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<li id="toc-1863–1945:_social_Darwinism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1863–1945:_social_Darwinism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>1863–1945: social Darwinism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1863–1945:_social_Darwinism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-From_1959_onwards:_genetic_determinism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#From_1959_onwards:_genetic_determinism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>From 1959 onwards: genetic determinism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-From_1959_onwards:_genetic_determinism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-From_1976_onwards:_Neo-Darwinism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#From_1976_onwards:_Neo-Darwinism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>From 1976 onwards: Neo-Darwinism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-From_1976_onwards:_Neo-Darwinism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-View_of_linguistics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#View_of_linguistics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>View of linguistics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-View_of_linguistics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Approaches" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Approaches"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Approaches</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Approaches-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon 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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Evolutionary linguistics</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 15 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-15" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">15 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%AA%D8%B7%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="لسانيات تطورية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="لسانيات تطورية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C9%99kam%C3%BCl_linqvistikas%C4%B1" title="Təkamül linqvistikası – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Təkamül linqvistikası" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolutsiooniline_lingvistika" title="Evolutsiooniline lingvistika – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Evolutsiooniline lingvistika" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CE%BE%CE%B5%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%B3%CE%BB%CF%89%CF%83%CF%83%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%BF%CE%B3%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Εξελικτική γλωσσολογία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Εξελικτική γλωσσολογία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C_%D9%81%D8%B1%DA%AF%D8%B4%D8%AA%DB%8C" title="زبان‌شناسی فرگشتی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زبان‌شناسی فرگشتی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B7%D5%BE%D5%B8%D5%AC%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%81%D5%AB%D5%B8%D5%B6_%D5%AC%D5%A5%D5%A6%D5%BE%D5%A1%D5%A2%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Էվոլյուցիոն լեզվաբանություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Էվոլյուցիոն լեզվաբանություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistik_evolusioner" title="Linguistik evolusioner – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Linguistik evolusioner" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistica_evolutionaria" title="Linguistica evolutionaria – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Linguistica evolutionaria" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolutionaire_taalwetenschap" title="Evolutionaire taalwetenschap – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Evolutionaire taalwetenschap" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%80%B2%E5%8C%96%E8%A8%80%E8%AA%9E%E5%AD%A6" title="進化言語学 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="進化言語学" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%84%D9%8A_%DA%98%D8%A8%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%87%D9%86%D9%87" title="تکاملي ژبپوهنه – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="تکاملي ژبپوهنه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Эволюционная лингвистика – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Эволюционная лингвистика" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolutionary_linguistics" title="Evolutionary linguistics – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Evolutionary linguistics" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C_%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="ارتقائی لسانیات – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ارتقائی لسانیات" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%BC%94%E5%8C%96%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8" title="演化語言學 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="演化語言學" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2313085#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Sociobiological approaches to linguistics</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Historical_linguistics" title="Historical linguistics">Historical linguistics</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output 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.mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1234201967">.mw-parser-output .linguistics-body{max-width:20em}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks linguistics-body"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Linguistics" title="Category:Linguistics">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Linguistics" title="Linguistics">Linguistics</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_linguistics" title="Outline of linguistics">Outline</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_linguistics" title="History of linguistics">History</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_linguistics_articles" title="Index of linguistics articles">Index</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">General linguistics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historical_linguistics" title="Historical linguistics">Diachronic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lexicography" title="Lexicography">Lexicography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morphology_(linguistics)" title="Morphology (linguistics)">Morphology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phonology" title="Phonology">Phonology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pragmatics" title="Pragmatics">Pragmatics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantics" title="Semantics">Semantics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syntax" title="Syntax">Syntax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syntax%E2%80%93semantics_interface" title="Syntax–semantics interface">Syntax–semantics interface</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_typology" title="Linguistic typology">Typology</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Applied linguistics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Language_acquisition" title="Language acquisition">Acquisition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthropological_linguistics" title="Anthropological linguistics">Anthropological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Applied_linguistics" title="Applied linguistics">Applied</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computational_linguistics" title="Computational linguistics">Computational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conversation_analysis" title="Conversation analysis">Conversation analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corpus_linguistics" title="Corpus linguistics">Corpus linguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discourse_analysis" title="Discourse analysis">Discourse analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Determinism" title="Determinism">Determinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_distance" title="Linguistic distance">Distance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_documentation" title="Language documentation">Documentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnography_of_communication" title="Ethnography of communication">Ethnography of communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnomethodology" title="Ethnomethodology">Ethnomethodology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forensic_linguistics" title="Forensic linguistics">Forensic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_linguistics" title="History of linguistics">History of linguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interlinguistics" title="Interlinguistics">Interlinguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurolinguistics" title="Neurolinguistics">Neurolinguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philology" title="Philology">Philology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_language" title="Philosophy of language">Philosophy of language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phonetics" title="Phonetics">Phonetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psycholinguistics" title="Psycholinguistics">Psycholinguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociolinguistics" title="Sociolinguistics">Sociolinguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Text_linguistics" title="Text linguistics">Text</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Translation_studies" title="Translation studies">Translating</a> and <a href="/wiki/Language_interpretation" title="Language interpretation">interpreting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">Writing systems</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Theoretical frameworks</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Formalism_(linguistics)" title="Formalism (linguistics)">Formalist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phrase_structure_grammar" title="Phrase structure grammar">Constituency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dependency_grammar" title="Dependency grammar">Dependency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributionalism" title="Distributionalism">Distributionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generative_grammar" title="Generative grammar">Generative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossematics" title="Glossematics">Glossematics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Functional_linguistics" title="Functional linguistics">Functional</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_grammar" title="Cognitive grammar">Cognitive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Construction_grammar" title="Construction grammar">Construction grammar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Functional_discourse_grammar" title="Functional discourse grammar">Functional discourse grammar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grammaticalization" title="Grammaticalization">Grammaticalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interactional_linguistics" title="Interactional linguistics">Interactional linguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prague_linguistic_circle" title="Prague linguistic circle">Prague circle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systemic_functional_linguistics" title="Systemic functional linguistics">Systemic functional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usage-based_models_of_language" title="Usage-based models of language">Usage-based</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_linguistics" title="Structural linguistics">Structuralism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autonomy_of_syntax" title="Autonomy of syntax">Autonomy of syntax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principle_of_compositionality" title="Principle of compositionality">Compositionality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_and_innovative_language" title="Conservative and innovative language">Conservative and innovative language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_description" title="Linguistic description">Descriptivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etymology" title="Etymology">Etymology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iconicity" title="Iconicity">Iconicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internationalism_(linguistics)" title="Internationalism (linguistics)">Internationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_linguistics" title="Internet linguistics">Internet linguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_linguistics" title="LGBTQ linguistics">LGBTQ linguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origin_of_language" title="Origin of language">Origin of language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orismology" title="Orismology">Orismology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthography" title="Orthography">Orthography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_linguistics" title="Philosophy of linguistics">Philosophy of linguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_prescription" title="Linguistic prescription">Prescriptivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second-language_acquisition" title="Second-language acquisition">Second-language acquisition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_language" title="Theory of language">Theory of language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terminology" title="Terminology">Terminology</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="border:2px solid #90ee90"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#90ee90;padding:0.2em;font-size:175%;font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_biology" title="Evolutionary biology">Evolutionary biology</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Darwin%27s_finches_by_Gould.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Darwin%27s_finches_by_Gould.jpg/180px-Darwin%27s_finches_by_Gould.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Darwin%27s_finches_by_Gould.jpg/270px-Darwin%27s_finches_by_Gould.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Darwin%27s_finches_by_Gould.jpg/360px-Darwin%27s_finches_by_Gould.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1748" data-file-height="1319" /></a></span><div class="sidebar-caption"><a href="/wiki/Darwin%27s_finches" title="Darwin's finches">Darwin's finches</a> by <a href="/wiki/John_Gould" title="John Gould">John Gould</a></div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above" style="display:block; margin-bottom:0.55em; background-color: transparent;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_evolutionary_biology_articles" title="Index of evolutionary biology articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Introduction_to_evolution" title="Introduction to evolution">Introduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution">Main</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_evolution" title="Outline of evolution">Outline</a></li></ul> <div class="hlist"> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_evolutionary_biology" class="mw-redirect" title="Glossary of evolutionary biology">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evidence_of_common_descent" title="Evidence of common descent">Evidence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_life" title="History of life">History</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="background:transparent;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;padding-bottom:0;background:#90ee90;font-size:100%;font-weight:bold;;color: var(--color-base)">Processes and outcomes</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Population_genetics" title="Population genetics">Population genetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_variation" title="Genetic variation">Variation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_diversity" title="Genetic diversity">Diversity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutation" title="Mutation">Mutation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_selection" title="Natural selection">Natural selection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adaptation" title="Adaptation">Adaptation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polymorphism_(biology)" title="Polymorphism (biology)">Polymorphism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_drift" title="Genetic drift">Genetic drift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gene_flow" title="Gene flow">Gene flow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speciation" title="Speciation">Speciation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adaptive_radiation" title="Adaptive radiation">Adaptive radiation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooperation_(evolution)" title="Cooperation (evolution)">Co-operation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coevolution" title="Coevolution">Coevolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coextinction" title="Coextinction">Coextinction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contingency_(evolutionary_biology)" title="Contingency (evolutionary biology)">Contingency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divergent_evolution" title="Divergent evolution">Divergence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convergent_evolution" title="Convergent evolution">Convergence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parallel_evolution" title="Parallel evolution">Parallel evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extinction" title="Extinction">Extinction</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="background:transparent;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;padding-bottom:0;background:#90ee90;font-size:100%;font-weight:bold;;color: var(--color-base)">Natural history</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abiogenesis" title="Abiogenesis">Origin of life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_descent" title="Common descent">Common descent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_life" title="History of life">History of life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_evolutionary_history_of_life" title="Timeline of the evolutionary history of life">Timeline of evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_evolution" title="Human evolution">Human evolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Recent_human_evolution" title="Recent human evolution">Recent human evolution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phylogenetic_tree" title="Phylogenetic tree">Phylogeny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">Biodiversity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biogeography" title="Biogeography">Biogeography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Classification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_taxonomy" title="Evolutionary taxonomy">Evolutionary taxonomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cladistics" title="Cladistics">Cladistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transitional_fossil" title="Transitional fossil">Transitional fossil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extinction_event" title="Extinction event">Extinction event</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="background:transparent;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;padding-bottom:0;background:#90ee90;font-size:100%;font-weight:bold;;color: var(--color-base)">History of evolutionary theory</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_evolutionary_thought" title="History of evolutionary thought">Overview</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_ideas_of_the_Renaissance_and_Enlightenment" title="Evolutionary ideas of the Renaissance and Enlightenment">Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transmutation_of_species" title="Transmutation of species">Before Darwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Darwin</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/On_the_Origin_of_Species" title="On the Origin of Species">Origin of Species</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_eclipse_of_Darwinism" title="The eclipse of Darwinism">Before synthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_synthesis_(20th_century)" title="Modern synthesis (20th century)">Modern synthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_molecular_evolution" title="History of molecular evolution">Molecular evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_developmental_biology" title="Evolutionary developmental biology">Evo-devo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Current_research_in_evolutionary_biology" class="mw-redirect" title="Current research in evolutionary biology">Current research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_speciation" title="History of speciation">History of speciation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_paleontology" title="History of paleontology">History of paleontology</a> (<a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_paleontology" title="Timeline of paleontology">timeline</a>)</li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="background:transparent;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;padding-bottom:0;background:#90ee90;font-size:100%;font-weight:bold;;color: var(--color-base)">Fields and applications</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Applications_of_evolution" title="Applications of evolution">Applications of evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biosocial_criminology" title="Biosocial criminology">Biosocial criminology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_genetics" title="Ecological genetics">Ecological genetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_aesthetics" title="Evolutionary aesthetics">Evolutionary aesthetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_anthropology" title="Evolutionary anthropology">Evolutionary anthropology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_computation" title="Evolutionary computation">Evolutionary computation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_ecology" title="Evolutionary ecology">Evolutionary ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_economics" title="Evolutionary economics">Evolutionary economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_epistemology" title="Evolutionary epistemology">Evolutionary epistemology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_ethics" title="Evolutionary ethics">Evolutionary ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_game_theory" title="Evolutionary game theory">Evolutionary game theory</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Evolutionary linguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_medicine" title="Evolutionary medicine">Evolutionary medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_neuroscience" title="Evolutionary neuroscience">Evolutionary neuroscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_physiology" title="Evolutionary physiology">Evolutionary physiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_psychology" title="Evolutionary psychology">Evolutionary psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_evolution" title="Experimental evolution">Experimental evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phylogenetics" title="Phylogenetics">Phylogenetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleontology" title="Paleontology">Paleontology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selective_breeding" title="Selective breeding">Selective breeding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laboratory_experiments_of_speciation" title="Laboratory experiments of speciation">Speciation experiments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociobiology" title="Sociobiology">Sociobiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Island_biogeography" class="mw-redirect" title="Island biogeography">Island biogeography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systematics" title="Systematics">Systematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Darwinism" title="Universal Darwinism">Universal Darwinism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="background:transparent;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;padding-bottom:0;background:#90ee90;font-size:100%;font-weight:bold;;color: var(--color-base)">Social implications</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eugenics" title="Eugenics">Eugenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_as_fact_and_theory" title="Evolution as fact and theory">Evolution as fact and theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dysgenics" title="Dysgenics">Dysgenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_effects_of_evolutionary_theory" title="Social effects of evolutionary theory">Social effects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rejection_of_evolution_by_religious_groups" title="Rejection of evolution by religious groups">Creation–evolution controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theistic_evolution" title="Theistic evolution">Theistic evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Objections_to_evolution" title="Objections to evolution">Objections to evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Level_of_support_for_evolution" title="Level of support for evolution">Level of support</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature_versus_nurture" title="Nature versus nurture">Nature-nurture controversy</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below hlist"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tree_of_life.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Tree_of_life.svg/16px-Tree_of_life.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Tree_of_life.svg/24px-Tree_of_life.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Tree_of_life.svg/32px-Tree_of_life.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="915" data-file-height="760" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Evolutionary_biology" title="Portal:Evolutionary biology">Evolutionary biology portal</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Evolutionary_biology" title="Category:Evolutionary biology">Category</a></span></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Evolutionary_biology" title="Template:Evolutionary biology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Evolutionary_biology" title="Template talk:Evolutionary biology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Evolutionary_biology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Evolutionary biology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Evolutionary linguistics</b> or <b>Darwinian linguistics</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Sociobiology" title="Sociobiology">sociobiological</a> approach to the study of <a href="/wiki/Language" title="Language">language</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Gontier_2012_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gontier_2012-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-McMahon&McMahon_2012_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McMahon&McMahon_2012-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Evolutionary linguists consider linguistics as a subfield of <a href="/wiki/Sociobiology" title="Sociobiology">sociobiology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_psychology" title="Evolutionary psychology">evolutionary psychology</a>. The approach is also closely linked with <a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_anthropology" title="Evolutionary anthropology">evolutionary anthropology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cognitive_linguistics" title="Cognitive linguistics">cognitive linguistics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Biolinguistics" title="Biolinguistics">biolinguistics</a>. Studying languages as the products of <a href="/wiki/Nature_versus_nurture" title="Nature versus nurture">nature</a>, it is interested in the biological <a href="/wiki/Origin_of_language" title="Origin of language">origin</a> and development of language.<sup id="cite_ref-Croft_2008_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Croft_2008-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Evolutionary linguistics is contrasted with <a href="/wiki/Humanism" title="Humanism">humanistic</a> approaches, especially <a href="/wiki/Structural_linguistics" title="Structural linguistics">structural linguistics</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Croft_1993_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Croft_1993-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A main challenge in this research is the lack of empirical data: there are no <a href="/wiki/Archaeology" title="Archaeology">archaeological</a> traces of early human language. <a href="/wiki/Modelling_biological_systems" title="Modelling biological systems">Computational biological modelling</a> and <a href="/wiki/Clinical_research" title="Clinical research">clinical research</a> with <a href="/wiki/Artificial_language" title="Artificial language">artificial languages</a> have been employed to fill in gaps of knowledge. Although biology is understood to shape the <a href="/wiki/Brain" title="Brain">brain</a>, which <a href="/wiki/Language_processing_in_the_brain" title="Language processing in the brain">processes language</a>, there is no clear link between biology and specific human language structures or <a href="/wiki/Linguistic_universal" title="Linguistic universal">linguistic universals</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Gibson&Tallerman_2011_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gibson&Tallerman_2011-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For lack of a breakthrough in the field, there have been numerous debates about what kind of natural phenomenon language might be. Some researchers focus on the <a href="/wiki/Innateness_hypothesis" title="Innateness hypothesis">innate aspects of language</a>. It is suggested that grammar has emerged adaptationally from the human genome, bringing about a language <a href="/wiki/Instinct" title="Instinct">instinct</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-Pinker_1994_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pinker_1994-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or that it depends on a single mutation<sup id="cite_ref-Berwick&Chomsky_2015_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Berwick&Chomsky_2015-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which has caused a <a href="/wiki/Language_organ" class="mw-redirect" title="Language organ">language organ</a> to appear in the human brain.<sup id="cite_ref-Anderson&Lightfoot_2002_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anderson&Lightfoot_2002-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is hypothesized to result in a <a href="/wiki/Crystal" title="Crystal">crystalline</a><sup id="cite_ref-Chomsky_2015_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chomsky_2015-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> grammatical structure underlying all human languages. Others suggest language is not crystallized, but fluid and ever-changing.<sup id="cite_ref-Bybee&Beckner_2015_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bybee&Beckner_2015-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Others, yet, liken languages to living <a href="/wiki/Organism" title="Organism">organisms</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-VanDriem_2005_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VanDriem_2005-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Languages are considered analogous to a <a href="/wiki/Parasite" class="mw-redirect" title="Parasite">parasite</a><sup id="cite_ref-Hung_2019_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hung_2019-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <a href="/wiki/Population" title="Population">populations</a> of <a href="/wiki/Viruses_of_the_Mind" title="Viruses of the Mind">mind-viruses</a>. There is so far little <a href="/wiki/Scientific_evidence" title="Scientific evidence">scientific evidence</a> for any of these claims, and some of them have been labelled as <a href="/wiki/Pseudoscience" title="Pseudoscience">pseudoscience</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Schwarz-Friesel_2012_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schwarz-Friesel_2012-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Polichak_2002_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Polichak_2002-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Evolutionary_linguistics&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1863–1945:_social_Darwinism"><span id="1863.E2.80.931945:_social_Darwinism"></span>1863–1945: social Darwinism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Evolutionary_linguistics&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: 1863–1945: social Darwinism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although pre-Darwinian theorists had compared languages to living organisms as a <a href="/wiki/Metaphor" title="Metaphor">metaphor</a>, the comparison was first taken literally in 1863 by the <a href="/wiki/Historical_linguistics" title="Historical linguistics">historical linguist</a> <a href="/wiki/August_Schleicher" title="August Schleicher">August Schleicher</a> who was inspired by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Charles Darwin's</a> <i><a href="/wiki/On_the_Origin_of_Species" title="On the Origin of Species">On the Origin of Species</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Stamos_2006_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stamos_2006-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the time there was not enough evidence to prove that Darwin's theory of <a href="/wiki/Natural_selection" title="Natural selection">natural selection</a> was correct. Schleicher proposed that linguistics could be used as a testing ground for the study of the evolution of <a href="/wiki/Species" title="Species">species</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Aronoff_2017_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aronoff_2017-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A review of Schleicher's book <i>Darwinism as Tested by the Science of Language</i> appeared in the first issue of <i><a href="/wiki/Nature_(journal)" title="Nature (journal)">Nature</a></i> journal in 1870.<sup id="cite_ref-Müller_1870_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Müller_1870-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Darwin reiterated Schleicher's proposition in his 1871 book <i><a href="/wiki/The_Descent_of_Man" class="mw-redirect" title="The Descent of Man">The Descent of Man</a></i>, claiming that languages are comparable to species, and that <a href="/wiki/Language_change" title="Language change">language change</a> occurs through <a href="/wiki/Natural_selection" title="Natural selection">natural selection</a> as words 'struggle for life'. Darwin believed that languages had evolved from animal <a href="/wiki/Mating_call" title="Mating call">mating calls</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Darwin_1871_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Darwin_1871-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Darwinists considered the concept of language creation as unscientific.<sup id="cite_ref-Darwin_1863_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Darwin_1863-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>August Schleicher and his friend <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Haeckel" title="Ernst Haeckel">Ernst Haeckel</a> were keen gardeners and regarded the study of cultures as a type of <a href="/wiki/Botany" title="Botany">botany</a>, with different species competing for the same living space.<sup id="cite_ref-Richards_2002_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Richards_2002-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Aronoff_2017_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aronoff_2017-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similar ideas became later advocated by politicians who wanted to appeal to <a href="/wiki/Working_class" title="Working class">working class</a> voters, not least by the <a href="/wiki/National_socialism" class="mw-redirect" title="National socialism">national socialists</a> who subsequently included the concept of struggle for living space in their agenda.<sup id="cite_ref-Richards_2013_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Richards_2013-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Highly influential until the end of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, <a href="/wiki/Social_Darwinism" title="Social Darwinism">social Darwinism</a> was eventually banished from human sciences, leading to a strict separation of natural and sociocultural studies.<sup id="cite_ref-Aronoff_2017_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aronoff_2017-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This gave rise to the dominance of structural linguistics in Europe. There had long been a dispute between the Darwinists and the French intellectuals with the topic of language evolution famously having been banned by the <a href="/wiki/Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9_Linguistique_de_Paris" class="mw-redirect" title="Société Linguistique de Paris">Paris Linguistic Society</a> as early as in 1866. <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_de_Saussure" title="Ferdinand de Saussure">Ferdinand de Saussure</a> proposed <a href="/wiki/Structuralism" title="Structuralism">structuralism</a> to replace evolutionary linguistics in his <i><a href="/wiki/Course_in_General_Linguistics" title="Course in General Linguistics">Course in General Linguistics</a></i>, published posthumously in 1916. The structuralists rose to academic political power in human and social sciences in the aftermath of the student revolts of Spring 1968, establishing <a href="/wiki/University_of_Paris" title="University of Paris">Sorbonne</a> as an international centrepoint of humanistic thinking. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="From_1959_onwards:_genetic_determinism">From 1959 onwards: genetic determinism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Evolutionary_linguistics&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: From 1959 onwards: genetic determinism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, structuralism was however fended off by the advocates of <a href="/wiki/Behavioural_psychology" class="mw-redirect" title="Behavioural psychology">behavioural psychology</a>; a linguistics framework nicknamed as 'American structuralism'. It was eventually replaced by the approach of <a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Noam Chomsky</a> who published a modification of <a href="/wiki/Louis_Hjelmslev" title="Louis Hjelmslev">Louis Hjelmslev's</a> formal structuralist theory, claiming that <a href="/wiki/Syntactic_structure" class="mw-redirect" title="Syntactic structure">syntactic structures</a> are <a href="/wiki/Innatism" title="Innatism">innate</a>. An active figure in peace demonstrations in the 1950s and 1960s, Chomsky rose to academic political power following Spring 1968 at the MIT.<sup id="cite_ref-Smith_2002_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith_2002-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Chomsky became an influential opponent of the French intellectuals during the following decades, and his supporters successfully confronted the <a href="/wiki/Post-structuralism" title="Post-structuralism">post-structuralists</a> in the <i><a href="/wiki/Science_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Science Wars">Science Wars</a></i> of the late 1990s.<sup id="cite_ref-Bricmont&Franck_2010_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bricmont&Franck_2010-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The shift of the century saw a new academic funding policy where interdisciplinary research became favoured, effectively directing research funds to biological humanities.<sup id="cite_ref-Rhoten_2016_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rhoten_2016-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The decline of structuralism was evident by 2015 with Sorbonne having lost its former spirit.<sup id="cite_ref-Hazareesingh_2015_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hazareesingh_2015-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Chomsky eventually claimed that syntactic structures are caused by a random <a href="/wiki/Mutation" title="Mutation">mutation</a> in the human <a href="/wiki/Genome" title="Genome">genome</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Berwick&Chomsky_2015_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Berwick&Chomsky_2015-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> proposing a similar explanation for other human faculties such as <a href="/wiki/Ethics" title="Ethics">ethics</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Smith_2002_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith_2002-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But <a href="/wiki/Steven_Pinker" title="Steven Pinker">Steven Pinker</a> argued in 1990 that they are the outcome of evolutionary <a href="/wiki/Adaptation" title="Adaptation">adaptations</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Pinker_Bloom_2011_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pinker_Bloom_2011-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="From_1976_onwards:_Neo-Darwinism">From 1976 onwards: Neo-Darwinism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Evolutionary_linguistics&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: From 1976 onwards: Neo-Darwinism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At the same time when the Chomskyan paradigm of <a href="/wiki/Biological_determinism" title="Biological determinism">biological determinism</a> defeated <a href="/wiki/Humanism" title="Humanism">humanism</a>, it was losing its own clout within sociobiology. It was reported likewise in 2015 that <a href="/wiki/Generative_grammar" title="Generative grammar">generative grammar</a> was under fire in <a href="/wiki/Applied_linguistics" title="Applied linguistics">applied linguistics</a> and in the process of being replaced with <i><a href="/wiki/Usage-based_models_of_language" title="Usage-based models of language">usage-based linguistics</a></i>;<sup id="cite_ref-DeBot_2015_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DeBot_2015-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a derivative of <a href="/wiki/Richard_Dawkins" title="Richard Dawkins">Richard Dawkins's</a> <a href="/wiki/Memetics" title="Memetics">memetics</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Boesch&Tomasello_1998_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boesch&Tomasello_1998-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is a concept of linguistic units as <a href="/wiki/Replicator_(evolution_unit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Replicator (evolution unit)">replicators</a>. Following the publication of memetics in Dawkins's 1976 nonfiction bestseller <i><a href="/wiki/The_Selfish_Gene" title="The Selfish Gene">The Selfish Gene</a></i>, many biologically inclined linguists, frustrated with the lack of evidence for Chomsky's <a href="/wiki/Universal_Grammar" class="mw-redirect" title="Universal Grammar">Universal Grammar</a>, grouped under different brands including a framework called <a href="/wiki/Cognitive_linguistics#Cognitive_Linguistics_(linguistics_framework)" title="Cognitive linguistics">Cognitive Linguistics</a> (with capitalised initials), and 'functional' (adaptational) linguistics (not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Functional_theories_of_grammar" class="mw-redirect" title="Functional theories of grammar">functional linguistics</a>) to confront both Chomsky and the humanists.<sup id="cite_ref-Croft_1993_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Croft_1993-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The replicator approach is today dominant in evolutionary linguistics, applied linguistics, cognitive linguistics and <a href="/wiki/Linguistic_typology" title="Linguistic typology">linguistic typology</a>; while the generative approach has maintained its position in general linguistics, especially <a href="/wiki/Syntax" title="Syntax">syntax</a>; and in <a href="/wiki/Computational_linguistics" title="Computational linguistics">computational linguistics</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="View_of_linguistics">View of linguistics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Evolutionary_linguistics&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: View of linguistics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Evolutionary linguistics is part of a wider framework of <a href="/wiki/Universal_Darwinism" title="Universal Darwinism">Universal Darwinism</a>. In this view, linguistics is seen as an <a href="/wiki/Ecology" title="Ecology">ecological</a> environment for research traditions struggling for the same resources.<sup id="cite_ref-Croft_1993_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Croft_1993-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/David_Hull_(philosopher)" title="David Hull (philosopher)">David Hull</a>, these traditions correspond to species in biology. Relationships between research traditions can be <a href="/wiki/Symbiosis" title="Symbiosis">symbiotic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Competition_(biology)" title="Competition (biology)">competitive</a> or <a href="/wiki/Parasitism" title="Parasitism">parasitic</a>. An adaptation of Hull's theory in linguistics is proposed by <a href="/wiki/William_Croft_(linguist)" title="William Croft (linguist)">William Croft</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Croft_2008_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Croft_2008-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He argues that the Darwinian method is more advantageous than linguistic models based on <a href="/wiki/Physics" title="Physics">physics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Structuralism" title="Structuralism">structuralist sociology</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Hermeneutics" title="Hermeneutics">hermeneutics</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Croft_1993_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Croft_1993-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Approaches">Approaches</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Evolutionary_linguistics&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Approaches"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Evolutionary linguistics is often divided into <a href="/wiki/Adaptationism" title="Adaptationism">functionalism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Structuralism_(biology)" title="Structuralism (biology)">formalism</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Darnell_1999_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Darnell_1999-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> concepts which are not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Structural_functionalism" title="Structural functionalism">functionalism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Formalism_(philosophy)" title="Formalism (philosophy)">formalism</a> in the humanistic reference.<sup id="cite_ref-Croft_2015_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Croft_2015-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Functional evolutionary linguistics considers languages as <a href="/wiki/Adaptation" title="Adaptation">adaptations</a> to human mind. The formalist view regards them as crystallised or non-adaptational.<sup id="cite_ref-Darnell_1999_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Darnell_1999-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Functionalism_(adaptationism)"><span id="Functionalism_.28adaptationism.29"></span>Functionalism (adaptationism)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Evolutionary_linguistics&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Functionalism (adaptationism)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The adaptational view of language is advocated by various frameworks of cognitive and evolutionary linguistics, with the terms 'functionalism' and 'Cognitive Linguistics' often being equated.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is hypothesised that the evolution of the animal brain provides humans with a mechanism of abstract reasoning which is a 'metaphorical' version of image-based reasoning.<sup id="cite_ref-Lakoff_1990_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lakoff_1990-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Language is not considered as a separate area of <a href="/wiki/Cognition" title="Cognition">cognition</a>, but as coinciding with general cognitive capacities, such as <a href="/wiki/Perception" title="Perception">perception</a>, <a href="/wiki/Attention" title="Attention">attention</a>, <a href="/wiki/Motor_skills" class="mw-redirect" title="Motor skills">motor skills</a>, and spatial and <a href="/wiki/Visual_processing" title="Visual processing">visual processing</a>. It is argued to function according to the same principles as these.<sup id="cite_ref-Croft&Cruse_2004_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Croft&Cruse_2004-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Geeraerts_2006_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Geeraerts_2006-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is thought that the brain links action schemes to form–meaning pairs which are called <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_construction" title="Grammatical construction">constructions</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Arbib_2015_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arbib_2015-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cognitive linguistic approaches to syntax are called <a href="/wiki/Cognitive_Grammar" class="mw-redirect" title="Cognitive Grammar">cognitive</a> and <a href="/wiki/Construction_grammar" title="Construction grammar">construction grammar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Croft&Cruse_2004_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Croft&Cruse_2004-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also deriving from memetics and other cultural replicator theories,<sup id="cite_ref-Croft_2008_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Croft_2008-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> these can study the natural or <a href="/wiki/Social_selection" title="Social selection">social selection</a> and adaptation of linguistic units. Adaptational models reject a formal systemic view of language and consider language as a population of linguistic units. </p><p>The bad reputation of social Darwinism and memetics has been discussed in the literature, and recommendations for new terminology have been given.<sup id="cite_ref-Keller_1994_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Keller_1994-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> What correspond to replicators or mind-viruses in memetics are called <i>linguemes</i> in Croft's <i>theory of Utterance Selection</i> (TUS),<sup id="cite_ref-Croft_2006_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Croft_2006-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and likewise linguemes or constructions in construction grammar and <a href="/wiki/Usage-based_models_of_language" title="Usage-based models of language">usage-based linguistics</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-Kirby_2013_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kirby_2013-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Zehentner_2019_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zehentner_2019-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Metaphor" title="Metaphor">metaphors</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Camarinha-Matos&Afsarmanesh_2008_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Camarinha-Matos&Afsarmanesh_2008-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Frame_semantics_(linguistics)" title="Frame semantics (linguistics)">frames</a><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <a href="/wiki/Schema_(psychology)" title="Schema (psychology)">schemas</a><sup id="cite_ref-Langacker_1987_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Langacker_1987-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in cognitive and construction grammar. The reference of memetics has been largely replaced with that of a <a href="/wiki/Complex_Adaptive_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Complex Adaptive System">Complex Adaptive System</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Frank_2008_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frank_2008-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In current linguistics, this term covers a wide range of evolutionary notions while maintaining the <a href="/wiki/Neo-Darwinism" title="Neo-Darwinism">Neo-Darwinian</a> concepts of replication and replicator population.<sup id="cite_ref-Beckner_2009_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beckner_2009-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Functional evolutionary linguistics is not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Functional_linguistics" title="Functional linguistics">functional humanistic linguistics</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Formalism_(structuralism)"><span id="Formalism_.28structuralism.29"></span>Formalism (structuralism)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Evolutionary_linguistics&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Formalism (structuralism)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Advocates of formal evolutionary explanation in linguistics argue that linguistic structures are crystallised. Inspired by 19th century advances in <a href="/wiki/Crystallography" title="Crystallography">crystallography</a>, Schleicher argued that different types of languages are like plants, animals and crystals.<sup id="cite_ref-Arbukle_1970_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arbukle_1970-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The idea of linguistic structures as frozen drops was revived in <a href="/wiki/Tagmemics" class="mw-redirect" title="Tagmemics">tagmemics</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Pike_1960_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pike_1960-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> an approach to linguistics with the goal to uncover divine symmetries underlying all languages, as if caused by <a href="/wiki/Creation_myth" title="Creation myth">the Creation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Seuren2015_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Seuren2015-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In modern <a href="/wiki/Biolinguistics" title="Biolinguistics">biolinguistics</a>, <a href="/wiki/X-bar_theory" title="X-bar theory">the X-bar tree</a> is argued to be like natural systems such as <a href="/wiki/Ferrofluid" title="Ferrofluid">ferromagnetic droplets</a> and botanic forms.<sup id="cite_ref-Piattelli-Palmarini&Vitiello_2015_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Piattelli-Palmarini&Vitiello_2015-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Generative grammar considers syntactic structures similar to <a href="/wiki/Snowflake" title="Snowflake">snowflakes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Chomsky_2015_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chomsky_2015-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is hypothesised that such patterns are caused by a <a href="/wiki/Mutation" title="Mutation">mutation</a> in humans.<sup id="cite_ref-Berwick&Chomsky_2015_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Berwick&Chomsky_2015-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The formal–structural evolutionary aspect of linguistics is not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Structural_linguistics" title="Structural linguistics">structural linguistics</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Evidence">Evidence</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Evolutionary_linguistics&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Evidence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There was some hope of a breakthrough with the discovery of the <i><a href="/wiki/FOXP2" title="FOXP2">FOXP2</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Gene" title="Gene">gene</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Scharff_2005_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scharff_2005-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Scharff_2011_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scharff_2011-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is little support, however, for the idea that <i>FOXP2</i> is 'the grammar gene' or that it had much to do with the relatively recent emergence of syntactical speech.<sup id="cite_ref-Diller_2009_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Diller_2009-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The idea that people have a language instinct is disputed.<sup id="cite_ref-Sampson_2007_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sampson_2007-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Memetics is sometimes discredited as <a href="/wiki/Pseudoscience" title="Pseudoscience">pseudoscience</a><sup id="cite_ref-Polichak_2002_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Polichak_2002-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and neurological claims made by evolutionary cognitive linguists have been likened to pseudoscience.<sup id="cite_ref-Schwarz-Friesel_2012_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schwarz-Friesel_2012-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All in all, there does not appear to be any evidence for the basic tenets of evolutionary linguistics beyond the fact that language is processed by the brain, and brain structures are shaped by genes.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criticism">Criticism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Evolutionary_linguistics&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Criticism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Evolutionary linguistics has been criticised by advocates of (humanistic) structural and functional linguistics. <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_de_Saussure" title="Ferdinand de Saussure">Ferdinand de Saussure</a> commented on 19th century evolutionary linguistics: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>"Language was considered a specific sphere, a fourth natural kingdom; this led to methods of reasoning which would have caused astonishment in other sciences. Today one cannot read a dozen lines written at that time without being struck by absurdities of reasoning and by the terminology used to justify these absurdities”<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p><a href="/wiki/Mark_Aronoff" title="Mark Aronoff">Mark Aronoff</a>, however, argues that historical linguistics had its golden age during the time of Schleicher and his supporters, enjoying a place among the hard sciences, and considers the return of Darwinian linguistics as a positive development. <a href="/wiki/Esa_Itkonen" title="Esa Itkonen">Esa Itkonen</a> nonetheless deems the revival of Darwinism as a hopeless enterprise: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>"There is ... an application of intelligence in linguistic change which is absent in biological evolution; and this suffices to make the two domains totally disanalogous ... [Grammaticalisation depends on] cognitive processes, ultimately serving the goal of problem solving, which intelligent entities like humans must perform all the time, but which biological entities like genes cannot perform. Trying to eliminate this basic difference leads to confusion.”<sup id="cite_ref-Itkonen_1999_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Itkonen_1999-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Itkonen also points out that the principles of natural selection are not applicable because language innovation and acceptance have the same source which is the speech community. In biological evolution, mutation and selection have different sources. This makes it possible for people to change their languages, but not their <a href="/wiki/Genotype" title="Genotype">genotype</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Itkonen_2011_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Itkonen_2011-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Evolutionary_linguistics&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output 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title="Biolinguistics">Biolinguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_psychology_of_language" title="Evolutionary psychology of language">Evolutionary psychology of language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FOXP2" title="FOXP2">FOXP2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origin_of_language" title="Origin of language">Origin of language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_linguistics" title="Historical linguistics">Historical linguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phylogenetic_tree" title="Phylogenetic tree">Phylogenetic tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Darwinism" title="Universal Darwinism">Universal Darwinism</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Evolutionary_linguistics&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style 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30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Gontier_2012-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gontier_2012_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px 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.cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGontier2012" class="citation journal cs1">Gontier, Nathalie (2012). "Selectionist approaches in evolutionary linguistics: an epistemological analysis". <i>International Studies in the Philosophy of Science</i>. <b>26</b> (1): 67–95. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F02698595.2012.653114">10.1080/02698595.2012.653114</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10451%2F45246">10451/45246</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:121742473">121742473</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Studies+in+the+Philosophy+of+Science&rft.atitle=Selectionist+approaches+in+evolutionary+linguistics%3A+an+epistemological+analysis&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=67-95&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10451%2F45246&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A121742473%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F02698595.2012.653114&rft.aulast=Gontier&rft.aufirst=Nathalie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEvolutionary+linguistics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-McMahon&McMahon_2012-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-McMahon&McMahon_2012_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcMahonMcMahon2012" class="citation book cs1">McMahon, April; McMahon, Robert (2012). <i>Evolutionary Linguistics</i>. 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"Evolutionary Linguistics". <i>Annual Review of Anthropology</i>. <b>37</b>: 219–234. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev.anthro.37.081407.085156">10.1146/annurev.anthro.37.081407.085156</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annual+Review+of+Anthropology&rft.atitle=Evolutionary+Linguistics&rft.volume=37&rft.pages=219-234&rft.date=2008-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1146%2Fannurev.anthro.37.081407.085156&rft.aulast=Croft&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEvolutionary+linguistics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Croft_1993-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Croft_1993_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Croft_1993_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Croft_1993_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Croft_1993_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCroft1993" class="citation journal cs1">Croft, William (1993). "Functional-typological theory in its historical and intellectual context". <i>STUF - Language Typology and Universals</i>. <b>46</b> (1–4): 15–26. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1524%2Fstuf.1993.46.14.15">10.1524/stuf.1993.46.14.15</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:170296028">170296028</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=STUF+-+Language+Typology+and+Universals&rft.atitle=Functional-typological+theory+in+its+historical+and+intellectual+context&rft.volume=46&rft.issue=1%E2%80%934&rft.pages=15-26&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1524%2Fstuf.1993.46.14.15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A170296028%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Croft&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEvolutionary+linguistics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gibson&Tallerman_2011-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gibson&Tallerman_2011_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGibsonTallerman2011" class="citation book cs1">Gibson, Kathleen R.; Tallerman, Maggie, eds. (2011). <i>The Oxford Handbook of Language Evolution</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199541119" title="Special:BookSources/9780199541119"><bdi>9780199541119</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Language+Evolution&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9780199541119&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEvolutionary+linguistics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pinker_1994-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Pinker_1994_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPinker1994" class="citation book cs1">Pinker, Steven (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://f.javier.io/rep/books/The-Language-Instinct-How-the-Mind-Creates-Language,-Steven-Pinker.pdf"><i>The Language Instinct: How the Mind Creates Language</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Penguin Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780140175295" title="Special:BookSources/9780140175295"><bdi>9780140175295</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-03-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Language+Instinct%3A+How+the+Mind+Creates+Language&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=9780140175295&rft.aulast=Pinker&rft.aufirst=Steven&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ff.javier.io%2Frep%2Fbooks%2FThe-Language-Instinct-How-the-Mind-Creates-Language%2C-Steven-Pinker.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEvolutionary+linguistics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Berwick&Chomsky_2015-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Berwick&Chomsky_2015_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Berwick&Chomsky_2015_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Berwick&Chomsky_2015_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerwickChomsky2015" class="citation book cs1">Berwick, Robert C.; Chomsky, Noam (2015). <i>Why Only Us: Language and Evolution</i>. 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Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521007832" title="Special:BookSources/9780521007832"><bdi>9780521007832</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Language+Organ%3A+Linguistics+as+Cognitive+Psychology&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9780521007832&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=Stephen+R.&rft.au=Lightfoot%2C+David+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEvolutionary+linguistics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chomsky_2015-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Chomsky_2015_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chomsky_2015_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChomsky2015" class="citation book cs1">Chomsky, Noam (2015). <i>The Minimalist Program. 20th Anniversary Edition</i>. 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ABC Clio. pp. 664–667. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57607-653-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-57607-653-9"><bdi>1-57607-653-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Memes+as+pseudoscience&rft.btitle=The+Skeptic+Encyclopedia+of+Pseudoscience%2C+Vol.+1&rft.pages=664-667&rft.pub=ABC+Clio&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=1-57607-653-9&rft.aulast=Polichak&rft.aufirst=James+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEvolutionary+linguistics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stamos_2006-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Stamos_2006_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStamos2006" class="citation book cs1">Stamos, David N. 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Princeton University Press. pp. 59–61. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-691-08278-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-691-08278-2"><bdi>0-691-08278-2</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-03-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Descent+of+Man%2C+and+Selection+in+Relation+to+Sex&rft.pages=59-61&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=0-691-08278-2&rft.aulast=Darwin&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fteoriaevolutiva.files.wordpress.com%2F2014%2F02%2Fdarwin-c-the-descent-of-man-and-selection-in-relation-to-sex.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEvolutionary+linguistics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Darwin_1863-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Darwin_1863_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchleicher1869" class="citation book cs1">Schleicher, August (1869) [1863]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/darwinismtestedb69schl/page/5/mode/2up"><i>Darwinism Tested by the Science of Language, English translation</i></a>. John Camden Hotten. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-691-08278-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-691-08278-2"><bdi>0-691-08278-2</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-03-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Darwinism+Tested+by+the+Science+of+Language%2C+English+translation&rft.pub=John+Camden+Hotten&rft.date=1869&rft.isbn=0-691-08278-2&rft.aulast=Schleicher&rft.aufirst=August&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdarwinismtestedb69schl%2Fpage%2F5%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEvolutionary+linguistics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Richards_2002-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Richards_2002_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichards2002" class="citation book cs1">Richards, Robert J. (2002). "The linguistic creation of man: Charles Darwin, August Schleicher, Ernst Haeckel, and themissing link in 19th century evolutionary theory". In Doerres, M. (ed.). <i>The Experimenting in Tongues: Studies in Science and Language</i>. Stanford University Press. pp. 21–48. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57607-653-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-57607-653-9"><bdi>1-57607-653-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+linguistic+creation+of+man%3A+Charles+Darwin%2C+August+Schleicher%2C+Ernst+Haeckel%2C+and+themissing+link+in+19th+century+evolutionary+theory&rft.btitle=The+Experimenting+in+Tongues%3A+Studies+in+Science+and+Language&rft.pages=21-48&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=1-57607-653-9&rft.aulast=Richards&rft.aufirst=Robert+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEvolutionary+linguistics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Richards_2013-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Richards_2013_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichards2013" class="citation book cs1">Richards, R. 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Neurobiol</i>. <b>15</b> (6): 694–703. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.conb.2005.10.004">10.1016/j.conb.2005.10.004</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16266802">16266802</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:11350165">11350165</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Curr.+Opin.+Neurobiol.&rft.atitle=An+evolutionary+perspective+on+FoxP2%3A+strictly+for+the+birds%3F&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=694-703&rft.date=2005-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A11350165%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16266802&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.conb.2005.10.004&rft.aulast=Scharff&rft.aufirst=C&rft.au=Haesler%2C+S&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEvolutionary+linguistics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Scharff_2011-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Scharff_2011_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScharffPetri2011" class="citation journal cs1">Scharff C, Petri J (July 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3130369">"Evo-devo, deep homology and FoxP2: implications for the evolution of speech and language"</a>. <i>Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci</i>. <b>366</b> (1574): 2124–40. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frstb.2011.0001">10.1098/rstb.2011.0001</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3130369">3130369</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21690130">21690130</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philos.+Trans.+R.+Soc.+Lond.+B+Biol.+Sci.&rft.atitle=Evo-devo%2C+deep+homology+and+FoxP2%3A+implications+for+the+evolution+of+speech+and+language&rft.volume=366&rft.issue=1574&rft.pages=2124-40&rft.date=2011-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3130369%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21690130&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frstb.2011.0001&rft.aulast=Scharff&rft.aufirst=C&rft.au=Petri%2C+J&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3130369&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEvolutionary+linguistics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Diller_2009-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Diller_2009_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDillerCann2009" class="citation book cs1">Diller, Karl C.; Cann, Rebecca L. (30 April 2009). "Evidence Against a Genetic-Based Revolution in Language 50,000 Years Ago". In Rudolf Botha; Chris Knight (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IVRkzK1VX1oC"><i>The Cradle of Language</i></a>. Oxford Series in the Evolution of Language. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 135–149. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-954586-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-954586-5"><bdi>978-0-19-954586-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/804498749">804498749</a>. <q>[...] we present genetic evidence that the mutations in FOXP2, the gene at issue, may actually have occurred some 1.8 million years ago, when <i>Homo habilis</i> and <i>Homo ergaster</i> were appearing in the fossil record [...]. [...] The link of FOXP2 to vocalization is found also in birds, mice, and echolocating bats [...]. [...] The archeological and anthropological evidence accumulating in the last decade and a half does not support the claim that there was a revolutionary behavioral change in humans 50,000 years ago.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Evidence+Against+a+Genetic-Based+Revolution+in+Language+50%2C000+Years+Ago&rft.btitle=The+Cradle+of+Language&rft.place=Oxford&rft.series=Oxford+Series+in+the+Evolution+of+Language&rft.pages=135-149&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2009-04-30&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F804498749&rft.isbn=978-0-19-954586-5&rft.aulast=Diller&rft.aufirst=Karl+C.&rft.au=Cann%2C+Rebecca+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIVRkzK1VX1oC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEvolutionary+linguistics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sampson_2007-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sampson_2007_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSampson2007" class="citation journal cs1">Sampson, Geoffrey (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.redalyc.org/pdf/4783/478348690002.pdf">"There is no language instinct"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Ilha do Desterro</i> (52): 35–63<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-11-19</span></span>. <q>All arguments in favour of a biologically-governed language capacity are refuted to show that, according to available evidence, there is no language instinct. [...] On the available evidence, languages seem to be the products of cultural evolution only.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ilha+do+Desterro&rft.atitle=There+is+no+language+instinct&rft.issue=52&rft.pages=35-63&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Sampson&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.redalyc.org%2Fpdf%2F4783%2F478348690002.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEvolutionary+linguistics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEvans2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Vyvyan_Evans" title="Vyvyan Evans">Evans, Vyvyan</a> (2 October 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_PlkBAAAQBAJ"><i>The Language Myth: Why Language is Not an Instinct</i></a>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781107043961" title="Special:BookSources/9781107043961"><bdi>9781107043961</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 November</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Language+Myth%3A+Why+Language+is+Not+an+Instinct&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2014-10-02&rft.isbn=9781107043961&rft.aulast=Evans&rft.aufirst=Vyvyan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_PlkBAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEvolutionary+linguistics" class="Z3988"></span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Compare: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGibsonTallerman2012" class="citation book cs1">Gibson, Kathleen R.; <a href="/wiki/Maggie_Tallerman" title="Maggie Tallerman">Tallerman, Maggie</a> (2012). "Introduction to Part II: The biology of language evolution: anatomy, genetics and neurology". In <a href="/wiki/Maggie_Tallerman" title="Maggie Tallerman">Tallerman, Maggie</a>; Gibson, Kathleen R. (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=doczP2WKeoMC"><i>The Oxford Handbook of Language Evolution</i></a>. Oxford Handbooks in Linguistics. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 134–135. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199541119" title="Special:BookSources/9780199541119"><bdi>9780199541119</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 November</span> 2024</span>. <q>The result of the combined processes of potentially rapid genetic change and an earlier, somewhat slower, pace of language change is that genes, languages, and the brain have co-evolved, and to some extent may be continuing to do so. On the other hand, genes and brains enable language; on the other, language change selects for further, linguistically-conducive, changes in genes and brains.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction+to+Part+II%3A+The+biology+of+language+evolution%3A+anatomy%2C+genetics+and+neurology&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Language+Evolution&rft.place=Oxford&rft.series=Oxford+Handbooks+in+Linguistics&rft.pages=134-135&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9780199541119&rft.aulast=Gibson&rft.aufirst=Kathleen+R.&rft.au=Tallerman%2C+Maggie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdoczP2WKeoMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEvolutionary+linguistics" class="Z3988"></span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Compare: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTallermanGibson2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Maggie_Tallerman" title="Maggie Tallerman">Tallerman, Maggie</a>; Gibson, Kathleen R. (2012). "Introduction: The evolution of language". In <a href="/wiki/Maggie_Tallerman" title="Maggie Tallerman">Tallerman, Maggie</a>; Gibson, Kathleen R. (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=doczP2WKeoMC"><i>The Oxford Handbook of Language Evolution</i></a>. Oxford Handbooks in Linguistics. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 10. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199541119" title="Special:BookSources/9780199541119"><bdi>9780199541119</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 November</span> 2024</span>. <q>[...] we believe that serious advances have been made in the past few decades in terms of building an evidence-based discipline.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction%3A+The+evolution+of+language&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Language+Evolution&rft.place=Oxford&rft.series=Oxford+Handbooks+in+Linguistics&rft.pages=10&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9780199541119&rft.aulast=Tallerman&rft.aufirst=Maggie&rft.au=Gibson%2C+Kathleen+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdoczP2WKeoMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEvolutionary+linguistics" class="Z3988"></span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Saussure1959" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_de_Saussure" title="Ferdinand de Saussure">de Saussure, Ferdinand</a> (1959) [First published 1916]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200414113626/https://monoskop.org/images/0/0b/Saussure_Ferdinand_de_Course_in_General_Linguistics_1959.pdf"><i>Course in general linguistics</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. New York: Philosophy Library. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780231157278" title="Special:BookSources/9780231157278"><bdi>9780231157278</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://monoskop.org/images/0/0b/Saussure_Ferdinand_de_Course_in_General_Linguistics_1959.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2020-04-14<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-03-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Course+in+general+linguistics&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Philosophy+Library&rft.date=1959&rft.isbn=9780231157278&rft.aulast=de+Saussure&rft.aufirst=Ferdinand&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmonoskop.org%2Fimages%2F0%2F0b%2FSaussure_Ferdinand_de_Course_in_General_Linguistics_1959.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEvolutionary+linguistics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Itkonen_1999-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Itkonen_1999_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFItkonen1999" class="citation journal cs1">Itkonen, Esa (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2Fzfsw.1999.18.2.219">"Functionalism yes, biologism no"</a>. <i>Zeitschrift für Sprachwissenschaft</i>. <b>18</b> (2): 219–221. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2Fzfsw.1999.18.2.219">10.1515/zfsw.1999.18.2.219</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:146998564">146998564</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Zeitschrift+f%C3%BCr+Sprachwissenschaft&rft.atitle=Functionalism+yes%2C+biologism+no&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=219-221&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2Fzfsw.1999.18.2.219&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A146998564%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Itkonen&rft.aufirst=Esa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1515%252Fzfsw.1999.18.2.219&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEvolutionary+linguistics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Itkonen_2011-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Itkonen_2011_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFItkonen2011" class="citation journal cs1">Itkonen, Esa (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200114133703/http://www.romling.uni-tuebingen.de/energeia/zeitschrift/2011/pdf/On_Coserius_legacy.pdf">"On Coseriu's legacy"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Energeia</i> (III): 1–29. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.55245%2Fenergeia.2011.001">10.55245/energeia.2011.001</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:247142924">247142924</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.romling.uni-tuebingen.de/energeia/zeitschrift/2011/pdf/On_Coserius_legacy.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2020-01-14<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-01-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Energeia&rft.atitle=On+Coseriu%27s+legacy&rft.issue=III&rft.pages=1-29&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.55245%2Fenergeia.2011.001&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A247142924%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Itkonen&rft.aufirst=Esa&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.romling.uni-tuebingen.de%2Fenergeia%2Fzeitschrift%2F2011%2Fpdf%2FOn_Coserius_legacy.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEvolutionary+linguistics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Evolutionary_linguistics&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAtkinsonMeadeVendittiGreenhill2008" class="citation journal cs1">Atkinson QD, Meade A, Venditti C, Greenhill SJ, Pagel M (2008). "Languages evolve in punctuational bursts". <i>Science</i>. <b>319</b> (5863): 588. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1149683">10.1126/science.1149683</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1885%2F33371">1885/33371</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18239118">18239118</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:29740420">29740420</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Languages+evolve+in+punctuational+bursts&rft.volume=319&rft.issue=5863&rft.pages=588&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1885%2F33371&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A29740420%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18239118&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1149683&rft.aulast=Atkinson&rft.aufirst=QD&rft.au=Meade%2C+A&rft.au=Venditti%2C+C&rft.au=Greenhill%2C+SJ&rft.au=Pagel%2C+M&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEvolutionary+linguistics" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBothaKnight,_C.2009" class="citation book cs1">Botha, R; Knight, C., eds. (2009). <i>The Cradle of Language</i>. Oxford Series in the Evolution of Language. Oxford.: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-954586-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-954586-5"><bdi>978-0-19-954586-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/804498749">804498749</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cradle+of+Language&rft.place=Oxford.&rft.series=Oxford+Series+in+the+Evolution+of+Language&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F804498749&rft.isbn=978-0-19-954586-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEvolutionary+linguistics" class="Z3988"></span> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDillerCann2009" class="citation book cs1">Diller, Karl C.; Cann, Rebecca L. (2009). Rudolf Botha; Chris Knight (eds.). <i>Evidence Against a Genetic-Based Revolution in Language 50,000 Years Ago</i>. Oxford Series in the Evolution of Language. Oxford.: Oxford University Press. pp. 135–149. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-954586-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-954586-5"><bdi>978-0-19-954586-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/804498749">804498749</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Evidence+Against+a+Genetic-Based+Revolution+in+Language+50%2C000+Years+Ago&rft.place=Oxford.&rft.series=Oxford+Series+in+the+Evolution+of+Language&rft.pages=135-149&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F804498749&rft.isbn=978-0-19-954586-5&rft.aulast=Diller&rft.aufirst=Karl+C.&rft.au=Cann%2C+Rebecca+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEvolutionary+linguistics" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|work=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPower2009" class="citation book cs1">Power, Camilla (2009). Rudolf Botha; Chris Knight (eds.). <i>Sexual Selection Models for the Emergence of Symbolic Communication: Why They Should be Reversed</i>. Oxford Series in the Evolution of Language. Oxford.: Oxford University Press. pp. 257–280. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-954586-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-954586-5"><bdi>978-0-19-954586-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/804498749">804498749</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sexual+Selection+Models+for+the+Emergence+of+Symbolic+Communication%3A+Why+They+Should+be+Reversed&rft.place=Oxford.&rft.series=Oxford+Series+in+the+Evolution+of+Language&rft.pages=257-280&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F804498749&rft.isbn=978-0-19-954586-5&rft.aulast=Power&rft.aufirst=Camilla&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEvolutionary+linguistics" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|work=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatts2009" class="citation book cs1">Watts, Ian (2009). Rudolf Botha; Chris Knight (eds.). <i>Red Ochre, Body Painting, and Language: Interpreting the Blombos Ochre</i>. Oxford Series in the Evolution of Language. Oxford.: Oxford University Press. pp. 62–92. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-954586-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-954586-5"><bdi>978-0-19-954586-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/804498749">804498749</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Red+Ochre%2C+Body+Painting%2C+and+Language%3A+Interpreting+the+Blombos+Ochre&rft.place=Oxford.&rft.series=Oxford+Series+in+the+Evolution+of+Language&rft.pages=62-92&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F804498749&rft.isbn=978-0-19-954586-5&rft.aulast=Watts&rft.aufirst=Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEvolutionary+linguistics" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|work=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></li></ul></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCangelosiHarnad2001" class="citation journal cs1">Cangelosi, A.; <a href="/wiki/Stevan_Harnad" title="Stevan Harnad">Harnad, S.</a> (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cogprints.org/2036/">"The adaptive advantage of symbolic theft over sensorimotor toil: Grounding language in perceptual categories"</a>. <i>Evolution of Communication</i>. <b>4</b> (1): 117–142. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1075%2Feoc.4.1.07can">10.1075/eoc.4.1.07can</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10026.1%2F3619">10026.1/3619</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Evolution+of+Communication&rft.atitle=The+adaptive+advantage+of+symbolic+theft+over+sensorimotor+toil%3A+Grounding+language+in+perceptual+categories&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=117-142&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10026.1%2F3619&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1075%2Feoc.4.1.07can&rft.aulast=Cangelosi&rft.aufirst=A.&rft.au=Harnad%2C+S.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcogprints.org%2F2036%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEvolutionary+linguistics" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarstairs-McCarthy2007" class="citation journal cs1">Carstairs-McCarthy, Andrew (2007). "Language evolution: What linguists can contribute". <i>Lingua</i>. <b>117</b> (3): 503–509. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.lingua.2005.07.004">10.1016/j.lingua.2005.07.004</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Lingua&rft.atitle=Language+evolution%3A+What+linguists+can+contribute&rft.volume=117&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=503-509&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.lingua.2005.07.004&rft.aulast=Carstairs-McCarthy&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEvolutionary+linguistics" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristiansen2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Morten_H._Christiansen" title="Morten H. Christiansen">Christiansen, Morten H.</a> (2013). Rudolf P Botha; Martin Everaert (eds.). <i>Language has evolved to depend on multiple-cue integration</i>. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-965484-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-965484-0"><bdi>978-0-19-965484-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/828055639">828055639</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Language+has+evolved+to+depend+on+multiple-cue+integration&rft.place=Oxford%2C+UK&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F828055639&rft.isbn=978-0-19-965484-0&rft.aulast=Christiansen&rft.aufirst=Morten+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEvolutionary+linguistics" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|work=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristiansenKirby2003" class="citation book cs1">Christiansen, Morten H.; Kirby, Simon. (2003). <i>Language evolution</i>. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-924484-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-924484-3"><bdi>978-0-19-924484-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/51235137">51235137</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Language+evolution&rft.place=Oxford%3B+New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F51235137&rft.isbn=978-0-19-924484-3&rft.aulast=Christiansen&rft.aufirst=Morten+H.&rft.au=Kirby%2C+Simon.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEvolutionary+linguistics" class="Z3988"></span> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBickerton2003" class="citation book cs1">Bickerton, Derek (2003). Morten H. Christiansen; Simon Kirby (eds.). <i>Symbol and Structure: A Comprehensive Framework for Language Evolution</i>. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 77–93. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-924484-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-924484-3"><bdi>978-0-19-924484-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/51235137">51235137</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Symbol+and+Structure%3A+A+Comprehensive+Framework+for+Language+Evolution&rft.place=Oxford%3B+New+York&rft.pages=77-93&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F51235137&rft.isbn=978-0-19-924484-3&rft.aulast=Bickerton&rft.aufirst=Derek&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEvolutionary+linguistics" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|work=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHurford2003" class="citation book cs1">Hurford, James R. (2003). Morten H. Christiansen; Simon Kirby (eds.). <i>The Language Mosaic and Its Evolution</i>. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 38–57. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-924484-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-924484-3"><bdi>978-0-19-924484-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/51235137">51235137</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Language+Mosaic+and+Its+Evolution&rft.place=Oxford%3B+New+York&rft.pages=38-57&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F51235137&rft.isbn=978-0-19-924484-3&rft.aulast=Hurford&rft.aufirst=James+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEvolutionary+linguistics" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|work=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLieberman2003" class="citation book cs1">Lieberman, Philip (2003). Morten H. Christiansen; Simon Kirby (eds.). <i>Motor Control, Speech, and the Evolution of Language</i>. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 252–271. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-924484-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-924484-3"><bdi>978-0-19-924484-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/51235137">51235137</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Motor+Control%2C+Speech%2C+and+the+Evolution+of+Language&rft.place=Oxford%3B+New+York&rft.pages=252-271&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F51235137&rft.isbn=978-0-19-924484-3&rft.aulast=Lieberman&rft.aufirst=Philip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEvolutionary+linguistics" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|work=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></li></ul></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeacon,_Terrence_William1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Terrence_Deacon" title="Terrence Deacon">Deacon, Terrence William</a> (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/symbolicspeciesc00deac"><i>The symbolic species : the co-evolution of language and the brain</i></a>. New York: W.W. Norton. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-03838-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-03838-5"><bdi>978-0-393-03838-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/490308871">490308871</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+symbolic+species+%3A+the+co-evolution+of+language+and+the+brain&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=W.W.+Norton&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F490308871&rft.isbn=978-0-393-03838-5&rft.au=Deacon%2C+Terrence+William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsymbolicspeciesc00deac&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEvolutionary+linguistics" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDorJablonka2001" class="citation book cs1">Dor, Daniel; Jablonka, Eva (2001). Jürgen Trabant; Sean Ward (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://people.socsci.tau.ac.il/mu/danield/files/2010/07/09dorj.pdf"><i>How language changed the genes: toward an explicit account of the evolution of language</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Berlin; N.Y.: Mouton de Gruyter. pp. 149–175. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-017025-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-017025-2"><bdi>978-3-11-017025-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/46935997">46935997</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+language+changed+the+genes%3A+toward+an+explicit+account+of+the+evolution+of+language&rft.place=Berlin%3B+N.Y.&rft.pages=149-175&rft.pub=Mouton+de+Gruyter&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F46935997&rft.isbn=978-3-11-017025-2&rft.aulast=Dor&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft.au=Jablonka%2C+Eva&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpeople.socsci.tau.ac.il%2Fmu%2Fdanield%2Ffiles%2F2010%2F07%2F09dorj.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEvolutionary+linguistics" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|work=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDorJablonka2000" class="citation web cs1">Dor, Daniel; Jablonka, Eva (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://people.socsci.tau.ac.il/mu/danield/files/2010/07/selection-paper.pdf">"From Cultural Selection to Genetic Selection: A Framework for the Evolution of Language"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Selection 1<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 December</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=From+Cultural+Selection+to+Genetic+Selection%3A+A+Framework+for+the+Evolution+of+Language&rft.pub=Selection+1&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Dor&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft.au=Jablonka%2C+Eva&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpeople.socsci.tau.ac.il%2Fmu%2Fdanield%2Ffiles%2F2010%2F07%2Fselection-paper.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEvolutionary+linguistics" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElvira2009" class="citation book cs1">Elvira, Javier (2009). <i>Evolución lingüística y cambio sintáctico</i>. Fondo Hispánico de Lingüística y Filología. Bern et al.: Peter Lang. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-0343-0323-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-0343-0323-1"><bdi>978-3-0343-0323-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/475438932">475438932</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Evoluci%C3%B3n+ling%C3%BC%C3%ADstica+y+cambio+sint%C3%A1ctico&rft.place=Bern+et+al.&rft.series=Fondo+Hisp%C3%A1nico+de+Ling%C3%BC%C3%ADstica+y+Filolog%C3%ADa&rft.pub=Peter+Lang&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F475438932&rft.isbn=978-3-0343-0323-1&rft.aulast=Elvira&rft.aufirst=Javier&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEvolutionary+linguistics" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFitch2010" class="citation book cs1">Fitch, W. 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Cambridge: Cambridge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-67736-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-67736-3"><bdi>978-0-521-67736-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/428024376">428024376</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Evolution+of+Language&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F428024376&rft.isbn=978-0-521-67736-3&rft.aulast=Fitch&rft.aufirst=W.+Tecumseh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEvolutionary+linguistics" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGabrić2021" class="citation journal cs1">Gabrić P (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8194866">"Book Review: Neanderthal Language: Demystifying the Linguistic Powers of Our Extinct Cousins"</a>. <i>Frontiers in Psychology</i>. <b>12</b> 702361: 702361. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffpsyg.2021.702361">10.3389/fpsyg.2021.702361</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8194866">8194866</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Frontiers+in+Psychology&rft.atitle=Book+Review%3A+Neanderthal+Language%3A+Demystifying+the+Linguistic+Powers+of+Our+Extinct+Cousins&rft.volume=12&rft.artnum=702361&rft.pages=702361&rft.date=2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8194866%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3389%2Ffpsyg.2021.702361&rft.aulast=Gabri%C4%87&rft.aufirst=P&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8194866&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEvolutionary+linguistics" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGabrić2021" class="citation journal cs1">Gabrić P (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8385233">"Differentiation between agents and patients in the putative two-word stage of language evolution"</a>. <i>Frontiers in Psychology</i>. <b>12</b> 684022: 684022. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffpsyg.2021.684022">10.3389/fpsyg.2021.684022</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8385233">8385233</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34456797">34456797</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Frontiers+in+Psychology&rft.atitle=Differentiation+between+agents+and+patients+in+the+putative+two-word+stage+of+language+evolution&rft.volume=12&rft.artnum=684022&rft.pages=684022&rft.date=2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8385233%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F34456797&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3389%2Ffpsyg.2021.684022&rft.aulast=Gabri%C4%87&rft.aufirst=P&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8385233&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEvolutionary+linguistics" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGabrić2022" class="citation journal cs1">Gabrić P (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9107436">"Overlooked evidence for semantic compositionality and signal reduction in wild chimpanzees (<i>Pan troglodytes</i>)"</a>. <i>Animal Cognition</i>. <b>25</b> (3): 631–643. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10071-021-01584-3">10.1007/s10071-021-01584-3</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9107436">9107436</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34822011">34822011</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Animal+Cognition&rft.atitle=Overlooked+evidence+for+semantic+compositionality+and+signal+reduction+in+wild+chimpanzees+%28Pan+troglodytes%29&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=631-643&rft.date=2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9107436%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F34822011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10071-021-01584-3&rft.aulast=Gabri%C4%87&rft.aufirst=P&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9107436&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEvolutionary+linguistics" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHauser1996" class="citation book cs1">Hauser, Marc D. (1996). <i>The evolution of communication</i>. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-262-08250-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-262-08250-1"><bdi>978-0-262-08250-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/750525164">750525164</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+evolution+of+communication&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F750525164&rft.isbn=978-0-262-08250-1&rft.aulast=Hauser&rft.aufirst=Marc+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEvolutionary+linguistics" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarnadSteklis,_Horst_D.Lancaster,_Jane1976" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stevan_Harnad" title="Stevan Harnad">Harnad, Stevan R.</a>; Steklis, Horst D.; Lancaster, Jane, eds. (1976). <i>Origins and Evolution of Language and Speech</i>. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, v. 280. New York: New York Academy of Sciences. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89072-026-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89072-026-4"><bdi>978-0-89072-026-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/2493424">2493424</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Origins+and+Evolution+of+Language+and+Speech&rft.place=New+York&rft.series=Annals+of+the+New+York+Academy+of+Sciences%2C+v.+280&rft.pub=New+York+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.date=1976&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F2493424&rft.isbn=978-0-89072-026-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEvolutionary+linguistics" class="Z3988"></span> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteklisHarnad1976" class="citation book cs1">Steklis, Horst D.; Harnad, Stevan R. (1976). Stevan R Harnad; Horst D Steklis; Jane Beckman Lancaster (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cogprints.org/866/1/harnad76.hand.html"><i>From hand to mouth : some critical stages in the evolution of language</i></a>. New York: New York Academy of Sciences. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89072-026-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89072-026-4"><bdi>978-0-89072-026-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/2493424">2493424</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+hand+to+mouth+%3A+some+critical+stages+in+the+evolution+of+language&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=New+York+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.date=1976&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F2493424&rft.isbn=978-0-89072-026-4&rft.aulast=Steklis&rft.aufirst=Horst+D.&rft.au=Harnad%2C+Stevan+R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcogprints.org%2F866%2F1%2Fharnad76.hand.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEvolutionary+linguistics" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|work=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></li></ul></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHauserChomskyFitch2002" class="citation journal cs1">Hauser MD, Chomsky N, Fitch WT (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070926134521/http://www3.isrl.uiuc.edu/~junwang4/langev/localcopy/pdf/hauser02science.pdf">"The faculty of language: what is it, who has it, and how did it evolve?"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Science</i>. <b>298</b> (5598): 1569–79. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.298.5598.1569">10.1126/science.298.5598.1569</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12446899">12446899</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www3.isrl.uiuc.edu/~junwang4/langev/localcopy/pdf/hauser02science.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2007-09-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-09-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=The+faculty+of+language%3A+what+is+it%2C+who+has+it%2C+and+how+did+it+evolve%3F&rft.volume=298&rft.issue=5598&rft.pages=1569-79&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.298.5598.1569&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12446899&rft.aulast=Hauser&rft.aufirst=MD&rft.au=Chomsky%2C+N&rft.au=Fitch%2C+WT&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww3.isrl.uiuc.edu%2F~junwang4%2Flangev%2Flocalcopy%2Fpdf%2Fhauser02science.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEvolutionary+linguistics" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeineKuteva2007" class="citation book cs1">Heine, Bernd; Kuteva, Tania (2007). <i>The genesis of grammar : a reconstructio</i>. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-922777-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-922777-8"><bdi>978-0-19-922777-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/849464326">849464326</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+genesis+of+grammar+%3A+a+reconstructio&rft.place=Oxford%3B+New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F849464326&rft.isbn=978-0-19-922777-8&rft.aulast=Heine&rft.aufirst=Bernd&rft.au=Kuteva%2C+Tania&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEvolutionary+linguistics" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHurford2007" class="citation book cs1">Hurford, James R. (2007). <i>The origins of meaning</i>. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-920785-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-920785-5"><bdi>978-0-19-920785-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/263645256">263645256</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+origins+of+meaning&rft.place=Oxford%3B+New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F263645256&rft.isbn=978-0-19-920785-5&rft.aulast=Hurford&rft.aufirst=James+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEvolutionary+linguistics" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJackendoff2002" class="citation book cs1">Jackendoff, Ray (2002). <i>Foundations of language : brain, meaning, grammar, evolution</i>. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-827012-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-827012-6"><bdi>978-0-19-827012-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/48053881">48053881</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Foundations+of+language+%3A+brain%2C+meaning%2C+grammar%2C+evolution&rft.place=Oxford%3B+New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F48053881&rft.isbn=978-0-19-827012-6&rft.aulast=Jackendoff&rft.aufirst=Ray&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEvolutionary+linguistics" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohansonEdgar,_Blake2006" class="citation book cs1">Johanson, Donald C.; Edgar, Blake (2006). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fromlucytolangua2006joha"><i>From Lucy to Language</i></a></span> (Revised, updated, and expanded ed.). New York, NY: Simon and Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7432-8064-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7432-8064-8"><bdi>978-0-7432-8064-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/72440476">72440476</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Lucy+to+Language&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.edition=Revised%2C+updated%2C+and+expanded&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F72440476&rft.isbn=978-0-7432-8064-8&rft.aulast=Johanson&rft.aufirst=Donald+C.&rft.au=Edgar%2C+Blake&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffromlucytolangua2006joha&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEvolutionary+linguistics" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohansson2005" class="citation book cs1">Johansson, Sverker (2005). <i>Origins of language : constraints on hypothese</i>. Amsterdam; Philadelphia: John Benjamins Pub. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-272-3891-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-272-3891-7"><bdi>978-90-272-3891-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/803876944">803876944</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Origins+of+language+%3A+constraints+on+hypothese&rft.place=Amsterdam%3B+Philadelphia&rft.pub=John+Benjamins+Pub.&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F803876944&rft.isbn=978-90-272-3891-7&rft.aulast=Johansson&rft.aufirst=Sverker&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEvolutionary+linguistics" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKenneally2007" class="citation book cs1">Kenneally, Christine (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/firstwordsearchf00kenn"><i>The First Word: The Search for the Origins of Language</i></a>. New York, NY: Viking. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-670-03490-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-670-03490-1"><bdi>978-0-670-03490-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/80460757">80460757</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+First+Word%3A+The+Search+for+the+Origins+of+Language&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=Viking&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F80460757&rft.isbn=978-0-670-03490-1&rft.aulast=Kenneally&rft.aufirst=Christine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffirstwordsearchf00kenn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEvolutionary+linguistics" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnight2010" class="citation book cs1">Knight, Chris (2010). Ulrich J Frey; Charlotte Störmer; Kai P Willführ (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chrisknight.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2007/09/The-Origins-of-Symbolic-Culture.pdf"><i>The origins of symbolic culture</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Berlin; New York: Springer. pp. 193–211. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-642-12141-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-642-12141-8"><bdi>978-3-642-12141-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/639461749">639461749</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+origins+of+symbolic+culture&rft.place=Berlin%3B+New+York&rft.pages=193-211&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F639461749&rft.isbn=978-3-642-12141-8&rft.aulast=Knight&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chrisknight.co.uk%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2007%2F09%2FThe-Origins-of-Symbolic-Culture.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEvolutionary+linguistics" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|work=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKomarova2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Natalia_Komarova" title="Natalia Komarova">Komarova, Natalia L.</a> (2006). Leonid Grinin; Victor C. de Munck; Andrey Korotayev (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9785484010011/page/164"><i>Language and Mathematics: An evolutionary model of grammatical communication</i></a>. [Moskva]: URSS. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9785484010011/page/164">164–179</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-5-484-01001-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-5-484-01001-1"><bdi>978-5-484-01001-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/182730511">182730511</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Language+and+Mathematics%3A+An+evolutionary+model+of+grammatical+communication&rft.place=%5BMoskva%5D&rft.pages=164-179&rft.pub=URSS&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F182730511&rft.isbn=978-5-484-01001-1&rft.aulast=Komarova&rft.aufirst=Natalia+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9785484010011%2Fpage%2F164&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEvolutionary+linguistics" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|work=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcWhorter2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_McWhorter" title="John McWhorter">McWhorter, John</a> (2002). <i><span></span></i><a href="/wiki/The_Power_of_Babel" title="The Power of Babel">The Power of Babel: A Natural History of Language</a><i><span></span></i>. New York: Henry Holt. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/006052085X" title="Special:BookSources/006052085X"><bdi>006052085X</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1036787453">1036787453</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Power+of+Babel%3A+A+Natural+History+of+Language&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Henry+Holt&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1036787453&rft.isbn=006052085X&rft.aulast=McWhorter&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEvolutionary+linguistics" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMithen2005" class="citation book cs1">Mithen, Steven J. (2005). <i>The singing Neanderthals : the origins of music, language, mind and body</i>. London: Weidenfeld Nicolson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-297-64317-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-297-64317-3"><bdi>978-0-297-64317-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/58052344">58052344</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+singing+Neanderthals+%3A+the+origins+of+music%2C+language%2C+mind+and+body&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Weidenfeld+Nicolson&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F58052344&rft.isbn=978-0-297-64317-3&rft.aulast=Mithen&rft.aufirst=Steven+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEvolutionary+linguistics" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNiyogi,_Partha2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Partha_Niyogi" title="Partha Niyogi">Niyogi, Partha</a> (2006). <i>The computational nature of language learning and evolution</i>. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-262-14094-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-262-14094-2"><bdi>978-0-262-14094-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/704652476">704652476</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+computational+nature+of+language+learning+and+evolution&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F704652476&rft.isbn=978-0-262-14094-2&rft.au=Niyogi%2C+Partha&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEvolutionary+linguistics" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNowakKomarova2001" class="citation journal cs1">Nowak, M.A.; <a href="/wiki/Natalia_Komarova" title="Natalia Komarova">Komarova, N.L.</a> (2001). "Towards an evolutionary theory of language". <i>Trends in Cognitive Sciences</i>. <b>5</b> (7): 288–295. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS1364-6613%2800%2901683-1">10.1016/S1364-6613(00)01683-1</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11425617">11425617</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:1358838">1358838</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Trends+in+Cognitive+Sciences&rft.atitle=Towards+an+evolutionary+theory+of+language&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=288-295&rft.date=2001&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A1358838%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11425617&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS1364-6613%2800%2901683-1&rft.aulast=Nowak&rft.aufirst=M.A.&rft.au=Komarova%2C+N.L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEvolutionary+linguistics" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPinker1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Steven_Pinker" title="Steven Pinker">Pinker, Steven</a> (1994). <i>The language instinct</i>. New York: W. Morrow and Co. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-688-12141-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-688-12141-9"><bdi>978-0-688-12141-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/28723210">28723210</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+language+instinct&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=W.+Morrow+and+Co.&rft.date=1994&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F28723210&rft.isbn=978-0-688-12141-9&rft.aulast=Pinker&rft.aufirst=Steven&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEvolutionary+linguistics" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPinkerBloom1990" class="citation journal cs1">Pinker, S.; Bloom, P. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2005-12-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Behavioral+and+Brain+Sciences&rft.atitle=Natural+language+and+natural+selection&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=707-784&rft.date=1990&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.116.4044%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A6167614%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0140525X00081061&rft.aulast=Pinker&rft.aufirst=S.&rft.au=Bloom%2C+P.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbsonline.org%2Fdocuments%2Fa%2F00%2F00%2F04%2F99%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEvolutionary+linguistics" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSampson,_Geoffrey1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Sampson" title="Geoffrey Sampson">Sampson, Geoffrey</a> (1996). <i>Evolutionary language understanding</i>. London; New York: Cassell. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-304-33650-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-304-33650-0"><bdi>978-0-304-33650-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/832369870">832369870</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Evolutionary+language+understanding&rft.place=London%3B+New+York&rft.pub=Cassell&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F832369870&rft.isbn=978-0-304-33650-0&rft.au=Sampson%2C+Geoffrey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEvolutionary+linguistics" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteels,_Luc2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Luc_Steels" title="Luc Steels">Steels, Luc</a> (2002). Angelo Cangelosi; Domenico Parisi (eds.). <i>Grounding symbols through evolutionary language games</i>. London; New York: Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85233-428-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85233-428-4"><bdi>978-1-85233-428-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/47824669">47824669</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Grounding+symbols+through+evolutionary+language+games&rft.place=London%3B+New+York&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F47824669&rft.isbn=978-1-85233-428-4&rft.au=Steels%2C+Luc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEvolutionary+linguistics" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|work=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Evolutionary_linguistics&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.emergent-languages.org/">Agent-Based Models of Language Evolution</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arti.vub.ac.be/">ARTI Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Vrije Universiteit Brussel</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cnl.psych.cornell.edu/evo_pub.html">Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.elinguistics.net/">Computerized comparative linguistics</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fcg-net.org/">Fluid Construction Grammar</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://groups.lis.illinois.edu/amag/langev/">Language Evolution and Computation Bibliography</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140421215607/http://groups.lis.illinois.edu/amag/langev/">Archived</a> 2014-04-21 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ling.ed.ac.uk/lec/">Language Evolution and Computation Research Unit, University of Edinburgh</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output 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animals">Deception in animals</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tactical_deception_in_animals" title="Tactical deception in animals">Tactical</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethology" title="Ethology">Ethology</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Evolutionary linguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FOXP2" title="FOXP2">FOXP2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FOXP2_and_human_evolution" class="mw-redirect" title="FOXP2 and human evolution">FOXP2 and human evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human%E2%80%93animal_communication" title="Human–animal communication">Human–animal communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mating_call" title="Mating call">Mating call</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origin_of_language" title="Origin of language">Origin of language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seismic_communication" title="Seismic communication">Seismic communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-anointing_in_animals" title="Self-anointing in animals">Self-anointing in animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talking_animal" title="Talking animal">Talking animals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Animal-specific</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communication_in_aquatic_animals" title="Communication in aquatic animals">Aquatic animals</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Whale_vocalization" title="Whale vocalization">Whale vocalization</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bee_learning_and_communication" title="Bee learning and communication">Bees</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bumblebee_communication" title="Bumblebee communication">Bumblebees</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bird_vocalization" title="Bird vocalization">Birds</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Talking_bird" title="Talking bird">Talking birds</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cat_communication" title="Cat communication">Cats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dog_communication" title="Dog communication">Dogs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elephant_communication" title="Elephant communication">Elephants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frog_hearing_and_communication" title="Frog hearing and communication">Frogs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_ape_language" title="Great ape language">Great ape language</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yerkish" title="Yerkish">Yerkish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_communication_in_insects" title="Chemical communication in insects">Insects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lizard_communication" title="Lizard communication">Lizards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolf_communication" title="Wolf communication">Wolves</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roar_(vocalization)" class="mw-redirect" title="Roar (vocalization)">Roar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Talking_birds" title="Category:Talking birds">Category:Talking birds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Individual_apes_involved_in_language_studies" title="Category:Individual apes involved in language studies">Category:Individual apes involved in language studies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Evolutionary_psychology" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Evolutionary_psychology" title="Template:Evolutionary psychology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Evolutionary_psychology" title="Template talk:Evolutionary psychology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Evolutionary_psychology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Evolutionary psychology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Evolutionary_psychology" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_psychology" title="Evolutionary psychology">Evolutionary psychology</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_evolutionary_psychology" title="History of evolutionary psychology">History</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_evolutionary_thought" title="History of evolutionary thought">Evolutionary thought</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theoretical_foundations_of_evolutionary_psychology" title="Theoretical foundations of evolutionary psychology">Theoretical foundations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adaptationism" title="Adaptationism">Adaptationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_revolution" title="Cognitive revolution">Cognitive revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitivism_(psychology)" title="Cognitivism (psychology)">Cognitivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gene-centered_view_of_evolution" title="Gene-centered view of evolution">Gene selection theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_synthesis_(20th_century)" title="Modern synthesis (20th century)">Modern synthesis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_evolutionary_psychology" title="Criticism of evolutionary psychology">Criticism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Human_evolution" title="Human evolution">Evolutionary<br />processes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_adaptation" title="Psychological adaptation">Adaptations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altruism_(biology)" title="Altruism (biology)">Altruism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cheating_(biology)" title="Cheating (biology)">Cheating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamiltonian_spite" title="Hamiltonian spite">Hamiltonian spite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reciprocal_altruism_in_humans" title="Reciprocal altruism in humans">Reciprocal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baldwin_effect" title="Baldwin effect">Baldwin effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spandrel_(biology)" title="Spandrel (biology)">By-products</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionarily_stable_strategy" title="Evolutionarily stable strategy">Evolutionarily stable strategy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exaptation" title="Exaptation">Exaptation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fitness_(biology)" title="Fitness (biology)">Fitness</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inclusive_fitness_in_humans" title="Inclusive fitness in humans">Inclusive</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kin_selection" title="Kin selection">Kin selection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_mismatch" title="Evolutionary mismatch">Mismatch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_selection" title="Natural selection">Natural selection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parental_investment" title="Parental investment">Parental investment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parent%E2%80%93offspring_conflict" title="Parent–offspring conflict">Parent–offspring conflict</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_selection_in_humans" title="Sexual selection in humans">Sexual selection</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Costly_signaling_theory_in_evolutionary_psychology" title="Costly signaling theory in evolutionary psychology">Costly signaling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Male_intrasexual_competition" title="Male intrasexual competition">Male</a>/<a href="/wiki/Female_intrasexual_competition" title="Female intrasexual competition">female intrasexual competition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mate_choice" title="Mate choice">Mate choice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_dimorphism" title="Sexual dimorphism">Sexual dimorphism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_selection" title="Social selection">Social selection</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">Areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_cognition" title="Evolution of cognition">Cognition</a> /<br /><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_emotion" title="Evolution of emotion">Emotion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affect_(psychology)" title="Affect (psychology)">Affect</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affect_display" title="Affect display">Display</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Display_rules" title="Display rules">Display rules</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Facial_expression" title="Facial expression">Facial expression</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behavioral_modernity" title="Behavioral modernity">Behavioral modernity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_module" title="Cognitive module">Cognitive module</a>/<a href="/wiki/Modularity_of_mind" title="Modularity of mind">modularity of mind</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Automatic_and_controlled_processes" title="Automatic and controlled processes">Automatic and controlled processes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computational_theory_of_mind" title="Computational theory of mind">Computational theory of mind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domain-general_learning" title="Domain-general learning">Domain generality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domain_specificity" title="Domain specificity">Domain specificity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dual_process_theory" title="Dual process theory">Dual process theory</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_tradeoff_hypothesis" title="Cognitive tradeoff hypothesis">Cognitive tradeoff hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_the_brain" title="Evolution of the brain">Evolution of the brain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_nervous_systems" title="Evolution of nervous systems">Evolution of nervous systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fight-or-flight_response" title="Fight-or-flight response">Fight-or-flight response</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arachnophobia" title="Arachnophobia">Arachnophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fear_of_falling" title="Fear of falling">Basophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ophidiophobia" title="Ophidiophobia">Ophidiophobia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_biology" title="Folk biology">Folk biology</a>/<a href="/wiki/Folk_taxonomy" title="Folk taxonomy">taxonomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_psychology" title="Folk psychology">Folk psychology</a>/<a href="/wiki/Theory_of_mind" title="Theory of mind">theory of mind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_human_intelligence" title="Evolution of human intelligence">Intelligence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flynn_effect" title="Flynn effect">Flynn effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wason_selection_task" title="Wason selection task">Wason selection task</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motor_control" title="Motor control">Motor control</a>/<a href="/wiki/Motor_skill" title="Motor skill">skill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_multitasking" title="Human multitasking">Multitasking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroscience_of_sleep" title="Neuroscience of sleep">Sleep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_perception" title="Visual perception">Visual perception</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_color_vision_in_primates" title="Evolution of color vision in primates">Color vision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_the_eye" title="Evolution of the eye">Eye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Na%C3%AFve_physics" title="Naïve physics">Naïve physics</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_psychology_and_culture" title="Evolutionary psychology and culture">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_aesthetics" title="Evolutionary aesthetics">Aesthetics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Darwinian_literary_studies" title="Darwinian literary studies">Literary criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_musicology" title="Evolutionary musicology">Musicology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_anthropology" title="Evolutionary anthropology">Anthropology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biological_anthropology" title="Biological anthropology">Biological</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biosocial_criminology" title="Biosocial criminology">Crime</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Language</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Origin_of_language" title="Origin of language">Origin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_psychology_of_language" title="Evolutionary psychology of language">Psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origin_of_speech" title="Origin of speech">Speech</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_morality" title="Evolution of morality">Morality</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moral_foundations_theory" title="Moral foundations theory">Moral foundations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_psychology_of_religion" title="Evolutionary psychology of religion">Religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_origin_of_religions" class="mw-redirect" title="Evolutionary origin of religions">Origin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_universal" title="Cultural universal">Universals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_developmental_psychology" title="Evolutionary developmental psychology">Development</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attachment_theory" title="Attachment theory">Attachment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_bonding" title="Human bonding">Bonding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affectional_bond" title="Affectional bond">Affectional</a>/<a href="/wiki/Maternal_bond" title="Maternal bond">maternal</a>/<a href="/wiki/Paternal_bond" title="Paternal bond">paternal bond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maternal_deprivation" title="Maternal deprivation">Caregiver deprivation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attachment_in_children" title="Attachment in children">Childhood attachment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinderella_effect" title="Cinderella effect">Cinderella effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_development" title="Cognitive development">Cognitive development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_educational_psychology" title="Evolutionary educational psychology">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_acquisition" title="Language acquisition">Language acquisition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personality_development" title="Personality development">Personality development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialization" title="Socialization">Socialization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ergonomics" title="Ergonomics">Human factors</a> /<br /><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_psychiatry" title="Evolutionary psychiatry">Mental health</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_ergonomics" title="Cognitive ergonomics">Cognitive ergonomics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Computer-mediated_communication" title="Computer-mediated communication">Computer-mediated communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engineering_psychology" title="Engineering psychology">Engineering psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human%E2%80%93computer_interaction" title="Human–computer interaction">Human–computer interaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_naturalness_theory" title="Media naturalness theory">Media naturalness theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroergonomics" title="Neuroergonomics">Neuroergonomics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_approaches_to_depression" title="Evolutionary approaches to depression">Depression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_media_use_and_mental_health" title="Digital media use and mental health">Digital media use and mental health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Accident-proneness" title="Accident-proneness">Hypophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imprinted_brain_hypothesis" title="Imprinted brain hypothesis">Imprinted brain hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mind-blindness" title="Mind-blindness">Mind-blindness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_effects_of_Internet_use" title="Psychological effects of Internet use">Psychological effects of Internet use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rank_theory_of_depression" title="Rank theory of depression">Rank theory of depression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_schizophrenia" title="Evolution of schizophrenia">Schizophrenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Screen_time" title="Screen time">Screen time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smartphones_and_pedestrian_safety" title="Smartphones and pedestrian safety">Smartphones and pedestrian safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_aspects_of_television" title="Social aspects of television">Social aspects of television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Societal_impacts_of_cars" title="Societal impacts of cars">Societal impacts of cars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Distracted_driving" title="Distracted driving">Distracted driving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lead%E2%80%93crime_hypothesis" title="Lead–crime hypothesis">Lead–crime hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_phones_and_driving_safety" title="Mobile phones and driving safety">Mobile phones and driving safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texting_while_driving" title="Texting while driving">Texting while driving</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sexology" title="Sexology">Sex</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_sexual_activity" title="Human sexual activity">Activity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attachment_in_adults" title="Attachment in adults">Adult attachment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_disparity_in_sexual_relationships" title="Age disparity in sexual relationships">Age disparity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_arousal" title="Sexual arousal">Arousal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concealed_ovulation" title="Concealed ovulation">Concealed ovulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coolidge_effect" title="Coolidge effect">Coolidge effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_desire" title="Sexual desire">Desire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_fantasy" title="Sexual fantasy">Fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_hormones_on_sexual_motivation" title="Effects of hormones on sexual motivation">Hormonal motivation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_jealousy" title="Sexual jealousy">Jealousy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mate_guarding_in_humans" title="Mate guarding in humans">Mate guarding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mating_preferences" title="Mating preferences">Mating preferences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_mating_strategies" title="Human mating strategies">Mating strategies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biology_and_sexual_orientation" title="Biology and sexual orientation">Orientation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ovulatory_shift_hypothesis" title="Ovulatory shift hypothesis">Ovulatory shift hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pair_bond" title="Pair bond">Pair bond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_attractiveness" title="Physical attractiveness">Physical</a>/<a href="/wiki/Sexual_attraction" title="Sexual attraction">Sexual attraction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_sexuality" title="Human sexuality">Sexuality</a>/<a href="/wiki/Human_male_sexuality" title="Human male sexuality">male</a>/<a href="/wiki/Human_female_sexuality" title="Human female sexuality">female</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexy_son_hypothesis" title="Sexy son hypothesis">Sexy son hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westermarck_effect" title="Westermarck effect">Westermarck effect</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sex_differences_in_psychology" title="Sex differences in psychology">Sex differences</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aggression" title="Aggression">Aggression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_and_gender_differences_in_autism" title="Sex and gender differences in autism">Autism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_differences_in_cognition" title="Sex differences in cognition">Cognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_differences_in_crime" title="Sex differences in crime">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_division_of_labour" title="Sexual division of labour">Division of labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_differences_in_emotional_intelligence" title="Sex differences in emotional intelligence">Emotional intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empathising%E2%80%93systemising_theory" title="Empathising–systemising theory">Empathising–systemising theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_role" title="Gender role">Gender role</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_differences_in_intelligence" title="Sex differences in intelligence">Intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_differences_in_memory" title="Sex differences in memory">Memory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mental_disorders_and_gender" title="Mental disorders and gender">Mental health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_differences_in_narcissism" title="Sex differences in narcissism">Narcissism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroscience_of_sex_differences" title="Neuroscience of sex differences">Neuroscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_differences_in_schizophrenia" title="Sex differences in schizophrenia">Schizophrenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Substance_abuse" title="Substance abuse">Substance abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_differences_in_suicide" title="Gender differences in suicide">Suicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variability_hypothesis" title="Variability hypothesis">Variability hypothesis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">Related subjects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academic disciplines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Behavioral_economics" title="Behavioral economics">Behavioral</a>/<a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_economics" title="Evolutionary economics">evolutionary economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behavioral_epigenetics" title="Behavioral epigenetics">Behavioral epigenetics</a>/<a href="/wiki/Behavioural_genetics" title="Behavioural genetics">genetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affective_neuroscience" title="Affective neuroscience">Affective</a>/<a href="/wiki/Behavioral_neuroscience" title="Behavioral neuroscience">behavioral</a>/<a href="/wiki/Cognitive_neuroscience" title="Cognitive neuroscience">cognitive</a>/<a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_neuroscience" title="Evolutionary neuroscience">evolutionary neuroscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biocultural_anthropology" title="Biocultural anthropology">Biocultural anthropology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biological_psychiatry" title="Biological psychiatry">Biological psychiatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_psychology" title="Cognitive psychology">Cognitive psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_science" title="Cognitive science">Cognitive science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-cultural_psychology" title="Cross-cultural psychology">Cross-cultural psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethology" title="Ethology">Ethology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_biology" title="Evolutionary biology">Evolutionary biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_medicine" title="Evolutionary medicine">Evolutionary medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Functional_psychology" title="Functional psychology">Functional psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuropsychology" title="Neuropsychology">Neuropsychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_mind" title="Philosophy of mind">Philosophy of mind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_genetics" title="Population genetics">Population genetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primatology" title="Primatology">Primatology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociobiology" title="Sociobiology">Sociobiology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Research topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_evolution" title="Cultural evolution">Cultural evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_epistemology" title="Evolutionary epistemology">Evolutionary epistemology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_ape_language" title="Great ape language">Great ape language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human%E2%80%93animal_communication" title="Human–animal communication">Human–animal communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missing_heritability_problem" title="Missing heritability problem">Missing heritability problem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primate_cognition" title="Primate cognition">Primate cognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unit_of_selection" title="Unit of selection">Unit of selection</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coevolution" title="Coevolution">Coevolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_group_selection" title="Cultural group selection">Cultural group selection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dual_inheritance_theory" title="Dual inheritance theory">Dual inheritance theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fisher%27s_principle" title="Fisher's principle">Fisher's principle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_selection" title="Group selection">Group selection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hologenome_theory_of_evolution" title="Hologenome theory of evolution">Hologenome theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamarckism" title="Lamarckism">Lamarckism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population" title="Population">Population</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punctuated_equilibrium" title="Punctuated equilibrium">Punctuated equilibrium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recent_human_evolution" title="Recent human evolution">Recent human evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Species" title="Species">Species</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Species_complex" title="Species complex">Species complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgenerational_epigenetic_inheritance" title="Transgenerational epigenetic inheritance">Transgenerational epigenetic inheritance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trivers%E2%80%93Willard_hypothesis" title="Trivers–Willard hypothesis">Trivers–Willard hypothesis</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Theoretical positions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_selection_theory" title="Cultural selection theory">Cultural selection theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Determinism" title="Determinism">Determinism</a>/<a href="/wiki/Indeterminism" title="Indeterminism">indeterminism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biological_determinism" title="Biological determinism">Biological determinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Connectionism" title="Connectionism">Connectionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_determinism" title="Cultural determinism">Cultural determinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_determinism" title="Environmental determinism">Environmental determinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature_versus_nurture" title="Nature versus nurture">Nature versus nurture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_nativism" title="Psychological nativism">Psychological nativism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_constructionism" title="Social constructionism">Social constructionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_determinism" title="Social determinism">Social determinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_social_science_model" title="Standard social science model">Standard social science model</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Functionalism_(philosophy_of_mind)" title="Functionalism (philosophy of mind)">Functionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memetics" title="Memetics">Memetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multilineal_evolution" title="Multilineal evolution">Multilineal 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