CINXE.COM
Just a moment...
<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>Just a moment...</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><style>*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;color:#313131;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica Neue,Arial,Noto Sans,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol,Noto Color Emoji}body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100vh;min-height:100vh}.main-content{margin:8rem auto;max-width:60rem;padding-left:1.5rem}@media (width <= 720px){.main-content{margin-top:4rem}}.h2{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:2.25rem}@media (width <= 720px){.h2{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5rem}}#challenge-error-text{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding-left:34px}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body{background-color:#222;color:#d9d9d9}}</style><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="120"></head><body class="no-js"><div class="main-wrapper" role="main"><div class="main-content"><noscript><div class="h2"><span id="challenge-error-text">Enable JavaScript and cookies to continue</span></div></noscript></div></div><script>(function(){window._cf_chl_opt={cvId: '3',cZone: "publications.waset.org",cType: 'non-interactive',cRay: '91359b9db9533dad',cH: 'dgeIKD2GVPMMls_gHSBu9peOLaMEGwGiRWe9Hx_2L3Q-1739793530-1.2.1.1-KrYOYHfXDcHDHMGmQl_ud0.XR6IH5f5iuwECakN0FHfiBOXYi_8gm8uDVUl.gvZL',cUPMDTk: "\/abstracts\/search?q=James%20K.%20Hammitt&__cf_chl_tk=Gc.61Z1Efc3Of0R6t202i0cWcEpNMicAILUHXQFFRuo-1739793530-1.0.1.1-Rw71mVTxNDqV061rwboUZ8zZ8_oO7VHUQw1TIJov3hU",cFPWv: 'b',cITimeS: '1739793530',cTTimeMs: '1000',cMTimeMs: '120000',cTplC: 0,cTplV: 5,cTplB: 'cf',cK: "",fa: "\/abstracts\/search?q=James%20K.%20Hammitt&__cf_chl_f_tk=Gc.61Z1Efc3Of0R6t202i0cWcEpNMicAILUHXQFFRuo-1739793530-1.0.1.1-Rw71mVTxNDqV061rwboUZ8zZ8_oO7VHUQw1TIJov3hU",md: "Kr0QFKuIqRASFzL0z5necrqiM3sWiqvc7M0cZME.piw-1739793530-1.2.1.1-lwhIhjjygqnaUDBxr8X7TgE87.B0L2eZWaxw3xmjyiGXeEdTO8QSKGKUkTz72vL8pfSQJ6kIzidzDncgvf4Ro2eVPaOKLvMEgezmYjt_h1zncEo6EHv9QUjdOr4xgLdcZJ7_aakVxenMiIYZo5FWFVjumL7rz7xiUqrNZ0nHkPDp0aWnGgq832BtLVY0FB27HNS_sq9ji2Kftp77ARZbL78r2MBXPwjhBrRTwPnP_Lobom8RK5pvb_MjDiqoST8bK.uOc1o4d4Vp26nqt69k3iG9CpCCgapxtZXqfDbL2r3t2sZGq86_hZkijHskrm_uj82kU9xIVXja1f6.VVO93rzeUZ9hKM8D9Eu3rUA2fR7rI76kkWEUbMJGwN5XNF2Ut5e8Tu6DRZp4h7XG.YA1xTOaIbILK87baYA0IL0p5GN1j2d7Od4Lhoc6ul9gm1Nj19Fuku77QPH_5Fu6368wJFASjD9l7z_JT6UmvAh2Hvv9ANW.lHCgDFdtIKBoQ6Tsei4C4RwtnX25ohfoXwHdhVXij9jvoN1ldr9ycpw1R3JyXRqYw0aVaPhEjYJorjHLueoSqEFFuaggkrHHQt7vONJvu3JvXXA96.n2YCjzyGn.H0Vh1Ppxbr36r.2khc2yJu17WZmjtV_wGdOyI_Ao2847zK2q0YmALvlp0Oj.3kdOxxWTH8P9U210kTupMUbbIowKafXVh_jUvbXU_oVjwPAz0V2tyu8mNEFMFFcrKd5L512q.UpDFVroGAuSie9rRRHCxrCfNiJUCB7pgJ.aGdO00GaGo5DaQLvfRf7eaCfU1XPiyZ7QI.E1s7T7zGeCV9uMJdyXANZK5Ak8p28JLZy_UCeXH7ONer1wftfwapIlOBuglMHCg6s4UlczB_yMScRIozMnOwTWjXcjU_IdklD7RGd5VLge1Q7Cr1x2lcmjxWXz_9nMwqJRMFs_cV8_eP6QZJFNzgaEaK8a1Izr0morDWzE_rzlfqbNfhvXfXzv9Aa3rY1_ygXiRzeU4WVQQ7DQl9Pwc9vSjR33XmDC2fCXdJCRCfahnHCHqbz2FMpymQ67qzTJut17Hhpi6EpQuerjLkAa7ZzDM_C7em2o6W.5yGyW8zK8PfaJJ_Oy5BAttPSlYwlHGhka6BqFdyjRuyHQlD5YGe4rG05akT_Fkb_mvQ_7P.NCTkaJnenGVEUWGXv4aodBOIYee0tGvh8J8fsq7VE9meBgA5acqEJQEMWJvMgB4.Hv0G67etF8aGPvusOhSnMdwRPcjagBmfXOzegv4Qa26pAy7tgSgGtXAPM_TSWNJ8rtrUEaIizOeJAllDjZ1zfwnMGvXlDNZikhOgfrL7_hvsGV.E2QG9JBxq.hpyZewGKjRgtZPdKaiBWfKlusfcyXexuX_1P2Ocrq5zQPjp9rWw0mTaJVRokpeoR04nrz3N_qwYeSRxdEqzkKUd5hOD9VXU1elskspO4uF6aFdZoym0iU2.4YWHNruR0MH1NtP9mAnd.B1Q4DeFiCd3p5ODHo4HZ.zn2dDX91oyWHO7GQJjEfPbUJ8HRMTjFfhOKichGeUzpe_2oIYqRWaMRRXamZDKBIlPjU0aeyg1c7jsDBD6mR9fsSvWYlba0qe7me.27opyM2CVyNa6YhOYcBVuQaUODkNRVEL_.DU__T79Sshdlmd2ATkBYUfftr5MSADcntYXOn5NLGW_fiwq0PusZG.knWEBAmXdIRct7x2V1oB7wd9j5O9WOCbQ_iHybwSR_TLADMKvt2aSTnbJ12oYHDAK7QfaBvTZYG1cGIlT1akm1XQSI7x6VYgjGUVKKIhX.uoMqvUUkLAeuZjfQpHFtANp0SlweE3SeoYKvToaCGMWEmtohdy6EHdU_uftQeydf4AdElHpnmx81X7UnBbPkaf.8orNFHMiEeBo.Bi73LVVRkc3vx_SOW6Dv7IGQ39mpIwV1_RI3shok",mdrd: "UnrR0IXM0NwsnJv_9E2eMEXfMqt8QbdqDYowOubV.Ss-1739793530-1.2.1.1-FM0E4_C88pTWRKLxuO9upwa.zaPTs0KXJ.132dO8VLfgtx_hYQiYAeSYUE1WnKqp3Meo_x.wd06sH2ZF8nyaSifPv77R3S3PLsDBozuHkAJagZbmGaI5u_E.U1NUpOAFU_yBBzSShugo7kQ2xi0DZla1un0lQ2TvzNfR6LoBHVp9i9RN9y0CA996mBvdfzzPfSp4F6pXKNrzfE.56sLJNdVmRE.sC2WkFMhIwKkeZQ5pCdFC60zYdLbncju7SX9_5AJggYCGsArHUoj32AqfygMjRDBose1hiG4arrfnxlvBSnmM6z_2T2G1TayZCUyyXDs1pAQZZh3g3jCJ0eAnmAcWcYfYvHZJPEYaFr0ct0ODLubl7BuftkDR5T9C6_BxUA8xZhYawnDM8XKvEX8MUfIRf3UucX..szgBPqCZdOX_Tf05dA17MGPzXnx.cas83IzBGe0qZgefJ.wGANfDAbFyEAC1SAnCYDY7ErQHS5QGmmd7qxXXaBMzkCo0RdKzw758Z2T6w_Y_zp8I8zj6HK3u5SMtuBKsn7Ik81YcWOrwsKrWGO97Bv2.M1yZzGcCISt5ox264mI_qWMAs3ntjW4c__DtdiWInGxW.qZb7IE7N0musBkm.WepJC0gU.TGDW5ghvpE5A_sWGBtQ8of9PIfvKYKfrBaCmyTfS5VQS85s0rYx3gx7KXwTh7ESKH5ScZfM.FfEaLoJUz._66F9zNB8l9Bu.siI66bKq9fGUHMvlhVSDDNIz1g51xgYt0hfsawexeMeKIp0cIFxTwUfmphUEnTj1FMxxqc.NQZj0ILgF0IBs0XFCH.hHNwnSRIplTh7utl.COUufeIJIfjSLbH6IHNSkdTumYL2zr1zb60PzOH9rFS1hcCYy_2e6jDAdmBq2D7nNkWQMOoDe.cq2lBki7kmKjFZbdU67u4q9TuboDzWAzIE.h7J_uCz8OwDn51YPHiu3yyguPL7uRh7klWB4oGuddVGy6ABXQFKxAANfQeqXiqCe7_FDK5q9M54TQreheqSG6M.oxXRHEd4bc6Mura_Jc_ix6afyLxzdeGZ_7ZKZD.vHQ7SNPW7Q5SOimbiOdv5kV2S616k7L4qi_cxfDdW5Ha5WzU90bG0zY0zCP6HSnoFMTFUDmq3woKvOcU_tecEjXvx.DsAH5VIPnZYTdlSAq4b8JiPw_PB4gRDQRG00796Fvupb8oHNP9fAYbVw6kindkxAH21PPl.KAEEYBc8jmRJ6axy66CRYuBnB1Js3Yrsvbgk7yGeGzuxGfeEWdNjk36Adip7vim96PKUVoJxHIKeuHz3StG8ifaJTre6reeo63x.Wc884i32M8joy3uFW8.BoQ7T1kcH4pdkqE.bC02vIE_2rqMNcP6fRw0mM3NV0xzlKuKUsOpg5DtGoB5kHBWLLMaRw7E3nXXdgLvCURnVPu8bQL7SdXQz8I_u1HxOfZqY9_OoX8nJYvXz2xcRWVT0hbKod2IWgm2FFXfiaTAEbSyJjYzaeoF3BsQLc3CsgJ.Dxj_q7VqPl9TvxYG3xjfd.3ip9Mpk7HhC29oQVolG315t8bDXTNxwkPtDcDosnw68E9AiwV8vl1_OhE7UVk04jeWQIeYf1nmyjoEIZIyjjO0hxfftPObhywwlBQVobyhKUvDtf0XeVdsUbZlnzg24YjbJjr.NIOPf8TMkdh3zv91fnLqwf0T4JYTQ3r6W2qbRKgVndECq5mlJGvnJc.86A9z8G3_jP7a3udpRJQivph93Kj.YhJM0qVz3fORz3bEGoW5sEXqjHUdCDIdWo_rXHalzMDywZmuS_wE.5gcrzXh9zvoEdMa6GrYxP2J26EOeYGJaVDWgOIIryL0X1RzKo2mHKXQNRNvbfTnrH2H9.Kb0oVnV9iXkyzA_jCiLPbT6SZdrjO8F9mTXbP7B..pS8T1_cUIEYXkbksV3E6Vqz_y609NZatMGEb8GHAufCuodfDfriIk"};var cpo = document.createElement('script');cpo.src = '/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/b/orchestrate/chl_page/v1?ray=91359b9db9533dad';window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash = location.hash === '' && location.href.indexOf('#') !== -1 ? '#' : location.hash;window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery = location.search === '' && location.href.slice(0, location.href.length - window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash.length).indexOf('?') !== -1 ? '?' : location.search;if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) {var ogU = location.pathname + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash;history.replaceState(null, null, "\/abstracts\/search?q=James%20K.%20Hammitt&__cf_chl_rt_tk=Gc.61Z1Efc3Of0R6t202i0cWcEpNMicAILUHXQFFRuo-1739793530-1.0.1.1-Rw71mVTxNDqV061rwboUZ8zZ8_oO7VHUQw1TIJov3hU" + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash);cpo.onload = function() {history.replaceState(null, null, ogU);}}document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);}());</script></body></html>