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} div[class*="4Pane"] div[class*="dark_content"] .list-with-images .h5 a:hover { /*color: #61A63A !important;*/ color: #F7941E !important; } div[class*="4Pane"] div[class*="dark_content"] .list-with-images div.h5 a:before { content: ""; } } .ToggleEditButtons { text-align: right; display: none; } .ToggleEditButtons a:hover { cursor: pointer; } </style> <div class="items">    <div class="list-with-images explorer-articles dnnClear" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">  <div class="litImage Explorer Article 1plus4 Rotation Astrogeology Basin Modeling and Geochemistry Business and Economics Economics Geochemistry Geologic Age Maturation Migration Petroleum Systems Petroleum Systems Pre-Cambrian Resource Estimation Source Rock Student Thermal History " style="position: relative;"> <a href='https://www.aapg.org/publications/news/explorer/details/articleid/64073' > <div class="image-overlay "></div> <noscript data-slimmage>  <img itemprop="image" class=" lazy " data-original="/Portals/0/PackFlashItemImages/WebReady/does-this-finally-settle-the-debate-hero.jpg?width=200&height=200&mode=crop&anchor=middlecenter&encoder=freeimage&progressive=true&quality=90&scale=both&bgcolor=ffffff" src="/portals/0/PackFlashItemImages/WebReady/does-this-finally-settle-the-debate-hero.jpg?width=200&height=200&mode=crop&anchor=middlecenter&encoder=freeimage&progressive=true&quality=90&scale=both&bgcolor=ffffff" alt="AAPG"> </noscript> </a> </div> <div class="text Explorer Article 1plus4 Rotation Astrogeology Basin Modeling and Geochemistry Business and Economics Economics Geochemistry Geologic Age Maturation Migration Petroleum Systems Petroleum Systems Pre-Cambrian Resource Estimation Source Rock Student Thermal History " id="pfid_64073"> <div class="author content-type" style="margin-bottom: 0px;"> <span class="content-type">Explorer Article</span> <span itemprop="author">By David Brown</span> </div> <div class="h5" itemprop="headline"> <a itemprop="url" href='https://www.aapg.org/publications/news/explorer/details/articleid/64073' >Does This Finally Settle the Age-Old Debate over Abiotic Methane?</a> </div>  <div class="show-more-snippet fade"><div class="summary" itemprop="description"><p>This debate began decades ago: How much of the planet's natural gas is abiotic – made up of methane with nonbiological origins? At times, the scientific back-and-forth argument has resembled a slow-motion tennis match, with a new volley coming every few years. Now, Daniel Xia thinks he has helped deliver a winning smash across the net. His findings were most clearly laid out in a recent article “Validity of geochemical signatures of abiotic hydrocarbon gases on Earth,” by Xia and coauthor Yongli Gao, published in the Journal of the Geological Society. </p></div></div><a class='show-more'>Show more</a> </div> <meta itemprop="inLanguage" content="English"> <span style="display: none;" itemprop="publisher" itemscope="" itemtype="https://schema.org/Organization"> <span itemprop="name">American Association of Petroleum Geologists (AAPG)</span> <meta itemprop="logo" content="https://img.aapg.org/Portals/0/images/_site/AAPG-logo-footer.png"> </span> <div class="morelink">Added on <span itemprop="datePublished" class="schema">01 October, 2022</span></div> </div>  <div class="list-with-images explorer-articles dnnClear" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">  <div class="litImage Explorer Emphasis Article 1plus4 Rotation Alternative Resources Basin Modeling Basin Modeling and Geochemistry Coal Maturation Member Migration Renewable Energy Solar Energy Sustainable Development Thermal History Wind Energy " style="position: relative;"> <a href='https://www.aapg.org/publications/news/explorer/emphasis/articleid/61811/battery-revolution-renewable-energy-drives-critical-minerals-demand' > <div class="image-overlay "></div> <noscript data-slimmage>  <img itemprop="image" class=" lazy " data-original="/Portals/0/PackFlashItemImages/WebReady/battey-revolution-renewable-energy-hero.jpg?width=200&height=200&mode=crop&anchor=middlecenter&encoder=freeimage&progressive=true&quality=90&scale=both&bgcolor=ffffff" src="/portals/0/PackFlashItemImages/WebReady/battey-revolution-renewable-energy-hero.jpg?width=200&height=200&mode=crop&anchor=middlecenter&encoder=freeimage&progressive=true&quality=90&scale=both&bgcolor=ffffff" alt="AAPG"> </noscript> </a> </div> <div class="text Explorer Emphasis Article 1plus4 Rotation Alternative Resources Basin Modeling Basin Modeling and Geochemistry Coal Maturation Member Migration Renewable Energy Solar Energy Sustainable Development Thermal History Wind Energy " id="pfid_61811"> <div class="author content-type" style="margin-bottom: 0px;"> <span class="content-type">Explorer Emphasis Article</span> <span itemprop="author">By Heather Saucier</span> </div> <div class="h5" itemprop="headline"> <a itemprop="url" href='https://www.aapg.org/publications/news/explorer/emphasis/articleid/61811/battery-revolution-renewable-energy-drives-critical-minerals-demand' >Battery Revolution, Renewable Energy Drives Critical Minerals Demand</a> </div>  <div class="show-more-snippet fade"><div class="summary" itemprop="description"><p>As the United States and other developed countries embrace the prospect of transitioning to renewable energy, the need for critical minerals is skyrocketing. Solar plants, wind farms and electric vehicles require more minerals to build than their fossil fuel-based counterparts. For example, a typical electric car requires six times the mineral inputs of a conventional car, and an onshore wind plant requires nine times more mineral resources than a gas-fired plant, according to the International Energy Agency. Addressing the exploding need for critical minerals and how petroleum geoscientists can lead such efforts, members of AAPG’s Energy Minerals Division came together to discuss the future of critical minerals at the International Meeting for Applied Geoscience and Energy conference in Denver.</p></div></div><a class='show-more'>Show more</a> </div> <meta itemprop="inLanguage" content="English"> <span style="display: none;" itemprop="publisher" itemscope="" itemtype="https://schema.org/Organization"> <span itemprop="name">American Association of Petroleum Geologists (AAPG)</span> <meta itemprop="logo" content="https://img.aapg.org/Portals/0/images/_site/AAPG-logo-footer.png"> </span> <div class="morelink">Added on <span itemprop="datePublished" class="schema">01 November, 2021</span></div> </div>  <div class="list-with-images explorer-articles dnnClear" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">  <div class="litImage Latin America Blog 1plus4 Rotation Basin Modeling and Geochemistry Kerogen Typing Maturation Migration Oil and Gas Analysis Source Rock Student " style="position: relative;"> <a href='https://www.aapg.org/global/latinamerica/blog/article/articleid/56130/aapg-distinguished-lecture-program-latin-america-caribbean-region-tour-2019' > <div class="image-overlay "></div> <noscript data-slimmage>  <img itemprop="image" class=" lazy " data-original="/Portals/0/PackFlashItemImages/WebReady/blog-AAPG-DL-LACR-Tour-2019-hero.jpg?width=200&height=200&mode=crop&anchor=middlecenter&encoder=freeimage&progressive=true&quality=90&scale=both&bgcolor=ffffff" src="/portals/0/PackFlashItemImages/WebReady/blog-AAPG-DL-LACR-Tour-2019-hero.jpg?width=200&height=200&mode=crop&anchor=middlecenter&encoder=freeimage&progressive=true&quality=90&scale=both&bgcolor=ffffff" alt="AAPG"> </noscript> </a> </div> <div class="text Latin America Blog 1plus4 Rotation Basin Modeling and Geochemistry Kerogen Typing Maturation Migration Oil and Gas Analysis Source Rock Student " id="pfid_56130"> <div class="author content-type" style="margin-bottom: 0px;"> <span class="content-type">Latin America Blog</span> <span itemprop="author">By Silvia Santos</span> </div> <div class="h5" itemprop="headline"> <a itemprop="url" href='https://www.aapg.org/global/latinamerica/blog/article/articleid/56130/aapg-distinguished-lecture-program-latin-america-caribbean-region-tour-2019' >AAPG Distinguished Lecture Program Latin America & Caribbean Region Tour 2019</a> </div>  <div class="summary" itemprop="description"><p>AAPG Distinguished Lecture Program Latin America & Caribbean Region Tour 2019 reached more than 145 participants from 5 Universities of Colombia, Peru and Mexico.</p></div> </div> <meta itemprop="inLanguage" content="English"> <span style="display: none;" itemprop="publisher" itemscope="" itemtype="https://schema.org/Organization"> <span itemprop="name">American Association of Petroleum Geologists (AAPG)</span> <meta itemprop="logo" content="https://img.aapg.org/Portals/0/images/_site/AAPG-logo-footer.png"> </span> <div class="morelink">Added on <span itemprop="datePublished" class="schema">04 February, 2020</span></div> </div>  <div class="list-with-images explorer-articles dnnClear" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">  <div class="litImage Middle East Blog 1plus4 Rotation Basin Modeling and Geochemistry Maturation Member Salt Tectonics Source Rock Structure " style="position: relative;"> <a href='https://www.aapg.org/global/middleeast/blog/article/articleid/55842/aapg-structural-styles-of-the-middle-east-gtw-event-review' > <div class="image-overlay "></div> <noscript data-slimmage>  <img itemprop="image" class=" lazy " data-original="/Portals/0/PackFlashItemImages/WebReady/blog-mer-AAPG-Structural-Styles-of-the-Middle-East-GTW-event-review-hero.jpg?width=200&height=200&mode=crop&anchor=middlecenter&encoder=freeimage&progressive=true&quality=90&scale=both&bgcolor=ffffff" src="/portals/0/PackFlashItemImages/WebReady/blog-mer-AAPG-Structural-Styles-of-the-Middle-East-GTW-event-review-hero.jpg?width=200&height=200&mode=crop&anchor=middlecenter&encoder=freeimage&progressive=true&quality=90&scale=both&bgcolor=ffffff" alt="AAPG"> </noscript> </a> </div> <div class="text Middle East Blog 1plus4 Rotation Basin Modeling and Geochemistry Maturation Member Salt Tectonics Source Rock Structure " id="pfid_55842"> <div class="author content-type" style="margin-bottom: 0px;"> <span class="content-type">Middle East Blog</span> <span itemprop="author">By Brittany Welch</span> </div> <div class="h5" itemprop="headline"> <a itemprop="url" href='https://www.aapg.org/global/middleeast/blog/article/articleid/55842/aapg-structural-styles-of-the-middle-east-gtw-event-review' >AAPG Structural Styles of the Middle East GTW – Event Review</a> </div>  <div class="summary" itemprop="description"><p>The second edition of AAPG’s Structural Styles of the Middle East GTW took place from 9-11 December 2019 at the Sundus Rotana Hotel in Muscat, Oman. The workshop attracted 87 attendees from 23 different companies and 11 different countries.</p></div> </div> <meta itemprop="inLanguage" content="English"> <span style="display: none;" itemprop="publisher" itemscope="" itemtype="https://schema.org/Organization"> <span itemprop="name">American Association of Petroleum Geologists (AAPG)</span> <meta itemprop="logo" content="https://img.aapg.org/Portals/0/images/_site/AAPG-logo-footer.png"> </span> <div class="morelink">Added on <span itemprop="datePublished" class="schema">07 January, 2020</span></div> </div>  <div class="list-with-images explorer-articles dnnClear" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">  <div class="litImage Latin America Blog No Rotation Basin Modeling Basin Modeling and Geochemistry Business and Economics Carbonate Platforms Carbonate Reefs Carbonates Clastics Completion and Production Conventional Drilling Conventional Sandstones Deep Basin Gas Deep Sea / Deepwater Deepwater Turbidites Drilling Economics Engineering Environmental Evaporites Extensional Systems Ground Water Low Stand Deposits Maturation Migration Primary Recovery Reservoir Engineering Resource Estimation Risk Analysis Salt Salt Tectonics Sebkha Secondary Recovery Sedimentology and Stratigraphy Structural Analysis (Other) Structure Tectonics (General) " style="position: relative;"> <a href='https://www.aapg.org/global/latinamerica/blog/article/articleid/52934/join-us-in-rio-solutions-for-appraisal-development-of-onshore-and-offshore-fields-13-14-june' > <div class="image-overlay "></div> <noscript data-slimmage>  <img itemprop="image" class=" lazy " data-original="/Portals/0/PackFlashItemImages/WebReady/lacr-gtw-brazil-2019-hero.jpg?width=200&height=200&mode=crop&anchor=middlecenter&encoder=freeimage&progressive=true&quality=90&scale=both&bgcolor=ffffff" src="/portals/0/PackFlashItemImages/WebReady/lacr-gtw-brazil-2019-hero.jpg?width=200&height=200&mode=crop&anchor=middlecenter&encoder=freeimage&progressive=true&quality=90&scale=both&bgcolor=ffffff" alt="AAPG"> </noscript> </a> </div> <div class="text Latin America Blog No Rotation Basin Modeling Basin Modeling and Geochemistry Business and Economics Carbonate Platforms Carbonate Reefs Carbonates Clastics Completion and Production Conventional Drilling Conventional Sandstones Deep Basin Gas Deep Sea / Deepwater Deepwater Turbidites Drilling Economics Engineering Environmental Evaporites Extensional Systems Ground Water Low Stand Deposits Maturation Migration Primary Recovery Reservoir Engineering Resource Estimation Risk Analysis Salt Salt Tectonics Sebkha Secondary Recovery Sedimentology and Stratigraphy Structural Analysis (Other) Structure Tectonics (General) " id="pfid_52934"> <div class="author content-type" style="margin-bottom: 0px;"> <span class="content-type">Latin America Blog</span> <span itemprop="author">By Emily Llinás</span> </div> <div class="h5" itemprop="headline"> <a itemprop="url" href='https://www.aapg.org/global/latinamerica/blog/article/articleid/52934/join-us-in-rio-solutions-for-appraisal-development-of-onshore-and-offshore-fields-13-14-june' >Join us in Rio: Solutions for Appraisal & Development of Onshore and Offshore Fields – 13-14 June</a> </div>  <div class="show-more-snippet fade"><div class="summary" itemprop="description"><p>AAPG and the Brazilian Association of Petroleum Geologists invite you to join us for GTW Brazil 2019: Solutions for Appraisal and Development of Onshore and Offshore Fields, a Geosciences Technology Workshop (GTW) to be held at the Hilton Rio de Janeiro in Copacabana on 13-14 June. The workshop features a series of technical presentations, panels, roundtable discussions and networking opportunities with leaders and experts from Petrobras, Shell, Total, Enauta, and other local and international operators.</p></div></div><a class='show-more'>Show more</a> </div> <meta itemprop="inLanguage" content="English"> <span style="display: none;" itemprop="publisher" itemscope="" itemtype="https://schema.org/Organization"> <span itemprop="name">American Association of Petroleum Geologists (AAPG)</span> <meta itemprop="logo" content="https://img.aapg.org/Portals/0/images/_site/AAPG-logo-footer.png"> </span> <div class="morelink">Added on <span itemprop="datePublished" class="schema">23 May, 2019</span></div> </div>  <div class="list-with-images explorer-articles dnnClear" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">  <div class="litImage Search and Discovery Article 1plus4 Rotation Basin Modeling and Geochemistry Maturation " style="position: relative;"> <a href='http://www.searchanddiscovery.com/pdfz/documents/2017/10903ruble/ndx_ruble.pdf.html' > <div class="image-overlay "></div> <noscript data-slimmage>  <img itemprop="image" class=" lazy " data-original="https://img.aapg.orghttp://www.searchanddiscovery.com/pdfz/documents/2017/10903ruble/ndx_ruble.pdf.html?pdfwidth=1000&pdfheight=1000&subpixels=true&page=1&format=jpg&width=100&height=100&mode=crop&anchor=topcenter&quality=90&encoder=freeimage&progressive=true&trim.threshold=255" src="https://img.aapg.orghttp://www.searchanddiscovery.com/pdfz/documents/2017/10903ruble/ndx_ruble.pdf.html?pdfwidth=1000&pdfheight=1000&subpixels=true&page=1&format=jpg&width=100&height=100&mode=crop&anchor=topcenter&quality=90&encoder=freeimage&progressive=true&trim.threshold=255" alt="AAPG"> </noscript> </a> </div> <div class="text Search and Discovery Article 1plus4 Rotation Basin Modeling and Geochemistry Maturation " id="pfid_37771"> <div class="author content-type" style="margin-bottom: 0px;"> <span class="content-type">Search and Discovery Article</span> <span itemprop="author">By Albert S. Wylie,Samuel D. Ely,Tim Ruble,Wayne R. Knowles</span> </div> <div class="h5" itemprop="headline"> <a itemprop="url" href='http://www.searchanddiscovery.com/pdfz/documents/2017/10903ruble/ndx_ruble.pdf.html' >Assessing Thermal Maturity in Cambrian Source Rocks, Rome Trough, Appalachian Basin: Organic Petrology Complexities</a> </div>  <div class="show-more-snippet fade"><div class="summary" itemprop="description"><p>Interpretations of thermal maturation provide critical data needed for both conventional and unconventional resource assessments. The absence of true vitrinite in pre-Devonian sediments eliminates one of the most commonly measured geothermometers used for thermal maturity determination. Programmed pyrolysis parameters like Tmax can be of limited utility given the maturity regime. However, other organic macerals are potentially available to constrain thermal maturity. The current organic petrology study has been undertaken to provide a very detailed comparison of reflectance measurements on pyrobitumens, “vitrinite-like” material and graptolites. In the Appalachian Basin of North America, Cambrian-aged source rocks were deposited in shallow water mixed carbonate-siliciclastic depositional environments. Solid pyrobitumen material is found to occur in both lenticular lens/layer morphology as well as distinct pore-filling angular varieties. Published formulas to calculate Equivalent Reflectance (Eq. Ro) from solid bitumens have been applied to these discrete morphological populations. In addition, a newly developed formula to calculate Eq. Ro from angular pyrobitumen (VRc=0.866*BRo ang + 0.0274) is introduced based upon statistical evaluation of reflectance readings from a global dataset. “Vitrinite-like” organic macerals were found in rare abundance within these potential source rocks, but their occurrence enables an independent comparison to pyrobitumen Eq. Ro values. Graptolites are another organic maceral that can be evaluated via organic petrology, but caution should be utilized since these tend to show a high degree of anisotropy. The results of this investigation provide additional geochemical guidance to assist geologists in more accurately interpreting thermal maturity in the Rome Trough region of the Appalachian Basin.</p></div></div><a class='show-more'>Show more</a> </div> <meta itemprop="inLanguage" content="English"> <span style="display: none;" itemprop="publisher" itemscope="" itemtype="https://schema.org/Organization"> <span itemprop="name">American Association of Petroleum Geologists (AAPG)</span> <meta itemprop="logo" content="https://img.aapg.org/Portals/0/images/_site/AAPG-logo-footer.png"> </span> <div class="morelink">Added on <span itemprop="datePublished" class="schema">17 February, 2017</span></div> </div>  <div class="list-with-images explorer-articles dnnClear" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">  <div class="litImage Search and Discovery Article 1plus4 Rotation Basin Modeling and Geochemistry Maturation Sedimentology and Stratigraphy Sequence Stratigraphy " style="position: relative;"> <a href='http://www.searchanddiscovery.com/pdfz/documents/2016/41964tobey/ndx_tobey.pdf.html' > <div class="image-overlay "></div> <noscript data-slimmage>  <img itemprop="image" class=" lazy " data-original="https://img.aapg.orghttp://www.searchanddiscovery.com/pdfz/documents/2016/41964tobey/ndx_tobey.pdf.html?pdfwidth=1000&pdfheight=1000&subpixels=true&page=1&format=jpg&width=100&height=100&mode=crop&anchor=topcenter&quality=90&encoder=freeimage&progressive=true&trim.threshold=255" src="https://img.aapg.orghttp://www.searchanddiscovery.com/pdfz/documents/2016/41964tobey/ndx_tobey.pdf.html?pdfwidth=1000&pdfheight=1000&subpixels=true&page=1&format=jpg&width=100&height=100&mode=crop&anchor=topcenter&quality=90&encoder=freeimage&progressive=true&trim.threshold=255" alt="AAPG"> </noscript> </a> </div> <div class="text Search and Discovery Article 1plus4 Rotation Basin Modeling and Geochemistry Maturation Sedimentology and Stratigraphy Sequence Stratigraphy " id="pfid_37770"> <div class="author content-type" style="margin-bottom: 0px;"> <span class="content-type">Search and Discovery Article</span> <span itemprop="author">By Cat Campbell,Mark H. Tobey</span> </div> <div class="h5" itemprop="headline"> <a itemprop="url" href='http://www.searchanddiscovery.com/pdfz/documents/2016/41964tobey/ndx_tobey.pdf.html' >Hydrogen Index as a Maturity Proxy - Some Pitfalls and How to Overcome Them</a> </div>  <div class="show-more-snippet fade"><div class="summary" itemprop="description"><p>Rock-Eval hydrogen index (HI) is often used to compare relative maturities of a source horizon across a basin. Usually, there are several measurements from the source horizon at a single well, and the mean hydrogen index is calculated, or the S2 is plotted against TOC. The slope of the best fit line through that data is used as the representative HI for that well (sometimes referred to as the ‘slope HI ’ methodology). There is a potential flaw in both these methodologies; however, that renders the calculated HI as misleading if the source horizon being examined is not relatively uniform in source quality, vertically in the stratigraphic column. From a geologic perspective, it would be unusual for the source rock quality not to vary vertically in the stratigraphic column. Organic matter input, preservation, dilution, and sediment accumulation rate typically vary in many depositional environments over the millions of years required to create a thick source rock package. Nevertheless, there are source rocks which do display remarkable source-quality uniformity from top to bottom of the stratigraphic package. We have examined source rocks from several basins where the source quality is relatively uniform over the stratigraphic column, and source rocks where the source quality varies greatly over the stratigraphic column. Methodologies to assess hydrogen index at specific wells for the se two scenarios differ. Most geoscientists may not be familiar with why a single technique is not suitable for both these scenarios, or how to correctly use hydrogen index as a relative maturation proxy in the case where source rock quality is not uniform. We will demonstrate how to determine if your source rock quality is uniform or varied relative to HI over the stratigraphic column, and how to assign a hydrogen index to the different source facies when that source rock quality is not uniform. Further we will illustrate how to estimate the original hydrogen index of the different source facies and assign each a transformation ratio. The transformation ratio is a better proxy for relative maturity, since different source facies may have different present-day hydrogen indices, but their present-day transformation ratio should be quite similar.</p></div></div><a class='show-more'>Show more</a> </div> <meta itemprop="inLanguage" content="English"> <span style="display: none;" itemprop="publisher" itemscope="" itemtype="https://schema.org/Organization"> <span itemprop="name">American Association of Petroleum Geologists (AAPG)</span> <meta itemprop="logo" content="https://img.aapg.org/Portals/0/images/_site/AAPG-logo-footer.png"> </span> <div class="morelink">Added on <span itemprop="datePublished" class="schema">17 February, 2017</span></div> </div>  <div class="list-with-images explorer-articles dnnClear" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">  <div class="litImage Search and Discovery Article 1plus4 Rotation Basin Modeling and Geochemistry Maturation Migration Petroleum Systems " style="position: relative;"> <a href='http://www.searchanddiscovery.com/pdfz/documents/2016/41974ruebsam/ndx_ruebsam.pdf.html' > <div class="image-overlay "></div> <noscript data-slimmage>  <img itemprop="image" class=" lazy " data-original="https://img.aapg.orghttp://www.searchanddiscovery.com/pdfz/documents/2016/41974ruebsam/ndx_ruebsam.pdf.html?pdfwidth=1000&pdfheight=1000&subpixels=true&page=1&format=jpg&width=100&height=100&mode=crop&anchor=topcenter&quality=90&encoder=freeimage&progressive=true&trim.threshold=255" src="https://img.aapg.orghttp://www.searchanddiscovery.com/pdfz/documents/2016/41974ruebsam/ndx_ruebsam.pdf.html?pdfwidth=1000&pdfheight=1000&subpixels=true&page=1&format=jpg&width=100&height=100&mode=crop&anchor=topcenter&quality=90&encoder=freeimage&progressive=true&trim.threshold=255" alt="AAPG"> </noscript> </a> </div> <div class="text Search and Discovery Article 1plus4 Rotation Basin Modeling and Geochemistry Maturation Migration Petroleum Systems " id="pfid_37769"> <div class="author content-type" style="margin-bottom: 0px;"> <span class="content-type">Search and Discovery Article</span> <span itemprop="author">By Lorenz Schwark,Martin Stockhausen,Wolfgang Ruebsam</span> </div> <div class="h5" itemprop="headline"> <a itemprop="url" href='http://www.searchanddiscovery.com/pdfz/documents/2016/41974ruebsam/ndx_ruebsam.pdf.html' >Assessment of Temporal Source Rock Variability: An Example from the Lower Jurassic Posidonia Shale</a> </div>  <div class="show-more-snippet fade"><div class="summary" itemprop="description"><p>The assessment of the natural temporal variability of source rock units is critical for the understanding of petroleum systems as changes in mineral matrix, organic matter (OM) concentration, and composition can significantly affect expulsion efficiency, primary and secondary migration processes, hydrocarbon quality as well as oil source rock correlation. Already small-scaled fluctuations within sediment successions can critically influence migration efficiency. High-resolution investigation of a well-preserved Lower Jurassic drill core (Toarcian Posidonia Shale) revealed seven discrete and systematic intervals of deviating source rock quality. These were composed of homogenized, non-laminated marls of light grey color, opposed to laminated dark grey background sedimentation. Both lithotypes differentiate not only in mineral composition, but particularly in OM content and quality. An average TOC content of app. 3.9 wt.% reached by the grey marl, is faced by an average TOC content of app. 7.8 wt.% measured for the laminated dark grey marls. Average hydrogen index for grey non-laminated marls was app. 550 mg HC/g TOC, whereas much higher source rock quality with 780 mg HC/g TOC was attained in the dark laminated marls. The marls lower OM concentration and inferior OM quality generates important domains for preferential migration of products, originated from the dark grey layers, or hydrocarbon cluster in case of limited migration into adjacent reservoirs. To assess the potential for preferential intake of hydrocarbons by the coarser-grained light marls and their qualification as migration avenues, artificial maturation experiments were performed with both lithotypes. Hydrocarbon generation was simulated by hydrous pyrolysis in two successive temperature steps 330 °C and 360 °C, covering an early maturity stage, as well as the end of the oil window. Both lithologies show striking differences, not only for the extract yield, but also for the timing of generation. OM quality differences were reflected by variable n-alkane distributions and molecular maturity parameters. High-resolution continuous data produced by non-destructive techniques allows to draw conclusions on i) source rock potential, ii) expulsion and migration processes , and iii) on prediction of petroleum accumulation within the sediment succession. High-resolution investigation in combination with artificial maturation experiments represent an easy-to-use tool in petroleum system analysis.</p></div></div><a class='show-more'>Show more</a> </div> <meta itemprop="inLanguage" content="English"> <span style="display: none;" itemprop="publisher" itemscope="" itemtype="https://schema.org/Organization"> <span itemprop="name">American Association of Petroleum Geologists (AAPG)</span> <meta itemprop="logo" content="https://img.aapg.org/Portals/0/images/_site/AAPG-logo-footer.png"> </span> <div class="morelink">Added on <span itemprop="datePublished" class="schema">17 February, 2017</span></div> </div>  <div class="list-with-images explorer-articles dnnClear" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">  <div class="litImage Search and Discovery Article 1plus4 Rotation Basin Modeling and Geochemistry Carbonates Clastics Kerogen Typing Maturation Migration Petroleum Systems Sedimentology and Stratigraphy Stratigraphic Traps Structural Traps Thermal History Tight Gas Sands " style="position: relative;"> <a href='http://www.searchanddiscovery.com/pdfz/documents/2016/41968sonnenberg/ndx_sonnenberg.pdf.html' > <div class="image-overlay "></div> <noscript data-slimmage>  <img itemprop="image" class=" lazy " data-original="https://img.aapg.orghttp://www.searchanddiscovery.com/pdfz/documents/2016/41968sonnenberg/ndx_sonnenberg.pdf.html?pdfwidth=1000&pdfheight=1000&subpixels=true&page=1&format=jpg&width=100&height=100&mode=crop&anchor=topcenter&quality=90&encoder=freeimage&progressive=true&trim.threshold=255" src="https://img.aapg.orghttp://www.searchanddiscovery.com/pdfz/documents/2016/41968sonnenberg/ndx_sonnenberg.pdf.html?pdfwidth=1000&pdfheight=1000&subpixels=true&page=1&format=jpg&width=100&height=100&mode=crop&anchor=topcenter&quality=90&encoder=freeimage&progressive=true&trim.threshold=255" alt="AAPG"> </noscript> </a> </div> <div class="text Search and Discovery Article 1plus4 Rotation Basin Modeling and Geochemistry Carbonates Clastics Kerogen Typing Maturation Migration Petroleum Systems Sedimentology and Stratigraphy Stratigraphic Traps Structural Traps Thermal History Tight Gas Sands " id="pfid_37767"> <div class="author content-type" style="margin-bottom: 0px;"> <span class="content-type">Search and Discovery Article</span> <span itemprop="author">By Larry Meckel,Stephen A. Sonnenberg</span> </div> <div class="h5" itemprop="headline"> <a itemprop="url" href='http://www.searchanddiscovery.com/pdfz/documents/2016/41968sonnenberg/ndx_sonnenberg.pdf.html' >Our Current Working Model for Unconventional Tight Petroleum Systems: Oil and Gas</a> </div>  <div class="show-more-snippet fade"><div class="summary" itemprop="description"><p>The driving forces for conventional accumulations (structural or stratigraphic traps) are Forces of Buoyancy which are due to differences in densities of hydrocarbons and water. In contrast, the driving forces for unconventional tight accumulations are Forces of Expulsion which are produced by high pressures. That is an enormous difference and creates unconventional petroleum systems that are characterized by very different and distinctive characteristics. The Force of Expulsion pressures are created by the significant increase in volume when any of the three main kerogen types are converted to hydrocarbons. At those conversion times in the burial history, the rocks are already sufficiently tight so the large volumes of generated hydrocarbons cannot efficiently escape through the existing tight pore system, thus creating a permeability bottleneck that produces an overpressured compartment over a large area corresponding to the proper thermal oil and gas maturities for that basin. The forces initially created in these source rocks can only go limited distances into adjacent tight reservoirs (clastics or carbonates) above or below the source. The exact distance will vary depending on the pressure increase, matrix permeability, and fractures of that specific tight reservoir system. In general, the distances are small, in the orders of 10s to 100s of feet for oil and larger for more mobile gas systems. Those exact distance numbers are subject to ongoing investigations. A plot of the pressure data versus elevation for a given formation is critical in determining whether an accumulation is conventional or unconventional. Conventional accumulations will have hydrocarbon columns of 10s to 100s of feet with the pressure in the hydrocarbons and that in the water equal at the bottom of the accumulation (at the HC-water contact). In contrast, the unconventional accumulations will show HC column heights of 1000s of feet with the pressure in the hydrocarbon phase and the water phase being the same at the top of the accumulation (at the updip transition zone). Those significant differences are critical for understanding and differentiating these two play types. Because the system is a pore throat bottleneck with very little or minimum lateral migration, the type of hydrocarbon s are closely tied to the thermal maturity required to generate those hydrocarbons. Thus the play concept begins with two important geochemical considerations: (1) where are the source rocks and what are the kerogen types and organic richness (TOC), and (2 ) where are they mature in the basin for oil, condensate, and gas in the basin. These parameters will very quickly define the fairway for the play. Then one has to add the critical information on the reservoirs themselves: composition (brittleness), thickness, and reservoir quality (matrix porosity and permeability). In summary, these tight unconventional petroleum systems (1) are dynamic , and (2) create a regionally inverted petroleum system with water over oil over condensate over gas for source rocks wit h Type I or II kerogen types.</p></div></div><a class='show-more'>Show more</a> </div> <meta itemprop="inLanguage" content="English"> <span style="display: none;" itemprop="publisher" itemscope="" itemtype="https://schema.org/Organization"> <span itemprop="name">American Association of Petroleum Geologists (AAPG)</span> <meta itemprop="logo" content="https://img.aapg.org/Portals/0/images/_site/AAPG-logo-footer.png"> </span> <div class="morelink">Added on <span itemprop="datePublished" class="schema">17 February, 2017</span></div> </div>  <div class="list-with-images explorer-articles dnnClear" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">  <div class="litImage Latin America Blog No Rotation (Carbonate) Shelf Sand Deposits 3D Seismic Basin Modeling Basin Modeling and Geochemistry Business and Economics Carbonate Platforms Carbonate Reefs Carbonates Clastics Completion and Production Compressional Systems Conventional Drilling Conventional Sandstones Coring Deepwater Turbidites Direct Hydrocarbon Indicators Drilling Economics Engineering Environmental Extensional Systems Fold and Thrust Belts Geochemical Fingerprinting Geomechanics and Fracture Analysis Geophysics Gravity Ground Water Hydraulic Fracturing Lacustrine Deposits Magnetic Marine Maturation Oil and Gas Analysis Petroleum Systems Petrophysics and Well Logs Primary Recovery Remote Sensing Reservoir Engineering Resource Estimation Risk Analysis Secondary Recovery Sedimentology and Stratigraphy Seismic Seismic Attributes Shelf Sand Deposits Source Rock Structural Analysis (Other) Structural Traps Structure Tertiary Recovery " style="position: relative;"> <a href='http://www.aapg.org/global/latinamerica/blog/article/Articleid/22168/abstract-deadline-extended-for-gtw-peru-2015-increasing-the-recovery-factor-in-mature-oil-and-gas-fields' > <div class="image-overlay "></div> <noscript data-slimmage>  <img itemprop="image" class=" lazy " data-original="/Portals/0/PackFlashItemImages/WebReady/gtw-peru-2015-increasing-recovery-in-mature-fields-hero.jpg?width=200&height=200&mode=crop&anchor=middlecenter&encoder=freeimage&progressive=true&quality=90&scale=both&bgcolor=ffffff" src="/portals/0/PackFlashItemImages/WebReady/gtw-peru-2015-increasing-recovery-in-mature-fields-hero.jpg?width=200&height=200&mode=crop&anchor=middlecenter&encoder=freeimage&progressive=true&quality=90&scale=both&bgcolor=ffffff" alt="AAPG"> </noscript> </a> </div> <div class="text Latin America Blog No Rotation (Carbonate) Shelf Sand Deposits 3D Seismic Basin Modeling Basin Modeling and Geochemistry Business and Economics Carbonate Platforms Carbonate Reefs Carbonates Clastics Completion and Production Compressional Systems Conventional Drilling Conventional Sandstones Coring Deepwater Turbidites Direct Hydrocarbon Indicators Drilling Economics Engineering Environmental Extensional Systems Fold and Thrust Belts Geochemical Fingerprinting Geomechanics and Fracture Analysis Geophysics Gravity Ground Water Hydraulic Fracturing Lacustrine Deposits Magnetic Marine Maturation Oil and Gas Analysis Petroleum Systems Petrophysics and Well Logs Primary Recovery Remote Sensing Reservoir Engineering Resource Estimation Risk Analysis Secondary Recovery Sedimentology and Stratigraphy Seismic Seismic Attributes Shelf Sand Deposits Source Rock Structural Analysis (Other) Structural Traps Structure Tertiary Recovery " id="pfid_22168"> <div class="author content-type" style="margin-bottom: 0px;"> <span class="content-type">Latin America Blog</span> <span itemprop="author">By Emily Llinás</span> </div> <div class="h5" itemprop="headline"> <a itemprop="url" href='http://www.aapg.org/global/latinamerica/blog/article/Articleid/22168/abstract-deadline-extended-for-gtw-peru-2015-increasing-the-recovery-factor-in-mature-oil-and-gas-fields' >Abstract Deadline extended for GTW Peru 2015: Increasing the Recovery Factor in Mature Oil and Gas Fields</a> </div>  <div class="summary" itemprop="description"><p>Share your knowledge and learn from others at this multidisciplinary workshop to be held in Lima, Peru on 15-16 October 2015. Presentation proposals are due 30 August 2015. </p></div> </div> <meta itemprop="inLanguage" content="English"> <span style="display: none;" itemprop="publisher" itemscope="" itemtype="https://schema.org/Organization"> <span itemprop="name">American Association of Petroleum Geologists (AAPG)</span> <meta itemprop="logo" content="https://img.aapg.org/Portals/0/images/_site/AAPG-logo-footer.png"> </span> <div class="morelink">Added on <span itemprop="datePublished" class="schema">18 August, 2015</span></div> </div>     </div> <script type="text/javascript"> /*var moreText = "Show details", lessText = "Hide details", moreButton = $("a.readmorebtn"); moreButton.click(function () { var $this = $(this); $this.text($this.text() == moreText ? lessText : moreText).nextAll(".more").slideToggle("fast"); }); */ $(".show-more").each(function() { var parent_id = "#" + $(this).parent("div").attr("id"); $(this).click(function() { var minimum_height = (parseInt($(parent_id + " .show-more-snippet .summary").css("line-height"), 10) * 5) + "px"; console.log(minimum_height); //if($(parent_id + ' .show-more-snippet').css('height') != '35px'){ if($(parent_id + " .show-more-snippet").css("height") != minimum_height){ //$(parent_id + ' .show-more-snippet').stop().animate({height: '35px'}, 200); $(parent_id + " .show-more-snippet").stop().animate({height: minimum_height}, 200).addClass("fade"); $(this).text("Show more"); }else{ $(parent_id + " .show-more-snippet").css({height:"100%"}).removeClass("fade"); var xx = $(parent_id + " .show-more-snippet").height(); //$(parent_id + ' .show-more-snippet').css({height:'35px'}); $(parent_id + " .show-more-snippet").css({height: minimum_height}); $(parent_id + " .show-more-snippet").stop().animate({height: xx}, 400); // ^^ The above is beacuse you can't animate css to 100% (or any percentage). 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} .No_Title_White div.category-header-h5 p, .No_Title_White div.category-header-h5 p:last-child, div.category-header-h5 p, div.category-header-h5 p:last-child { margin-bottom: 20px !important; margin: 0 0 20px !important; } .explorer-articles .text div.author.content-type:not(:visible) + div.h5 { padding: 0 5px 0 0; } div[class*="4Pane"] div[class*="dark_content"] .list-with-images .h5 a { color: #fff; text-shadow: 1px 1px 2px #333 !important; } div[class*="4Pane"] div[class*="dark_content"] .list-with-images .h5 a:hover { /*color: #61A63A !important;*/ color: #F7941E !important; } div[class*="4Pane"] div[class*="dark_content"] .list-with-images div.h5 a:before { content: ""; } } .ToggleEditButtons { text-align: right; display: none; } .ToggleEditButtons a:hover { cursor: pointer; } </style> <div class="items">    <div class="list-with-images explorer-articles dnnClear" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Event">  <div class="litImage Online e-Symposium e-Symposium Post Event PaidAccess Basin Modeling and Geochemistry Coalbed Methane Maturation Shale Gas " style="position: relative;"> <a href='http://www.aapg.org/career/training/online/e-symposia/details/articleid/1445/the-application-of-thermal-maturation-heat-flow-and-organic-facies-for-unconventional-shale-gas-evaluation' > <div class="image-overlay "></div> <noscript data-slimmage>  <img itemprop="image" class=" lazy " data-original="/Portals/0/PackFlashItemImages/WebReady/oc-es-application-of-thermal-maturation.jpg?width=200&height=200&mode=crop&anchor=middlecenter&encoder=freeimage&progressive=true&quality=90&scale=both&bgcolor=ffffff" src="/portals/0/PackFlashItemImages/WebReady/oc-es-application-of-thermal-maturation.jpg?width=200&height=200&mode=crop&anchor=middlecenter&encoder=freeimage&progressive=true&quality=90&scale=both&bgcolor=ffffff" alt="AAPG"> </noscript> </a> </div> <div class="text Online e-Symposium e-Symposium Post Event PaidAccess Basin Modeling and Geochemistry Coalbed Methane Maturation Shale Gas " id="pfid_1445"> <div class="author content-type" style="margin-bottom: 0px;"> <span class="content-type">Online e-Symposium</span> </div> <div class="city-state-country"></div> <div class="dates"><span class="weekday schema">Thursday, </span>29 October 2009<span class="time schema">, 12:00 a.m.–12:00 a.m.</span></div> <div class="h5" itemprop="headline"> <a itemprop="url" href='http://www.aapg.org/career/training/online/e-symposia/details/articleid/1445/the-application-of-thermal-maturation-heat-flow-and-organic-facies-for-unconventional-shale-gas-evaluation' >The Application of Thermal Maturation, Heat Flow, and Organic Facies for Unconventional Shale Gas Evaluation</a> </div>  <div class="summary" itemprop="description"><p>Expanded package for CEU credit is $100 for AAPG members, and $145 for non-members. Special Student Pricing: $25 for Webinar only; $35 for Expanded package.</p></div> </div> <meta itemprop="inLanguage" content="English"> <span style="display: none;" itemprop="publisher" itemscope="" itemtype="https://schema.org/Organization"> <span itemprop="name">American Association of Petroleum Geologists (AAPG)</span> <meta itemprop="logo" content="https://img.aapg.org/Portals/0/images/_site/AAPG-logo-footer.png"> </span> <div class="morelink">Added on <span itemprop="datePublished" class="schema">02 December, 2013</span></div> </div>  <div class="list-with-images explorer-articles dnnClear" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Event">  <div class="litImage Online e-Symposium 1plus4 Rotation e-Symposium Post Event PaidAccess Basin Modeling and Geochemistry Maturation Migration Oil and Gas Analysis Shale Gas Source Rock " style="position: relative;"> <a href='https://www.aapg.org/career/training/online/e-symposia/details/articleid/11967/multiscale-modeling-of-gas-transport-and-storage-in-shale-resources' > <div class="image-overlay "></div> <noscript data-slimmage>  <img itemprop="image" class=" lazy " data-original="/Portals/0/PackFlashItemImages/WebReady/esymp-multiscale-modeling-of-gas-transport-hero.jpg?width=200&height=200&mode=crop&anchor=middlecenter&encoder=freeimage&progressive=true&quality=90&scale=both&bgcolor=ffffff" src="/portals/0/PackFlashItemImages/WebReady/esymp-multiscale-modeling-of-gas-transport-hero.jpg?width=200&height=200&mode=crop&anchor=middlecenter&encoder=freeimage&progressive=true&quality=90&scale=both&bgcolor=ffffff" alt="AAPG"> </noscript> </a> </div> <div class="text Online e-Symposium 1plus4 Rotation e-Symposium Post Event PaidAccess Basin Modeling and Geochemistry Maturation Migration Oil and Gas Analysis Shale Gas Source Rock " id="pfid_11967"> <div class="author content-type" style="margin-bottom: 0px;"> <span class="content-type">Online e-Symposium</span> </div> <div class="city-state-country"></div> <div class="dates"><span class="weekday schema">Tuesday, </span>2 December 2014<span class="time schema">, 2:00 p.m.–3:00 p.m.</span></div> <div class="h5" itemprop="headline"> <a itemprop="url" href='https://www.aapg.org/career/training/online/e-symposia/details/articleid/11967/multiscale-modeling-of-gas-transport-and-storage-in-shale-resources' >Multiscale Modeling of Gas Transport and Storage In Shale Resources</a> </div>  <div class="summary" itemprop="description"><p>The gas transport in organic-rich shales involves different length-scales, from organic and inorganic pores to macro- and macrofractures. In order to upscale the fluid transport from nanoscale (flow through nanopores) to larger scales (to micro- and macrofractures), multicontinuum methodology is planned to be used.</p></div> </div> <meta itemprop="inLanguage" content="English"> <span style="display: none;" itemprop="publisher" itemscope="" itemtype="https://schema.org/Organization"> <span itemprop="name">American Association of Petroleum Geologists (AAPG)</span> <meta itemprop="logo" content="https://img.aapg.org/Portals/0/images/_site/AAPG-logo-footer.png"> </span> <div class="morelink">Added on <span itemprop="datePublished" class="schema">08 September, 2014</span></div> </div>  <div class="list-with-images explorer-articles dnnClear" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Event">  <div class="litImage Online e-Symposium e-Symposium Post Event PaidAccess Basin Modeling and Geochemistry Carbonates Clastics Maturation Oil and Gas Analysis Sedimentology and Stratigraphy Source Rock Thermal History " style="position: relative;"> <a href='http://www.aapg.org/career/training/online/e-symposia/details/articleid/1465/geochemical-evaluation-of-eagle-ford-group-source-rocks-and-oils-from-the-first-shot-field-texas' > <div class="image-overlay "></div> <noscript data-slimmage>  <img itemprop="image" class=" lazy " data-original="/Portals/0/PackFlashItemImages/WebReady/oc-es-geochemical-evaluation-of-eagle-ford-group-source.jpg?width=200&height=200&mode=crop&anchor=middlecenter&encoder=freeimage&progressive=true&quality=90&scale=both&bgcolor=ffffff" src="/portals/0/PackFlashItemImages/WebReady/oc-es-geochemical-evaluation-of-eagle-ford-group-source.jpg?width=200&height=200&mode=crop&anchor=middlecenter&encoder=freeimage&progressive=true&quality=90&scale=both&bgcolor=ffffff" alt="AAPG"> </noscript> </a> </div> <div class="text Online e-Symposium e-Symposium Post Event PaidAccess Basin Modeling and Geochemistry Carbonates Clastics Maturation Oil and Gas Analysis Sedimentology and Stratigraphy Source Rock Thermal History " id="pfid_1465"> <div class="author content-type" style="margin-bottom: 0px;"> <span class="content-type">Online e-Symposium</span> </div> <div class="city-state-country"></div> <div class="dates"><span class="weekday schema">Thursday, </span>11 November 2010<span class="time schema">, 12:00 a.m.–12:00 a.m.</span></div> <div class="h5" itemprop="headline"> <a itemprop="url" href='http://www.aapg.org/career/training/online/e-symposia/details/articleid/1465/geochemical-evaluation-of-eagle-ford-group-source-rocks-and-oils-from-the-first-shot-field-texas' >Geochemical Evaluation of Eagle Ford Group Source Rocks and Oils from the First Shot Field, Texas</a> </div>  <div class="summary" itemprop="description"><p>This e-symposium is ideal for geologists, geophysicists, engineers and other geoscientists who are involved in gas shale exploration and production. </p></div> </div> <meta itemprop="inLanguage" content="English"> <span style="display: none;" itemprop="publisher" itemscope="" itemtype="https://schema.org/Organization"> <span itemprop="name">American Association of Petroleum Geologists (AAPG)</span> <meta itemprop="logo" content="https://img.aapg.org/Portals/0/images/_site/AAPG-logo-footer.png"> </span> <div class="morelink">Added on <span itemprop="datePublished" class="schema">02 December, 2013</span></div> </div>  <div class="list-with-images explorer-articles dnnClear" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Event">  <div class="litImage Online e-Symposium 1plus4 Rotation e-Symposium Post Event PaidAccess Basin Modeling and Geochemistry Maturation Oil and Gas Analysis Oil Shale Shale Gas " style="position: relative;"> <a href='https://www.aapg.org/career/training/online/e-symposia/details/articleid/1436/green-river-shales-geochemical-basin-study' > <div class="image-overlay "></div> <noscript data-slimmage>  <img itemprop="image" class=" lazy " data-original="/Portals/0/PackFlashItemImages/WebReady/oc-es-green-river-shales-geochemical-basin-study.jpg?width=200&height=200&mode=crop&anchor=middlecenter&encoder=freeimage&progressive=true&quality=90&scale=both&bgcolor=ffffff" src="/portals/0/PackFlashItemImages/WebReady/oc-es-green-river-shales-geochemical-basin-study.jpg?width=200&height=200&mode=crop&anchor=middlecenter&encoder=freeimage&progressive=true&quality=90&scale=both&bgcolor=ffffff" alt="AAPG"> </noscript> </a> </div> <div class="text Online e-Symposium 1plus4 Rotation e-Symposium Post Event PaidAccess Basin Modeling and Geochemistry Maturation Oil and Gas Analysis Oil Shale Shale Gas " id="pfid_1436"> <div class="author content-type" style="margin-bottom: 0px;"> <span class="content-type">Online e-Symposium</span> </div> <div class="city-state-country"></div> <div class="dates"><span class="weekday schema">Tuesday, </span>16 August 2011<span class="time schema">, 12:00 a.m.–12:00 a.m.</span></div> <div class="h5" itemprop="headline"> <a itemprop="url" href='https://www.aapg.org/career/training/online/e-symposia/details/articleid/1436/green-river-shales-geochemical-basin-study' >Green River Shales: Geochemical Basin Study</a> </div>  <div class="summary" itemprop="description"><p>The geochemistry of formation fluids (water and hydrocarbon gases) in the Uinta Basin, Utah, is evaluated at the regional scale based on fluid sampling and compilation of past records.</p></div> </div> <meta itemprop="inLanguage" content="English"> <span style="display: none;" itemprop="publisher" itemscope="" itemtype="https://schema.org/Organization"> <span itemprop="name">American Association of Petroleum Geologists (AAPG)</span> <meta itemprop="logo" content="https://img.aapg.org/Portals/0/images/_site/AAPG-logo-footer.png"> </span> <div class="morelink">Added on <span itemprop="datePublished" class="schema">02 December, 2013</span></div> </div>  <div class="list-with-images explorer-articles dnnClear" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Event">  <div class="litImage Online e-Symposium e-Symposium Post Event PaidAccess Basin Modeling and Geochemistry Carbonates Clastics Completion and Production Directional Drilling Drilling Engineering Evaporites Extensional Systems Hydraulic Fracturing Maturation Oil Shale Petroleum Systems Salt Sedimentology and Stratigraphy Shale Gas Source Rock Structure Tectonics (General) Tight Gas Sands " style="position: relative;"> <a href='https://www.aapg.org/career/training/online/e-symposia/details/Articleid/1471/the-niobrara-petroleum-system-a-major-tight-resource-play-in-the-rocky-mountain-region' > <div class="image-overlay "></div> <noscript data-slimmage>  <img itemprop="image" class=" lazy " data-original="/Portals/0/PackFlashItemImages/WebReady/oc-es-niobrara-petroleum-system-a-major-tight-resource-play.jpg?width=200&height=200&mode=crop&anchor=middlecenter&encoder=freeimage&progressive=true&quality=90&scale=both&bgcolor=ffffff" src="/portals/0/PackFlashItemImages/WebReady/oc-es-niobrara-petroleum-system-a-major-tight-resource-play.jpg?width=200&height=200&mode=crop&anchor=middlecenter&encoder=freeimage&progressive=true&quality=90&scale=both&bgcolor=ffffff" alt="AAPG"> </noscript> </a> </div> <div class="text Online e-Symposium e-Symposium Post Event PaidAccess Basin Modeling and Geochemistry Carbonates Clastics Completion and Production Directional Drilling Drilling Engineering Evaporites Extensional Systems Hydraulic Fracturing Maturation Oil Shale Petroleum Systems Salt Sedimentology and Stratigraphy Shale Gas Source Rock Structure Tectonics (General) Tight Gas Sands " id="pfid_1471"> <div class="author content-type" style="margin-bottom: 0px;"> <span class="content-type">Online e-Symposium</span> </div> <div class="city-state-country"></div> <div class="dates"><span class="weekday schema">Thursday, </span>28 April 2011<span class="time schema">, 12:00 a.m.–12:00 a.m.</span></div> <div class="h5" itemprop="headline"> <a itemprop="url" href='https://www.aapg.org/career/training/online/e-symposia/details/Articleid/1471/the-niobrara-petroleum-system-a-major-tight-resource-play-in-the-rocky-mountain-region' >The Niobrara Petroleum System, a Major Tight Resource Play in the Rocky Mountain Region</a> </div>  <div class="summary" itemprop="description"><p>The Niobrara Petroleum System of the U.S. Rocky Mountain Region is a major tight petroleum resource play.</p></div> </div> <meta itemprop="inLanguage" content="English"> <span style="display: none;" itemprop="publisher" itemscope="" itemtype="https://schema.org/Organization"> <span itemprop="name">American Association of Petroleum Geologists (AAPG)</span> <meta itemprop="logo" content="https://img.aapg.org/Portals/0/images/_site/AAPG-logo-footer.png"> </span> <div class="morelink">Added on <span itemprop="datePublished" class="schema">02 December, 2013</span></div> </div>     </div> <script type="text/javascript"> /*var moreText = 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If you don't want animation, you can ditch all of it and just leave: $('.show-more-snippet').css({height:'100%'});^^ // $(this).text("Show less"); } }); }); // over 450 characters in summary should trigger "more" </script>  <div class="morelink" align="right"><a target="_blank" href="//www.aapg.org/career/training/online">View All Online Training ...</a></div> </div></div><div id="findanexpert" class="mtop ui-tabs-panel ui-widget-content ui-corner-bottom" role="tabpanel" > <div class="tabs-request-visit"> <style> @media only screen and (min-width: 1025px) { .contact-list-item.cols2 .litImage.Professional a img, .contact-list-item.cols2 .litImage.Professional div img { width: 100px; height: auto; min-height: 75px; min-width: 88px; } .contact-list-item.youngpros.cols2 { min-height: 130px !important; } .contact-list-item.cab .contact-title, .contact-list-item.youngpros .contact-title, .contact-list-item.cab .contact-name, .contact-list-item.youngpros .contact-name { width: 100%; } .contact-list-item.cols2 .litImage.Professional { display: inline-block; 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} .OuterLeft4Pane .litImage a img, .OuterLeft4Pane .litImage div img , .Center4Pane .litImage a img, .Center4Pane .litImage div img , .OuterRight4Pane .litImage a img, .OuterRight4Pane .litImage div img , .Right4Pane .litImage a img, .Right4Pane .litImage div img { min-height: 0; min-width: 0; width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; max-width: 64px; } .OuterLeft4Pane .image-overlay , .Center4Pane .image-overlay , .OuterRight4Pane .image-overlay , .Right4Pane .image-overlay { display: block; position: absolute; width: 50px; height: 50px; } .OuterLeft4Pane .list-with-images.explorer-articles .morelink, .Center4Pane .list-with-images.explorer-articles .morelink, .OuterRight4Pane .list-with-images.explorer-articles .morelink, .Right4Pane .list-with-images.explorer-articles .morelink { display: none; } .OuterLeft4Pane .list-with-images .h5 a , .Center4Pane .list-with-images .h5 a , .OuterRight4Pane .list-with-images .h5 a , .Right4Pane .list-with-images .h5 a { font-size: 16px; color: #61A63A; 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These reservoirs contain enormous quantities of oil and natural gas but pose a technology challenge to both geoscientists and engineers to produce economically on a commercial scale. These reservoirs store large volumes and are widely distributed at different stratigraphic levels and basin types, offering long-term potential for energy supply. Most of these reservoirs are low permeability and porosity that need enhancement with hydraulic fracture stimulation to maximize fluid drainage. Production from these reservoirs is increasing with continued advancement in geological characterization techniques and technology for well drilling, logging, and completion with drainage enhancement. Currently, Australia, Argentina, Canada, Egypt, USA, and Venezuela are producing natural gas from low permeability reservoirs: tight-sand, shale, and coal (CBM). Canada, Russia, USA, and Venezuela are producing heavy oil from oilsand. USA is leading the development of techniques for exploring, and technology for exploiting unconventional gas resources, which can help to develop potential gas-bearing shales of Thailand. The main focus is on source-reservoir-seal shale petroleum plays. In these tight rocks petroleum resides in the micro-pores as well as adsorbed on and in the organics. Shale has very low matrix permeability (nano-darcies) and has highly layered formations with differences in vertical and horizontal properties, vertically non-homogeneous and horizontally anisotropic with complicate natural fractures. Understanding the rocks is critical in selecting fluid drainage enhancement mechanisms; rock properties such as where shale is clay or silica rich, clay types and maturation , kerogen type and maturation, permeability, porosity, and saturation. Most of these plays require horizontal development with large numbers of wells that require an understanding of formation structure, setting and reservoir character and its lateral extension. The quality of shale-gas resources depend on thickness of net pay (>100 m), adequate porosity (>2%), high reservoir pressure (ideally overpressure), high thermal maturity (>1.5% Ro), high organic richness (>2% TOC), low in clay (<50%), high in brittle minerals (quartz, carbonates, feldspars), and favourable in-situ stress. During the past decade, unconventional shale and tight-sand gas plays have become an important supply of natural gas in the US, and now in shale oil as well. As a consequence, interest to assess and explore these plays is rapidly spreading worldwide. The high production potential of shale petroleum resources has contributed to a comparably favourable outlook for increased future petroleum supplies globally. Application of 2D and 3D seismic for defining reservoirs and micro seismic for monitoring fracturing, measuring rock properties downhole (borehole imaging) and in laboratory (mineralogy, porosity, permeability), horizontal drilling (downhole GPS), and hydraulic fracture stimulation (cross-linked gel, slick-water, nitrogen or nitrogen foam) is key in improving production from these huge resources with low productivity factors.</p></div></div><a class='show-more'>Show more</a> <p style="/*float: right; height: auto; margin: 0 0 15px; width: 81%;*/"><a class="dnnPrimaryAction" href='//www.aapg.org/career/training/in-person/visiting-geoscientists/request-form'>Request a visit from Ameed Ghori!</a></p> </div> <meta itemprop="inLanguage" content="English"> <span style="display: none;" itemprop="publisher" itemscope="" itemtype="https://schema.org/Organization"> <span itemprop="name">American Association of Petroleum Geologists (AAPG)</span> <meta itemprop="logo" content="https://img.aapg.org/Portals/0/images/_site/AAPG-logo-footer.png"> </span> <div class="morelink">Added on <span itemprop="datePublished" class="schema">14 April, 2016</span></div> </div>  <div class="list-with-images explorer-articles dnnClear" itemscope="" itemtype="https://schema.org/Article"> <div class="litImage DL Abstract 1plus4 Rotation DL Abstracts Archived Basin Modeling Basin Modeling and Geochemistry Petroleum Systems " style="position: relative;"> <a href='https://www.aapg.org/career/training/in-person/distinguished-lecturer/abstract/articleid/65967'> <div class="image-overlay "></div> <noscript data-slimmage>  <img itemprop="image" class="lazy-sidebar" data-original="/Portals/0/PackFlashItemImages/WebReady/dl-abstract-the-assembly-of-pangea-a-view-from-laurentia-kurt-rudolph-hero.jpg?width=200&height=200&mode=crop&anchor=middlecenter&encoder=freeimage&progressive=true&quality=90&scale=both&bgcolor=ffffff" src="/portals/0/PackFlashItemImages/WebReady/dl-abstract-the-assembly-of-pangea-a-view-from-laurentia-kurt-rudolph-hero.jpg?width=200&height=200&mode=crop&anchor=middlecenter&encoder=freeimage&progressive=true&quality=90&scale=both&bgcolor=ffffff" alt="AAPG"> </noscript> </a> </div> <div class="text DL Abstract 1plus4 Rotation DL Abstracts Archived Basin Modeling Basin Modeling and Geochemistry Petroleum Systems " id="pfid_65967"> <div class="author content-type" style="margin-bottom: 0px;"> <span class="content-type">DL Abstract</span> <span class="author" itemprop="author">By Kurt W. Rudolph</span> </div> <div class="h5" itemprop="headline"> <a itemprop="url" href='https://www.aapg.org/career/training/in-person/distinguished-lecturer/abstract/articleid/65967'>The Assembly of Pangea, a View from Laurentia: Paleozoic Orogenies and their Impact on Basin Evolution and Petroleum Systems</a> </div>  <div class="show-more-snippet fade"><div class="summary" itemprop="description"><p>Paleozoic North America has experienced multiple mountain building events, from Ordovician to Permian, on all margins of the continent. These have had a profound effect on the resulting complex basins and their associated petroleum systems. Subsequent uplift, erosion and overprinting of these ancient systems impedes the direct observation of their tectonic history. However, the basin sedimentary records are more complete, and provide additional insights into the timing and style of the mountain building events. In this study, we employ ~90 1D basin models, ~30 inverse flexural models, isopachs, and paleogeographic maps to better understand the Paleozoic history of North America. </p></div></div><a class='show-more'>Show more</a> <p style="/*float: right; height: auto; margin: 0 0 15px; width: 81%;*/"><a class="dnnPrimaryAction" href='//www.aapg.org/career/training/in-person/distinguished-lecturers/arrange-for-a-lecturer'>Request a visit from Kurt W. Rudolph!</a></p> </div> <meta itemprop="inLanguage" content="English"> <span style="display: none;" itemprop="publisher" itemscope="" itemtype="https://schema.org/Organization"> <span itemprop="name">American Association of Petroleum Geologists (AAPG)</span> <meta itemprop="logo" content="https://img.aapg.org/Portals/0/images/_site/AAPG-logo-footer.png"> </span> <div class="morelink">Added on <span itemprop="datePublished" class="schema">14 September, 2023</span></div> </div>     </div> <script type="text/javascript"> /*var moreText = "Show details", lessText = "Hide details", moreButton = $("a.readmorebtn"); moreButton.click(function () { var $this = $(this); $this.text($this.text() == moreText ? lessText : moreText).nextAll(".more").slideToggle("fast"); }); */ $('.show-more').each(function() { var parent_id = "#" + $(this).parent("div").attr("id"); $(this).click(function() { var minimum_height = (parseInt($(parent_id + ' .show-more-snippet .summary').css('line-height'), 10) * 5) + 'px'; console.log(minimum_height); //if($(parent_id + ' .show-more-snippet').css('height') != '35px'){ if($(parent_id + ' .show-more-snippet').css('height') != minimum_height){ //$(parent_id + ' .show-more-snippet').stop().animate({height: '35px'}, 200); $(parent_id + ' .show-more-snippet').stop().animate({height: minimum_height}, 200).addClass("fade"); $(this).text('Show more'); }else{ $(parent_id + ' .show-more-snippet').css({height:'100%'}).removeClass("fade"); var xx = $(parent_id + ' .show-more-snippet').height(); //$(parent_id + ' .show-more-snippet').css({height:'35px'}); $(parent_id + ' .show-more-snippet').css({height: minimum_height}); $(parent_id + ' .show-more-snippet').stop().animate({height: xx}, 400); // ^^ The above is beacuse you can't animate css to 100% (or any percentage). So I change it to 100%, get the value, change it back, then animate it to the value. 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