral palsy">cerebral palsy</a>, movement disorders, or balance problems.<sup id="cite_ref-Lasa_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lasa-11"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> It is believed<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (March 2024)">by whom?</span></a></i>&#93;</sup> the rhythmical gait of a horse acts to move the rider's pelvis in the same rotation and side-to-side movement that occurs when walking; the horse's adjustable gait promotes riders to constantly adjust to encourage pelvic motion while promoting strength, balance, coordination, flexibility, posture, and mobility.<sup id="cite_ref-Whalen_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Whalen-12"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>EAAT have also been used to treat other disabilities, such as <a href="/wiki/Autism" title="Autism">autism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Behavioral_disorder" class="mw-redirect" title="Behavioral disorder">behavioral disorders</a> and <a href="/wiki/Psychiatric_disorder" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychiatric disorder">psychiatric disorders</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-aetna_cpb_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aetna_cpb-7"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Due to a lack of rigorous <a href="/wiki/Scientific_evidence" title="Scientific evidence">scientific evidence</a>, there is insufficient evidence to demonstrate if equine therapy for mental health treatment provides any benefit.<sup id="cite_ref-anestis_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-anestis-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Therapeutic_horseback_riding">Therapeutic horseback riding</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Equine-assisted_therapy&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3" title="Edit section: Therapeutic horseback riding"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Therapeutic riding is used by disabled individuals who ride horses to relax, and to develop muscle tone, coordination, confidence, and well-being.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Therapeutic horseback riding is considered <a href="/wiki/Recreational_therapy" title="Recreational therapy">recreational therapy</a> where an individual is taught by a non-therapist riding instructor how to actively control a horse while riding.<sup id="cite_ref-Tseng_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tseng-15"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> It is used as exercise to improve sensory and motor skills for coordination, balance, and posture.<sup id="cite_ref-Whalen_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Whalen-12"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sterba_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sterba-16"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most research has focused on the physical benefit of therapeutic work with horses, with the most rigorous studies being subject to <a href="/wiki/Systematic_review" title="Systematic review">systematic review</a> since about 2007.<sup id="cite_ref-Selby2013_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Selby2013-10"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Claims made as to the efficacy of equine therapies for mental health purposes have been criticized as lacking proper <a href="/wiki/Evidence-based_medicine" title="Evidence-based medicine">medical evidence</a> due in large part to poor study design and lack of quantitative data. Ethical questions relating to its expense and its continued promotion have been raised in light of this lack of evidence. While such therapies do not appear to cause harm, it has been recommended they not be used as a mental treatment at this time unless future evidence shows a benefit for treating specific disorders.<sup id="cite_ref-anestis_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-anestis-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hippotherapy">Hippotherapy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Equine-assisted_therapy&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4" title="Edit section: Hippotherapy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hippotherapy is an intervention used by a physical therapist, recreational therapist, occupational therapist, or speech and language pathologist. The movement of the horse affects a rider's posture, balance, coordination, strength and sensorimotor systems. It is thought that the warmth and shape of the horse and its rhythmic, three-dimensional movement along with the rider's interactions with the horse and responses to the movement of the horse can improve the flexibility, posture, balance and mobility of the rider. Learning to use verbal cues for the horse, and to speak with the therapist is key to practicing use of speech.<sup id="cite_ref-Park_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Park-17"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> It differs from therapeutic horseback riding because it is one treatment strategy used by a licensed physical therapist, occupational therapist, or speech and language pathologists. They guide the rider's posture and actions while the horse is controlled by a horse handler at the direction of the therapist. The therapist guides both the rider and horse to encourage specific motor and sensory inputs.<sup id="cite_ref-Whalen_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Whalen-12"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Tseng_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tseng-15"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-dewar_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dewar-18"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Therapists develop plans to address specific limitations and disabilities such as neuromuscular disorders, walking ability, or general <a href="/wiki/Motor_function" class="mw-redirect" title="Motor function">motor function</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Sterba_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sterba-16"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Equine-assisted_psychotherapy">Equine-assisted psychotherapy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Equine-assisted_therapy&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5" title="Edit section: Equine-assisted psychotherapy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Equine-assisted psychotherapy (EAP) or equine-facilitated psychotherapy (EFP) is the use of equines to treat human psychological problems in and around an <a href="/wiki/Equestrian_facility" title="Equestrian facility">equestrian facility</a>. It is not the same as therapeutic riding or hippotherapy.<sup id="cite_ref-Parish-Plass_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Parish-Plass-19"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 221">&#58;&#8202;221&#8202;</span></sup> Though different organizations may prefer one term over the other for various reasons, in practice, the two terms are used interchangeably.<sup id="cite_ref-Parish-Plass_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Parish-Plass-19"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 287">&#58;&#8202;287&#8202;</span></sup> Other terms commonly used, especially in Canada, include equine-facilitated wellness (EFW), equine-facilitated counselling (EFC) and equine-facilitated mental health (EFMH).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>&#93;</sup> </p><p>While some mental health therapies may incorporate vaulting and riding,<sup id="cite_ref-PATHaboutEAAT_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PATHaboutEAAT-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> some utilize groundwork with horses.<sup id="cite_ref-autism_5-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autism-5"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Some programs only use ground-based work.<sup id="cite_ref-eagalamodel_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eagalamodel-20"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> There are also differences between programs over whether the horse is viewed as a co-facilitator, or simply as a tool.<sup id="cite_ref-Parish-Plass_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Parish-Plass-19"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 287">&#58;&#8202;287&#8202;</span></sup> </p><p>The field of equine-assisted psychotherapy did not publicly become a part of the equine-assisted therapy world until the 1990s, although individuals had been experimenting with the concept prior to that time. The first national group in the United States, the Equine-Facilitated Mental Health Association (EFMHA), now a part of PATH International, formed in 1996. The mental health area of equine-assisted therapy became subject to a major rift when a second group, the Equine Growth and Learning Association (EAGALA) formed in 1999, splitting from EFMHA (now PATH) over differences of opinion about safety protocols.<sup id="cite_ref-Parish-Plass_19-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Parish-Plass-19"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 285–286">&#58;&#8202;285–286&#8202;</span></sup> Since that time, additional differences have arisen between the two groups over safety orientation, the therapeutic models used, training programs for practitioners, and the role of riding.<sup id="cite_ref-Hallberg_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hallberg-21"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 51">&#58;&#8202;51&#8202;</span></sup> EAGALA itself had a further split between its founders in 2006 due to legal issues, with yet another new organization formed.<sup id="cite_ref-Hallberg_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hallberg-21"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 52">&#58;&#8202;52&#8202;</span></sup> </p><p>As a result, although PATH and EAGALA remain the two main certification organizations in the United States, there has been a significant amount of misunderstanding amongst practitioners, client, and within the scientific literature. To resolve these differences, an independent organization, the Certification Board for Equine Interaction Professionals (CBEIP) formed, beginning in 2007, to promote professional credibility in the field.<sup id="cite_ref-Parish-Plass_19-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Parish-Plass-19"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 286">&#58;&#8202;286&#8202;</span></sup> However, the world of equine-assisted psychotherapy remains disorganized and has not standardized its requirements for education or credentialing.<sup id="cite_ref-Parish-Plass_19-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Parish-Plass-19"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 287">&#58;&#8202;287&#8202;</span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Equine-assisted_therapy&amp;action=edit&amp;section=6" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Horses have been utilized as a therapeutic aid since the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greeks" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greeks">ancient Greeks</a> used them for those people who had incurable illnesses. Its earliest recorded mention is in the writings of <a href="/wiki/Hippocrates" title="Hippocrates">Hippocrates</a> who discussed the therapeutic value of riding.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The claimed benefits of therapeutic riding have been dated back to 17th century literature where it is documented that it was prescribed for <a href="/wiki/Gout" title="Gout">gout</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neurological_disorder" title="Neurological disorder">neurological disorder</a> and low <a href="/wiki/Morale" title="Morale">morale</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In 1946 Equine Therapy was introduced in Scandinavia after an outbreak of <a href="/wiki/Poliomyelitis" class="mw-redirect" title="Poliomyelitis">poliomyelitis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-stablelifeinc.org_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stablelifeinc.org-24"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hippotherapy, as currently practiced was developed in the 1960s, when it began to be used in Germany, Austria, and Switzerland as an adjunct to traditional <a href="/wiki/Physical_therapy" title="Physical therapy">physical therapy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-The_History_of_Hippotherapy_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_History_of_Hippotherapy-25"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The treatment was conducted by a <a href="/wiki/Physiotherapist" class="mw-redirect" title="Physiotherapist">physiotherapist</a>, a specially trained horse, and a horse handler. The physiotherapist gave directives to the horse handler as to the gait, tempo, cadence, and direction for the horse to perform. The first standardized hippotherapy curriculum would be formulated in the late 1980s by a group of Canadian and American therapists who travelled to Germany to learn about hippotherapy and would bring the new discipline back to North America upon their return.<sup id="cite_ref-The_History_of_Hippotherapy_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_History_of_Hippotherapy-25"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The discipline was formalized in the United States in 1992 with the formation of the American Hippotherapy Association (AHA). Since its inception, the AHA has established official standards of practice and formalized therapist educational curriculum processes for occupational, physical and speech therapists in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-The_History_of_Hippotherapy_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_History_of_Hippotherapy-25"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>At about 1952, in Germany, therapeutic riding was used to address orthopaedic dysfunctions such as <a href="/wiki/Scoliosis" title="Scoliosis">scoliosis</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>&#93;</sup> The first riding centers in North America began in the 1960s and the <a href="/wiki/North_American_Riding_for_the_Handicapped_Association" class="mw-redirect" title="North American Riding for the Handicapped Association">North American Riding for the Handicapped Association</a> (NARHA) was launched in 1969.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Therapeutic riding was introduced to the United States and Canada in 1960 with the formation of the Community Association of Riding of the Disabled (CARD). In the United States riding for disabled people developed as a form of recreation and as a means of motivation for education,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>&#93;</sup> as well as its therapeutic benefits. In 1969 the Cheff Therapeutic Riding Center for the Handicapped was established in Michigan, and remains the oldest center specifically for people with disabilities in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-stablelifeinc.org_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stablelifeinc.org-24"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>The North American Riding for Handicapped Association (NARHA) was founded in 1969 to serve as an advisory body to the various riding for disabled groups across the United States and its neighboring countries. In 2011, NARHA changed its name to the <a href="/wiki/Professional_Association_of_Therapeutic_Horsemanship" title="Professional Association of Therapeutic Horsemanship">Professional Association of Therapeutic Horsemanship</a> (PATH) International.<sup id="cite_ref-PATH_home_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PATH_home-27"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Horses_used">Horses used</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Equine-assisted_therapy&amp;action=edit&amp;section=7" title="Edit section: Horses used"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In most cases, horses are trained and selected specifically for therapy before being integrated into a program. Therapy programs choose horses of any breed that they find to be calm, even-tempered, gentle, serviceably sound, and well-trained both under saddle and on the ground. As most equine-assisted therapy is done at slow speeds, an older horse that is not in its athletic prime is sometimes used.<sup id="cite_ref-Webster_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Webster-28"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Equine-assisted therapy programs try to identify horses that are calm but not lazy and physically suited with proper balance, structure, muscling and <a href="/wiki/Horse_gait" title="Horse gait">gaits</a>. Muscling is not generally considered to be as important as the balance and structural correctness, but proper conditioning for the work it is to do is required. Suitable horses move freely and have good quality gaits, especially the walk. Unsound horses that show any signs of lameness are generally avoided.<sup id="cite_ref-Team_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Team-29"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Animal_welfare" title="Animal welfare">welfare</a> of the horse is taken into consideration. Each individual animal has natural biological traits but also has a unique personality with its own likes, dislikes and habits. Paying attention to what the animal is trying to communicate is helpful both in sessions of EAAT, but also to prevent burnout for the horse. Some programs refer to the therapy horse as an "equine partner".<sup id="cite_ref-PATHaboutEAAT_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PATHaboutEAAT-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Other programs view the horse as a "metaphor" with no defined role other than to "be themselves."<sup id="cite_ref-eagalamodel_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eagalamodel-20"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Equine-facilitated wellness programs, particularly those following the EFW-Canada certification route view the horse as 'sentient being': "The equine is a sentient being, partner and co-facilitator in the equine facilitated relationship and process".<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Effectiveness">Effectiveness</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Equine-assisted_therapy&amp;action=edit&amp;section=8" title="Edit section: Effectiveness"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There is currently insufficient <a href="/wiki/Evidence-based_medicine" title="Evidence-based medicine">medical evidence</a> to support the effectiveness of equine-related treatments for <a href="/wiki/Mental_health" title="Mental health">mental health</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Nelson2016_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nelson2016-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Multiple reviews have noted problems with the quality of research such as the lack of independent observers, rigorous randomized clinical trials, <a href="/wiki/Longitudinal_studies" class="mw-redirect" title="Longitudinal studies">longitudinal studies</a>, and comparisons to currently accepted and effective treatments.<sup id="cite_ref-anestis_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-anestis-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Selby_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Selby-31"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> A 2014 review found these treatments did no physical harm, but found that all studies examined had methodological flaws, which led to questioning the clinical significance of those studies; the review also raised ethical concerns both about the marketing and promotion of the practice and the <a href="/wiki/Opportunity_cost" title="Opportunity cost">opportunity cost</a> if patients in need of mental health services were diverted from evidence-based care.<sup id="cite_ref-anestis_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-anestis-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The review recommended that both individuals and organizations avoid this therapy unless future research establishes verifiable treatment benefits.<sup id="cite_ref-anestis_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-anestis-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Nelson2016_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nelson2016-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is some evidence that hippotherapy can help improve the posture control of children with cerebral palsy, although the use of mechanical hippotherapy simulators produced no clear evidence of benefit.<sup id="cite_ref-dewar_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dewar-18"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> A systematic review of studies on the outcomes of horseback riding therapy on gross motor function in children with <a href="/wiki/Cerebral_palsy" title="Cerebral palsy">cerebral palsy</a> was concluded in 2012 with a recommendation for a "large randomized controlled trial using specified protocols" because the studies were too limited to be considered conclusive.<sup id="cite_ref-Whalen_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Whalen-12"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Overall, reviews of equine-assisted therapy scientific literature indicate "there is no unified, widely accepted, or empirically supported, theoretical framework for how and why these interventions may be therapeutic".<sup id="cite_ref-Nelson2016_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nelson2016-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The journal <i><a href="/wiki/Neurology_(journal)" title="Neurology (journal)">Neurology</a></i> published a 2014 study finding inadequate data to know whether hippotherapy or therapeutic horseback riding can help the gait, balance, or mood of people with <a href="/wiki/Multiple_sclerosis" title="Multiple sclerosis">multiple sclerosis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-yadav_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yadav-32"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Newer studies have found hippotherapy paired with traditional treatment can increase balance and quality of life in individuals with multiple sclerosis.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> There is no evidence that therapeutic horseback riding is effective in treating children with autism.<sup id="cite_ref-anestis_3-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-anestis-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-autism_5-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autism-5"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Accreditation_and_certification">Accreditation and certification</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Equine-assisted_therapy&amp;action=edit&amp;section=9" title="Edit section: Accreditation and certification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Canada, centers and instructors for Therapeutic Riding are regulated by CanTRA, also known as The Canadian Therapeutic Riding Association. The field of equine-facilitated wellness is regulated by Equine Facilitated Wellness – Canada (EFW-Can) which provides a national certification program and certifies trainers and mentors to provide independent training at approved programs across Canada.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>&#93;</sup> </p><p>In the UK there are a growing number of training providers offering externally accredited equine-assisted and facilitated qualifications. There is currently no overarching regulating body in the UK. Some organisations are specifically offering therapeutic or coaching based approaches; others offer skills-based approaches which building on existing professional skills and practices.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> &#160; </p><p>In the US, the <a href="/wiki/Professional_Association_of_Therapeutic_Horsemanship" title="Professional Association of Therapeutic Horsemanship">Professional Association of Therapeutic Horsemanship</a> (PATH) accredits centers and instructors that provide equine-assisted therapy.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The Equine Assisted Growth and Learning Association (EAGALA) focuses only on mental health aspects of human-equine interaction, and provides certification for mental-health and equine professionals.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The American Hippotherapy Association offers certification for working as a hippotherapist. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Equine-assisted_therapy&amp;action=edit&amp;section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_therapy" title="Occupational therapy">Occupational therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physiotherapy" class="mw-redirect" title="Physiotherapy">Physiotherapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riding_for_the_Disabled_Association" title="Riding for the Disabled Association">Riding for the Disabled Association</a> (UK)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_Association_of_Therapeutic_Horsemanship" title="Professional Association of Therapeutic Horsemanship">Professional Association of Therapeutic Horsemanship</a> (PATH) (US)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horseback_riding_simulators" title="Horseback riding simulators">Horseback riding simulators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wagon-bed_riding" title="Wagon-bed riding">Wagon-bed riding</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notable_examples">Notable examples</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Equine-assisted_therapy&amp;action=edit&amp;section=11" title="Edit section: Notable examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Smoke_(donkey)" title="Smoke (donkey)">Smoke the Donkey</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Equine-assisted_therapy&amp;action=edit&amp;section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-PATHaboutEAAT-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PATHaboutEAAT_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PATHaboutEAAT_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PATHaboutEAAT_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PATHaboutEAAT_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210312065925/https://www.pathintl.org/resources-education/resources/eaat">"Learn about EAAT"</a>. <i>Path International</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pathintl.org/resources-education/resources/eaat">the original</a> on 12 March 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 January</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Path+International&amp;rft.atitle=Learn+about+EAAT&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pathintl.org%2Fresources-education%2Fresources%2Feaat&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEquine-assisted+therapy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith,_Cher" class="citation web cs1">Smith, Cher. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210126120728/https://pathintl.org/resources-education/resources/eaat/60-resources/efpl/201-what-is-efpl">"Equine-Facilitated Psychotherapy"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pathintl.org/resources-education/resources/eaat/60-resources/efpl/201-what-is-efpl">the original</a> on 26 January 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 January</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Equine-Facilitated+Psychotherapy&amp;rft.au=Smith%2C+Cher&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pathintl.org%2Fresources-education%2Fresources%2Feaat%2F60-resources%2Fefpl%2F201-what-is-efpl&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEquine-assisted+therapy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-anestis-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-anestis_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-anestis_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-anestis_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-anestis_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-anestis_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-anestis_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-anestis_3-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-anestis_3-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnestisAnestisZawilinskiHopkins2014" class="citation journal cs1">Anestis MD, Anestis JC, Zawilinski LL, Hopkins TA, Lilienfeld SO (2014). "Equine-related treatments for mental disorders lack empirical support: a systematic review of empirical investigations". <i>The Journal of Clinical Psychology</i> (Systematic review). <b>70</b> (12): 1115–1132. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fjclp.22113">10.1002/jclp.22113</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24953870">24953870</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:13693969">13693969</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Clinical+Psychology&amp;rft.atitle=Equine-related+treatments+for+mental+disorders+lack+empirical+support%3A+a+systematic+review+of+empirical+investigations&amp;rft.volume=70&amp;rft.issue=12&amp;rft.pages=1115-1132&amp;rft.date=2014&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A13693969%23id-name%3DS2CID&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24953870&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fjclp.22113&amp;rft.aulast=Anestis&amp;rft.aufirst=MD&amp;rft.au=Anestis%2C+JC&amp;rft.au=Zawilinski%2C+LL&amp;rft.au=Hopkins%2C+TA&amp;rft.au=Lilienfeld%2C+SO&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEquine-assisted+therapy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nelson2016-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nelson2016_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nelson2016_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nelson2016_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nelson2016_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSignalWilsonNelson2016" class="citation journal cs1">Signal, Tania; Wilson, Rachel; Nelson, Angie (18 August 2016). "Equine Assisted Therapy and Learning". <i>Society &amp; Animals</i>. <b>24</b> (4): 337–357. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F15685306-12341418">10.1163/15685306-12341418</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Society+%26+Animals&amp;rft.atitle=Equine+Assisted+Therapy+and+Learning&amp;rft.volume=24&amp;rft.issue=4&amp;rft.pages=337-357&amp;rft.date=2016-08-18&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F15685306-12341418&amp;rft.aulast=Signal&amp;rft.aufirst=Tania&amp;rft.au=Wilson%2C+Rachel&amp;rft.au=Nelson%2C+Angie&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEquine-assisted+therapy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autism-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autism_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autism_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autism_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autism_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autism_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autism_5-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autism_5-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autism_5-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://researchautism.net/autism-interventions/our-evaluations-interventions/147/equine-assisted-activities-and-therapies/History?print=1">"Equine-Assisted Activities and Therapies"</a>. Research Autism. 16 November 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 October</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Equine-Assisted+Activities+and+Therapies&amp;rft.pub=Research+Autism&amp;rft.date=2015-11-16&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fresearchautism.net%2Fautism-interventions%2Four-evaluations-interventions%2F147%2Fequine-assisted-activities-and-therapies%2FHistory%3Fprint%3D1&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEquine-assisted+therapy" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">&#91;<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title="&#160;Dead link tagged September 2024">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">&#8205;</span>&#93;</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lentini-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lentini_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLentiniKnox2015" class="citation journal cs1">Lentini, Jennifer A.; Knox, Michele S. (15 October 2015). "Equine-Facilitated Psychotherapy With Children and Adolescents: An Update and Literature Review". <i>Journal of Creativity in Mental Health</i>. <b>10</b> (3): 278–305. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F15401383.2015.1023916">10.1080/15401383.2015.1023916</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145302784">145302784</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Creativity+in+Mental+Health&amp;rft.atitle=Equine-Facilitated+Psychotherapy+With+Children+and+Adolescents%3A+An+Update+and+Literature+Review&amp;rft.volume=10&amp;rft.issue=3&amp;rft.pages=278-305&amp;rft.date=2015-10-15&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F15401383.2015.1023916&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145302784%23id-name%3DS2CID&amp;rft.aulast=Lentini&amp;rft.aufirst=Jennifer+A.&amp;rft.au=Knox%2C+Michele+S.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEquine-assisted+therapy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-aetna_cpb-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-aetna_cpb_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-aetna_cpb_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aetna.com/cpb/medical/data/100_199/0151.html">"Clinical Policy Bulletin: Hippotherapy (151)"</a>. <i>Aetna Clinical Policy Bulletins</i>. <a href="/wiki/Aetna" title="Aetna">Aetna</a>. 23 April 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 August</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Aetna+Clinical+Policy+Bulletins&amp;rft.atitle=Clinical+Policy+Bulletin%3A+Hippotherapy+%28151%29&amp;rft.date=2010-04-23&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aetna.com%2Fcpb%2Fmedical%2Fdata%2F100_199%2F0151.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEquine-assisted+therapy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-American_Hippotherapy_Association,_Inc._2013-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-American_Hippotherapy_Association,_Inc._2013_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.americanhippotherapyassociation.org/">"American Hippotherapy Association, Inc"</a>. <i>American Hippotherapy Association, Inc</i>. 18 July 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 July</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=American+Hippotherapy+Association%2C+Inc.&amp;rft.atitle=American+Hippotherapy+Association%2C+Inc.&amp;rft.date=2013-07-18&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.americanhippotherapyassociation.org%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEquine-assisted+therapy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PATH_defs-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PATH_defs_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PATH_defs_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pathintl.org/resources-education/resources/eaat/27-resources/general/193-eaat-definitions">"EAAT Definitions"</a>. <i>PATH International</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 January</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=PATH+International&amp;rft.atitle=EAAT+Definitions&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pathintl.org%2Fresources-education%2Fresources%2Feaat%2F27-resources%2Fgeneral%2F193-eaat-definitions&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEquine-assisted+therapy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Selby2013-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Selby2013_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Selby2013_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSelbySmith-Osborne2013" class="citation journal cs1">Selby, Alison; Smith-Osborne, Alexa (2013). "A systematic review of effectiveness of complementary and adjunct therapies and interventions involving equines". <i>Health Psychology</i>. <b>32</b> (4): 418–432. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1037%2Fa0029188">10.1037/a0029188</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22888815">22888815</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Health+Psychology&amp;rft.atitle=A+systematic+review+of+effectiveness+of+complementary+and+adjunct+therapies+and+interventions+involving+equines.&amp;rft.volume=32&amp;rft.issue=4&amp;rft.pages=418-432&amp;rft.date=2013&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1037%2Fa0029188&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22888815&amp;rft.aulast=Selby&amp;rft.aufirst=Alison&amp;rft.au=Smith-Osborne%2C+Alexa&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEquine-assisted+therapy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lasa-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lasa_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLasa,_S.M.2015" class="citation journal cs1">Lasa, S.M.; et&#160;al. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.nrleng.2013.01.010">"Intervenciones asistidas por animales en neurorrehabilitación: una revisión de la literatura más reciente"</a>. <i>Neurología</i>. <b>30</b>: 1–7. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.nrleng.2013.01.010">10.1016/j.nrleng.2013.01.010</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Neurolog%C3%ADa&amp;rft.atitle=Intervenciones+asistidas+por+animales+en+neurorrehabilitaci%C3%B3n%3A+una+revisi%C3%B3n+de+la+literatura+m%C3%A1s+reciente&amp;rft.volume=30&amp;rft.pages=1-7&amp;rft.date=2015&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.nrleng.2013.01.010&amp;rft.au=Lasa%2C+S.M.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.nrleng.2013.01.010&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEquine-assisted+therapy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Whalen-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Whalen_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Whalen_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Whalen_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Whalen_12-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Whalen CN, Case-Smith J. Therapeutic effects of horseback riding therapy on gross motor function in children with cerebral palsy: A systematic review. Phys Occup Ther Pediatr. 2012;32(3):229-242.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Borzo, G. (2002). Horsepower. American Medical News, 45 (23), 24-26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJonas2005" class="citation web cs1">Jonas (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/therapeutic+riding">"Mosby's Dictionary of Complementary and Alternative Medicine. S.v. "therapeutic riding."<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>The Free Dictionary</i>. Elsevier, Inc<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 January</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Free+Dictionary&amp;rft.atitle=Mosby%27s+Dictionary+of+Complementary+and+Alternative+Medicine.+S.v.+%22therapeutic+riding.%22&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.au=Jonas&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmedical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com%2Ftherapeutic%2Briding&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEquine-assisted+therapy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tseng-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tseng_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tseng_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTseng,_S.2013" class="citation journal cs1">Tseng, S. (2013). "Systematic review and meta-analysis of the effect of equine assisted activities and therapies on gross motor outcome in children with cerebral palsy". <i>Disability &amp; Rehabilitation</i>. <b>35</b> (2): 89–99. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3109%2F09638288.2012.687033">10.3109/09638288.2012.687033</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22630812">22630812</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:1611996">1611996</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Disability+%26+Rehabilitation&amp;rft.atitle=Systematic+review+and+meta-analysis+of+the+effect+of+equine+assisted+activities+and+therapies+on+gross+motor+outcome+in+children+with+cerebral+palsy&amp;rft.volume=35&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.pages=89-99&amp;rft.date=2013&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A1611996%23id-name%3DS2CID&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22630812&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3109%2F09638288.2012.687033&amp;rft.au=Tseng%2C+S.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEquine-assisted+therapy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sterba-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sterba_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sterba_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSterba,_J.A.2007" class="citation journal cs1">Sterba, J.A. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0012162207000175.x">"Does horseback riding therapy or therapist-directed hippotherapy rehabilitate children with cerebral palsy?"</a>. <i>Developmental Medicine &amp; Child Neurology</i>. <b>19</b> (1): 68–73. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0012162207000175.x">10.1017/S0012162207000175.x</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17209981">17209981</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:7167619">7167619</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Developmental+Medicine+%26+Child+Neurology&amp;rft.atitle=Does+horseback+riding+therapy+or+therapist-directed+hippotherapy+rehabilitate+children+with+cerebral+palsy%3F&amp;rft.volume=19&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=68-73&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A7167619%23id-name%3DS2CID&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17209981&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0012162207000175.x&amp;rft.au=Sterba%2C+J.A.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1017%252FS0012162207000175.x&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEquine-assisted+therapy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Park-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Park_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParkRhaShinKim2014" class="citation journal cs1">Park, Eun Sook; Rha, Dong-Wook; Shin, Jung Soon; Kim, Soohyeon; Jung, Soojin (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4205717">"Effects of Hippotherapy on Gross Motor Function and Functional Performance of Children with Cerebral Palsy"</a>. <i>Yonsei Medical Journal</i>. <b>55</b> (6): 1736–1742. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3349%2Fymj.2014.55.6.1736">10.3349/ymj.2014.55.6.1736</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a>&#160;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4205717">4205717</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25323914">25323914</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Yonsei+Medical+Journal&amp;rft.atitle=Effects+of+Hippotherapy+on+Gross+Motor+Function+and+Functional+Performance+of+Children+with+Cerebral+Palsy&amp;rft.volume=55&amp;rft.issue=6&amp;rft.pages=1736-1742&amp;rft.date=2014&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4205717%23id-name%3DPMC&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25323914&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3349%2Fymj.2014.55.6.1736&amp;rft.aulast=Park&amp;rft.aufirst=Eun+Sook&amp;rft.au=Rha%2C+Dong-Wook&amp;rft.au=Shin%2C+Jung+Soon&amp;rft.au=Kim%2C+Soohyeon&amp;rft.au=Jung%2C+Soojin&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4205717&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEquine-assisted+therapy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dewar-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dewar_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dewar_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDewarLoveJohnston2015" class="citation journal cs1">Dewar R, Love S, Johnston LM (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fdmcn.12660">"Exercise interventions improve postural control in children with cerebral palsy: a systematic review"</a>. <i>Dev Med Child Neurol</i> (Systematic review). <b>57</b> (6): 504–20. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fdmcn.12660">10.1111/dmcn.12660</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25523410">25523410</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Dev+Med+Child+Neurol&amp;rft.atitle=Exercise+interventions+improve+postural+control+in+children+with+cerebral+palsy%3A+a+systematic+review&amp;rft.volume=57&amp;rft.issue=6&amp;rft.pages=504-20&amp;rft.date=2015&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fdmcn.12660&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25523410&amp;rft.aulast=Dewar&amp;rft.aufirst=R&amp;rft.au=Love%2C+S&amp;rft.au=Johnston%2C+LM&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1111%252Fdmcn.12660&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEquine-assisted+therapy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Parish-Plass-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Parish-Plass_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Parish-Plass_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Parish-Plass_19-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Parish-Plass_19-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Parish-Plass_19-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Parish-Plass_19-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParish-Plass2013" class="citation book cs1">Parish-Plass, Nancy (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5p12K4pN2iYC"><i>Animal-assisted psychotherapy&#160;: theory, issues, and practice</i></a>. Etats-Unis: Purdue University. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55753-651-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55753-651-8"><bdi>978-1-55753-651-8</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 January</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Animal-assisted+psychotherapy+%3A+theory%2C+issues%2C+and+practice&amp;rft.place=Etats-Unis&amp;rft.pub=Purdue+University&amp;rft.date=2013&amp;rft.isbn=978-1-55753-651-8&amp;rft.aulast=Parish-Plass&amp;rft.aufirst=Nancy&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5p12K4pN2iYC&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEquine-assisted+therapy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-eagalamodel-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-eagalamodel_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-eagalamodel_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eagala.org/Information/What_Is_EAGALA_Model">"What is the EAGALA Model?"</a>. <i>EAGALA</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 January</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=EAGALA&amp;rft.atitle=What+is+the+EAGALA+Model%3F&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eagala.org%2FInformation%2FWhat_Is_EAGALA_Model&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEquine-assisted+therapy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hallberg-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hallberg_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hallberg_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHallberg2008" class="citation book cs1">Hallberg, Leif (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UpvGlZ0-edQC"><i>Walking the way of the horse&#160;: exploring the power of the horse-human relationship</i></a>. New York: iUniverse. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-595-47908-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-595-47908-5"><bdi>978-0-595-47908-5</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 January</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Walking+the+way+of+the+horse+%3A+exploring+the+power+of+the+horse-human+relationship&amp;rft.place=New+York&amp;rft.pub=iUniverse&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-595-47908-5&amp;rft.aulast=Hallberg&amp;rft.aufirst=Leif&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUpvGlZ0-edQC&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEquine-assisted+therapy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBizubJoyDavidson2003" class="citation journal cs1">Bizub, A. L.; Joy, A.; Davidson, L. (2003). "It's like being in another world": Demonstrating the benefits of therapeutic horseback riding for individuals with psychiatric disability". <i>Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal</i>. <b>26</b> (4): 377–384. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2975%2F26.2003.377.384">10.2975/26.2003.377.384</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12739908">12739908</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Psychiatric+Rehabilitation+Journal&amp;rft.atitle=It%27s+like+being+in+another+world%22%3A+Demonstrating+the+benefits+of+therapeutic+horseback+riding+for+individuals+with+psychiatric+disability&amp;rft.volume=26&amp;rft.issue=4&amp;rft.pages=377-384&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2975%2F26.2003.377.384&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12739908&amp;rft.aulast=Bizub&amp;rft.aufirst=A.+L.&amp;rft.au=Joy%2C+A.&amp;rft.au=Davidson%2C+L.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEquine-assisted+therapy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWillis1997" class="citation journal cs1">Willis, D. A. (1997). "Animal therapy". <i>Rehabilitation Nursing</i>. <b>22</b> (2): 78–81. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fj.2048-7940.1997.tb01738.x">10.1002/j.2048-7940.1997.tb01738.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9110848">9110848</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Rehabilitation+Nursing&amp;rft.atitle=Animal+therapy&amp;rft.volume=22&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.pages=78-81&amp;rft.date=1997&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fj.2048-7940.1997.tb01738.x&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9110848&amp;rft.aulast=Willis&amp;rft.aufirst=D.+A.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEquine-assisted+therapy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-stablelifeinc.org-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-stablelifeinc.org_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-stablelifeinc.org_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304214818/http://www.stablelifeinc.org/historyEAT.html">"Stable Life, Inc"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stablelifeinc.org/historyEAT.html">the original</a> on 4 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 January</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Stable+Life%2C+Inc.&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stablelifeinc.org%2FhistoryEAT.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEquine-assisted+therapy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_History_of_Hippotherapy-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-The_History_of_Hippotherapy_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_History_of_Hippotherapy_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_History_of_Hippotherapy_25-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101212022648/http://americanhippotherapyassociation.org/aha_hpot_a_history.htm">"The History of Hippotherapy"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.americanhippotherapyassociation.org/aha_hpot_a_history.htm">the original</a> on 2010-12-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-01-07</span></span>. <q>American Hippotherapy Association</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=The+History+of+Hippotherapy&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.americanhippotherapyassociation.org%2Faha_hpot_a_history.htm&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEquine-assisted+therapy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Benda, W., Fredrickson, M., Flanagan, S., Zembreski-Ruple, J., &amp; McGibbon, N. H. (2000). Animal-assisted therapy: A highly versatile modality. Complementary Medicine for the Physician, 5(6), 41-48.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PATH_home-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PATH_home_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pathintl.org">"PATH International"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 January</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=PATH+International&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpathintl.org&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEquine-assisted+therapy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Webster-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Webster_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWebster2008" class="citation web cs1">Webster, Sandy (February 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.horsechannel.com/horse-exclusives/therapeutic-horse-criteria.aspx">"Criteria for Therapeutic Horses"</a>. <i>horsechannel.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 January</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=horsechannel.com&amp;rft.atitle=Criteria+for+Therapeutic+Horses&amp;rft.date=2008-02&amp;rft.aulast=Webster&amp;rft.aufirst=Sandy&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.horsechannel.com%2Fhorse-exclusives%2Ftherapeutic-horse-criteria.aspx&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEquine-assisted+therapy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Team-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Team_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://speechinmotion.com/blog/2015/03/04/meet-the-hippotherapy-team-part-3-the-horse">"Meet the Hippotherapy Team: Part 3 – The Horse"</a>. <i>speechinmotion.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151118074900/http://speechinmotion.com/blog/2015/03/04/meet-the-hippotherapy-team-part-3-the-horse/">Archived</a> from the original on 18 November 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 November</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=speechinmotion.com&amp;rft.atitle=Meet+the+Hippotherapy+Team%3A+Part+3+%E2%80%93+The+Horse&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fspeechinmotion.com%2Fblog%2F2015%2F03%2F04%2Fmeet-the-hippotherapy-team-part-3-the-horse&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEquine-assisted+therapy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://naefw.com/The_Role_of_the_Equine">"The Role of the Equine"</a>. <i>naefw.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141010235521/http://naefw.com/The_Role_of_the_Equine">Archived</a> from the original on 10 October 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 January</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=naefw.com&amp;rft.atitle=The+Role+of+the+Equine&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnaefw.com%2FThe_Role_of_the_Equine&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEquine-assisted+therapy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Selby-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Selby_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSelbySmith-Osborne2013" class="citation journal cs1">Selby, Alison; Smith-Osborne, Alexa (2013). "A systematic review of effectiveness of complementary and adjunct therapies and interventions involving equines". <i>Health Psychology</i> (Systematic review). <b>32</b> (4): 418–432. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1037%2Fa0029188">10.1037/a0029188</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22888815">22888815</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Health+Psychology&amp;rft.atitle=A+systematic+review+of+effectiveness+of+complementary+and+adjunct+therapies+and+interventions+involving+equines.&amp;rft.volume=32&amp;rft.issue=4&amp;rft.pages=418-432&amp;rft.date=2013&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1037%2Fa0029188&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22888815&amp;rft.aulast=Selby&amp;rft.aufirst=Alison&amp;rft.au=Smith-Osborne%2C+Alexa&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEquine-assisted+therapy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-yadav-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-yadav_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYadavBeverBowenBowling2014" class="citation cs2">Yadav C, Bever C, Bowen J, Bowling A, Weinstock-Guttman B, Cameron M, Bourdette D, Gonseth GS, Narayanaswami P (2014), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.neurology.org/content/suppl/2014/03/22/82.12.1083.DC1/CAM_in_MS_full_guideline_online_data_supplement.pdf"><i>Complementary and alternative medicine in multiple sclerosis</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Evidence-based guideline), American Academy of Neurology</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Complementary+and+alternative+medicine+in+multiple+sclerosis&amp;rft.pub=American+Academy+of+Neurology&amp;rft.date=2014&amp;rft.aulast=Yadav&amp;rft.aufirst=C&amp;rft.au=Bever%2C+C&amp;rft.au=Bowen%2C+J&amp;rft.au=Bowling%2C+A&amp;rft.au=Weinstock-Guttman%2C+B&amp;rft.au=Cameron%2C+M&amp;rft.au=Bourdette%2C+D&amp;rft.au=Gonseth%2C+GS&amp;rft.au=Narayanaswami%2C+P&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.neurology.org%2Fcontent%2Fsuppl%2F2014%2F03%2F22%2F82.12.1083.DC1%2FCAM_in_MS_full_guideline_online_data_supplement.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEquine-assisted+therapy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharry-SánchezPradillaTalero-Gutiérrez2018" class="citation journal cs1">Charry-Sánchez, Jesús David; Pradilla, Iván; Talero-Gutiérrez, Claudia (2018-08-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1744388118302214">"Animal-assisted therapy in adults: A systematic review"</a>. <i>Complementary Therapies in Clinical Practice</i>. <b>32</b>: 169–180. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ctcp.2018.06.011">10.1016/j.ctcp.2018.06.011</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1744-3881">1744-3881</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30057046">30057046</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:51864317">51864317</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Complementary+Therapies+in+Clinical+Practice&amp;rft.atitle=Animal-assisted+therapy+in+adults%3A+A+systematic+review&amp;rft.volume=32&amp;rft.pages=169-180&amp;rft.date=2018-08-01&amp;rft.issn=1744-3881&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A51864317%23id-name%3DS2CID&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F30057046&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.ctcp.2018.06.011&amp;rft.aulast=Charry-S%C3%A1nchez&amp;rft.aufirst=Jes%C3%BAs+David&amp;rft.au=Pradilla%2C+Iv%C3%A1n&amp;rft.au=Talero-Guti%C3%A9rrez%2C+Claudia&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fpii%2FS1744388118302214&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEquine-assisted+therapy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAthena_Herd_Foundation" class="citation web cs1">Athena Herd Foundation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://athenaherd.org/equine-facilitated-training-programmes/">"Equine Facilitated Training Programmes"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-06-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Equine+Facilitated+Training+Programmes&amp;rft.au=Athena+Herd+Foundation&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fathenaherd.org%2Fequine-facilitated-training-programmes%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEquine-assisted+therapy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pathintl.org/">"Professional Association of Therapeutic Horsemanship International official webpage"</a>. <q>Appreciating the power of the horse to change lives</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Professional+Association+of+Therapeutic+Horsemanship+International+official+webpage&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pathintl.org%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEquine-assisted+therapy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eagala.org/">"EAGALA- Equine Assisted Growth and Learning Association"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=EAGALA-+Equine+Assisted+Growth+and+Learning+Association&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eagala.org%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEquine-assisted+therapy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Horses" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Horse_topics" title="Template:Horse topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Horse_topics" title="Template talk:Horse topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Horse_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Horse topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Horses" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Horse" title="Horse">Horses</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Equine science and<br />management</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Equine_anatomy" title="Equine anatomy">Anatomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horse_behavior" title="Horse behavior">Behavior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horse_breeding" title="Horse breeding">Breeding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equine_conformation" title="Equine conformation">Conformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equine_coat_color" title="Equine coat color">Coat color</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horse_genome" title="Horse genome">Genome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horse_gait" title="Horse gait">Gait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horse_management" title="Horse management">Management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equine_nutrition" title="Equine nutrition">Nutrition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geriatric_horse" title="Geriatric horse">Aging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horse_slaughter" title="Horse slaughter">Slaughter</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Equestrianism" title="Equestrianism">Equestrianism</a><br />and sport</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_equestrian_terms" title="Glossary of equestrian terms">Glossary of equestrian terms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horse_industry" title="Horse industry">Horse industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_equestrian_sports" title="List of equestrian sports">List of equestrian sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horse_tack" title="Horse tack">Horse tack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bit_(horse)" title="Bit (horse)">Bit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridle" title="Bridle">Bridle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saddle" title="Saddle">Saddle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horse_harness" title="Horse harness">Harness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_riding" title="English riding">English riding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_riding" title="Western riding">Western riding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Driving_(horse)" title="Driving (horse)">Driving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horse_training" title="Horse training">Horse training</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horse_racing" title="Horse racing">Horse racing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equestrian_events_at_the_Summer_Olympics" title="Equestrian events at the Summer Olympics">Equestrian events at the Summer Olympics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Olympic_medalists_in_equestrian" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Olympic medalists in equestrian">medalists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Olympic_venues_in_equestrian" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Olympic venues in equestrian">venues</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horse_show" title="Horse show">Horse show</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equitation" title="Equitation">Equitation</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Therapy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_the_horse" title="Evolution of the horse">Evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestication_of_the_horse" title="Domestication of the horse">Domestication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horses_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Horses in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horses_in_ancient_and_Imperial_China" title="Horses in ancient and Imperial China">Ancient and Imperial China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_horse_in_Britain" title="History of the horse in Britain">Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_horse_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="History of the horse in the Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horses_in_the_United_States" title="Horses in the United States">North America</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Horses_in_warfare" title="Horses in warfare">Warfare</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Horses_in_East_Asian_warfare" title="Horses in East Asian warfare">East Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horses_in_the_Napoleonic_Wars" title="Horses in the Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_horses_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="List of horses of the American Civil War">American Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horses_in_World_War_I" title="Horses in World War I">World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horses_in_World_War_II" title="Horses in World War II">World War II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Horse_breed" title="Horse breed">Horse breeds</a> and types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_horse_breeds" title="List of horse breeds">Horse breeds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Draft_horse" title="Draft horse">Draft horse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feral_horse" title="Feral horse">Feral horse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_gaited_horse_breeds" title="List of gaited horse breeds">Gaited horses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_and_moorland_pony_breeds" title="Mountain and moorland pony breeds">Mountain and moorland pony breeds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_horse" title="Sport horse">Sport horse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stock_horse" title="Stock horse">Stock horse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warmblood" title="Warmblood">Warmblood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wild_horse" title="Wild horse">Wild horse</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Horse_culture" title="Horse culture">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Horses_in_art" title="Horses in art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horse_burial" title="Horse burial">Burial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fictional_horses" title="List of fictional horses">Fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippomancy" title="Hippomancy">Hippomancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_horses_in_mythology_and_folklore" title="List of horses in mythology and folklore">Mythology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Centaur" title="Centaur">Centaur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horses_in_Chinese_mythology" title="Horses in Chinese mythology">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horses_in_Germanic_paganism" title="Horses in Germanic paganism">Nordic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unicorn" title="Unicorn">Unicorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_horses_in_mythology" title="White horses in mythology">White horses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_winged_horses" class="mw-redirect" title="List of winged horses">Winged horse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horse_sacrifice" title="Horse sacrifice">Sacrifice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horse_symbolism" title="Horse symbolism">Symbolism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horse_worship" title="Horse worship">Worship</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_horse-related_topics" title="Lists of horse-related topics">Lists of horse-related topics</a> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Horses" title="Category:Horses">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q290912#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Horsemanship--Therapeutic use"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85062149">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Équithérapie"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb16509300v">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Équithérapie"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb16509300v">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="hipoterapie"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&amp;local_base=aut&amp;ccl_term=ica=ph120702&amp;CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&amp;local_base=lnc10&amp;doc_number=000136302&amp;P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&amp;local_base=NLX10&amp;find_code=UID&amp;request=987007565296305171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <!-- NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐f69cdc8f6‐dtnhv Cached time: 20241122144148 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.839 seconds Real time usage: 0.992 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 5886/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 109836/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 5983/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 17/100 Expensive parser function count: 9/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 147695/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.498/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 7176248/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 --> <!-- Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 872.532 1 -total 39.36% 343.400 1 Template:Reflist 20.70% 180.648 17 Template:Cite_web 11.03% 96.210 1 Template:Horse_topics 10.81% 94.351 1 Template:Navbox 9.72% 84.815 8 Template:Rp 9.35% 81.553 13 Template:Cite_journal 8.98% 78.311 1 Template:Short_description 8.37% 73.032 8 Template:R/superscript 7.70% 67.164 1 Template:Pov --> <!-- Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:11174320-0!canonical and timestamp 20241122144148 and revision id 1247585040. Rendering was triggered because: page-view --> </div><!--esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> --><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Equine-assisted_therapy&amp;oldid=1247585040#Hippotherapy">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Equine-assisted_therapy&amp;oldid=1247585040#Hippotherapy</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Psychotherapy_by_type" title="Category:Psychotherapy by type">Psychotherapy by type</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Equine_therapies" title="Category:Equine therapies">Equine therapies</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mind%E2%80%93body_interventions" title="Category:Mind–body interventions">Mind–body interventions</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Animal-assisted_therapy" title="Category:Animal-assisted therapy">Animal-assisted therapy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Physical_therapy" title="Category:Physical therapy">Physical therapy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Occupational_therapy" title="Category:Occupational therapy">Occupational therapy</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_dead_external_links" title="Category:All articles with dead external links">All articles with dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_September_2024" title="Category:Articles with dead external links from September 2024">Articles with dead external links from September 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_permanently_dead_external_links" title="Category:Articles with permanently dead external links">Articles with permanently dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_neutral_point_of_view_disputes_from_March_2024" title="Category:Wikipedia neutral point of view disputes from March 2024">Wikipedia neutral point of view disputes from March 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_Wikipedia_neutral_point_of_view_disputes" title="Category:All Wikipedia neutral point of view disputes">All Wikipedia neutral point of view disputes</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_rewrite_from_March_2024" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing rewrite from March 2024">Wikipedia articles needing rewrite from March 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_rewrite" title="Category:All articles needing rewrite">All articles needing rewrite</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_specifically_marked_weasel-worded_phrases_from_March_2024" title="Category:Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from March 2024">Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from March 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_January_2017" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from January 2017">Articles with unsourced statements from January 2017</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_March_2024" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from March 2024">Articles with unsourced statements from March 2024</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 24 September 2024, at 23:50<span class="anonymous-show">&#160;(UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Equine-assisted_therapy&amp;mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile#Hippotherapy" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-6b7f745dd4-bx7vz","wgBackendResponseTime":186,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.839","walltime":"0.992","ppvisitednodes":{"value":5886,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":109836,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":5983,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":17,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":9,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":147695,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 872.532 1 -total"," 39.36% 343.400 1 Template:Reflist"," 20.70% 180.648 17 Template:Cite_web"," 11.03% 96.210 1 Template:Horse_topics"," 10.81% 94.351 1 Template:Navbox"," 9.72% 84.815 8 Template:Rp"," 9.35% 81.553 13 Template:Cite_journal"," 8.98% 78.311 1 Template:Short_description"," 8.37% 73.032 8 Template:R/superscript"," 7.70% 67.164 1 Template:Pov"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.498","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":7176248,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-dtnhv","timestamp":"20241122144148","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Equine-assisted therapy","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Equine-assisted_therapy#Hippotherapy","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q290912","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q290912","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2007-05-11T17:26:06Z","dateModified":"2024-09-24T23:50:30Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/8\/8d\/Therapeutic_horseback_riding_2.JPG","headline":"form of therapy in which a therapist uses the characteristic movements of a horse"}</script> </body> </html>

Pages: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10